Non-verbal communication style. Non-verbal means of communication. Comparative characteristics of verbal and non-verbal communications

Hello dear readers of the blog site. Communication became possible after the evolution of an animal into a person.

Ancient people used sound signals to warn of danger or convey important information that a bush with edible berries grew nearby.

Today, verbal communication is something that every person cannot do without. From morning coffee over instant messengers to talking at work with colleagues about a new boss relationship.

Verbal and non-verbal communication - what is it

Verbally- this word comes from the Latin "verbalis", which means verbally... Those. communication in this case occurs with the help of words.

There are three types of verbal communication:

Speech - communication through words (dialogues, monologues).
Written communication - by hand, printing on a computer, sms, etc.
Internal - your internal dialogue (forming thoughts).

Non-verbal- other types of communication, except verbal. What could it be:

Words that are compiled into speech are the unit of our communication with you. We use them both in oral pronunciation and in writing. Or typing (typing on a keyboard), if we talk about realities that are closer to us. Such communication is divided depending on who plays what role: speak - listen, write - read.

In order to maintain verbal communication at high level, you need to develop its components. This is, first of all,. Reading books, listening to vocabulary, talking with intellectually developed people - all this greatly helps to replenish and expand vocabulary.

When communicating in writing, it is very important to know the rules of punctuation in order to correctly present information. Often, by placing the dots and commas incorrectly, you can distort the meaning or focus on something wrong. We all remember the cartoon, where it was necessary to put a punctuation mark in the right way and save our own life: "You cannot be pardoned to execute."

Speech and written communication solves several problems at once:

Communicative - provides interaction between people in its large-scale manifestations.
Cognitive - a person receives knowledge and new information.
Accumulative - display of accumulated knowledge (, books).
Emotional - you can express your attitude to the world, feelings with the help of words.
Ethnic - unification of populations different countries(according to the language used).

Forms of verbal communication and barriers not his way

When communicating verbally, we can use different shapes and styles in order to convey certain information in a specific context and color. This can be well traced in the styles that are used in literature:

Publicistic - the main purpose of such a speech is to convey to people the idea, the essence of what happened.
Scientific - is distinguished by logic and clear statements using terminology, complex concepts.
Official business is the dry language of laws, where everything is accurate and without.
Artistic - a combination of any words and word forms, jargon and dialect () is possible here, speech is filled with unthinkable images and colors.
Conversational - characterizes both individual dialogues in the works, and our communication with you when we meet a friend.

Speech interaction can be divided by the number of people who take part in this:

Dialog(two or more people):

normal conversation - exchanging greetings and thoughts;
discussion - discussion of a topic where the interlocutors represent different points of view;
dispute - there are also two positions between which you need to resolve the resulting conflict;
discussion within the framework of science;
interview - passing a conversation during which the employer thinks about whether to hire a person.

Despite the fact that we communicate in the same language, different barriers to verbal communication:

Non-verbal communication is body language (like the rest of the animal kingdom). Facial expressions, gestures, postures, touches... As well as visual and acoustic perception, smells, distance and movement of communicating objects - all exactly like animals.

All this can carry a lot of information, so you should not neglect this format in order to make the right impression on people (with a pleasant perfume and appearance, delivered voice and manner of movement).

It is important not only to correctly interpret these signals, but also to correctly send them to the interlocutor. Non-verbal communication serves not only as an addition to the conversation with the help of words, but in some situations it can completely replace it.

There are gestures that signify greeting or goodbye. Communicative also includes the expression of misunderstanding, increased attention, denial or agreement. There are also modal ones - they show a person's attitude to what the other tells him. Facial expressions can show both trust and its complete absence.

Accents are something that can be successfully placed with the help of non-verbal means, if it is not possible to do this in full intonation. After all, it is often necessary to indicate to the interlocutor what you really consider important, where to focus your attention. So that secondary information does not take much time for analysis and decision-making.

Sadness, anger, joy, sadness, satisfaction - this is what can be best emphasized by verbal means (you can even fully show these feelings with your gestures and facial expressions). Therefore, if you are attentive to the interlocutor, you can read his state without words (which we have already talked about).

Don't forget about posture and posture. It is the form and behavior of the body that provides just as much information. Can be dominant or submissive, calm or tense, constrained or completely open.

The distance between the interlocutors can also be analyzed. The closer they are, the more they trust each other. If it's too far away, is it worth talking about at least a small amount of it?

Differences between types of communication

Communication with the help of words is characteristic exclusively of people, since it requires a lot of development of the brain. Other animals are not capable of this. But non-verbal signals are sent by absolutely everything.

