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1 kilojoule per cubic meter [kJ / m³] = 0.2388458966 international kilocalorie per cubic meter. meter

Initial value

Converted value

joule per cubic meter joule per liter megajoule per cubic meter kilojoule per cubic meter international kilocalorie per cubic meter meter thermochemical calorie per cubic meter centimeter therm per cubic foot therm per gallon Brit. term. unit (int.) per cubic meter pound Brit. term. unit (term.) per cubic meter pound centigrade temp. unit per cubic meter pound cubic meter per joule liter per joule Amer. gallon horsepower-hour Amer. gallon per metric hp-hour

Specific heat

More about energy density and specific heat of combustion (by volume)

The converter of energy density and specific heat of combustion (by volume) is used to convert units of several physical quantities that are used to quantify the energy properties of substances into different areas science and technology.

Definitions and Units

Energy density

Energy density fuel, also called energy intensity, is defined as the amount of energy released during the complete combustion of fuel, per unit of its mass or volume. Unlike of English language, where there are two terms for the energy density by mass and volume, in Russian one term is used - energy density when talking about the energy density both by mass and by volume.

Thus, energy density, specific heat of combustion and energy intensity characterize a substance or a thermodynamic system. Energy density can also characterize a system in which no combustion occurs at all. For example, energy can be stored in a lithium battery or lithium-ion battery in the form of chemical energy, an ionistor, or even in a conventional transformer in the form of electromagnetic field energy, in which case we can also talk about energy density.

Specific fuel consumption

Specific fuel consumption- it is also an energy characteristic, but not of a substance, but of a specific engine, in which the fuel is burned to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into useful displacement work vehicle... Specific consumption is equal to the ratio of fuel consumption per unit time to power(for car engines) or to cravings(for aircraft and rocket engines providing thrust; this does not include aircraft piston and turboprop engines). In English terminology, two types of specific fuel consumption are clearly distinguished: specific consumption (fuel consumption per unit of time) per unit of power (eng. brake specific fuel consumption) or per unit of thrust (eng. thrust specific fuel consumption). The word "brake" (English brake) indicates that the specific fuel consumption is determined on a dynamometer, the main element of which is the braking device.

Specific fuel consumption by volume, the units of which can be converted in a given converter, is equal to the ratio of the volumetric fuel consumption (for example, liters per hour) to the engine power or, which is the same, the ratio of the volume of fuel consumed to perform certain work... For example, a specific fuel consumption of 100 g / kW ∙ h means that to create a power of 1 kilowatt, the engine must consume 100 grams of fuel per hour, or, which is the same, to perform useful work of 1 kilowatt-hour, the engine must consume 100 g of fuel. ...

Units

Bulk energy density Measured in units of energy per unit volume, such as joules per cubic meter (J / m³, SI) or British thermal units per cubic foot (BTU / ft³, in British conventional units).

As we understand it, the units of measure J / m³, J / l, kcal / m³, BTU / lb³ are used to measure several physical quantities that have much in common. They are used to measure:

• the energy content in the fuel, that is, the energy intensity of the fuel by volume
• heat of combustion of fuel per unit volume
• volumetric energy density in a thermodynamic system.

During the redox reaction of the fuel with oxygen, a relatively large amount of energy is released. The amount of energy released during combustion is determined by the type of fuel, the conditions of its combustion and the mass or volume of the fuel burned. For example, partially oxidized fuels such as ethyl alcohol (ethanol C₂H₅OH) are less efficient than hydrocarbon fuels such as kerosene or gasoline. Energy is usually measured in joules (J), calories (cal), or British thermal engineering units (BTU). The energy content of a fuel or its heat of combustion is the energy obtained when a certain volume or a certain mass of fuel is burned. Specific heat of combustion of fuel shows the amount of heat that is released during the complete combustion of a unit of volume or mass of fuel.

The energy content of the fuel can be expressed as follows:

• in units of energy per mole of fuel, for example, kJ / mole;
• in units of energy per fuel mass, such as BTU / lb;
• in units of energy per volume of fuel, for example, in kcal / m³.

