Material flows in logistics general scheme. Material flows. Service and other types of flows in logistics

Material flow (MT) is called the physical movement of material resources, understood as the process of their movement on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer and within the enterprise - the consumer of these resources.

The concept of material flow is key in logistics. Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and performance of other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to final consumption.

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise.

Of the material resources, a group called "materials" is often distinguished. It is divided into two subgroups:

1) basic materials - materials from which, in the process of their production processing, the material basis for the manufacture of products is formed;
2) auxiliary materials - materials that in the material part finished products absent, they are included only in its monetary value, since they are spent in production.

Materials make up the majority of the resources of every society. Until recently, all developments in the field of supply and sales were carried out on them, but since the second half of the 80s, the concept of "material flow" has become widely used in world science, which supplanted the former term "material resources". But these two concepts are not identical and are not synonymous. Material resources do not always turn into a material flow, they become such only under special conditions, they cease to be a material flow when these conditions are eliminated.

There are several conditions under which material resources turn into a material flow:

- the specificity of the name of material resources;
- the clarity of the definition of the amount of resources;
- an indication of which organization is the supplier of material resources and is responsible for their shipment to the buyer;
- determination of where material resources are stored, which are transferred and subject to movement;
- an indication of which organization is the recipient of material resources;
- knowledge of the place to which the transferred resources should be delivered to their recipient;
- setting the time period for the movement of resources from the storage location at the supplier to the storage location at the recipient.

Thus, the material flow is material resources of certain types, in certain quantities, moved from specific suppliers of these resources to their specific recipients, from one specific location to another within a predetermined time frame.

If material resources are collected in one place, but do not move, although they are intended to be sent to some addressee, they are not material flows and represent material stock.

Any material flow is characterized from qualitative and quantitative aspects. This requires, first of all, parameters that determine the composition of the flow by types of material resources.

The species aspect is often called the material flow nomenclature, and the detailing of this nomenclature is the assortment. The nomenclature of the flow can have a different degree of consolidation of the groupings of material resources assigned to each of them. The most common among these groups are the following:

b) subclass;

c) group;

d) subgroup;

When planning material flows, the nomenclature aspect of the material characteristic is usually used, representing it in an enlarged form. Often, the accounting of material flows is built in the same order. The specific - group aspect allows you to generalize the conclusions and make them understandable to producers and recipients of products, since the very name of a grouping of products often characterizes one of its main features or several properties of this product.

For the rational organization of the movement of material resources, the nomenclature aspect is not enough; it is necessary to supplement it with an assortment aspect, which reveals the composition of each nomenclature grouping by items in a specified form. The specification of material resources is called a detailed description of their technical characteristics. This characteristic is different for different classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups and types of products. Material flows can be specified in full and in part.

In order to rationally move the material flow and store it, it is necessary to specify it fully, according to all the criteria on which the choice of the order of movement of the cargo depends, i.e. correctly described technical specifications each assortment position of material resources is important feature material flow, without which it is impossible to organize its effective movement. The characteristics of material flows should reflect the quality of material resources in accordance with the requirements of the buyer. The required quality of materials is usually confirmed by the manufacturer in the assortments. But often there are no such certificates, or they do not guarantee quality. Then the buyer of the resources checks their quality himself and includes the resources in the material flow only after their quality is certified by control. When the nomenclature, assortment and quality of material resources are formed on this basis, the natural-material composition of the material flow is considered certain.

The concept of "material flow composition" is the first part of its characteristics. When it is prepared, the amount of material resources entering the flow is determined. Quantitative characteristics of material resources are usually not one, but two or more.

Depending on the indicators characterizing the assortment, volume, weight, area, dimensions of the material flow, its packaging, container and transport support is selected.

Taking into account their production and transport capabilities, the seller of material resources and the buyer agree on the time of their delivery to the recipient, to the place he needs.

Material flows are very diverse. It is important to consider the following differences between them:

· By nomenclature: they can contain material resources of one nomenclature (class, group, etc.) and several nomenclature groupings;
· Depending on the natural-material composition, material flows are divided into single-assortment and multi-assortment - with two or more different positions of material resources;
· According to the degree of readiness: among the material flows, the projected, planned, formed, created (formed), disbanded, disbanded (dispersed) or liquidated are distinguished;
At the place in the process of circulation: material flows are divided into awaiting shipment, awaiting unloading, unloaded, taken to the warehouse;
· On the basis of continuity: material flows are continuous and discrete;
· By frequency of arrival or departure: flows are divided into urgent, long, hourly, daily, daily, monthly, etc. Large continuous industries are characterized by daily or daily flows, small ones - monthly and more rare;
· By the duration of the stay of material resources in the flows: MP is divided into short-term (no more than a day) and long-term (two-week, monthly);
By differences in mass or volume: material flows are divided into mass, large, medium and small (flows are considered mass, the movement of which is carried out by a large group Vehicle; large shipments are smaller and less frequent; small flows include flows that require combination with others - associated material flows);
· By differences in mass: material flows are divided into heavy and lightweight;
· By the degree of repeatability: material flows are repetitive and one-time, and the repetitive ones are divided into frequently repeated and rare;
· According to the degree of aggressiveness, fire and explosion hazard of transported materials: streams are divided into flammable and explosive, aggressive, non-flammable, explosive, non-aggressive;
· By the method of packing: flows are divided into cargoes in containers, boxes, bags and other types of containers (bulk flows are distinguished into a special group);
· By consistency of cargo: flows are divided into liquid, bulk, gaseous and solid.

