Slide 1

Osadchaya E.V.
1
Presentation for the lesson "Nuclear Energy" for grade 9 students

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2
Why did it become necessary to use nuclear fuel?
Growing growth in energy consumption in the world. Natural reserves of fossil fuels are limited. World chemical industry increases the consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes, therefore, despite the discovery of new deposits of fossil fuel and the improvement of methods for its production, there is a tendency to an increase in its cost in the world.

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3
Why is it necessary to develop nuclear energy?
The world's energy resources of nuclear fuel exceed the energy resources of natural fossil fuel reserves. This opens up great prospects for meeting rapidly growing fuel needs. The problem of "energy hunger" is not solved by the use of renewable energy sources. There is an obvious need for the development of nuclear energy, which occupies a prominent place in the energy balance of a number of industrial countries of the world.

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Nuclear power

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NUCLEAR POWER
PRINCIPLE

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Ernst Rutherford
In 1937, Lord Ernst Rutherford argued that it would never be possible to obtain nuclear energy in more or less significant quantities sufficient for practical use.

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Enrico Fermi
In 1942, under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built in the United States.

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July 16, 1945 at 5:30 am local time in the Alamogordo Desert (New Mexico, USA), the first atomic bomb.
But...

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In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the USSR under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov. Under his leadership, the project of the world's first nuclear power plant was developed.
Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich

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10
In January 1954, a submarine of a new type - nuclear, which was given the name of its famous predecessor - Nautilus, left the docks of the US Navy in Groton (Connecticut).
The first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" 1958
First submarine

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11
On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk.
First nuclear power plant

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12
Following the first nuclear power plant in the 50s, nuclear power plants are being built: Calder Hall-1 (1956, Great Britain); Shippingport (1957, USA); Siberian (1958, USSR); G-2, Marcoule (1959, France). After the accumulation of experience in operating the first-borns of nuclear power in the USSR, the USA, and Western Europe, programs were developed for the construction of prototypes of future serial power units.

Slide 13

On September 17, 1959, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin", built at the Leningrad Admiralty Plant and assigned to the Murmansk Shipping Company, embarked on its maiden voyage.
The first nuclear icebreaker

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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Saving fossil fuels. Small masses of fuel. Getting high power from one reactor. Low energy cost. No need for ambient air.
Environmental friendliness (if used correctly).

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NUCLEAR ENERGY
High qualification and responsibility of personnel. Accessibility to terrorism and blackmail with disastrous consequences.
limitations
Reactor safety. Safety of the territories surrounding the NPP. Features of the repair. The complexity of the liquidation of a nuclear power facility. The need for disposal of radioactive waste.

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NUCLEAR ENERGY

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Facts: In the structure of the fuel and energy balance (FEB) and the electric power industry of the world, oil (40%) and coal (38%), respectively, prevail. In the world fuel and energy balance, gas (22%) takes the third place after coal (25%), and in the structure of the electric power industry, gas (16%) is in the penultimate place, ahead of only oil (9%) and yielding to all other types of energy carriers, including nuclear energy ( 17%).

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A unique situation has developed in Russia: gas dominates both in fuel and energy (49%) and in the electric power industry (38%). Nuclear energy in Russia occupies a relatively modest place (15%) in electricity production compared to the world average (17%).

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The use of the peaceful atom remains one of the priority directions development of the Russian energy sector. Despite its relatively modest place in general production electricity across the country, the nuclear industry has a huge number of practical applications (the creation of weapons with nuclear components, the export of technology, space exploration). The number of disruptions in the operation of our nuclear power plants is constantly decreasing: in terms of the number of shutdowns of power units, Russia is now second only to Japan and Germany.

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In the context of the global energy crisis, when the price of oil has already exceeded $ 100 per barrel, the development of such promising and high-tech areas as the nuclear industry will allow Russia to maintain and increase its influence in the world.
07.02.2008

Up to 3032 billion kWh in 2020, Atomic energetics: pros and cons Benefits atomic power plants (NPP) before thermal (CHP) and ... is it said in the prophecy? After all, wormwood in Ukrainian is Chernobyl ... Atomic energetics- one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in ...