The same units, physical quantities and even measurement methods (liquid calorimeter-integrator) are used to measure the energy value of food. In this case, the energy value is defined as the amount of heat released during combustion. a certain amount food product... Note again that this converter is used to convert volume units, not mass quantities.

Higher and lower heat of combustion of fuel

The measured calorific value of the fuel depends on what happens to the water during combustion. Recall that the formation of steam requires a lot of heat and that when water vapor is converted into a liquid state, a large amount of heat is released. If water remains in a vaporous state during fuel combustion and measurement of its characteristics, it means that it contains heat that will not be measured. Thus, only the net energy contained in the fuel will be measured. They say that this is measured net calorific value of fuel... If, when measuring (or operating the engine), the water completely condenses from the vapor state and cools to the initial fuel temperature before the start of its combustion, a significantly larger amount of heat generated will be measured. At the same time, they say that it is measured higher calorific value of fuel... Please note that the engine internal combustion cannot use the additional energy that is released during steam condensation. Therefore, it is more correct to measure the net calorific value, which is what many manufacturers do when measuring the fuel consumption of engines. However, American manufacturers often indicate data in the characteristics of their engines taking into account the gross calorific value. The difference between these values ​​for the same engine is approximately 10%. This is not very much, but it leads to confusion if in technical characteristics measurement method is not specified.

Note that the gross and net calorific values ​​refer only to fuels containing hydrogen, such as gasoline or diesel fuel. When pure carbon or carbon monoxide is burned, the higher and lower heats of combustion cannot be determined, since these substances do not contain hydrogen and, therefore, no water is formed during their combustion.

In the combustion of fuel in an engine, the actual amount of mechanical work performed by the combustion of the fuel depends to a large extent on the engine itself. Gasoline engines are less efficient in this respect than diesel engines. For example diesel engines passenger cars have energy efficiency of 30-40%, while the same value for gasoline engines is only 20-30%.

Measurement of energy content of fuel

Specific heat of combustion of fuel is convenient for comparison different types fuel. In most cases, the energy content of the fuel is determined in a liquid calorimeter-integrator with an isothermal jacket, in which the measurement is performed while maintaining a constant volume in a so-called "calorimetric bomb", that is, a thick-walled high-pressure vessel. The calorific value or energy content is defined as the amount of heat that is released in a vessel when a precisely weighed mass of a fuel sample is burned in an oxygen atmosphere. In this case, the volume of the vessel in which the fuel is burned does not change.

In such calorimeters, the high-pressure vessel in which the sample is burned is filled with pure oxygen under pressure. A little more oxygen is added than is needed for complete combustion of the sample. The high-pressure vessel of the calorimeter must withstand the pressure of the gases formed during the combustion of the fuel. When burned, all of the carbon and hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. If combustion does not occur completely, for example, with a lack of oxygen, carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO) is formed or the fuel simply does not burn, which leads to incorrect, underestimated results.

The energy released from the combustion of the fuel sample in the pressure vessel is distributed between the pressure vessel and the absorbing medium (usually water) surrounding the pressure vessel. The temperature rise resulting from the reaction is measured. Then the calorific value of the fuel is calculated. For this, the results of temperature measurements and calibration tests are used, for which material with known characteristics is burned in this calorimeter.

Any liquid calorimeter-integrator consists of the following parts:

• a thick-walled high-pressure vessel ("bomb") in which a chemical combustion reaction takes place (4);
• a liquid calorimeter vessel, usually with highly polished outer walls to reduce heat transfer; a "bomb" is placed in this vessel with water (5);
• mixer
• a heat-insulated casing that protects the calorimetric vessel with a pressure vessel from external temperature influences (7);
• a temperature sensor or thermometer measuring the change in temperature in a calorimetric vessel (1)
• an electric fuse with a fusible wire and electrodes (6) for igniting the fuel in the sample cup (3) installed in the pressure vessel (4); and
• oxygen supply tube (2) O₂.