Material flows are divided into intensive and non-intensive. Tense and intensified currents are considered intense. The material flow becomes tense in the following ways:

1) with the complexity of the formation and complication of the shipment;
2) with the complexity of acquisition;
3) due to the need for accelerated transportation of goods;
4) due to difficulties in its acceptance, etc.

Non-intensive flows are those that do not lead to stress during their movement.

Material flows are divided into deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic flows have clear indicators of material composition characteristics. There are the following parameters of the deterministic flow: natural-material composition; volume (quantity); seller and place of dispatch; buyer and place of delivery; shipment time. If one of these parameters is unknown, the flow is not deterministic, they are considered undefined or stochastic.

Material flows are distinguished by the rhythm of their dispatch. Periodically repeating flows are referred to rhythmic. Streams shipped with different frequency and time interval are referred to as aperiodic. The main sign of rhythm is the constancy of the frequency of shipment.

Streams are divided into external and internal. External material flows move outside the logistics system, i.e. in an environment external to the logistics system in which it is formed or to which it is directed. Internal material flow moves only within one logistics system.

Distinguish streams according to the place of their arrival and departure. Incoming material flows are considered as input, shipped - as output. Input and output flows are important definitions of material flows, indicating the moment the flow begins (its exit) from the logistics system and the end of this movement (entrance to the destination logistics system). There are also other groupings of material flows.

1. In relation to the system under consideration:

a) internal flows - circulate inside the system;

b) external flows are outside the system;

c) incoming flows are external flows coming from the external environment to the logistics system;

d) outgoing flows are internal flows coming from the logistics system to the external environment;

2. By the degree of continuity:

a) continuous flows - at each moment of time a certain number of objects move along the flow path;

b) discrete streams - formed by objects moving at intervals;

3. By the degree of regularity:

a) deterministic flows - characterized by the certainty of the parameters at each moment of time;

b) stochastic flows are characterized by the random nature of the parameters, which at each moment of time take on a certain value with a known degree of probability.

4. By the degree of stability:

a) stable flows - characterized by the constancy of parameter values for a certain period of time;

b) unstable flows - characterized by changes in flow parameters.

5. By the degree of variability:

a) stationary flows - characteristic of a steady process, their intensity is constant;

b) unsteady flows are characteristic of an unsteady process, their intensity changes over a certain period.

6. By the nature of the movement of flow elements:

a) uniform flows - characterized by a constant speed of movement of objects: at the same time intervals, objects pass the same path, the intervals of the beginning and end of the movement of objects are also equal;

b) uneven flows - characterized by a change in the speed of movement, the possibility of acceleration, deceleration, stops along the way, changes in the intervals of departure and arrival.

7. By the degree of frequency:

a) periodic flows - characterized by the constancy of the parameters or the constancy of the nature of their change after a certain period;

b) non-periodic flows - characterized by the absence of a regularity in the change in flow parameters.

8. According to the degree of correspondence of the change in flow parameters to a predetermined rhythm:

a) rhythmic flows;

b) irregular flows.

9. By the degree of difficulty:

a) simple (differentiated) flows - consist of objects of the same type;

b) complex (integrated) flows - combine dissimilar objects.

10. By the degree of controllability:

a) controlled flows - adequately responding to the control action from the control system;

b) uncontrolled flows - non-responsive to control action.

By the nature of the generating objects, the following types of flows can be distinguished: material, transport, energy, Money, information, human, military, etc., however, for the logistics of the economic sphere, material, information and financial flows are of greatest interest.

1.2 Material flow: concept, types, units of measurement

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise.

Material flow - it is a material-form product in a state of motion, considered in the process of applying to it logistics operations and referred to a specific time interval. The material flow is not in the time interval, but in this moment time goes into inventory.

The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, in the numerator of which the unit of measurement of the cargo (pieces, tons, etc.) is indicated, and in the denominator is the unit of measurement of time (day, month, year, etc.).

The material flow is characterized by a certain set of parameters:

Nomenclature, assortment and quantity of products;

Overall characteristics (volume, area, linear dimensions);

Weight characteristics; physicochemical characteristics cargo;

Container (packaging) characteristics;

Transportation and insurance conditions;

Financial (cost) characteristics, etc.

Material flow classification:

1.In relation to the logistics system distinguish between internal, external, input and output streams.

2.By nomenclature material flows are divided into single-product (single-species) and multi-product (multi-species). The nomenclature is understood as a systematized list of groups, subgroups and positions (types) of products in physical terms for accounting and planning.

3.By assortment material flows are classified into single-assortment and multi-assortment. The range of products is the composition and ratio of products of a certain type or name, differing from each other in grade, types, sizes, brands, exterior decoration and other characteristics. The assortment composition of the stream significantly affects the work with it. For example, the logistics process in a wholesale food market that sells meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and groceries will be significantly different from the logistics process in a potato storage, which operates with one item of cargo.)

4.Quantitatively material flows are divided into mass, large, small and medium.

- Mass is a flow that occurs during the transportation of goods by a group of vehicles (for example, a train or several dozen wagons, a convoy of cars, a caravan of ships, etc.).

- Large are the flows of several wagons or cars.

- Small- these are the flows of goods, the amount of which does not allow the full use of the carrying capacity of the vehicle, and during transportation it is advisable to combine them with other associated cargo.

- Medium flows occupy an intermediate position between large and small ones. These include flows that form cargoes arriving by single wagons or cars.

5. By specific gravity material flows forming the flow of goods are divided into:

- Heavyweight, ensuring the full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles. Heavy traffic forms cargo, in which the mass of one piece exceeds 1 ton for transportation by water transport and 0.5 tons for transportation by rail such as metals.