Atomic energetics Kharchenko Yulia Nafisovna Physics teacher, MOU Bakcharskaya secondary school The purpose of the NPP is to generate electricity from the NPP Power unit Nuclear reactor " atomic boiler ... which worked out fundamental technical solutions for a large nuclear energy... Three power units have been built at the station: two with ...

Nuclear energy as the basis for long ...

...: General layout of electric power facilities until 2020 Atomic energetics and economic growth in 2007 - 23.2 GW ... -1.8 Source: Research of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Atomic energetics SWOT analysis Strengths Opportunities Comparable level of economic ...

Nuclear energy and its ecological ...

In the city of Obninsk. From this moment the story begins atomic energy... Pros and cons of nuclear power plants What are the pros and cons of ... a job, bringing with it a terrible slow death. Atomic icebreaker "Lenin" Peaceful atom must live Atomic energetics having experienced the hard lessons of Chernobyl and other accidents ...

Nuclear energy of Russia in a changing ...

Energy market Public request for accelerated development atomic energy Demonstration of the developing consumer properties of nuclear power plants: ● guaranteed ... by cooling: satisfying the system requirements of large-scale atomic energy on fuel use, handling of minor actinides ...

Hundreds of times more power. Obninsk Institute atomic energy Nuclear reactors Industrial nuclear reactors were originally developed in ... and developed most intensively in the USA. Perspectives atomic energy... Two types of reactors are of interest here: “technologically ...

NPP, many people began to be extremely distrustful of atomic energy... Some fear the radiation pollution around power plants. The use ... of the surface of the seas and oceans is the result of the action of not atomic energy... The radiation pollution of the NPP does not exceed the natural background ...

Nuclear power plants(NPP) State University of Management
Institute of Management in Industry, Energy
and construction
Nuclear power plants
(NUCLEAR PLANT)
Fayustov Anatoly Afanasevich
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Innovation Management
in the real sector of the economy
2013 Nuclear power plants (NPP)
NPP classification by type
released energy
NPP classification by reactor type
The principle of operation of a nuclear power plant
VVER-1000 characteristics
NPP of Russia
Floating nuclear power plant
(FNPP)
Sources of information
2

Nuclear power plants (NPP)

Atomic
power plants
designed to generate
electrical energy by
use of energy released during
controlled nuclear reaction.
NPP types:
Nuclear power plants using fission reactions
Nuclear power plants using thermonuclear reactions
synthesis (don't exist yet)
3

NPP advantages:
- Lack of harmful emissions
- Emissions of radioactive substances several times
lower than that of TPP
- A small amount of fuel used,
the possibility of using it after processing
-High power: 1000-1600mW per one
power unit
- Energy cost is lower than that of TPP
4

NPP problems:
- Fuel is dangerous, requires complex and expensive
processing and storage measures
- NPP operating life is low (30-35 years)
- There is a possibility of accidents and their
severe consequences
- High cost of NPP installation and its
infrastructure, as well as its dismantling
- Difficulty choosing a place for construction
(not everywhere you can build)
- Burial problem
radioactive waste continues
stay relevant
5

Classification of nuclear power plants by the type of energy generated

Nuclear power plants by type
generated energy can be divided
on the:
Nuclear power plants (NPP),
intended for production only
electricity
Nuclear combined heat and power plants (NPP),
generating both electricity and
thermal energy
Nuclear heating plants (AST),
generating only thermal energy
To the table of contents
6

NPP classification by reactor type

Nuclear power plants are classified in
in accordance with the reactors installed on them:
Thermal reactors using
special retarders to increase
probabilities of neutron absorption by atomic nuclei
fuel
Light water reactors (VVER)
Graphite reactors (RMBC)
Heavy water reactors
Fast reactors (BN)
Subcritical reactors using external
neutron sources
Fusion reactors (do not exist)
To the table of contents
7

Generating electricity at nuclear power plants

At nuclear power plants, electricity is generated
by means of electric machine generators,
driven by steam turbines.
Steam is produced by fission of isotopes
uranium or plutonium in a controlled chain
reaction taking place in a nuclear reactor.
Heat carrier circulating through
cooling path of the reactor core,
removes the released heat of reaction and
directly or through heat exchangers
used to generate steam, which
fed to turbines.
8

