In a word, terror (initiated in a particular country in the civilian environment or by the state) is a very effective psychological weapon. The number of different groups of bacteria in nature This or that environment

1. What is the biosphere?

The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, including land, water and the surrounding airspace inhabited by living things. The biosphere is an ecosystem that unites all ecosystems on Earth.

2. What living environments do you know?

There are four main habitats within the biosphere. This is an aquatic environment, a ground-air environment, soil and an environment formed by living organisms themselves.

3. What are the features of the life of organisms in a particular environment?

Living in a particular environment, organisms have adapted to the conditions that are characteristic of each of them.

Questions

1. What is characteristic of the biosphere?

The composition of the biosphere and its main properties are determined by the interaction of its biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components.

Living organisms are not simply dependent on the radiant energy of the sun.

The biosphere is characterized by a variety of natural conditions, depending on the latitude and topography of the area, and on seasonal climate changes. But the main reason for this diversity is the activity of living organisms themselves.

Between organisms and their surroundings inanimate nature there is a continuous exchange of substances, and therefore different areas of land and sea differ from each other in physical and chemical indicators.

2. What explains the diversity of living organisms on our planet?

The wide variety of living organisms on our planet is explained by the fact that the living conditions on Earth are very different.

3. Can organisms affect their environment?

Living organisms are not only influenced by their environment, but they themselves actively influence their environment. As a result of their vital activity, physical and Chemical properties environments (gas composition of air and water, soil structure and properties, and even the local climate) can change markedly.

4. What is the effect of living organisms on the environment?

Most in a simple way the influence of life on the environment is a mechanical effect. Building burrows, making passages, animals greatly change the properties of the soil. The soil also changes under the influence of the roots of higher plants: it strengthens, becoming less susceptible to destruction by streams of water or wind.

The mechanical effect, however, is much weaker than the effect of organisms on the physicochemical properties of the environment. The greatest role here belongs to green plants that form chemical composition atmosphere. Photosynthesis is the main mechanism for supplying oxygen to the atmosphere, thereby providing life for a huge number of organisms, including humans.

By absorbing and evaporating water, plants affect the water regime of their habitats. The presence of vegetation contributes to the constant humidification of the air. The vegetation cover softens daily fluctuations in temperature near the surface of the earth (under the canopy of a forest or grass), as well as fluctuations in humidity and gusts of wind, and affects the structure and chemical composition of soils. All this creates a certain, comfortable microclimate that has a beneficial effect on the organisms living here.

Living matter changes and physical properties environment, its thermal, electrical and mechanical characteristics.

Organisms are capable of transporting huge masses of various substances. According to the laws of physics, inanimate matter moves on Earth only from top to bottom. Living organisms can carry out reverse movements - from bottom to top. Schools of marine fish migrate up the rivers to spawn, moving large amounts of living organic matter upstream. Plants lift huge masses of water and substances dissolved in it from the soil solution into the roots, stems and leaves from the bottom up.

Tasks

Based on the knowledge gained in biology lessons, provide examples that show the effects of living organisms on different environments life.

Influence on the aquatic environment:

Small crustaceans, insect larvae, molluscs, and many fish species living in the water column have a peculiar type of nutrition called filtration. Passing water through themselves, these animals continuously filter out food particles contained in solid suspensions from it.

Influence on the ground-air environment:

The greatest role here belongs to green plants, which form the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Photosynthesis is the main mechanism for supplying oxygen to the atmosphere, thereby providing life for a huge number of organisms, including humans.

By absorbing and evaporating water, plants affect the water regime of their habitats. The presence of vegetation contributes to the constant humidification of the air. The vegetation cover softens daily temperature fluctuations near the surface of the earth (under the canopy of a forest or grass. All this creates a certain, comfortable microclimate that has a beneficial effect on the organisms living here.

Largely due to the activity of living beings, the formation of gases such as nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia is controlled.