Due to the fact that during the combustion reaction in an oxygen atmosphere, a high pressure for a short period of time, measurements can be dangerous and safety rules must be strictly followed. The calorimeter, its safety valves and ignition electrodes must be kept in good working order and clean. The sample weight should not exceed the maximum allowable for this calorimeter.

Specific fuel consumption per unit of thrust is a measure of the efficiency of any engine that burns fuel for thrust. These are the engines that are installed on the Atlantis reusable transport spacecraft.

Do you find it difficult to translate a unit of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.

(fig.14.1 - Calorific value
fuel ability)

Pay attention to the calorific value (specific heat of combustion) of different fuels, compare the indicators. The calorific value of the fuel characterizes the amount of heat released during the complete combustion of fuel with a mass of 1 kg or a volume of 1 m³ (1 l). Most often, the calorific value is measured in J / kg (J / m³; J / L). The higher the specific heat of combustion of the fuel, the lower its consumption. Therefore, the calorific value is one of the most significant characteristics fuel.

The specific heat of combustion of each type of fuel depends on:

• From its combustible components (carbon, hydrogen, volatile combustible sulfur, etc.).
• From its moisture and ash content.

Table 4 - Specific calorific value of various energy carriers, comparative analysis of costs.
Energy carrier type	Calorific value				Volumetric density of matter (ρ = m / V)	Unit price equivalent fuel	Coeff. useful action (Efficiency) of the system heating,%	Price per 1 kWh	Implemented systems
	Mj		kWh
	(1MJ = 0.278kWh)
Electricity	-		1.0 kWh		-	3.70 RUR per kWh	98%	3.78 RUR	Heating, hot water supply (DHW), air conditioning, cooking
Methane (CH4, temperature boiling point: -161.6 ° C)	39.8 MJ / m³		11.1 kWh / m³		0.72 kg / m³	5.20 rub. per m³	94%	0.50 rub.
Propane (C3H8, temperature boiling point: -42.1 ° C)	46,34 MJ / kg	23,63 MJ / L	12,88 kWh / kg	6,57 kWh / l	0.51 kg / l	18.00 rub. Hall	94%	2.91 RUR	Heating, hot water supply (DHW), cooking, backup and constant power supply, autonomous septic tank (sewage), outdoor infrared heaters, outdoor barbecues, fireplaces, baths, designer lighting
Butane C4H10 temperature boiling point: -0.5 ° C)	47,20 MJ / kg	27,38 MJ / L	13,12 kWh / kg	7,61 kWh / l	0.58 kg / l	14.00 rub. Hall	94%	1.96 RUR	Heating, hot water supply (DHW), cooking, backup and constant power supply, autonomous septic tank (sewage), outdoor infrared heaters, outdoor barbecues, fireplaces, baths, designer lighting
Propane-butane (LPG - liquefied hydrocarbon gas)	46,8 MJ / kg	25,3 MJ / L	13,0 kWh / kg	7,0 kWh / l	0.54 kg / l	16.00 rub. Hall	94%	2.42 RUR	Heating, hot water supply (DHW), cooking, backup and constant power supply, autonomous septic tank (sewage), outdoor infrared heaters, outdoor barbecues, fireplaces, baths, designer lighting
Diesel fuel	42,7 MJ / kg		11,9 kWh / kg		0.85 kg / l	30.00 rub. per kg	92%	2.75 RUR	Heating (heating water and generating electricity are very expensive)
Firewood (birch, moisture - 12%)	15,0 MJ / kg		4,2 kWh / kg		0.47-0.72 kg / dm³	3.00 rub. per kg	90%	RUR 0.80	Heating (it is inconvenient to cook food, it is almost impossible to get hot water)
Coal	22,0 MJ / kg		6,1 kWh / kg		1200-1500 kg / m³	7.70 rub. per kg	90%	1.40 RUR	Heating
MARP gas (mixture of LPG - 56% with methylacetylene propadiene - 44%)	89,6 MJ / kg		24,9 kWh / m³		0.1137 kg / dm³	-R. per m³	0%		Heating, hot water supply (DHW), cooking, backup and constant power supply, autonomous septic tank (sewage), outdoor infrared heaters, outdoor barbecues, fireplaces, baths, designer lighting

