Environmental problems of energy. Ecology and energy Field of mirrors-heliostats of the Crimean solar power plant
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Thermal power plants
THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and gained predominant distribution. All R. 70s 20th century TPP is the main type of power plant.
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Thermal steam turbine power plants (TPP) dominate among TPPs, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high pressure steam, which drives a steam turbine rotor in rotation, connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).
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TPPs that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of the exhaust steam to supply heat energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Power Plant, or GRES). TPP with an electric generator drive from gas turbine called gas turbine power plants (GTES)
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
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Hydroelectric power plant (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipment that converts the energy of water moving under the pressure of water into mechanical energy of rotation, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power plants are divided into high-pressure (over 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).
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Principle of operation
The principle of operation of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. The chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water entering the blades of the hydraulic turbine, which drives the generators that generate electricity.
The necessary water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by derivation - by the natural flow of water. In some cases, to obtain the required water pressure, both the dam and the derivation are used together.
All power equipment is located directly in the building of the hydroelectric power station. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of the current of water into electrical energy. There is still all sorts of things optional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power plants, transformer station, switchgear and much more.
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Hydroelectric stations are divided according to the generated power:
powerful - generate from 25 MW to 250 MW and more;
medium - up to 25 MW;
small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.
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The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP
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Nuclear power plants
Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which nuclear (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The power generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants operating on fossil fuel, nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel.
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Operating principle
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Advantages and disadvantages
Dignity nuclear power plants:
A small amount of fuel used and the possibility of it reuse after processing.
High power
Low cost of energy, especially heat.
Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where the possibilities for using solar or wind power are limited.
During the operation of a nuclear power plant, a certain amount of ionized gas is emitted into the atmosphere, however, the usual thermal power plant together with the smoke, it removes an even larger amount of radiation emissions, due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal.
Disadvantages of nuclear power plants:
Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures;
From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely serious;
Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.
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Unconventional sources of electricity
What are these unconventional and renewable energy sources? They usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, different kinds organic waste), low-grade energy the environment, it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.
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The field of mirrors-heliostats of the Crimean solar power plant
A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.
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Wind farm
Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as renewable energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind power is a booming industry
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Geothermal power plants
A geothermal power plant (Geothermal power plant) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).
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Tidal power plant
A tidal power plant (TES) is a special type of hydroelectric power plant that uses the energy of tides, and in fact, the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of the seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day.
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Biomass energy
Biomass is the fifth most productive renewable energy source after direct solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy. Annually, about 170 billion tons of primary biological mass is formed on the earth, and approximately the same volume is destroyed.
Biomass is used for the production of heat, electricity, biofuel, biogas (methane, hydrogen).
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Pros and cons of unconventional renewable energy sources
These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive include the ubiquity of most of their species, ecological cleanliness. The operating costs for the use of unconventional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (specific power) and variability over time of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power plants that "intercept" the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a large material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments in comparison with traditional power plants. True, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped through low operating costs.
Slide 24
Fusion power plant
Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide mankind with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of fusion of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, does not produce plutonium, which is used for the production of nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water, will be the fuel for thermonuclear stations - a half-liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on a thermonuclear reaction become obvious ...
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Thermal power plants THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared in the late. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and gained predominant distribution. All R. 70s 20th century TPP is the main type of power plant.
Slide 3
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Thermal steam turbine power plants (TPP) dominate among TPPs, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high pressure steam, which drives a steam turbine rotor in rotation, connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).
Slide 5
TPPs that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of the exhaust steam to supply heat energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Power Plant, or GRES). TPP with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTES)
Slide 6
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Slide 8
Hydroelectric power plant (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipment that converts the energy of water moving under the pressure of water into mechanical energy of rotation, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum utilized head, HPPs are divided into high-pressure (over 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).
Slide 9
Principle of operation The principle of operation of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. The chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water entering the blades of the hydraulic turbine, which drives the generators that generate electricity. The necessary water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by derivation - by the natural flow of water. In some cases, to obtain the required water pressure, both the dam and the derivation are used together. All power equipment is located directly in the building of the hydroelectric power station. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of the current of water into electrical energy. There is also all sorts of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power plants, a transformer station, switchgear and much more.
Slide 10
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Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - generate from 25 MW to 250 MW and more; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.
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The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP
Slide 13
Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which nuclear (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The power generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants operating on fossil fuel, nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel.