- Lightweight, not allowing to fully use the carrying capacity of the transport. One ton of lightweight cargo takes up a volume of more than 2 m 2 (for example, tobacco products).

6.According to the degree of compatibility material flows are divided into compatible and incompatible. This characteristic is taken into account mainly during the transportation, storage and handling of food products.

7.By physical and chemical properties material flows are divided into:

- Bulk cargo(for example, grain), which are transported without containers. Their main property is flowability. They can be transported in specialized vehicles: bunker-type wagons, open wagons, on platforms, in containers and in cars.

- Packaged cargo, which have different physical and chemical properties, specific gravity, volume. They can be transported in containers, boxes, bags, as well as without packaging: long and oversized cargo.

- Liquid cargo, transported in bulk in tanks and tankers. Logistic operations with liquid cargo, such as reloading, storage and others, are performed using special technical means.

According to the characteristics of the cargo during transportation, material flows can be separately classified by transport factor, which includes such features as the mode of transport and the method of transportation, transportation conditions, etc.

Each material flow corresponds to a certain information flow, however, the material and information flows are usually displaced relative to each other in time and direction.

2. The concept of logistics service. Determination of the optimal level of logistics service

2.1 The concept of logistics service

In the article by L.B. Mirotina and Y.E. Tashbayev "Logistics: basic concepts and provisions", published in the appendix to the magazine "Loginfo", service is defined as the quality of service, both in the broad sense of the word, and in relation to the repair and adjustment of technical equipment, household appliances, municipal equipment. Here, the authors note that the word "service" is derived from the English word "service" - service, service.

In the terminological dictionary "Logistics" edited by A.N. Rodnikov, the following definition of service is given: "Service is the services provided to the buyer by the organization that sold the goods, in the form of delivery, installation, adjustment, repair of the goods."

There are several rules for organizing logistics services that have been recognized in world practice. These rules were formulated by V.I. Sergeev in the book "Logistics in Business":

Logistic service guarantee;

The quality of the logistics service;

Preparedness of personnel who have mastered the standards of logistics services;

Assessment of the quality of logistics services (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. - Service organization rules established by world practice

The logistics manager needs to constantly monitor how the level of the company's own services and the services of competitors meets the expectations of customers. A number of techniques can be used to detect flaws in the logistics service system, such as conducting comparative purchases, regular customer surveys, installing suggestion boxes, and setting up a complaints and grievance system. All of this will help the entrepreneur create an idea of how he works, and the disappointed customers to get satisfaction.

Yu.M. Nerush in his book "Logistics: a textbook for universities" writes: "Abroad, such a form of service as conducting lectures and consultations for buyers is widely practiced. How to choose meat; how to cook shrimp; how to choose fruits and vegetables - these are all typical consultation topics that are organized and advertised by logistics managers. Another example of service activities of this type is acquaintance of buyers with the history of certain goods, with the methods of growing and producing products, with their nutritional value. "

Logistic service is inseparable from the service culture. Without a cultured and attentive service, the service loses its appeal. Conversely, without a logistics service, a service culture is much less effective than with a high-quality and comprehensive service. Therefore, these two definitions must be considered in their clear relationship and influence on each other.

To make a decision about a complex of services in logistics, the logistics manager should study consumers in order to understand for himself what basic services could be offered to them and what is the relative importance of each of them. A.M. Gadzhinsky gives the following practical example: “Canadian industrial equipment buyers ranked 13 logistics service drivers in descending order of importance:

1) reliability of supplies;

2) the promptness of the provision of proposals for prices;

3) the possibility of obtaining technical advice;

4) provision of discounts;

5) after-sales service;

6) the scale of the trading network;

7) ease of contact;

8) product replacement guarantee;

9) broad manufacturing capabilities of the supplier;

10) the possibility of developing a product according to an individual sample;

11) the possibility of providing a loan;

12) availability of testing equipment;

13) availability of equipment for mechanical processing. "

Such a ranking procedure suggests that in this market the seller should at least not be inferior to competitors in terms of reliability of supplies, promptness of issuing bids for prices, the ability to provide technical advice and other types of services that customers consider the most important.

However, the question of which services should be provided is not easy to solve. A service can be extremely important to consumers and yet not decisive when choosing a supplier if all available suppliers provide it at the same quality level.

Consider the following example. Monsanto Co was looking for a way to improve the complex of logistics services. Clients were asked to conduct a comparative assessment on several dimensions between Monsanto itself and DuPont and Union Carbide. Among consumers, all three firms were renowned for the reliability of supply and the good performance of their sales agents. However, none of them, according to customers, provided a sufficient volume of technical services. Monsanto immediately conducted research to determine the value of technical services to chemical buyers and found that these services were very important to them. The firm then hired and trained additional technical professionals and launched a campaign to represent itself as a leader in the industry. Maintenance... In the minds of customers interested in technical service, this gave Monsanto a distinct advantage.

2.2 Determining the optimal level of logistics service

IN AND. Sergeev emphasizes that “the consumer is interested not only in certain services in themselves, but also in their volume and quality. If the bank's clients have to stand in long lines or talk to sullen employees or cashiers, they can change banks. "

A firm needs to constantly monitor how the level of its own services and those of competitors meets the expectations of its customers. A number of techniques can be used to detect service flaws, such as conducting comparative purchases, conducting regular customer surveys, setting up suggestion boxes, and setting up a complaints and grievance system. All of this will help the firm understand how it works, and help disappointed customers get satisfaction.