(fig.14.2 - Specific heat of combustion)

According to the table "Specific heat of combustion of various energy carriers, comparative analysis of costs", propane-butane (liquefied petroleum gas) is inferior in economic benefits and prospects of using only natural gas (methane). However, attention should be paid to the trend towards an inevitable increase in the cost of main gas, which is currently significantly underestimated. Analysts predict an imminent reorganization of the industry, which will lead to a significant rise in the cost of natural gas, possibly even exceed the cost of diesel fuel.

Thus, liquefied petroleum gas, the cost of which will practically not change, remains extremely promising - the optimal solution for autonomous gasification systems.

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1 megajoule [MJ] = 1,000,000 watt-seconds [Whs]

Initial value

Converted value

joule gigajoule megajoule kilojoule millijoule microjoule nanojoule picojoule attojoule megaelectronvolt kiloelectronvolt electron volt millielectronvolt microelectronvolt nanoelectronvolt picoelectronvolt erg gigawatt hours megawatt-hours horsepower kilowatt hours -hour international kilocalorie thermochemical kilocalorie international calorie thermochemical calorie large (food) cal. Brit. term. Unit (Int., IT) Brit. term. unit term. mega BTU (Int., IT) ton-hour (refrigerating capacity) equivalent ton of oil equivalent of a barrel of oil (US) gigatonne megatonne TNT kilotonne TNT tonne TNT dyne-centimeter gram-force-meter gram-force-centimeter kilogram-force-centimeter kilogram -force-meter kilopond-meter pound-force-feet pound-force inches ounce-force inches feet-pounds inch-pounds inch-ounces pound-feet term (EEC) term (US) Hartree energy equivalent of gigatons of oil equivalent of megatons oil kilobarrel equivalent of oil billion barrels of oil equivalent kilogram of trinitrotoluene Planck energy kilogram reciprocal meter hertz gigahertz terahertz kelvin atomic mass unit

More about energy

General information

Energy is a physical quantity that has great importance in chemistry, physics, and biology. Without it, life on earth and movement are impossible. In physics, energy is a measure of the interaction of matter, as a result of which work is done or the transition of some types of energy to others occurs. In the SI system, energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal to the energy expended when a body moves one meter by a force of one newton.

Energy in physics

Kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy of a body mass m moving at speed v equal to the work done by the force to give the body speed v... Work is defined here as a measure of the action of a force that moves a body a distance s... In other words, it is the energy of a moving body. If the body is at rest, then the energy of such a body is called potential energy. This is the energy required to keep the body in this state.

For example, when a tennis ball hits the racket in flight, it stops momentarily. This is because the forces of repulsion and gravity cause the ball to freeze in the air. At this moment, the ball has potential, but no kinetic energy. When the ball bounces off the racket and flies away, on the contrary, it has kinetic energy. A moving body has both potential and kinetic energy, and one type of energy is converted into another. If, for example, toss up a stone, it will begin to slow down during flight. As this slows down, kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. This transformation takes place until the supply of kinetic energy is exhausted. At this moment, the stone will stop and the potential energy will reach its maximum value. After that, it will begin to fall downward with acceleration, and the transformation of energy will occur in the reverse order. Kinetic energy will peak when the rock hits the ground.

The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in a closed system is conserved. The energy of the stone in the previous example changes from one form to another, and therefore, despite the fact that the amount of potential and kinetic energy changes during flight and fall, the total sum of these two energies remains constant.

Energy production

People have long learned to use energy to solve labor-intensive tasks with the help of technology. Potential and kinetic energy is used to do work, such as moving objects. For example, the energy of the current river water It has long been used to produce flour in water mills. How more people uses technology such as cars and computers in everyday life, the more energy demand increases. Most of the energy today is generated from non-renewable sources. That is, energy is obtained from the fuel extracted from the bowels of the Earth, and it is quickly used, but not renewed at the same speed. Such fuels are, for example, coal, oil and uranium, which are used in nuclear power plants... In recent years, the governments of many countries, as well as many international organizations For example, the UN considers it a priority to study the possibilities of obtaining renewable energy from inexhaustible sources using new technologies. A lot of scientific research is aimed at obtaining these types of energy at the lowest cost. Currently, sources such as sun, wind and waves are used to obtain renewable energy.