The principle of operation of a nuclear power plant

Energy released in the core
reactor, is transferred to the coolant of the first
contour. Then the coolant is supplied
pumps into a heat exchanger (steam generator),
where he heats the water of the second
contour. The resulting steam enters
into turbines that rotate electric generators.
At the outlet of the turbines, steam enters
condenser where it is cooled by a large
the amount of water coming from
reservoirs.
9

Scheme of NPP operation with (VVER)

To the table of contents
10

Characteristics of VVER-1000 (Pressurized Water Power Reactor)

Thermal power of the reactor - 1000 MW
K. p. D., 33.0%
Steam pressure in front of the turbine - 60.0 atm
Primary circuit pressure - 160.0 atm
Water temperature:
- at the entrance to the reactor - 289 ° С
- at the outlet of the reactor - 324 ° С
Core diameter - 3.12 m
Core height - 3.50 m
TVEL diameter - 9.1 mm
The number of fuel rods in the cassette - 312
Uranium loading - 66 t
Average uranium enrichment - 3.3 - 4.4%
Average fuel burnup - 40 MWd / kg
11

Operating NPPs in Russia

P / p No.
Atomic names
stations
General
electric
power, MW
Quantity and type
reactors
1.
Kola nuclear power plant
1760
4хVVER-440
2.
Leningrad NPP
4000
4хRMBK-1000
3.
Kalinin NPP
3000
3xVVER-1000
4.
Smolensk NPP
3000
3xRMBK-1000
5.
Kursk NPP
4000
4хRMBK-1000
6.
Novovoronezh NPP
1834
2хVVER-440
1xVVER-1000
7.
Balakovo NPP
4000
4хVVER-1000
8.
Volgodonsk NPP
1000
1xVVER-1000
9.
Beloyarsk NPP
600
1xBN-600
10.
Bilibino NPP
48
4xEKP-12
12

The largest nuclear power plants in Russia
-Leningrad (power
4000 MW)
-Kalininskaya (power
3000 MW)
- Kursk (capacity 4000 MW)
- Smolensk
(power 3000 MW)
13

Designed nuclear power plants

Nizhny Novgorod
Floating
Kaliningrad
Severskaya
Tverskaya
14

NPP machine room

15

Engine room

16

NPP Central Hall

17

NPP reactor hall

18

Loading of fuel elements

19

Fuel assembly

20

Cooling towers (Novovoronezh NPP)

21

Cooling towers

22

BILIBINSKAYA NUCLEAR HEAT AND ELECTROCENTRAL. Magadan Region. Engine room

23

Floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) (Project)

Floating nuclear power plant
low power (AFMM) consists of
flat-deck non-self-propelled vessel
icebreaker type with two reactor
installations KLT-40S. Length of the vessel - 144
meters, width - 30 meters.
Displacement - 21.5 thousand tons.
Floating station can be used
to obtain electrical and thermal
energy, as well as for the desalination of marine
water. She can issue from 100 to
400 thousand tons of fresh water.
24

Geography of the planned placement of floating nuclear power plants in Russia

25

The Chernobyl accident is the largest
from accidents at nuclear power plants
Occurred on April 26, 1986
on the Chernobyl nuclear power plant,
located on the territory
Ukraine (Pripyat)
Destroyed 4th power unit (helicopter view)
26

Radioactive cloud from the accident
spread
over European
part of the USSR,
Eastern
Europe,
Scandinavia,
Great Britain
and eastern
part of the USA
27

Consequences of the accident:
- 30 km
Exclusion Zone
- mutation of living
organisms
- catastrophic
destruction
28

Sources of information

1.
2.
3.
4.
Wikipedia (http://ru.vikipedia.org/viki/)
http://solar-battarey.narod.ru
http://www.krugosvet.ru
http://slovari.yandex.ru
To the begining

Slide 2

PURPOSE:

Rate positive and negative sides the use of nuclear energy in modern society. To form ideas related to the threat to peace and humanity from the use of nuclear energy.

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Nuclear power applications

Energy is the backbone. All the benefits of civilization, all material spheres of human activity - from washing clothes to exploring the Moon and Mars - require energy expenditure. And the further, the more. Today, atomic energy is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Powerful submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants... With the help of the peaceful atom, the search for minerals is carried out. Mass application in biology, agriculture, medicine, in space exploration have found radioactive isotopes.