Professor BA Anikin writes in a textbook on logistics: “A logistics manager must decide in what forms various services will be provided. The first question is: what are the prices for each type of service work? Consider, for example, what Sony has to offer as a service for arranging the repair of its televisions. She has a choice of three options:

1. Offer free TV repairs within a year from the date of purchase.

2. Sell a service contract to another firm.

3. Do not offer repair services at all, leaving a discretion for repair specialists.

In addition, Sony itself can offer repair services in one of three options:

Hire and train our own repairmen and distribute them throughout the country.

Agree that repair services will be provided by distributors and dealers.

Leave worries about repair independent organizations» .

Each type of service can be provided in a different way. And the firm's decision will depend on both customer preferences and the approach taken by competitors.

List of used literature

1. Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics: A Textbook. - M .: IVK "Marketing", 2000.

2. Logistics: Textbook / Ed. Prof. B.A. Anikina. - M .: INFRA-M, 2000.

3. Mirotin LB, Tashbaev YE Logistics: Basic concepts and provisions: Appendix to Loginfo magazine // Loginfo. - 2001. - No. 1.

4. Nerush Yu.M. Logistics: Textbook for universities. - M .: UNITY-DANA, 2000.

5. Novikov O. A., Uvarov S. A. Logistics. - SPb .: Publishing House "Business-npeсca", 1999.

6. Basics of logistics: Textbook / Ed. LB Mirotin and VI Sergeeva. - M .: INFRA-M, 2000.

7. Rodnikov A.N. Logistics: Terminological Dictionary. - M .: Audit, UNITI, 2002.

8. Sergeev V.I. Logistics in Business: A Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001.

Novikov O.A., Uvarov S.A. Logistics. - SPb .: Publishing House "Business-npeсca", 1999, p. 208.

Mirotin L.B., Tashbaev Y.E. Logistics: Basic concepts and provisions: Appendix to Loginfo magazine // Loginfo. - 2001. - No. 1, p. 84.

Rodnikov A.N. Logistics: Terminological Dictionary. - M .: Audit, UNITI, 2002, p. 65.

Sergeev V.I. Logistics in Business: A Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001, p. 149.

Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics: A Textbook. - M .: IVK "Marketing", 2000, p. 59.

Basics of logistics: Textbook / Ed. LB Mirotin and VI Sergeeva. - M .: INFRA-M, 2000, p. 109.

Sergeev V.I. Logistics in Business: A Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001. p. 119.

Logistics: Textbook / Ed. Prof. B.A. Anikina. - M .: INFRA-M, 2000, p. 45.

The concept of a stream as a moving mass of something is intuitively well understood: water in a glass on the table is a supply, we will start pouring water, a stream of water will appear. Cars standing in a traffic jam are stock, cars moving on a free highway are a stream. Material flows in logistics have a similar nature: a set of any material objects, considered not in a state of rest (stock), but in a state of motion. However, movement in logistics means not only moving something in a certain direction, but also a transition from one state to another, for example:

Goods that are not packed in shipping containers are transformed into packed goods (packing operation),

A batch of goods in an unmarked transport container turns into a batch of goods in a marked transport container (marking operation),

The goods in the marked shipping container, stacked on a pallet, but not connected to the pallet into a single whole, turns into a cargo package convenient for subsequent processing (packaging operation), as well as many other operations.

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise. Before formulating the definition of material flow, let us analyze an example of bringing finished products (canned food) from the manufacturer to trading floor store:

In fig. 18 shows the operations that must be performed in order to physically move the produced canned food along the specified chain.

Rice. eighteen. The sequence of operations to bring the finished product from the cannery to the sales area of the store

The product (in this case, canned food), considered in the process of applying the listed operations to it, is a material flow, which is the main object of management in logistics. Logistics plans this process, determines the technology and chooses equipment for performing certain operations, determines where and to what extent to keep stocks of the product, organizes the workflow, i.e. information support product distribution, promptly manages the entire end-to-end process.

We emphasize that the canned food produced by the manufacturer is transferred to wholesale warehouses, and then ends up in retail trade for more than one century. However, never in previous centuries, the chain of operations for the distribution of canned food (as well as other products) was not covered by a unified management system. There was no need for such management, the possibility of such management was absent. Accordingly, there was no need for a term designating the object of this management.

The generally accepted definition is: material flow is a product that has a material form (cargo, parts, inventory items, etc.), considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to it in a given time interval.

The use of the term "material flow" is justified only if there is unified system management of the end-to-end chain of operations to promote products and only within the controlled chain. The lack of a logistic approach to the organization of commodity circulation deprives the use of this term of both practical and scientific meaning.

Allocation of all operations on the way of moving goods, parts, inventory items through transport, production, warehouse links allows:

See the general process of promoting a changing product to the end consumer;

Design this process with market needs in mind.

The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the unit of measurement of products that have a real form (pieces, tons, etc.), and the denominator is the unit of time (day, month, year, etc.). For example, tons / year, wagons / month, containers / shift, etc.

In the implementation of some logistic operations, the material flow can be considered for a given point in time. Then it turns into a material stock. For example, the operation of transporting goods by rail. At the moment when the cargo is in transit, it is a material stock, the so-called "stock in transit".

Types of material flows

Material flows are defined as goods considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them. The wide variety of cargo and logistics operations complicates the study and management of material flows. When solving a specific problem, it is necessary to clearly indicate which streams are being investigated. When solving some problems, the object of research can be the load considered in the process of applying a large group of operations. For example, when designing a distribution network and determining the number and location of warehouses. When solving other problems - for example, when organizing an intra-warehouse logistics process - each operation is studied in detail.