Energy for household and industrial use is usually converted to electricity using batteries and generators. The first power plants in history generated electricity by burning coal or using the energy of water in rivers. Later, they learned to use oil, gas, sun and wind to generate energy. Some large enterprises maintain their power plants on site, but most of the energy is generated not where it will be used, but in power plants. Therefore, the main task of power engineers is to convert the produced energy into a form that allows it to be easily delivered to the consumer. This is especially important when expensive or hazardous energy production technologies are used that require constant supervision by specialists, such as hydro and nuclear power... That is why electricity was chosen for domestic and industrial use, since it is easy to transmit it with low losses over long distances through power lines.

Electricity is converted from mechanical, thermal and other types of energy. For this, water, steam, heated gas or air are driven by turbines that rotate generators, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Steam is produced by heating water using heat generated by nuclear reactions or by burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are extracted from the bowels of the earth. These are gas, oil, coal and other combustible materials formed underground. Since their number is limited, they are classified as non-renewable fuels. Renewable energy sources are sun, wind, biomass, ocean energy, and geothermal energy.

In remote areas where there are no power lines, or where due to economic or political problems, electricity is regularly cut off, portable generators are used and solar panels... Fossil-fueled generators are especially used both in the home and in organizations where electricity is absolutely necessary, such as hospitals. Generators usually run on reciprocating engines, in which fuel energy is converted into mechanical energy. Also popular are uninterruptible power supplies with powerful batteries that charge when power is supplied and release energy during outages.

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When a certain amount of fuel is burned, a measurable amount of heat is released. According to the International System of Units, the value is expressed in Joules per kg or m 3. But the parameters can be calculated in kcal or kW. If the value is related to the unit of measurement of the fuel, it is called specific.

What does the calorific value of different fuels affect? What is the value of the indicator for liquid, solid and gaseous substances? The answers to these questions are detailed in the article. In addition, we have prepared a table showing the specific heats of combustion of materials - this information will be useful when choosing a high-energy type of fuel.

The release of energy during combustion should be characterized by two parameters: high efficiency and the absence of the production of harmful substances.

Artificial fuel is obtained during the processing of natural -. Regardless of the state of aggregation, substances in their chemical composition have a combustible and non-combustible part. The first is carbon and hydrogen. The second consists of water, mineral salts, nitrogen, oxygen, metals.

According to the state of aggregation, the fuel is divided into liquid, solid and gas. Each group is additionally branched into a natural and artificial subgroup (+)

When 1 kg of such a "mixture" is burned, a different amount of energy is released. How much of this energy will be released depends on the proportions of these elements - combustible part, moisture, ash content and other components.

The heat of combustion of fuel (TCT) is formed from two levels - the highest and the lowest. The first indicator is obtained due to condensation of water, in the second this factor is not taken into account.

The lowest TST is needed to calculate the need for fuel and its cost, using such indicators, heat balances are compiled and the efficiency of installations operating on fuel is determined.

TST can be calculated analytically or experimentally. If the chemical composition of the fuel is known, Mendeleev's formula is applied. Experimental techniques are based on the actual measurement of the combustion heat.

In these cases, a special combustion bomb is used - a calorimetric one together with a calorimeter and a thermostat.

The calculation features are individual for each type of fuel. Example: TCT in internal combustion engines is calculated from the lowest value because liquid does not condense in the cylinders.

Parameters of liquid substances

Liquid materials, like solid ones, are decomposed into the following components: carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen. The percentage is expressed by weight.

Internal organic ballast of the fuel is formed from oxygen and nitrogen; these components do not burn and are conditionally included in the composition. External ballast is formed from moisture and ash.