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Energy: "FOR"

a) Nuclear energy is today the best view getting energy. Economical, powerful, environmentally friendly when used correctly. b) Nuclear power plants have an advantage in fuel costs compared to traditional thermal power plants, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady tendency of growth in the cost of fossil fuel extraction. c) Nuclear power plants are also not characterized by pollution of the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste waters containing oil products.

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NPP, CHP, hydroelectric power station-modern civilization

Modern civilization is inconceivable without electrical energy. The generation and use of electricity is increasing every year, but the specter of an impending energy hunger is already looming before humanity due to the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental losses when generating electricity. The energy released in nuclear reactions is millions of times higher than that generated by conventional chemical reactions (for example, a combustion reaction), so that calorific value nuclear fuel turns out to be immeasurably larger than conventional fuel. Using nuclear fuel to generate electricity is an extremely tempting idea. The advantages of nuclear power plants (NPPs) over thermal (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are obvious: there is no waste, gas emissions, there is no need to conduct huge volumes of construction, build dams and bury fertile land on the bottom of the reservoirs. Perhaps more environmentally friendly than nuclear power plants, only power plants that use solar or wind energy. But both windmills and solar power plants are still low-power and cannot meet people's needs for cheap electricity - and this need is growing faster and faster. Nevertheless, the feasibility of the construction and operation of nuclear power plants is often questioned due to the harmful effects of radioactive substances on environment and a person.

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Nuclear energy prospects

After a good start, our country lagged behind the advanced countries of the world in the development of nuclear energy in all respects. Of course, nuclear power can be abandoned altogether. This will completely eliminate the risk of human exposure and the threat of nuclear accidents. But then, in order to meet energy needs, it will be necessary to increase the construction of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants. And this will inevitably lead to a large pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances, to the accumulation of an excess amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, to a change in the Earth's climate and to a disruption of the heat balance on a global scale. Meanwhile, the specter of energy hunger begins to really threaten humanity. Radiation is a formidable and dangerous force, but with the right attitude, it is quite possible to work with it. It is characteristic that the least afraid of radiation are those who constantly deal with it and are well aware of all the dangers associated with it. In this sense, it is interesting to compare statistics and intuitive assessments of the degree of danger of various factors in everyday life. Thus, it has been established that the greatest number of human lives is carried away by smoking, alcohol and cars. Meanwhile, according to the assessment of people from groups of the population, different in age and education, the greatest danger to life is carried by nuclear power and firearms (the damage caused to mankind by smoking and alcohol is clearly underestimated). Experts who can most skillfully assess the advantages and possibilities of using nuclear energy believe that mankind can no longer do without the energy of the atom. Nuclear energy is one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in the face of energy problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.

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The benefits of nuclear power

There are so many advantages to nuclear power plants. They are completely independent of the places where uranium is mined. Nuclear fuel compact, the term of its use is quite long. Nuclear power plants are consumer-oriented and become in demand in those places where there is an acute shortage of fossil fuel, and the demand for electricity is very high. Another advantage is the low cost of the energy received, relatively low construction costs. Compared to thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit such a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and their operation does not lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. At the moment, scientists are faced with the task of increasing the efficiency of uranium use. It is solved using fast breeder reactors (RBR). Together with thermal neutron reactors, they increase the energy production from a ton of natural uranium by 20-30 times. With the full use of natural uranium, it becomes profitable to extract it from very poor ores and even extract it from seawater. The use of nuclear power plants with FRL leads to some technical difficulties, which are currently being solved. As fuel, Russia can use highly enriched uranium freed up as a result of the reduction in the number of nuclear warheads.

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The medicine

Diagnostic and therapeutic methods have shown their high efficiency. When cancer cells are irradiated with γ - rays, they stop dividing. And if the cancer is at an early stage, then the treatment is successful. Small amounts of radioactive isotopes are used for diagnosis. For example, radioactive barium is used for fluoroscopy of the stomach Isotopes are successfully used in the study of iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland

Slide 9

The best

Kashiwazaki-Kariva, the largest nuclear power plant in the world in terms of installed capacity (for 2008), is located in the Japanese city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture. There are five boiling-water reactors (BWRs) and two advanced boiling-boiling nuclear reactors (ABWRs) in operation, with a total capacity of 8.212 Gigawatts.