Impact on the soil environment:

Organisms have a decisive influence on the composition and fertility of soils. Due to their activity, in particular as a result of the processing of dead roots, fallen leaves, and other dead tissues by organisms, humus is formed in the soil - a light porous substance of brown or brown color, containing the main elements of plant nutrition. Many living organisms are involved in the formation of humus: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, mites, millipedes, earthworms, insects and their larvae, spiders, mollusks, moles, etc. particles, thereby forming a soil structure. Building burrows, making passages, animals greatly change the properties of the soil. The soil also changes under the influence of the roots of higher plants: it strengthens, becoming less susceptible to destruction by streams of water or wind.

Bone changes caused by various kinds of injuries inflicted by blunt, sharp and firearms, trauma, surgical interventions, are characterized by the presence of callus at the fracture sites or flattening of the bone boundaries.

On the flat bones of the skull, healed perforated fractures with the indentation of fragments into the cranial cavity are distinguished by the smoothness of the edges of the outer and inner bone plates, fusion of the edges of the outer and inner bone plates, fusion of individual fragments with the adjacent bone, some sinking of the central part of the defect.

After the healing of the trepanation hole, the hole in the bone has a relatively even outline in the form of a circle or oval with smooth, rounded, occasionally thinned edges.

Fractures of tubular, incorrectly fused bones are characterized by fusion of fragments at an angle or lengthwise to the periphery.

Each bone is examined in order to detect damage, fractures, which may be intravital, postmortem, caused after burial or during exhumation.

In cases of damage, it is specified according to the exhumation protocol whether the bone was damaged during the excavation or whether it was damaged in the soil.

Post-mortem fractures are caused by domestic or wild animals, and especially rodents, as can be determined by research and photographs.

Fractures caused by careless actions or tools during excavations have traces of a shovel or pickaxe with a clearly defined surface of a fresh fracture. Such fractures have sharp edges with a clearly defined surface of a fresh fracture. Such fractures have sharp edges and a different color of the fracture surface from the color of the bone itself.

The surface of the fracture created during the extraction of the bone from the ground will be lighter. The soil particles are not so uniform and are deeply embedded in all the depressions in this area.

In the smallest cracks in the compact layer, soil particles are absent. Mechanical treatment with a hair brush removes soil particles from the fracture surface.

In places of fractures formed before burial, the edges of the fractures are rounded and smoothed, the color of the fracture does not differ from the color of the intact bone areas.

An old fracture is characterized by a contaminated fracture surface, in the roughness of which soil particles are deeply embedded.

Soil particles are always embedded in the smallest cracks of the fracture surface, which gives the ends of the fragments the appearance of a "poppy roll" on the cut - the Dnipropitrovsk forensic physician A.F. Rubezhansky (1978). The spongy substance has the same soil penetrations. Deep penetration of fungal mycelium into the spongy layer and the medullary canal indicates the formation of a fracture prior to burial.

The decision on the timing of tooth extraction is based on the fact that well-preserved tooth sockets most often indicate posthumous tooth loss, less often - an intravital extraction (loss) shortly before death.

Full or partial overgrowth of the holes indicates an intravital extraction or loss of teeth. The degree of overgrowth of the holes can serve as an indicator of the age of tooth extraction.

The extraction wound heals in 2-3 weeks. after tooth extraction. By the end of the month, the bone tissue is regenerating. The restructuring of the bone at the site of tooth extraction lasts up to 3month Uncomplicatedovergrowth of the tooth socket occurs after 3-6 month after deletion.

"Speech and the culture of communication" - What is the culture of speech? A culture of speech. Remember and strive! Communication rules. The subject and objectives of the culture of speech. As I understand the meaning of the epigraph: I know. Society. Presentation of the topic of the academic subject "Russian language and culture of speech". I want to reflect. Senquain. I want to know. The science. I can. Communication. Literacy.