Gasoline has a high specific heat of combustion. Depending on the brand, it is 43-44 MJ.

Similar indicators of the specific heat of combustion are determined for aviation kerosene- 42.9 MJ. Diesel fuel also falls into the category of leaders in terms of calorific value - 43.4-43.6 MJ.

Liquid rocket fuel, ethylene glycol, is characterized by relatively low TST values. Alcohol and acetone differ in the minimum specific heat of combustion. Their performance is significantly lower than that of conventional motor fuels.

Fuel gas properties

Gaseous fuel consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, benzene, hydrogen sulfide and other components. These figures are expressed as a percentage by volume.

Hydrogen has the highest calorific value. Burning, a kilogram of matter releases 119.83 MJ of heat. But it is distinguished by an increased degree of explosiveness.

Natural gas also has high heating values.

They are equal to 41-49 MJ per kg. But, for example, pure methane has a higher combustion heat - 50 MJ per kg.

Comparative table of indicators

The table shows the values ​​of the mass specific heats of combustion of liquid, solid, gaseous types of fuel.

Type of fuel	Unit rev.	Specific heat of combustion
		Mj	kWh	kcal
Firewood: oak, birch, ash, beech, hornbeam	Kg	15	4,2	2500
Firewood: larch, pine, spruce	Kg	15,5	4,3	2500
Brown coal	Kg	12,98	3,6	3100
Hard coal	Kg	27,00	7,5	6450
Charcoal	Kg	27,26	7,5	6510
Anthracite	Kg	28,05	7,8	6700
Wood pellet	Kg	17,17	4,7	4110
Straw pellet	Kg	14,51	4,0	3465
Sunflower pellets	Kg	18,09	5,0	4320
Sawdust	Kg	8,37	2,3	2000
Paper	Kg	16,62	4,6	3970
Vine	Kg	14,00	3,9	3345
Natural gas	m 3	33,5	9,3	8000
Liquefied gas	Kg	45,20	12,5	10800
Petrol	Kg	44,00	12,2	10500
Dis. fuel	Kg	43,12	11,9	10300
Methane	m 3	50,03	13,8	11950
Hydrogen	m 3	120	33,2	28700
Kerosene	Kg	43.50	12	10400
Fuel oil	Kg	40,61	11,2	9700
Oil	Kg	44,00	12,2	10500
Propane	m 3	45,57	12,6	10885
Ethylene	m 3	48,02	13,3	11470

It can be seen from the table that the highest TST indicators of all substances, and not only of gaseous ones, have hydrogen. It belongs to high-energy fuels.

The combustion product of hydrogen is ordinary water. The process does not emit furnace slags, ash, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which makes the substance an environmentally friendly combustible. But it is explosive and has a low density, so such fuel is difficult to liquefy and transport.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

About calorific value different breeds wood. Comparison of indicators per m3 and kg.

TST is the most important thermal and operational characteristic of fuel. This indicator is used in various fields human activity: heat engines, power plants, industry, home heating and food preparation.

Calorific value values ​​help to compare different types of fuel in terms of the degree of energy emitted, calculate the required fuel mass, and save on costs.

There is something to add, or you have questions about the calorific value different types fuel? You can leave comments on the publication and participate in discussions - the contact form is in the lower block.

The tables show the mass specific heat of combustion of fuel (liquid, solid and gaseous) and some other combustible materials. The following fuels were considered: coal, firewood, coke, peat, kerosene, oil, alcohol, gasoline, natural gas, etc.

List of tables:

In the exothermic reaction of fuel oxidation, its chemical energy is converted into thermal energy with the release of a certain amount of heat. The resulting thermal energy is usually called the heat of combustion of the fuel. It depends on its chemical composition, humidity and is the main one. The heat of combustion of fuel per 1 kg of mass or 1 m 3 of volume forms the mass or volumetric specific heat of combustion.

Specific heat of combustion of fuel is the amount of heat released during the complete combustion of a unit of mass or volume of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel. In the International System of Units, this value is measured in J / kg or J / m 3.