If the cat is wagging its tail, it is unhappy, if the dog is experiencing joyful emotions. It turns out that even at the level of animals, you need to be able to correctly interpret the signs they give, taking into account who exactly is in front of you. What can I say if different people are standing in front of you.

It is worth noting that sign language is more sincere since we have almost no control over it. Therefore, it is so easy to deceive a person by phone or text. But if a fraudster tries to do this while standing in front of you, then there is a chance that you will read from his facial expressions that he should not be trusted.

Almost every our day is associated with communication with certain people. Therefore, it is worth learning how to correctly express your thoughts, present information in the right order. So study signals from others in order to gain more knowledge about the interlocutor, or to protect yourself from deception.

We are people, which means that both types of communication (verbal and non-verbal) are open for us, so it is worth using them to the maximum for your own purposes. This is a great tool for getting what you want and getting everything you need out of life.

Good luck to you! Before see you soon on blog pages site

Expand your perception

Know the species not verbal communication and understanding non-verbal cues is important for several reasons. First, they perform the functions of an accurate expression of feelings, because very often we experience feelings so complex that we simply cannot find the right words to describe them, but this can be done using non-verbal means and methods. Secondly, they serve as a deeper understanding.

Knowing the basic ways of non-verbal communication, you will be able to better understand and "see through" the other person, when he is trying to control his behavior in communication with you, because non-verbal signals appear unconsciously and your interlocutor simply cannot control them. The classification of non-verbal means of communication and examples of their use will help you not only better understand yourself, but also teach you to recognize lies and manipulation by other people.

In order to learn to better understand the interlocutor and recognize his hidden signals, you first need to learn to pay attention simultaneously to all elements or means of non-verbal communication, and non-verbal means of communication include facial expressions, gestures, postures, intonation and timbre of the voice, visual contact and interpersonal space.

Let's talk in more detail about each of these elements of non-verbal communication and give specific examples their manifestations.

Facial expressions

Mimicry is the expression of a person's face, it is the main element of the display of emotions and feelings. Positive emotions, such as love or surprise, are much easier to recognize than negative ones, which include disgust or anger. They are reflected differently on the right and left sides of the face, because the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform different functions: the right one controls the emotional sphere, and the left one is responsible for intellectual functions.

Emotions are expressed in facial expressions in this way:

Anger - wide open eyes, drooping corners of the lips, "squinting" gaze, clenched teeth;
Surprise - open mouth, wide open eyes and raised eyebrows, lowered tips of the lips;
Fear - drawn together eyebrows, stretched lips with drooping and pulled down corners;
Happiness is a calm look, lifted, pulled back corners of the lips;
Sadness - "faded" look, drooping corners of the lips, drawn eyebrows.

Visual contact

This non-verbal communication method helps to demonstrate interest in the conversation and to better understand the meaning of what is being said. During a conversation, two people together create and regulate the degree of comfort, periodically meeting their gaze and taking it to the side. A gaze can build trust as well as discomfort.

Pleasant common topics maintain eye contact; and negative, confusing questions cause them to look away, showing disagreement and dislike. Features of visual contact allow us to draw conclusions about the degree of interest in the dialogue and attitude towards the interlocutor:

Admiration - long eye contact, calm gaze;
Indignation - intent, intrusive, somewhat alarming gaze, prolonged eye contact without pauses;
Location - careful look, eye contact with pauses every 10 seconds;
Dislike - avoiding eye contact, rolling the eyes.
Expectation - a sharp look in the eyes, raised eyebrows.

With visual contact, you can find out not only the attitude of the interlocutor, but also identify some features.

Intonation and timbre of voice

To correctly understand the intonation and timbre of a voice means learning to “read between the lines” of another person's message. These features include frequent pauses, unfinished sentences and their structure, the strength and pitch of the voice, as well as the speed of speech.

Excitement - low tone of voice, fast broken speech;
Enthusiasm - high tone of voice, clear confident speech;
Fatigue - low tone of voice, decreased intonation towards the end of a sentence;
Arrogance - slow speech, even monotonous intonation;
Uncertainty - mistakes in words, frequent pauses, nervous cough.

Gestures and postures

Feelings and attitudes of people can be determined by the manner of sitting or standing, by a set of gestures and individual movements. It is easier and more pleasant for people to communicate with those who have expressive motor skills, lively relaxed facial expression.

Bright gestures reflect positive emotions and are conducive to sincerity and trust. At the same time, excessive gesticulation, often repetitive gestures can indicate internal tension and self-doubt. Non-verbal communication becomes available, and the level of mutual understanding increases if you understand the postures and gestures of your interlocutor.