"Business communication" - Business lunch. Working with Internet resources. Business game. Pair work. Development of the skill of etiquette dialogue. Formation of interest in business communication. Summary. Videos. Russian-English phrasebook-reference book of business communication. Filling out the questionnaire. Business trip. Formation of business communication skills.

"Telephone communication" - Assessment of the quality of the project. This means that it will meet you halfway. Rule # 3 Always summarize your conversation. Catch the smallest nuances, shades, characteristic words and intonations. Where does this card come from? After all, only one channel works - the voice one. So is the information on the phone. And any mistake, any inaccurate word in a telephone conversation is very expensive.

"Technological lesson map" - Technological map modern lesson... Routing -. Structural components technological map lesson. Lesson objectives Lesson type Educational-methodical complex. Block of goal setting. Training and metodology complex. Methodological positions: Instrumental block. Equipment. Sources of information.

"Culture of business communication" - The situation of business communication. A prerequisite Effectiveness in business communication is listening. The types of speech communication are determined by the following criteria: Regulations - the order established during meetings, meetings. Business Etiquette... Business communication. Business conversation... A feature of business communication.

"Technological culture" - Culture at home. Ecological culture... Technological culture. Components. The culture of human relations. Organization of the workplace. Work culture. Graphic culture. The culture of design. Enterprise culture. Consumer culture. Components of technological culture. Safety precautions.

Microorganisms were the first forms of life on Earth. The number of bacteria exceeds total amount various life forms that inhabit the planet. The prevalence of their groups is explained by high level adaptation to different conditions environment... Many types of bacteria live where no animal, plant, or fungus can survive. Such places on Earth include glaciers, soil, geysers, springs with the highest salt concentration.

Soil is an environment where the concentration of bacteria can be about several billions per 1 g. It is the most favorable habitat for almost all groups of microorganisms:

• bacteria;
• moldy mushrooms;
• algae;
• yeast and others.

As for bacteria, their concentration is high in sandy soil and fertile soil. As for the forest soil, a large number of different groups mushrooms.

The surface of the soil is characterized by unfavorable conditions for the habitation of bacteria, which cannot be said about its thickness. However, if you go down half a meter from the surface of the earth, then the total number of bacteria can reach several million per gram of soil. But near the sources of groundwater, the concentration of bacteria is significantly reduced.

There are many types of pathogenic bacteria in the soil, which penetrate it through the feces of a sick animal or person and dead bodies. Some types of microbes remain viable for decades. It is noted that in the war and post-war times, the concentration of microbes that threaten the human body increases significantly. This is especially true for bacilli of tuberculosis and typhoid fever, dysentery and Escherichia coli.

In soil, some groups of microbes work against each other. It was in this environment that the well-known penicillin was discovered.

Water

The natural habitat for a large number of microorganism species is water. However, most of the bacteria enter the water from the ground, which washes over the body of water. If we analyze the concentration of organisms in 1 ml of water, then it directly depends on the degree of pollution and the population of the reservoir from which the sample was taken. Oceanic water contains fewer microorganisms per ml than river water.

Artesian water can be completely free of various groups of bacteria. In its 1 ml, the number of microorganisms is zero. The waters of rivers and lakes contain the maximum amount different types microorganisms. Pure water can contain about two hundred bacteria per ml. The number of microbes in dirty water is about 300 thousand individuals per ml.

The water column of the rivers is not as rich in microbes as the muddy part. Bacteria can form an organic film on the bottom. It is useful for the vital activity of organisms living in the waters of rivers, as it transforms hydrogen sulfide into sulfuric acid. The latter can cause a sharp decline in the number of fish and aquatic plants.

There are groups of bacteria that live exclusively in water. Some types of iron bacteria, vibrios, sulfur bacteria were found among them. The number of microbes per ml of water in urban river banks can reach a maximum. This is due to the fact that the water is constantly polluted by industrial and organic waste.