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Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small amount of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after reprocessing. High power Low cost of energy, especially heat. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where the possibilities for using solar or wind power are limited. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, a certain amount of ionized gas is emitted into the atmosphere, however, a conventional thermal power plant, together with smoke, removes an even larger amount of radiation emissions, due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous, requires complex and expensive processing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely serious; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.
Slide 17
Unconventional sources of electricity What are these unconventional and renewable energy sources? They usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential energy of the environment, it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.
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The field of heliostat mirrors of the Crimean solar power plant A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.
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Wind power plant Wind power is a branch of energy that specializes in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as renewable energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind power is a booming industry
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Geothermal power plants A geothermal power plant (Geothermal power plant) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).
Slide 21
Tidal power plant A tidal power plant (TES) is a special type of hydroelectric power plant that uses the energy of tides, and in fact, the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of the seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive include the ubiquity of most of their species, ecological cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of unconventional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are low flux density (specific power) and variability over time of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power plants that "intercept" the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a large material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments in comparison with traditional power plants. True, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped through low operating costs. Slide 24
Thermonuclear Power Plant Scientists are currently working on the creation of a Thermonuclear Power Plant, the advantage of which is to provide mankind with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of fusion of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, does not produce plutonium, which is used for the production of nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water, will be the fuel for thermonuclear stations - a half-liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on a thermonuclear reaction become obvious ...
Slide 25
Electric power engineering is the process of production, transmission and sale of electrical energy to consumers. The electric power industry includes: In terms of generation: Thermal power industry - conversion of heat energy released during fuel combustion into electrical energy; In practice, nuclear power is often viewed as a subspecies of thermal power generation. In it, thermal energy, then converted into electrical energy, is released not during the combustion of organic fuel, but during the fission of atomic nuclei in a reactor; Hydropower - converting the kinetic energy of a natural water flow into electricity; "Alternative" energy - promising types of power generation that have not yet become widespread, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy; In terms of transmission: Power lines different levels voltage (in Russia - from 0.4 to 1050 kV). They are divided into air and cable. Distinguish between transmission at high (from 110 kV and above), medium (0.4-110 kV) and low (0.4 kV, including 110-380 V - the voltage in the household network in Russia) voltage. Usually transmission at high voltages is called electricity transport, at low and medium voltages - distribution; Transformer facilities (substations) - are used to switch from one voltage level to another; Energosbyt - organization of electricity sales to end consumers. In 2004-2007, power sales activities in Russia were separated into a separate business (separate legal entities).
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The presentation on the topic "Energy and Ecology" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Ecology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 25 slide (s).
Presentation slides
Slide 1
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Thermal power plants
THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and gained predominant distribution. All R. 70s 20th century TPP is the main type of power plant.
Slide 4
Slide 5
TPPs that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of the exhaust steam to supply heat energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Power Plant, or GRES). TPP with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTES)
Slide 7
Slide 8
Hydroelectric power plant (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipment that converts the energy of water moving under the pressure of water into mechanical energy of rotation, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power plants are divided into high-pressure (over 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).
Slide 9
Principle of operation
The principle of operation of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. The chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water entering the blades of the hydraulic turbine, which drives the generators that generate electricity. The required water pressure is formed by the construction of a dam, and as a consequence of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by derivation - by the natural flow of water. In some cases, to obtain the required water pressure, both the dam and the derivation are used together. All power equipment is located directly in the building of the hydroelectric power station. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of the current of water into electrical energy. There is also all kinds of additional equipment, devices for controlling and monitoring the operation of hydroelectric power plants, a transformer station, switchgears and much more.
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The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia
Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP
Slide 13
Nuclear power plants
Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which nuclear (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The power generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants operating on fossil fuel, nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel.
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Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small amount of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after reprocessing. High power Low cost of energy, especially heat. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where the possibilities for using solar or wind power are limited. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, a certain amount of ionized gas is emitted into the atmosphere, however, a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, removes an even larger amount of radiation emissions, due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous, requires complex and expensive processing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely serious; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.
Slide 17
Unconventional sources of electricity
What are these unconventional and renewable energy sources? They usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential energy of the environment, it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.
Slide 18
The field of mirrors-heliostats of the Crimean solar power plant
A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.
Slide 19
Wind farm
Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as renewable energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind power is a booming industry
Slide 20
Geothermal power plants
A geothermal power plant (Geothermal power plant) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).
Slide 21
Tidal power plant
A tidal power plant (TES) is a special type of hydroelectric power plant that uses the energy of tides, and in fact, the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of the seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day.