The specific heat of combustion of the fuel can be determined experimentally or calculated analytically. Experimental methods for determining the calorific value are based on the practical measurement of the amount of heat released during the combustion of fuel, for example, in a calorimeter with a thermostat and a combustion bomb. For fuel with known chemical composition specific heat of combustion can be determined by Mendeleev's formula.

Distinguish between higher and lower specific heats of combustion. The highest calorific value is equal to the maximum amount of heat released during the complete combustion of the fuel, taking into account the heat spent on the evaporation of moisture contained in the fuel. The lowest heat of combustion is less than the value of the highest one by the value of the heat of condensation, which is formed from the moisture of the fuel and the hydrogen of the organic mass, which is converted into water during combustion.

To determine fuel quality indicators, as well as in heat engineering calculations usually use the lowest specific heat of combustion, which is the most important thermal and performance characteristic of the fuel and is shown in the tables below.

Specific heat of combustion of solid fuel (coal, firewood, peat, coke)

The table shows the values ​​of the specific heat of combustion of dry solid fuel in the dimension MJ / kg. The fuel in the table is sorted alphabetically by name.

The highest calorific value of the considered solid fuels is possessed by coking coal - its specific heat of combustion is 36.3 MJ / kg (or in SI units 36.3 · 10 6 J / kg). In addition, high heat of combustion is characteristic of coal, anthracite, charcoal and brown coal.

Low energy efficiency fuels include wood, firewood, gunpowder, milling peat, oil shale. For example, the specific heat of combustion of firewood is 8.4 ... 12.5, and gunpowder - only 3.8 MJ / kg.

Specific heat of combustion of solid fuel (coal, firewood, peat, coke)

Fuel
Anthracite	26,8…34,8
Wood pellets (pellets)	18,5
Dry firewood	8,4…11
Dry birch firewood	12,5
Gas coke	26,9
Blast furnace coke	30,4
Semi-coke	27,3
Powder	3,8
Slate	4,6…9
Combustible shale	5,9…15
Solid rocket fuel	4,2…10,5
Peat	16,3
Fibrous peat	21,8
Milling peat	8,1…10,5
Peat crumb	10,8
Brown coal	13…25
Brown coal (briquettes)	20,2
Brown coal (dust)	25
Donetsk coal	19,7…24
Charcoal	31,5…34,4
Hard coal	27
Coking coal	36,3
Kuznetsk coal	22,8…25,1
Chelyabinsk coal	12,8
Ekibastuz coal	16,7
Freztorf	8,1
Slag	27,5

Specific heat of combustion of liquid fuel (alcohol, gasoline, kerosene, oil)

The table of specific heats of combustion of liquid fuel and some other organic liquids is given. It should be noted that such fuels as gasoline, diesel fuel and oil are distinguished by high heat release during combustion.

The specific heat of combustion of alcohol and acetone is significantly lower than traditional motor fuels. In addition, liquid rocket fuel has a relatively low calorific value and - with complete combustion of 1 kg of these hydrocarbons, an amount of heat equal to 9.2 and 13.3 MJ, respectively, will be released.

Specific heat of combustion of liquid fuel (alcohol, gasoline, kerosene, oil)

Fuel	Specific heat of combustion, MJ / kg
Acetone	31,4
Gasoline A-72 (GOST 2084-67)	44,2
Aviation gasoline B-70 (GOST 1012-72)	44,1
Gasoline AI-93 (GOST 2084-67)	43,6
Benzene	40,6
Diesel fuel winter (GOST 305-73)	43,6
Summer diesel fuel (GOST 305-73)	43,4
Liquid rocket fuel (kerosene + liquid oxygen)	9,2
Aviation kerosene	42,9
Lighting kerosene (GOST 4753-68)	43,7
Xylene	43,2
High-sulfur fuel oil	39
Low-sulfur fuel oil	40,5
Low-sulfur fuel oil	41,7
Sulphurous fuel oil	39,6
Methyl alcohol (methanol)	21,1
n-butyl alcohol	36,8
Oil	43,5…46
Methane oil	21,5
Toluene	40,9
White spirit (GOST 313452)	44
Ethylene glycol	13,3
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)	30,6