Concentration - closed eyes, pinching the bridge of the nose, rubbing the chin;
Criticality - one hand near the chin with an extended forefinger along the cheek, the other hand supports the elbow;
Positivity - the body of the body, the head is slightly tilted forward, the hand touches the cheek a little;
Distrust - the palm covers the mouth, expressing disagreement;
Boredom - the head is supported by the hand, the body is relaxed and slightly bent;
Superiority - sitting position, legs one on top of the other, hands behind the head, eyelids are slightly closed;
Disapproval - restless movement, shaking off "villi", straightening clothes, pulling trousers or skirts;
Uncertainty - scratching or rubbing the ears, wrapping one hand around the elbow of the other hand;
Openness - arms outstretched to the sides, palms up, shoulders straightened, head "looking" straight, body relaxed;

Videos about non-verbal communication:

Interpersonal space

The distance between the interlocutors plays an important role in establishing contact, understanding the communication situation. People often express their attitude in such categories as "stay away from there" or "I want to be closer to him." If people are interested in each other, the space separating them decreases, they tend to be closer. For a better understanding of these features, as well as in order to correctly distinguish between situations and the framework of contact, you should know the basic limits of the permissible distance between interlocutors:

Intimate distance (up to 0.5 m) - intimate trusting relationships between loved ones, friends. May also be acceptable in sports where bodily contact is acceptable.
Interpersonal distance (from 0.5 m - to 1.2 m) - a comfortable distance during a friendly conversation, where touching each other is allowed.
Social distance (from 1.2 m to 3.7 m) - informal interaction in society, during a business meeting. The greater the distance, up to the extreme border, the more formal the relationship.
Public distance (more than 3.7 m) is a comfortable distance for a lecturer who makes a public speech in front of a large group of people.

Such a framework of distances and their significance depends on the age, gender of a person, and his personality characteristics. Children are comfortable at a closer distance from the interlocutor, and adolescents close and want to distance themselves from others.

Women love closer distances, regardless of the gender of their interlocutor. Balanced, confident people do not pay much attention to distance, while nervous, anxious people try to stay away from others.

Learn to recognize lies

In order to feel confident and comfortable in situations of communication with different people, to avoid manipulation, you should learn to recognize the non-verbal language of communication in situations when they are trying to deceive you.

What means of non-verbal communication, gestures, postures, facial expressions should be paid attention to in order to recognize a lie?

too long or frequent pauses, pauses and hesitation before the start of the replica;
asymmetry of facial expressions, lack of synchronization in the work of the facial muscles, when there is a discrepancy in the facial expressions of the two sides of the face;
“Frozen” facial expression, when it does not change for 5-10 seconds, is fake;
delayed expression of emotions, when there are long pauses between the word and related emotions;
"Oblong" smile, when the lips are pulled back from the teeth, creating a narrow lip line;
shallow visual contact, when the eyes of the liar meet the eyes of the interlocutor for no more than a third of the entire time of the conversation, while often looking at the ceiling and around with a restless expression on his face;
twitching of any part of the body: tapping your fingers on the table, biting your lip, twitching your arms or legs;
meager gestures that the liar has in control;

5,00

The ability to communicate, win over the interlocutor and find an approach to him is an art that allows you to achieve success, both in the personal and professional, public spheres. According to research, human behavior is assessed in terms of non-verbal means of communication - through gestures and facial expressions, movements and postures, facial expressions, eyes, smiles, etc. Non-verbal communication indicates the emotional state of a person, about his feelings and character traits.

Thanks to the classification of non-verbal means of communication, it is possible to recognize (understand) the motives of the interlocutor's behavior (his dreams, mood, expectations, intentions, experiences), to achieve the highest degree of psychological closeness with him. For a better understanding of the features of non-verbal communication, you should familiarize yourself with the main types of communication and their characteristics.

Kinesika

Kinesics is a branch of psychology that studies the emotional reactions of a person from the point of view of his expressive expressive movements (body movements). In this aspect, the following are considered as the main non-verbal means of communication: posture, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, gait features, look. It is believed that the information that the interlocutor wants to convey through speech can differ significantly from the feelings he actually experiences.

Pose

The postures taken by a person in the course of a conversation indicate his true intentions, more eloquent than gestures and facial expressions. Controlling your emotions is easy, but controlling postures when communicating is more difficult.