Slide 22
Biomass energy
Biomass is the fifth most productive renewable energy source after direct solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy. Annually, about 170 billion tons of primary biological mass is formed on the earth, and approximately the same volume is destroyed. Biomass is used for the production of heat, electricity, biofuel, biogas (methane, hydrogen).
Slide 23
Pros and cons of unconventional renewable energy sources
These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive include the ubiquity of most of their species, ecological cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of unconventional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are low flux density (specific power) and variability over time of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power plants that "intercept" the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to a large material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments in comparison with traditional power plants. True, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped through low operating costs.
Slide 24
Fusion power plant
Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide mankind with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of fusion of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, does not produce plutonium, which is used for the production of nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water, will be the fuel for thermonuclear stations - a half-liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on a thermonuclear reaction become obvious ...
Environmental energy crisis
The main components of the problem:
1.Ecological problems of thermal energy
2.Ecological problems of hydropower
3.Ecological problems of nuclear power
4 the problem of electromagnetic pollution
the environment
5. The influence of energy on the lithosphere
Combustion of fuel is not only the main source of energy,
but also the most important supplier to the environment of pollutants
substances.
It can be assumed that thermal energy has
negative impact on almost all elements
environment, as well as on humans, other organisms them
community. At the same time, the impact of energy on the environment and its
inhabitants to a greater extent depends on the type of used
energy carriers (fuel). The cleanest fuel
natural gas, followed by oil (fuel oil),
hard coal, brown coal, shale, peat.
Serious environmental problems are associated with hard
TPP waste - TPP ash and slag - significant
a source of heated waters, which are used here as
cooling agent. Environmental problems of hydropower
One of the most important impacts of hydropower is related to
alienation of significant areas of fertile (floodplain)
lands for reservoirs.
It is believed that in the future, world energy production at hydropower plants
will not exceed 5% of the total.
Reservoirs have a significant impact on atmospheric
processes. For example, in arid (arid) areas, evaporation
from the surface of reservoirs exceeds evaporation with equal
land surface tenfold. With increased evaporation
associated with a decrease in air temperature, an increase in fog
phenomena. Nuclear power problems
Until recently, nuclear power was viewed as
the most promising. Until the mid-80s, humanity in the nuclear
the energy sector saw one of the ways out of the energy impasse. At
normal operation of a nuclear power plant, emissions of radioactive elements into the environment
extremely insignificant. On average, they are 2-4 times less than from
TPP of the same capacity.
According to various sources, the total emission of fission products from
contained in the reactor ranged from 3.5% (63 kg) to 28% (50 tons). For
comparison, we note that the bomb dropped on Hiroshima gave only
740 g of radioactive material. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
individual countries have decided on a complete ban on construction
NPP. Among them are Sweden, Italy, Brazil, Mexico.
In the process of nuclear reactions, only 0.5-1.5% of nuclear fuel burns out.
An inevitable result of NPP operation is thermal pollution. The problem of electromagnetic pollution of the environment
The problem of human exposure is gaining great relevance
electromagnetic fields of various ranges. For objective reasons
the human body is unable to adapt to man-made
electromagnetic radiation and may not have appropriate
adaptive mechanisms. This problem has already been named
electromagnetic smog.
The main question is what kind of radiation is useful for a person, and
which, on the contrary, are harmful
All surrounding EMF can be divided into two groups: artificial or
man-made caused by industrial human activity, and
natural, caused by the presence of the Earth's own magnetic field
(MP). Impact on the lithosphere
Already today, the human impact on the lithosphere is approaching
limits, the transition of which can cause irreversible processes
almost over the entire surface of the earth's crust. During
human lithosphere transformation (according to data at the beginning of the 90s)
extracted 125 billion tons of coal, 32 billion tons of oil, more than 100 billion tons of others
mineral.
Finding suitable places for a deep final
landfills are currently underway in several
countries. There is a project to create an international
storage facilities for high-level radioactive waste. As possible locations
burial sites are offered in Australia and Russia Output:
The current situation with the impact of the fuel and energy complex on
the environment, especially given the low level of energy efficiency of the economy
it is legitimate to characterize it as an energy-ecological problem. Impact
branches of the fuel and energy complex on nature is unacceptably large, the continuation of the existing trends
threatens large-scale violations of the ecological balance, massive
oppression of natural ecosystems. At present, the task of reducing
to minimize the negative impact of energy on the environment in order to maximize
protect the human body from harmful effects.
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