Material flows are classified according to the following main features:

♦ attitude to the logistics system;

♦ natural-material composition of the flow;

♦ the number of cargoes forming the flow;

♦ the specific weight of the cargo forming the flow;

♦ degree of cargo compatibility;

♦ consistency of goods.

In relation to the logistics system material flow can be: external, internal, input and output.

External material flow takes place in the external environment for the enterprise. This category does not include any cargo moving outside the enterprise, but only those to the organization of which the enterprise is involved.

Internal material flow is formed as a result of logistics operations with cargo within the logistics system.

The input material flow enters the logistics system from the external environment.

The output material flow comes from the logistics system to the external environment. For the enterprise wholesale trade it can be determined by adding up the material flows that occur during loading operations different types Vehicle.

If the enterprise stores stocks at the same level, the input material flow will be equal to the output.

By natural-substance composition material flows are subdivided into single-assortment and multi-assortment. Such a division is necessary, since the assortment composition of the flow significantly affects the work with it. For example, the logistic process in a wholesale food market that sells meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and groceries will differ significantly from the logistic process in a potato storage, which operates with one item of cargo.

Quantitatively material flows are massive, large, medium and small.

A mass flow is considered to be a flow that occurs during the transportation of goods not by a single vehicle, but by a group of them, for example, a train or several dozen wagons, a convoy of cars, a caravan of ships, etc.

Large flows - several wagons, cars.

Small flows form quantities of cargo that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of the vehicle and require combination with other associated cargo during transportation.

Medium streams occupy the gap between large and small. These include flows that form goods arriving by single wagons or cars.

By specific gravity material flows forming the flow of goods are classified into heavy and lightweight.

Heavy flows ensure the full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles and require less storage space for storage. Heavy flows form cargo, in which the mass of one piece exceeds 1 ton (when transporting by water transport) and 0.5 tons (when transporting by rail. An example of a heavy flow is the metals considered in the process of transportation.

Lightweight flows are represented by loads that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of the transport. One ton of lightweight cargo takes up more than 2 m 3 - for example, tobacco products form lightweight flows during transportation.

According to the degree of compatibility forming a flow of goods distinguish compatible and incompatible material flows. This characteristic is taken into account mainly during the transportation, storage and handling of food products.

By consistency of goods there are material flows of bulk, bulk, packaged and liquid cargo.

Bulk cargo (for example, grain) is transported without packaging. Their main property is flowability. They can be transported in specialized vehicles: bunker-type wagons, open wagons, on platforms, in containers, in cars.

Bulk cargoes (salt, coal, ore, sand, etc.) are usually of mineral origin. They are transported without containers, some of them can freeze, cake, sinter. Just like the previous group, they have flowability.

Packaged goods have a variety of physical and chemical properties, specific gravity, volume. It can be cargo in containers, boxes, bags, cargo without packaging, long and oversized cargo.

Liquid cargo - cargo transported in bulk in Tanks and tankers. Logistic operations with liquid cargo, such as reloading, storage, etc., are performed using special technical means.

The classification of material flows is shown schematically in Fig. 19.

Rice. 19. Material flow classification

Logistic operations

As noted, the material flow is formed as a result of a combination of certain actions with material objects. These actions are called logistic operations. However, the concept of a logistic operation is not limited to actions only with material flows. To manage the material flow, it is necessary to receive, process and transmit information corresponding to this flow. The actions carried out in this case also apply to logistic operations.

A figurative idea of logistics operations allows you to form an example of the production and delivery of any consumer product to the end user. Consider, as an example, a writing desk made of lumber and chipboard. The initial raw material for the production of this product is a tree, which must be grown, cut down, moved to processing sites, turned into a final product and delivered to the buyer. The entire set of operations can be subdivided into two large groups.

1. Technological operations for the production of material goods, that is, operations in the course of which a qualitative transformation of the object of labor takes place: logging (for the purpose of obtaining wood), longitudinal sawing of logs, pressing of shavings, manufacturing of furniture parts, their finishing and final assembly of the desk.

2. Logistic operations, to which should include all other operations that ensure the availability of the desired object or product of labor in the required quantity, in the right place, in the right time... Let's list some of them: removal and rafting of logs from logging sites, their delivery to a woodworking enterprise, loading, unloading, storage, supply to production shops, removal of finished semi-finished products and finished products, storage and delivery to the end consumer.

Logistic operations, thus, these are any operations performed with tangible objects and products of labor in the spheres of production and circulation, with the exception of technological operations for the production of material goods.

Logistic also includes operations for processing, storing and transferring relevant information.

According to the domestic logistics terminology dictionary logistics operations are a set of actions aimed at transforming the material and / or information flow.

Logistic operations with material flow include loading, transportation, unloading, picking, warehousing, packaging and other operations. Logistic operations with information flow are, as noted, the collection, processing and transmission of information corresponding to the material flow. It should be noted that the costs of performing logistic operations with information flows constitute a significant part of logistic costs.

Performing logistics operations with material flow entering or leaving the logistics system differs from performing the same operations within the logistics system. This is due to the ongoing transfer of ownership of the goods and the transfer of insurance risks from one legal entity to another. On this basis, they are distinguished into unilateral and bilateral logistics operations.

The classification of logistics operations is shown in Fig. twenty.

Rice. 20. Classification of logistics operations

Some logistics operations are, in fact, a continuation of the technological production process, for example, packaging. These operations change the consumer properties of the goods and can be carried out both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation, for example, in the filling shop of a wholesale enterprise.