Modern psychologists classify postures into three types:

Domination- a person hangs over, tries to look from top to bottom, sits, leaning back, throwing one leg over the other. Addiction- the individual lowers his head, sits, tightly clenching his knees, pulling his fingers.
Closedness- the opponent clasps his fingers, closes by crossing his arms, legs, moves away from the interlocutor, looks away. Openness- an individual inclined to communication is distinguished by a relaxed posture, a wide smile, open palms, extended legs, and a torso turned towards the interlocutor.
Confrontation- expressed by a raised chin, clenched fists, arms outstretched or located on the hips, sides. Harmony- manifests itself in the calm position of the speaker, his good-natured look.

Gestures

Using these non-verbal elements communicative communication our ancestors have tried to reach mutual understanding since ancient times. Head movements, hand gestures can convey the emotional state of the interlocutor - his overexcitation, sadness, joy, anger, etc.

In a non-verbal sense, sign language is classified into the following types:

modal- conveying the attitude of the participants in the conversation (trust / distrust, approval / disagreement, satisfaction / dissatisfaction);
communicative- used for prohibitions, affirmations, farewells, greetings, attracting attention, etc.
descriptive- express emotional coloring in the context of certain statements.

Facial expressions

Mimic reactions are considered one of the main indicators of the true feelings of the interlocutor. According to studies, if an individual remains immobile, then information about his personal characteristics is lost by 15%. Psychologists have noted more than 20,000 different non-verbal interpretations of facial expressions. The main are considered such emotional states as:

anger;
fear;
irritation;
sadness;
astonishment;
joy;
disgust.

When a person's emotional state changes, the configuration of the entire face begins to dynamically change, mainly lips, eyebrows and forehead.

Gait

The gait represents the attitude of the individual. Analyzing the style of movement of a person, one can judge the characteristics of his character, age, well-being and even profession. According to the dynamics, rhythm and amplitude of the step, psychologists learn about such states as pride, suffering, illness, anger, determination, happiness, etc. A "light" gait gives a high spirits, joy, self-confidence. "Heavy" - typical for gloomy persons who are in despondency or a state of anger. "Sluggish", "weaving" - it happens in suffering, insecure individuals.

Sight

Eye contact is a non-verbal signal that is the most important element in the art of communication. A direct, interested look disposes the interlocutor to himself, evokes sympathy. Too long glance is perceived as a challenge, excessive interest of the interlocutor. Short, on the contrary, gives reason to believe that the opponent is insincere, hiding information. An exchange of glances in 10 seconds is considered optimal.

It is also worth considering the national factor, for example, Asians (Japanese, Koreans) do not often look at faces, Europeans have a direct look. Depending on the specifics, psychologists distinguish the following types of views:

social - typical for secular, casual communication;
business - used in a working atmosphere (when concluding business contracts, etc.);
intimate - personifies interest, love, etc.;
look "sideways" - may indicate hostility, envy, criticality, suspicion.

The eyes are capable of transmitting the most subtle signals of an individual's emotional state. Constriction / dilation of the pupils occurs in a person on an unconscious level, depending on his mood and state of the body. An excited, interested person will have 4 times dilated pupils. A gloomy, depressive state leads to constriction of the pupils.

Prosody and extralinguistics

Prosody and extralinguistics analyze the individual in terms of such non-verbal elements as:

Intonation- allowing you to determine the thoughts, feelings, experiences, mood of the interlocutor;
Volume- characterizes volitional aspirations, the emotional state of a person (hysteria, poise, etc.);
Timbre- betrays the character of the individual. High timbre is a sign of self-confidence or excitement, low - relaxation and softness, chest - increased emotionality.
Poise- allows you to give words additional significance and weight. The interlocutor with the help of a pause can take time for reflection, convey his emotions (resentment, surprise, disagreement).
Sigh- has no verbal content, but can eloquently express hopelessness, tragedy, sadness.
Laughter- able to defuse the atmosphere and inspire (funny, comical). Or vice versa - upset, lower self-esteem (sarcastic, cynical, malevolent).
Cry- expresses an overabundance of feelings of the interlocutor.
Cough- is interpreted as the desire of a person symbolically to "burp" something or bewilderment, disagreement with something.

Takeshika

Takeshika explores non-verbal dynamic communication methods - shaking hands, kissing, patting. Scientists have proven that touch is a form of stimulation that is biologically necessary for humans. The individual uses different types touches depending on the status, age, gender of the partner.

Handshake- can be equal, dominant (strong, with the hand on top), submissive (weak, the hand is on the bottom).
Pat on the shoulder - a tactical technique, which is used under the condition of close relations of the interlocutors, as well as with their social equality.
Kiss- used in close communication - relatives and acquaintances (friendly), couples in love (intimate).