Specific heat of combustion of gaseous fuel and combustible gases

The table of specific heats of combustion of gaseous fuel and some other combustible gases in terms of MJ / kg is presented. Of the gases considered, the largest mass specific heat of combustion differs. With the complete combustion of one kilogram of this gas, 119.83 MJ of heat will be released. Also, such a fuel as natural gas has a high calorific value - the specific heat of combustion of natural gas is 41 ... 49 MJ / kg (for a pure 50 MJ / kg).

Specific heat of combustion of gaseous fuel and combustible gases (hydrogen, natural gas, methane)

Fuel	Specific heat of combustion, MJ / kg
1-Butene	45,3
Ammonia	18,6
Acetylene	48,3
Hydrogen	119,83
Hydrogen, mixture with methane (50% H 2 and 50% CH 4 by mass)	85
Hydrogen, mixture with methane and carbon monoxide (33-33-33% by mass)	60
Hydrogen mixed with carbon monoxide (50% H 2 50% CO 2 by mass)	65
Blast furnace gas	3
Coke oven gas	38,5
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (propane-butane)	43,8
Isobutane	45,6
Methane	50
n-Bhutan	45,7
n-Hexane	45,1
n-Pentane	45,4
Associated gas	40,6…43
Natural gas	41…49
Propadien	46,3
Propane	46,3
Propylene	45,8
Propylene, mixed with hydrogen and carbon monoxide (90% -9% -1% by mass)	52
Ethane	47,5
Ethylene	47,2

Specific heat of combustion of some combustible materials

There is a table of specific heats of combustion of some combustible materials (wood, paper, plastic, straw, rubber, etc.). Of note are materials with high combustion heat. These materials include: rubber of various types, expanded polystyrene (foam), polypropylene and polyethylene.

Specific heat of combustion of some combustible materials

Fuel	Specific heat of combustion, MJ / kg
Paper	17,6
Leatherette	21,5
Wood (bars with a moisture content of 14%)	13,8
Wood in stacks	16,6
Oak wood	19,9
Spruce wood	20,3
The wood is green	6,3
Pine wood	20,9
Nylon	31,1
Carbolite products	26,9
Cardboard	16,5
Styrene-butadiene rubber SKS-30AR	43,9
Natural rubber	44,8
Synthetic rubber	40,2
SKS rubber	43,9
Chloroprene rubber	28
Linoleum, polyvinyl chloride	14,3
Two-layer polyvinyl chloride linoleum	17,9
Felt-based PVC linoleum	16,6
Linoleum, polyvinyl chloride on a warm basis	17,6
Linoleum, polyvinyl chloride on a fabric basis	20,3
Linoleum rubber (relin)	27,2
Paraffin wax	11,2
Polyfoam PVC-1	19,5
Styrofoam FS-7	24,4
Foam FF	31,4
Expanded polystyrene PSB-S	41,6
Polyurethane foam	24,3
Fiber board	20,9
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	20,7
Polycarbonate	31
Polypropylene	45,7
Polystyrene	39
High pressure polyethylene	47
Low-pressure polyethylene	46,7
Rubber	33,5
Roofing material	29,5
Channel soot	28,3
Hay	16,7
Straw	17
Organic glass (plexiglass)	27,7
Textolite	20,9
Tol	16
TNT	15
Cotton	17,5
Cellulose	16,4
Wool and wool fibers	23,1

Sources:

1. GOST 147-2013 Solid mineral fuel. Determination of gross calorific value and calculation of net calorific value.
2. GOST 21261-91 Petroleum products. The method for determining the gross calorific value and the calculation of the net calorific value.
3. GOST 22667-82 Natural combustible gases. Calculation method for determining the heat of combustion, relative density and Wobbe number.
4. GOST 31369-2008 Natural gas. Calculation of calorific value, density, relative density and Wobbe number based on component composition.
5. Zemskiy G.T.