Logistic operations performed in the process of supplying an enterprise or sales of finished products, that is, operations performed in the process of "communication of the logistics system with outside world"are referred to the category of external logistic operations. Logistic operations performed inside the logistics system are called internal. Uncertainty the environment primarily affects the nature of external logistics operations.

Questions to control knowledge

1. Give the definition of material flow.

2. What are the units of measurement of the material flow.

3. Make a schematic diagram of material flows in the warehouse of the wholesale enterprise

4. List the types of material flows.

5. Give the definition of a logistic operation. List the logistics operations known to you.

6. Give the classification of logistics operations.

Similar information.

Material flows are classified according tothe following main features:

relation to the logistics system;

natural-material composition of the stream;

the number of cargoes forming the flow;

the specific weight of the cargo forming the flow;

the degree of cargo compatibility;

consistency of goods.

1. In relation to the logistics system material flow can be:

-external the material flow takes place in the external environment for the enterprise. This category does not include any cargo moving outside the enterprise, but only those to the organization of which the enterprise is involved.

-interior the material flow is formed as a result of the implementation of logistics operations with cargo within the logistics system.

-input the material flow enters the logistics system from the external environment. In our example, it is determined by the sum of the values of material flows at unloading operations, t / year:

-day off the material flow comes from the logistics system to the external environment. For a wholesale company, it can be determined by adding up the material flows that occur when performing operations for loading various types of vehicles. In our example, the value of the output material flow will be determined as follows:

Example: Loading of road transport 8279 Loading of containers - 974

Loading of railway wagons - 487

TOTAL output material flow - 9740

If the enterprise stores stocks at the same level, the input material flow will be equal to the output.

2. By natural-material composition material flows are subdivided into single-assortment and multi-assortment. Such a division is necessary, since the assortment composition of the flow significantly affects the work with it.

For example, the logistic process in a wholesale food market that sells meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and groceries will differ significantly from the logistic process in a potato storage, which operates with one item of cargo.

3. By quantitative characteristics material flows are massive, large, medium and small.

-massive a flow arising in the process of transporting goods is considered not as a single vehicle, but as a group of them, for example, a train or several dozen wagons, a convoy of cars, a caravan of ships, etc.

-large flows- several wagons, cars.

-shallow streams form the quantities of goods that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of the vehicle and require combination with other associated cargo during transportation.

-average streams occupy the gap between large and small. These include flows that form goods arriving by single wagons or cars.

4. By specific gravity material flows forming the flow of goods are classified into heavy and lightweight.

-heavy streams ensure the full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles, require less storage space for storage. Heavy flows form cargo, in which the mass of one piece exceeds 1 ton (when transporting by water transport) and 0.5 tons (when transporting by rail. An example of a heavy flow is the metals considered in the process of transportation.

-lightweightstreams are represented by loads that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of the transport. One ton of lightweight cargo takes up more than 2 m 3 - for example, tobacco products form lightweight flows during transportation.

5. By the degree of compatibility forming a flow of goods distinguish compatible and incompatible material flows. This characteristic is taken into account mainly during the transportation, storage and handling of food products.

6. By consistency of goods material flows are divided into flows of bulk, bulk, packaged and liquid cargo.

- bulk cargo(for example, grain) are transported without containers. Their main property is flowability. They can be transported in specialized vehicles: bunker-type wagons, open wagons, on platforms, in containers, in cars.

- bulk th, as a rule, of mineral origin;

- packaged piece- have different physical and chemical properties, specific gravity, volume;

- liquid- transported in tanks.

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Introduction

Logistics is the science of planning, organizing, managing, controlling and regulating the movement of material and information flows in space and in time from their primary source to the final consumer.

Logistics covers the entire scope and range of activities of the enterprise and at all stages of production development seeks to reduce costs and release products of a given quantity and quality in deadlines and in a designated place.

The relevance of the discipline and the growing interest in its study are due to the potential for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of material-carrying systems, which opens up the use of a logistic approach. Logistics can significantly reduce the time interval between the purchase of raw materials and semi-finished products and delivery finished product consumer, contributes to a sharp reduction inventory, speeds up the process of obtaining information, increases the level of service.

The concept of material flow is key in logistics. The introduction of this category made it possible to link the disparate processes taking place among different owners (or in different divisions of one enterprise) with a single management function, to streamline these processes, thereby obtaining a significant economic benefit. In the general case, the material flow is understood as cargo, parts, inventory items considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to them.

The material flow is formed as a result of a combination of certain actions with material objects. These actions are called logistic operations.

Also, one of the key concepts in logistics is the logistics system. it economic system, which has high adaptive properties in the process of performing a complex of logistics functions and operations, which consists of several subsystems interconnected and external environment.

1. MATERIAL FLOWS IN LOGISTICS

1.1 The essence of material flows

Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and performance of other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer.

Figure 1.1. Schematic diagram of the material flow at a trading wholesale base

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise. Before forming the definition of material flow, we will analyze specific example material flow flowing inside a separate enterprise.

Figure 1.1. the schematic diagram of the material flow at the trade wholesale base is shown. As follows from this scheme, the goods unloaded from the vehicle can be sent along one of three ways: either to the acceptance site, or to the storage area, or, if the goods arrived outside of working hours, to the acceptance expedition. In the future, the goods, one way or another, are concentrated in the storage area.

The routes of movement of cargo from the storage area to the loading area can also be different:

a) storage area - loading area;

b) storage area - shipping expedition - loading area;

c) storage area - picking area - shipping expedition, loading area;

d) storage area - picking area - loading area.