Incorrect application of these tactical elements can lead to an inadequate reaction of the opponent, to conflict situations.

Prosemica

Prosemics is based on the construction of interpersonal relationships between individuals using spatial constraints. From the point of view of proxemics, non-verbal means of communicative communication include:

Distance
Orientation
Distance

Psychologists have established several norms of "proximity" (distances of the spatial type):

Intimate- intended for the closest people (0-45 cm.)
Personal- allowing you to communicate with common acquaintances (45-120 cm).
Social- recommended for official communication with unfamiliar people.
Public- allows you to refrain from communication or speak in front of an audience.

The interlocutor who adheres to the above-mentioned norms not only provides, but he himself feels more confident and comfortable.

These means of communication may vary depending on the nationality, social status and country of residence of the individual. It also matters gender, age and personal characteristics person.

Orientation

Such a proxemic component as orientation conveys various shades of a person's emotional state in terms of the angle of communication and the direction of the partner. The rotation of the toe and body can signal a person's attitude towards their opponent. The negotiator, who decided to end the discussion, involuntarily makes a turn of the body towards the exit. In business communication, seats at the negotiating table also matter:

against- characterizes a competitive and defensive position, in which participants rigidly defend their point of view;
On the one side- the most convenient option for joint discussion of problems and development of a common solution;
corner arrangement- allows you to have a friendly and casual conversation;
diagonally- the position indicates a lack of interest, unwillingness of the participant in the conversation to interact.

Every person is a social being. We cannot live without communication. At birth, the child already falls into social group consisting of medical staff and a mother. Growing up, he communicates with family and friends, gradually acquiring all the necessary social skills. It is impossible to live a quality life without communication. But this is not as easy a process as it seems at first glance. Communication has tiered structure and features that need to be considered when transmitting or receiving information.

Communication as a way to carry out life activities for a person

Well-known psychologists have determined that a person makes two types of contacts in his life:

With nature.
With people.

These contacts are called communication. There are many definitions of this concept. Communication is called:

a special form of interaction between people and their interpersonal relationships;
friendly or business relationship of a person with another person;
interaction of a group of people (starting from 2 people) for the exchange of information, knowledge of the surrounding world, which can be of an affective and evaluative nature;
the process of conversation, conversation, dialogue;
mental contact between people, which manifests itself through a sense of community, the implementation of joint actions, the exchange of information.

How communication differs from the concept of communication

Communication covers all aspects of human contacts. This includes contacts with nature, with neighbors, and at work. Communication is subject to certain requirements and rules. This concept assumes specific goals for communication, which are at least one of the parties to the communication process. Verbal communication (speech is its main means) is subject to strict rules, depending on its type. Communicator (person who accepts Active participation in the process of communication) has specific tasks that are designed to influence the other participant in the conversation. This process is more appropriate in business communication. That is why there is the concept of "verbal business communication, which is applicable only in official communication and involves the verbal exchange of information.

Two main types of communication

The process of exchanging information and influencing all participants in communication is divided into two large groups. All functions of communication must be carried out in these groups, otherwise it will not be productive.

Verbal communication involves verbal transmission of information. In this process, someone speaks and someone listens.

Non-verbal communication occurs due to the implementation of the opticokinetic system of signs. Gestures, facial expressions, pantomime are appropriate here, special attention is paid to tone and intonation, eye contact occurs. This way of communication externally expresses the inner world of a person, his personal development.

What is verbal communication?

We use verbal communication almost every minute of our interaction with people. We constantly exchange information, teach someone, listen to the flow of words ourselves, and so on. Verbal communication involves listening and speaking. In the process of such communication, its own structure is determined, it is attended by:

"What?" - message.
"Who?" - communicator.
"How?" - specific transmission channels.
"To whom?" - the object of communication.
"What effect?" - the influence of the interlocutors on each other, who pursue certain goals for communication.

Means of this type of communication

Verbal means of communication include speech, language, word. Language - as a way of communication for people and transmission of information - appeared a long time ago. It is a communication tool. A word in a language is a sign symbol that can have several meanings at the same time. Verbal communication cannot do without speech, which can be oral and written, internal and external, and so on. It should be noted that inner speech is not a means of transmitting information. She is not available to the people around her. Therefore, verbal speech communication does not include it in its system of means.

Speech helps a person to encode certain information and transmit it to the interlocutor. It is through her that the informant influences his interlocutor, inspiring him with his point of view. While the interlocutor can perceive it in his own way. This is where the basic functions and verbal means of communication begin to work.

Its forms

The forms of speech communication include oral and written speech, as well as such forms of interaction as monologue and dialogue. Depending on the development of events, oral speech may acquire signs of dialogue or monologue.