Danger

Together with waste water a huge number of microorganisms dangerous to the human body can get into water bodies. These include:

• brucellosis stick;
• a stick of dysentery;
• a bacillus of typhoid fever;
• polio virus.

In all settlements which have coastal zones, water quality control is carried out. Number different groups microbes is calculated per 1 dm 3.

How water is cleaned

Water from reservoirs is drained into special large-volume containers, where most of the bacteria settle. To enhance the effect, lime can be added to the water, due to which the number of microbes is minimized. Also, water is purified by passing through quartz sand and by chlorination.

Analysis

To analyze the safety of water for human health, an indicator such as coli-tirt is used. It shows the titer of Escherichia coli in the test water. Coli-titer is the minimum amount of water in which one E. coli can be. The indicator cannot be lower than 500 ml of the test water. This means that there should not be a single Escherichia coli in 500 ml of water.

Coli-index is an indicator that expresses the approximate number of microorganisms of the Escherichia coli group in 1 dm 3 of water.

To the general parameters of quality for a person drinking water include:

• absence of coli bacteria in 100 ml of water;
• absence of lamblia cysts in 100 ml of water;
• absence of coliphages in 100 ml of water;
• the number of colony microorganisms in 1 ml of water is maximum 50 units.

In addition to the number of primitive organisms, attention is paid to the chemical composition of water. Analyze the content of the following elements in water from the point of view of its safety for the human body:

• Calcium (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Sodium (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Magnesium (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Chloride (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Bicarbonate (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Nitrate (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Nitrite (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Orthophosphate (mg per 1 dm 3).
• Sulfate (mg per 1 dm 3).

Premises

The air in any room contains a number of simple organisms that can affect humans. However, in external environment microorganisms are not able to maintain vital activity for a long time.

Indoors, the largest number of microorganisms harmful to humans is recorded when regular cleaning is ignored and during the spread of infectious diseases.

When analyzing the microflora of air in a closed room, such indicators are analyzed as:

• the total number of bacteria in 1 m 3 of the medium;
• index of sanitary indicative microbes (streptococci and staphylococci).

Bacteria harmful to humans enter the air from the bodies of sick people when they cough and sneeze. For example, streptococci, which provoke angina, are thrown into the air with droplets of a sick person's saliva. However, species of bacteria that are safe for the human body - saprophytes, can live in the air.

In doing this experiment, Levin discovered something new: management of society on a large scale is achieved by using funds mass media while the horrors of nuclear war are conveyed to the minds of the masses through television. It has been found to be very effective in dramatizing the horrors of nuclear war women's magazines... Janus conducted a test in which Betty Bumpers, wife of Arkansas Senator Dale Bumpers, “wrote” on the subject for McCalis magazine.

The publication was a mixture of falsehood, distorted fact, innuendo, speculation and guesswork based entirely on false assumptions. horrible story about what a nuclear war is like.

"Future shocks" mass culture

Describing the results of the application of new technologies in the United States, J. Coleman argues that where John Wayne was once an idol, we now have an artificial apology for a man (or a man?) Named Michael Jackson - a parody of a human being, who is revered as hero, and meanwhile he whirls, jerks, mutters and squeals on the television screens of millions of American homes. A woman who has gone through a series of marriages and divorces is being trumpeted by the media throughout the country.

Whole hours of airtime are devoted to one or the other unwashed drug addict and decadent rock bands, their crazy sounds, crazy antics, clothes and language perversions. Soap operas, where some scenes approach pornographic, no longer cause comments. In the sixties, this would not have been tolerated, but now it is considered the norm.

J. Coleman argues that we have all been processed by what the Tavistock Institute calls “future shocks,” and this future is ALREADY NOW, and we are already so deafened by these constant cultural shocks that any protest seems to be a useless gesture, so logically we think that there is no point in protesting ...

The level of pressure on society to change it will increase ... and we will witness scenes that previously would have been considered impossible. A stunned America will react, but very weakly. We are not worried about even the latest threat to our freedom - personal computer cards ... ”.