Slide 10

Zaporizhzhya NPP

Slide 11

Alternative replacement of nuclear power plants

Energy of sun. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the world's potential for fossil fuel resources. Using only 0.5% of this reserve could fully cover the world's energy demand for millennia. To the North. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.

Slide 12

The warmth of the earth. Geothermal energy literally means: earth is thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is about 1085 billion cubic kilometers and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature. If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy that humans currently have. Moreover, this is energy in its pure form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore, to obtain it, it is not required to burn fuel or create reactors.

Slide 13

Advantages of water-graphite reactors

The advantages of a channel graphite reactor consist in the possibility of using graphite simultaneously as a moderator and a structural material of the core, which allows the use of process channels in replaceable and non-replaceable versions, the use of fuel elements in a rod or tubular design with one-sided or all-round cooling with a coolant. The structural diagram of the reactor and the core makes it possible to organize refueling of the fuel in an operating reactor, to apply the zonal or sectional principle of constructing the core, which allows profiling of energy release and heat removal, the widespread use of standard designs, the implementation of nuclear overheating of steam, i.e., overheating of steam directly in the core.

Slide 14

Nuclear power and the environment

Today, nuclear power and its impact on the environment are the most pressing issues at international congresses and meetings. This question became especially acute after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP). At such congresses, issues related to installation work at the nuclear power plant. As well as issues affecting the condition of the working equipment at these stations. As you know, the operation of nuclear power plants is based on the fission of uranium into atoms. Therefore, the extraction of this fuel for the stations is also not an unimportant issue today. Many issues related to nuclear power plants are in one way or another related to the environment. Although the operation of nuclear power plants brings a large amount of useful energy, but, unfortunately, all the "pluses" in nature are offset by their "minuses". Nuclear power is no exception: in the operation of nuclear power plants, they are faced with the problems of disposal, storage, processing and transportation of waste.

Slide 15

How dangerous is nuclear power?

Nuclear energy is an actively developing industry. It is obvious that a great future is destined for it, since the reserves of oil, gas, coal are gradually drying up, and uranium is a fairly common element on Earth. But it should be remembered that nuclear energy is associated with increased danger for people, which, in particular, manifests itself in the extremely unfavorable consequences of accidents with the destruction of nuclear reactors.

Slide 16

Energy: "against"

“Against” nuclear power plants: a) Awful consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. b) Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. c) Damage to individuals in technological systems- during operation. d) Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. e) Changes in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the NPP. f) Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.

Slide 17

Not just radiation

NPP operation is accompanied not only by the risk of radiation pollution, but also by other types of environmental impact. The main effect is heat. It is one and a half to two times higher than from thermal power plants. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, it becomes necessary to cool the spent water vapor. The most in a simple way is cooling with water from a river, lake, sea or specially constructed pools. Water heated to 5-15 ° С returns to the same source again. But this method carries with it the danger of deterioration of the ecological situation in the aquatic environment at the locations of nuclear power plants. The water supply system using cooling towers, in which water is cooled due to its partial evaporation and cooling, is more widely used. Small losses are replenished with constant fresh water replenishment. With such a cooling system, a huge amount of water vapor and droplet moisture is emitted into the atmosphere. This can lead to an increase in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of formation of fogs, cloudiness. In recent years, an air cooling system for water vapor has been used. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is the most harmless to the environment. However, this system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly.

Slide 18

Invisible enemy

Three radioactive elements - uranium, thorium and anemones - are mainly responsible for the earth's natural radiation. These chemical elements are unstable; decaying, they release energy or become sources of ionizing radiation. Typically, the decay produces an invisible, tasteless, odorless heavy gas called radon. It exists in the form of two isotopes: radon-222, a member of the radioactive series formed by the decay products of uranium-238, and radon-220 (also called thoron), a member of the thorium-232 radioactive series. Radon is constantly formed in the depths of the Earth, accumulates in rocks ah, and then gradually moves along the cracks to the surface of the Earth. A person very often receives radiation from radon, being at home or at work and unaware of the danger - in a closed, unventilated room, where its concentration of this gas is increased. Radon enters the house from the ground - through cracks in the foundation and through the floor - and accumulates mainly on the lower floors of residential and industrial buildings. But there are also known cases when residential buildings and industrial buildings are erected directly on the old dumps of mining enterprises, where radioactive elements are present in significant quantities. If materials such as granite, pumice, alumina, phosphogypsum, red brick, calcium silicate slag are used in construction production, the wall material becomes a source of radon radiation. Natural gas used in gas stoves (especially liquefied propane in cylinders) is also a potential source radon. And if water for domestic needs is pumped out from deep water layers saturated with radon, then a high concentration of radon in the air even when washing clothes! By the way, it was found that the average concentration of radon in the bathroom, as a rule, is 40 times higher than in living rooms and several times higher than in the kitchen.