On the way of the cargo movement, various operations are carried out with it: unloading, stacking on pallets, moving, unpacking, storing, etc. The volume of work for a separate operation, calculated for a certain period of time, for a month, for a quarter, etc., represents the material flow for the corresponding operation.

At wholesalers, material flows are calculated, as a rule, for individual sites. To do this, summarize the amount of work for all logistics operations carried out in this area.

In the implementation of some logistic operations, the material flow can be considered for a given point in time. Then it turns into a material stock.

Material flow - products (goods, parts, inventory items, etc.), considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and referred to the time interval. The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the unit of measurement of the cargo (pieces, tons, volume, etc.), and the denominator is the unit of time (day, month, year, etc.). For example, tons / year.

The form of existence of the material flow can be the turnover of the warehouse, the cargo flow, etc.

1.2 Types of material flows

In relation to the logistics system (internal, external, input, output):

· External material flow flows in the external environment for the enterprise. This category does not include any goods moving outside the enterprise, but only those to the organization of which the enterprise is involved;

· Internal material flow is formed as a result of logistics operations with cargo within the logistics system;

· The input material flow enters the logistics system from the external environment. In our example, it is determined by the sum of the values of material flows at unloading operations, t / year;

· The output material flow comes from the logistics system to the external environment. For a wholesale base, it can be determined by adding up the material flows that occur when loading operations for various types of vehicles.

According to the natural-material composition, material flows are divided into

Single-assortment

· Multi-assortment.

Such a division is necessary, the assortment composition of the flow significantly affects the work with it. For example, the logistic process in a wholesale food market that sells meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and groceries will differ significantly from the logistic process in a potato storage, which operates with one item of cargo.

Quantitatively, material flows are divided into

· Massive - the flow that occurs during the transportation of goods is considered not by a single vehicle, but by a group of them, for example, a train or several dozen wagons, a convoy of cars;

· Large - several wagons, cars;

· Small - form the amount of cargo that does not allow to fully use the carrying capacity of the vehicle and require combination with other associated cargo during transportation;

· Medium - streams occupy an intermediate position between large and small. These include flows that form goods arriving by single wagons or cars;

According to the specific weight of the cargoes forming the flow, material flows are divided into heavy and lightweight.

· Heavy flows ensure the full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles, require less storage space for storage. Heavy-weight flows form cargo, in which the mass of one piece exceeds 1 m (when transported by water transport) and 0.5 tons (when transported by rail). Metals considered in the process of transportation can serve as an example of a heavy flow.

· Lightweight flows are represented by loads that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of the transport. One ton of lightweight cargo takes up a volume of more than 2 m3. For example, tobacco products form lightweight streams during transportation. - according to the compatibility of the cargoes forming the flow, the material flows are divided into compatible and incompatible. This characteristic is taken into account mainly during the transportation, storage and handling of food products.

According to the consistency of cargo, material flows are divided into flows of bulk, bulk, packaged and liquid cargo.

· Bulk cargo (for example, grain) is transported without containers. Their main property is flowability. They can be transported in specialized vehicles: bunker-type wagons, open wagons, on platforms, in containers, in cars.

· Bulk cargoes (salt, coal, ore, sand, etc.) are usually of mineral origin. They are transported without containers, some of them can freeze, cake, sinter.

· Packaged goods have a variety of physical and chemical properties, specific gravity, volume. It can be cargo in containers, boxes, bags, cargo without packaging, long and oversized cargo.

· Liquid cargo - cargo transported in bulk in tanks and tankers. Logistic operations with liquid cargo, for example, reloading, storage and others, are performed using special technical means.

More clearly the classification of material flows is shown in Figure 1.2.

Rice. 1.2. Material flow classification

2. LOGISTIC OPERATIONS

material flow logistic

2.1 The concept of logistics operations

Logistic operation is any elementary action (set of actions) that leads to the transformation of the parameters of material and / or related information, financial, service flows, which is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task of administration or design of the logistics system.

The material flow is formed as a result of a combination of certain actions with material objects. These actions are called logistic operations. However, the concept of a logistic operation is not limited to actions only with material flows.

To manage the material flow, it is necessary to receive, process and transmit information corresponding to this flow. The actions carried out in this case also apply to logistic operations.

In general, logistics operations are defined as a set of actions aimed at transforming the material and / or information flow.

2.2 Classification of logistics operations

1. On the transfer of ownership of the goods

One-sided (no transition)

Bilateral (with transition)

2. By changing consumer properties

Added value

No added value

3. By the nature of the flow

With material flow

With information flow

4. By the direction of the implemented logistic functions

External (supply and distribution functions)

Internal (within the production function)

5. Type of implemented logistic functions

Basic (supply, production and sales)

Key (procurement management, transportation, inventory management, etc.)

· Supporting (warehousing, cargo handling, protective packaging, ensuring the return of goods, etc.).

Performing logistics operations with material flow entering or leaving the logistics system differs from performing the same operations within the logistics system. This is due to the ongoing transfer of ownership of the goods and the transfer of insurance risks from one legal entity to another. On this basis, all logistics operations are divided into one-sided and two-sided.

Some logistics operations are essentially a continuation of the manufacturing process, for example, packaging. These operations change the consumer properties of the goods and can be carried out both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation, for example, in the filling shop of a wholesale base.

Logistic operations performed in the process of supplying an enterprise or selling finished products, that is, operations performed in the process of "communication of the logistics system with the outside world", are classified as external logistics operations. Logistic operations performed within the logistics system are called internal. Uncertainty of the environment, first of all, affects the nature of external logistics operations.

3. LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

3.1 The concept of a logistics system

The concept of a logistics system is one of basic concepts logistics. A system is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. An element of a system is a part of a system that is not conventionally divided into its component parts. One of the possible classifications of systems is shown in the table

Table 3.1.

System classification

Classification attribute	Vid systems
Change in time	Statistical, dynamic
Complexity	Simple, complex, large
Relationship with the environment	Closed, open
Foresight of development	Deterministic, stochastic
Reaction to environmental changes	Responsive, non-adaptive

A distinction should be made between complex and large systems. A complex system is a system with an expanded structure and a significant number of interconnected and interacting elements (subsystems) that have different types of communication, capable of maintaining partial operability in the event of failure of individual elements (operability property). A large system is a complex system that has a number of additional features: the presence of subsystems that have their own purpose, subordinate to the general purpose of the entire system. External links with other systems; the presence of elements of self-organization in the system.

There are four properties that an object must have in order to be considered a system.

1. Integrity and divisibility. The system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other. At the macro level, when a material flow passes from one enterprise to another, these enterprises themselves, as well as the transport connecting them, can be considered as elements. At the micro level, the logistics system can be represented in the form of the following subsystems:

Purchase is a subsystem that ensures the flow of material into the logistics system.

Production planning and management - this subsystem takes the material flow from the procurement subsystem and manages it in the process of performing various technological operations, turning the object of labor into a product of labor.

Sales - a subsystem that ensures the disposal of material flow from the logistics system

How we see the elements logistics systems different quality, but at the same time compatible. Compatibility is ensured by the unity of purpose to which the functioning of logistics systems is subordinated.

2. Connections. There are significant links between the elements of the logistic system, which, with natural necessity, determine the integrative qualities. In macrological systems, the basis of communication between elements is a contract. In micrological systems, elements are linked by intra-production relationships. Links can be real, informational, direct, reverse, etc. The connections between the elements must be more powerful than the connections of individual elements with the external environment, since otherwise the system cannot exist.

3. Organization. The connections between the elements of the logistics system are ordered in a certain way, that is, the logistics system has an organization. The presence of system-forming factors in the elements of the system only presupposes the possibility of its creation. For the emergence of a system, it is necessary to form ordered connections, i.e. a certain structure, organization of the system.

4. Integrative qualities. The logistics system has integrative qualities that are not inherent in any of the elements separately. This is the ability to deliver the right product, at the right time, in the right place, of the required quality, with minimal costs, as well as the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

An integral set of various elements, united into subsystems that are in close interconnection with each other, is a logistic system.

The logistic system differs from other economic systems in a number of characteristic features: the presence of controlled flow processes, system integrity and its specificity, focus on the production of management organization.

The main properties of the logistics system are optimality and adaptability.

3.2 Types of logistics systems

Logistic systems are divided into macro and micrologic.

Macrologistic system is a large material flow management system, covering enterprises and organizations of industry, intermediary, trade and transport organizations different departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. A macro-logistic system is a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, a country or a group of countries.

When forming a macrological system covering different countries, it is necessary to overcome the difficulties associated with the legal and economic peculiarities of international economic relations, with unequal conditions for the supply of goods, differences in the transport legislation of countries, as well as a number of other barriers.

The formation of macrological systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs barriers to the transportation of goods, capital, information, and labor resources.

Micrologistic systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistic systems. These include various production and trade enterprises, territorial production complexes. Micro-logistics systems are a class of intra-production logistics systems, which include technologically related productions united by a single infrastructure.

Within the framework of macrologistics, links between individual micrological systems are established on the basis of commodity-money relations. Subsystems also function within the micrologistic system. However, the basis of their interaction is non-commodity. These are separate divisions within a firm, association, or other economic system, working for a single economic result.

At the level of macrologistics, there are three types of logistics systems.

1) Logistic systems with direct connections. In these logistics systems, the material flow passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries.

2) Layered logistics systems. In such systems, there is at least one intermediary on the way of the material flow.

3) Flexible logistics systems. Here, the movement of material flow from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer can be carried out both directly and through intermediaries.

Thus, we can say that a logistic system is an economic system that has high adaptive properties in the process of performing a complex of logistic functions and operations, which consists of several subsystems interconnected with each other and the external environment, and is also divided into macro and micrologistic systems.

Conclusion

Having studied and analyzed the proposed topic, the following characteristics can be given.

Material flow is a set of inventory items referred to a time interval, considered in the process of applying various operations to them.

Material flows are subdivided according to the following main features: relation to the logistics system, the natural-material composition of the flow, the number of cargoes forming the flow, the specific weight of the cargo forming the flow, the degree of cargo compatibility, cargo consistency.

The material flow is formed as a result of a combination of certain actions with material objects. These actions are called logistic operations. That is, logistic operations are a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and information flow.

A logistics system is a complex organizationally completed (structured) economic system, consisting of elements - links, interconnected in a single process of managing material and accompanying flows. In other words, a logistic system is a system consisting of several subsystems that performs logistic functions and has developed connections with the external environment, that is, with the market.

List of sources used

1. Lectures on the discipline "Logistics".

2. Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics: Textbook. for higher. and average special educational institutions.- M .: "Dashkov and Co", 2007.

3. Logistics: Textbook. / Ed. Prof. B.A. Anikina. - M .: INFRA-M, 2006.

4. Nerush Yu.M. Logistics: Textbook for universities. - M .: Welby, 2006.

5. Sergeev V.I. Logistics in business: Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001.

6. Warehouse and container facilities. G.M. Demichev. M .: 1990, p. 61.

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