Forms of verbal communication include different types of dialogues:

actual - exchange of information with the recipient with only one purpose - to support the conversation, sometimes this is perceived as a ritual (for example, when the question "how are you" does not imply hearing the answer);
informational - an active process of exchange of information, presentation or discussion of any important topic;
debatable - arises when a contradiction appears in two or more points of view on the same problem, the purpose of such a dialogue is to influence people to change their behavior;
confessional - a confidential type of dialogue, which implies the expression of deep feelings and experiences.

Monologues in everyday life are not as common as dialogues. Verbal and non-verbal communication can be present in a monologue, when, during a report or lecture, a person not only provides information, but also accompanies it with facial expressions, gestures, increased tone and changing intonation. In this case, both words and gestures become a specific code of the transmitted message. For the effective perception of these codes, it is necessary to understand them (it is difficult for a Russian person to understand a Chinese, just as certain gestures are incomprehensible to a common man in the street).

Types of verbal communication

Verbal communication has its own types. We have already listed the main ones - this is speech in all its manifestations, dialogue, monologue. Features of verbal communication lie in the fact that it contains more private types of communication.

A conversation is a speech exchange of opinions, thoughts, knowledge. This process can involve two or more people who communicate in a relaxed atmosphere. Conversation is used when a problem is raised or an issue is clarified.
An interview is a little different from a conversation in formality. Interview topics are narrow professional, scientific or social issues.
Dispute - a dispute on scientific or any socially important topics. This type is also included in the concept of "verbal communication". Communication within the framework of a dispute between people is limited.
The discussion, in turn, is also public, but the result is important in it. Here different opinions on a specific issue are discussed, different points view and position. As a result, everyone comes to some one opinion and a solution to the controversial issue.
A dispute is a confrontation of opinions, a kind of verbal struggle with the aim of defending one's opinion.

Features of the processes of speech communication

Verbal communication processes can be difficult. Since two or more people take part in such communication, with their own interpretation of information, unforeseen tense moments may arise. Such moments are called communication barriers. Both verbal and non-verbal communication are subject to these barriers.

Logical - a barrier at the level of the logic of information perception. It occurs when people communicate with different types and forms of thinking. Acceptance and understanding of the information provided to him depends on the intellect of a person.
Stylistic - occurs when the order of the information provided is violated and its form and content do not match. If a person starts the news from the end, the interlocutor will have a misunderstanding of the purpose of its presentation. The message has its own structure: first, the interlocutor's attention arises, then his interest, from him comes the transition to the main provisions and questions, and only then a conclusion appears from all that has been said.
Semantic - such a barrier appears when people with different cultures communicate, when the meanings of the words used and the meaning of the message do not match.
Phonetic - this barrier arises with the peculiarities of the informant's speech: fuzziness of speaking, quiet intonation, shift of logical stress.

Non-verbal communication means

Non-verbal communication is an external form of manifestation inner peace person. Verbal and non-verbal means of communication are related to different degrees in the same message. They can complement each other, accompany, contradict or replace. It has been proven that the transmission of information is carried out using words only 7%, sounds occupy 38%, and non-verbal means occupy 55%. We see that non-verbal communication takes a very important place in human communication.

The main means of communication without words are gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, eye contact systems, as well as a certain intonation and tone of voice. Human postures are also the main means of non-verbal communication. For someone who knows how to interpret them, poses can say a lot about a person's emotional state.

Features of non-verbal communication

In communication without words, everything is important: how a person holds his back (posture), at what distance he is, what gestures, facial expressions, postures, looks and so on. There are certain areas of non-verbal communication that determine the effectiveness of communication.

Public - more than 400 cm from the informant, such communication is often used in classrooms and during rallies.
Social - 120-400 cm distance between people, for example, at official meetings, with people we don't know well.
Personal - 46-120 cm, conversation with friends, colleagues, visual contact takes place.
Intimate - 15-45 cm, communication with loved ones, you can speak quietly, tactile contact, trust. In case of violent violation of this zone, blood pressure may increase, heartbeat may become more frequent. This phenomenon can be observed in a heavily filled bus.

Verbal and non-verbal communication are processes that will help to achieve efficiency in negotiations, if these zones are not violated.

Sign language

It is customary to call gestures socially worked out movements that can convey the emotional mood of a person. There are a very large number of gestures, and they are all classified according to the purpose of transmitting information by a person and his internal state. Gestures are:

illustrators (complement the message);
regulators (the attitude of the person is visible);
emblems (common symbols);
affectors (transmission of emotions);
estimates;
confidence;
uncertainty;
self-control;
expectations;
denial;
location;
dominance;
insincerity;
courtship.