Slide 19

Radioactive "garbage"

Even if a nuclear power plant works perfectly and without the slightest interruption, its operation inevitably leads to the accumulation of radioactive substances. Therefore, people have to decide very a serious problem, whose name is safe storage of waste. Waste from any industry with a huge scale of energy production, various products and materials creates a huge problem. The pollution of the environment and atmosphere in many parts of our planet is alarming and alarming. We are talking about the possibility of preserving the animal and plant world no longer in its original form, but at least within the limits of minimum environmental standards. Radioactive waste is generated at almost all stages of the nuclear cycle. They accumulate in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous substances with different levels of activity and concentration. Most of the waste is low-level: water used to clean the gases and surfaces of the reactor, gloves and shoes, contaminated tools and burned out light bulbs from radioactive rooms, used equipment, dust, gas filters and much more.

Slide 20

Combating radioactive debris

Gases and polluted water are passed through special filters until they reach the purity of the atmospheric air and drinking water. The radioactive filters are processed together with solid waste. They are mixed with cement and turned into blocks or, together with hot bitumen, are poured into steel tanks. High-level waste is the most difficult to prepare for long-term storage. It is best to turn such "rubbish" into glass and ceramics. For this, the waste is calcined and fused with substances that form a glass-ceramic mass. It is calculated that it will take at least 100 years to dissolve 1 mm of the surface layer of such a mass in water. Unlike many chemical wastes, the danger of radioactive waste decreases over time. Most of the radioactive isotopes have a half-life of about 30 years, so after 300 years they will almost completely disappear. So for the final disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to build such long-term storage facilities that would reliably isolate waste from its penetration into the environment until the complete decay of radionuclides. Such storage facilities are called burial grounds.

Slide 21

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.

On April 25, Unit 4 was shut down for scheduled maintenance, during which several equipment tests were planned. In accordance with the program, the power of the reactor was reduced, and then problems began associated with the phenomenon of "xenon poisoning" (the accumulation of xenon isotope in a reactor operating at a reduced power, further inhibiting the operation of the reactor). To compensate for the poisoning, the absorbing rods were raised, and the power began to increase. What happened next is not exactly clear. The report of the International Advisory Group on Nuclear Safety notes: "It is not known for certain how the power surge that led to the destruction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant's reactor began." They tried to drown out this sudden surge by lowering the absorbing rods, but due to their unsuccessful design, it was not possible to slow down the reaction, and an explosion occurred.

Slide 22

Chernobyl

The analysis of the Chernobyl accident convincingly confirms that radioactive contamination of the environment is the most important environmental consequence of radiation accidents with the release of radionuclides, the main factor influencing the health and living conditions of people in areas exposed to radioactive contamination.

Slide 23

Japanese Chernobyl

Recently there was an explosion at the Fukushima nuclear power plant 1 (Japan) due to a strong earthquake. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant was the first disaster at a nuclear facility due to the impact, albeit indirect, of the natural disaster. Until now, the largest accidents have been of an “internal” nature: they were caused by a combination of unsuccessful structural elements and the human factor.

Slide 24

Explosion in Japan

At the station "Fukushima-1", located in the prefecture of the same name, on March 14, hydrogen exploded, accumulated under the roof of the third reactor. According to Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), the nuclear power plant operator. Japan informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that as a result of the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, the radiation background in the accident area exceeded the permissible level.

Slide 25

Radiation effects:

Mutations Cancer diseases (thyroid gland, leukemia, breast, lung, stomach, intestines) Hereditary disorders Ovarian sterility in women. Dementia

Slide 26

Tissue sensitivity coefficient at an equivalent radiation dose

Slide 27

Radiation results

Slide 28

Conclusion

Factors "For" Atom stations: 1. Nuclear power is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, powerful, environmentally friendly when used correctly. 2. Nuclear power plants have an advantage in fuel costs compared to traditional thermal power plants, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a stable tendency of growth in the cost of fossil fuel extraction. 3. Nuclear power plants are also not characterized by pollution of the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products. Factors "Against" nuclear power plants: 1. Awful consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2. Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. 3. Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. 4. Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. 5. Changes in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the NPP. 6. Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.