Willis Harmon's ideas in HUMAN IMAGE CHANGE are too complex for most to understand, so Marilyn Ferguson was hired to make them more understandable. Under the name "Age of Aquarius" striptease shows are held on stage, and the song "The Dawning of the Age of the Aquarius" took the top lines of the charts and went around the whole world.

Personal computer cards, when fully disseminated, will rob them of their familiar environment, and environment means much more than the conventional meaning of the word.

Everything is happening as Tavistock ordered and according to the plans of the Stanford sociologists. Times don't change - they change. All changes are planned in advance and occur as a result of carefully calculated actions. At first people changed slowly, but now the rate of change is accelerating. The United States is transforming from "one nation under God" into a multilingual conglomerate under different gods. The USA is no longer "one nation under one God." The foundations of the US Constitution were defeated.

J. Coleman, speaking to the Americans, says that their ancestors spoke the same language, professed one religion - Christianity and adhered to common ideals. There were no strangers in our midst; this came later as a deliberately planned attempt to split the country into a series of divided nationalities, cultures and faiths. If in doubt, take a walk on the East Side of New York or the West Side of Los Angeles on Saturday and look around. The United States has become several nations trying to coexist under common system government.

When the gateways of immigration were wide open, a cultural upheaval caused great confusion and confusion, as a result of which the concept of a “one nation” ceased to work, the Club of Rome and NATO exacerbated the situation. The formula “love your neighbor” does not work if your neighbor is not “like you” ...

This is part of the concept of social change imposed on America. This concept, according to Harmon and the Club of Rome, will mean serious psychological trauma and increasing pressure for Americans. Civil unrest that began with the creation of Tavistock, the Club of Rome and NATO will continue in the United States until the limit of these changes is reached. Nations are made up of individuals, and like individuals, they have a psychological limit beyond which change is impossible, regardless of the strength of the individual or the nation.

This psychological truth was reliably confirmed by the Strategic Bombing Planning Office, which recommended bombing the residential areas of German workers to the “saturation point”. As mentioned earlier, this project was developed under the auspices of the Prudential Insurance Company. Many of the scientists who worked on this project were actively involved in the Cold War, and some continue their work today.

A staggering increase in senseless violence, serial murders, teenage suicides, unmistakable signs of lethargy - “deeply penetrating prolonged tension” has become part of a new environment that is as dangerous as the poisonous air we breathe. People are tired, exhausted and finally entered a period of psychological shock, followed by general apathy as an external manifestation of war with the use of "deep all-round penetration."

Technology "Shocks of the Future" are a series of events that happen so quickly that the human brain is unable to comprehend the information. Since science has proven that consciousness has clear limits of comprehension (both in terms of the number of changes and in terms of their nature), after a series of continuous shocks, the target population enters a state where its members are no longer willing to make choices in changing circumstances.

They are seized by apathy, which is often preceded by shows (stories) about senseless violence, serial murders, rape and kidnapping, etc.

Such a group becomes easily manageable, it will obey any orders without resistance, which is the purpose of such processing. “Shocks of the future”, as defined by the Research Center for Science Policy, “represent a physical and psychological breakdown arising from the overstrain of that part of human consciousness that is responsible for making meaningful decisions.

Just like in an overwhelmed electrical network the fuse blows out, in the same way the "fuses" burn out in people. And in this situation, they are prompted "a way out": drugs and alcohol, sexual perversion, humiliation of loved ones and large-scale violence against others to relieve "tension".

Medicine is just beginning to get closer to understanding this syndrome, although John Rowling Reese conducted experiments in this area as early as the twenties. It has been found that in the treated target group, the “fuses” are ready to “burn out”, and members of this group begin to use drugs as a means of avoiding the constant need to make meaningful choices. This is why drug use has spread so quickly among ... the "beat generation." What started with the Beatles and free trial doses of LSD turned into a drug tsunami that swept not only America.