By the way a person behaves during a conversation, one can determine his inner state, how interested he is in the exchange of information, and also whether there is sincerity.

Human facial expressions

Human facial expressions are also a way of informing. With immobility of the face, 10-15% of all information is lost. If a person is deceiving or hiding something, then his eyes meet the eyes of the interlocutor for less than a third of the time of the entire conversation. The left side of a person's face is more likely to show emotions. With the help of the eyes or curvature of the lips, the accurate messages about the human condition. This is due to the behavior of the pupils - their constriction and expansion is beyond our control. When we experience emotions of fear or sympathy, the pupils characteristically change.

Non-verbal remedies communication important element communication of people. Every day, when talking with family, friends, work colleagues, we use the basic techniques of transferring information and extralinguistic means of communication. Non-verbal communication is body and sign language that helps express thoughts and feelings without using spoken language.

Body and sign language, unlike other speech means, has unique property transmission of information by the subconscious. It accounts for up to 80% of the transmission of information to the interlocutor. Non-verbal means of communication are needed in order to find out the thoughts and intentions of a person. To do this, it is enough to take a closer look at the manner of speaking and gesturing.

Learning to understand non-verbal means of communication in practice is necessary for two reasons:

Oral speech of a person conveys only specific knowledge. This is not enough to express an emotional state. Therefore, the psychological state of a person, experienced emotions and feelings are transmitted only through non-verbal communication.
In conversational communication, there is no self-control ability. Non-verbal communication helps to recognize the thoughts and feelings of the interlocutor, due to the spontaneous unconscious reaction of the subconscious.

Control over the spoken words, simulated facial expressions will not give a full-fledged result for hiding information. A person can impersonate himself by accident, having lost control over intonation, the sound of a voice, or using the wrong gestures. People trust non-verbal communication because they are less controllable than speaking.

Thanks to numerous psychological studies, a classification of non-verbal means of communication has appeared:

Spatial means are the movement of the interlocutor in space, his placement relative to other people and objects, keeping distance and orientation.
Visual means - a person's gaze, its direction and duration.
Tactile means - these include tactile contact, hand touch, kiss, push.
Expressively - expressive means- it can be facial expressions, gestures, body movement and other techniques of gestural communication.

IN non-verbal communication there is the concept of prosody and extralinguistics. Prosodic means help to create the image of the interlocutor, his manner of speaking, expressing feelings and other elements of personality. The concept of prosodic elements of communication includes the rhythmic and intonational part of colloquial speech, pitch, tone and stress.

The concept of extralinguistics is the use of pauses in conversational speech and other physiological tricks: laughing, crying, sighing. Prosodic and extralinguistic sciences study the speech flow, complement the conversation, expressing the psychological and emotional state of a person.

Most people do not pay enough attention to non-verbal communication. During a conversation, the attitude towards the interlocutor develops on an intuitive level, therefore, during the conversation, discomfort or a feeling of anxiety may appear. Some people regard this as intuition, although in fact such signals are sent to us by the brain when it observes a discrepancy between spoken speech and gestures.

Non-verbal communications are conscious and unconscious. The conscious ones are controlled by the person, the unconscious ones are not. It has long been known that the tongue can lie, but not the body, therefore psychologists and psychoanalysts pay attention to unconscious movements when working with patients. Non-verbal means of communication play an important role in a person's life, performing the basic functions of communication.

Body and body language has the following functions:

They help to understand their own or someone else's behavior, they are a reference point in a person's social life.
Are a means of expression mental state person.
They are necessary for interaction between people, expression of attitude towards each other, helping to solve and interpret everyday or business situations.
Helps to give an emotional coloring to the conversation, to enhance the effect of the spoken speech.
It is an indicator of a person's status, shows his role in society.
They perform the functions of creating a psychological portrait and an image of the interlocutor.

Characteristics of non-verbal communication

When communicating with people, you need to pay attention to the following elements and techniques of non-verbal communication:

Gestures.

Sign language is the oldest method of human communication and is the movement of the hands and head. Gestures can be voluntary or involuntary. The voluntary movement of the hands is voluntary, and the involuntary movement is reflex or congenital. These gestures serve as a substitute or supplement for colloquial speech, or emphasize what is being said to the interlocutor.