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People have long thought about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (on the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known back in the 13th century. BC One of the first power plants was the Hydroelectric Power Plants. These power plants were built on mountain rivers where the current is quite strong. The construction of the hydroelectric power station made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the structure of the dams raised the water level and flooded river rapids, which prevented the free passage of river vessels.

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Conclusions: A dam is needed to create a water pressure. However, dams of hydroelectric power stations worsen the habitat of aquatic fauna. The dammed rivers, slowing down the flow, bloom, and vast tracts of arable land go under the water. Settlements(in the case of the construction of the dam) will be flooded, the damage that will be done is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks for the passage of ships and fish passages or water intake structures for irrigation of fields and water supply are needed. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not need fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity

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Thermal power plants Thermal power plants use fuel as a source of energy: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of the TPP reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost with the release of hot steam. From an environmental point of view, the TPP is the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is inherently associated with the combustion of huge amounts of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. In combination with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its influence on climate change is already being observed!

Slide No. 6

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Nuclear power plant Stocks of energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, coal deposits in Russia at the current level of production remain for 400-500 years, and even less gas - for 30-60 years. And here nuclear power comes out on top. Everything big role nuclear power plants are starting to play in the energy sector. At present, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. Nuclear power plant - the basis of energy using nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and district heating.

Slide No. 7

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Conclusions: Nuclear power engineering is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. In this case, colossal energy is released, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The work of any plant or machine, in general, any human activity is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. As a rule, people are more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception.

Slide No. 8

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Wind power plants For a very long time, seeing what kind of destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, a person wondered whether it was possible to use wind energy. The wind energy is very high. This energy can be obtained without polluting the environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: the energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is not predictable - it often changes direction, suddenly dies down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such a force that it breaks wind turbines. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-blade "chamomile" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind from any direction; the rest have to turn in the wind.

Slide No. 9

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Conclusions: Construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind power plants of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power plant, a thermal power plant or a nuclear power plant, in comparison with them, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, huge "wind farms" are being built, in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast area and operate on a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of wind turbines and reservoirs requires large areas that are used for plowing. In addition, wind farms are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves, rotating blades, interfering with the reception of television broadcasts in nearby settlements.

Slide No. 10

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Solar power plants Solar radiation plays a decisive role in the thermal balance of the Earth. The power of the radiation falling on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on the Earth without significantly disturbing the thermal balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible to use solar panels to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations.

Slide No. 11

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Conclusions: The large dispersion of energy and the instability of its supply are the disadvantages of solar energy. These disadvantages are partially offset by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth's atmosphere interferes with the receipt and use of "clean" solar energy. To increase the power of the solar power plant, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar panels - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere.

Slide No. 12

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Geothermal energy About 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in the strata of rocks. Waters with temperatures exceeding 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal waters. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geothermal power plants) are being built. Geothermal power plants are relatively simple: there is no boiler room, equipment for fuel supply, ash collectors and many other devices necessary for thermal power plants. Since the fuel for such power plants is free, the cost of the generated electricity is also low.

Slide No. 13

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Nuclear Power The power industry that uses nuclear energy for electrification and district heating; A field of science and technology that develops methods and means of converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which laid the foundation for the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. in 27 countries of the world there were more than 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW. According to experts, the share of nuclear power in general structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, subject to the implementation of the basic principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants.

Slide No. 14

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Development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the founders of nuclear and neutron physics, founder scientific schools in Italy and the USA, a foreign corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the United States. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi - Dirac statistics; 1925), beta decay theory (1934). Discovered (with colleagues) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, slowing down of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (December 2, 1942). Nobel Prize (1938).

Slide No. 15

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Development of nuclear energy 1946 in the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov, the first European reactor was created. KURCHATOV Igor Vasilievich (1902 / 03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). He studied ferroelectrics. Together with colleagues, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), the spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), the mine protection of ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).