The same gestures differ in meaning depending on the culture. The desire to convey information as quickly as possible, as well as an increased emotional state of a person, leads to active gesticulation during a conversation. Gesturing can be:

Descriptive - gestures take on meaning only during the interaction of speech and movement.
Modal - give an assessment and express an attitude towards the events taking place. These are approving gestures, confiding or protesting.
Communicative - the court refers to the gestures used when greeting, saying goodbye, to draw the attention of others, to deny something.

Examples of gestures in practice

Touching the ear during a conversation means not wanting to listen to the interlocutor, this behavior may be the result of boredom or disagreement with what was said.
Open mouth - is interpreted as restraining thoughts, when a person has something to say, but he does not know whether to do it.
If the interlocutor is uncomfortable, he experiences emotional stress when communicating or talking on the phone, he touches his neck, clothes, twists small objects in his hand, rings on his hand.
Mimicry.

Facial expressions in non-verbal communication are used to convey feelings and represent the movement of the facial muscles. Tests carried out in practice have shown that the absence of emotions on the face during a conversation leads to the loss of 15% of the spoken information. The main mimic role is played by the lips and eyebrows of a person. To express anger, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, the muscles of the face act harmoniously and holistically.

Visual communication tools.

Visual interactions between people play an important role during the transfer of information. The gaze helps to focus on speaking person... During a conversation, people look into each other's eyes for an average of 10 seconds. Less time is considered disrespectful and challenging. During a conversation, the listening person looks at the interlocutor longer than the speaker. A glance is associated with the formation of thoughts when transmitting information, when a thought is formed, a person does not look at the interlocutor, when he knows what he wants to say, he pays attention to him.

Visual contact is divided into the following categories, it can be:

Social - the focus of the gaze fluctuates in the area of the eyes and mouth.
Business - during a business meeting, giving a report, or speaking to the public, the speaker looks at the interlocutor's forehead, thereby showing respect and attention to him.
Intimate - the interlocutor looks in the eyes or below the face.

A person's face conveys the most accurate psychological state, even in the photo. But it is not so reliable, because it lends itself to human control. With its help, it is easier to deceive the interlocutor by depicting the necessary range of feelings.

Tactile means.

Tactile means of communication include the concept of the science of takeshiki. She studies touch while talking. Tactile means are necessary for normal communication of people and are determined by such factors as status, age, gender, level of people's trust.

Incorrect frequent use of tactile means leads to conflict situations between people and a hostile attitude.

Pose.

Pose is the position of a person's body. There are many poses that show how people relate to others. It has been noticed that high-ranking persons take a more relaxed posture. The posture adopted is interpreted depending on its semantic content. She speaks of a person's closeness or willingness to engage in dialogue.

Crossed arms indicate a reluctance to let the interlocutor close. When communicating with a person who has taken such a posture, one should speak briefly and to the point. The closed position of the hands indicates an obstacle that they symbolize when speaking. This is not a confidential posture, you can get out of it by offering to take something in your hands or support.

A position with arms and legs not crossed is considered to be confidential and friendly. In an attentive interlocutor, the body is directed at the speaker, hands are free and not clenched into fists. A person interested in the conversation gradually approaches or leans towards the conversation, if there is no desire to listen, then on the contrary, leans back, moves away. Repetition of gestures and postures of the interlocutor is considered a reliable way to attract attention.

Non-verbal means of improving business status

The environment between people plays the role of a background during a conversation. Business status can be enhanced with a specially selected interior. For the head of the company, the office is his second person. The workplace environment is able to show the reliability of the company and its success.

Non-verbal means of improving business status include the executive's office or office equipment. You should carefully monitor the "appearance" of the office, as lack of order and the presence of slovenliness in the workplace will cause distrust of customers and visitors.

Developed by special rules allowing you to increase your business status:

The workplace must be kept clean and tidy; the presence of unnecessary objects and scattered papers is unacceptable on the table.
Lunch break is spent in a specially designated place. Eating food at the desk looks ugly if there is a need for it to dine in the absence of other people.
Drinking coffee or tea at work is better from glassware than from plastic cups.
Do not force the office with unnecessary things, it looks tasteless and only clutters up the room.
Look at workplace from the side of the visitor, make sure that it is pleasant to be in your office.

The right office equipment can significantly enhance your business status. The larger the boss's chair, the higher it appears in the eyes of subordinates. It should be of good quality and high back. The chairs for workers or visitors, on the contrary, are smaller. You should not keep flowers in your office, let them stand in the reception area. Also, decorative elements are considered among the non-verbal tricks of raising the status. They should be neutral and discreet.

During the business interaction of work partners, emotional tricks are used to achieve specific tasks. The greatest success is achieved by a person who owns the art of emotional impact on a partner and is able to "read" the non-verbal message of the interlocutor.