Presentation on electrical safety in household premises. Presentation on the topic "posters and signs of electrical safety used in electrical installations". Characteristics of industrial premises for electrical safety
Activity.
Time.
Hands raised. Purpose of the training
✔
Gaining knowledge and practical
safe work skills in
electrical installations. Electrical safety (ES)
and static electricity Together we will explore:
Construction and operation of electrical installations
Maintenance safety
electrical installations
Labor protection
Fire safety
First aid Statistics
Electrical injuries in 10 years
26.00%
Deadly
49.00%
Heavy
Lungs
25.00%Statistics
Distribution of injuries by stress
180
160
140
120
100
Trauma
80
60
40
20
0
0,4
6-10
18-35
110-154
Voltage class
220-500 Induced Pyramid of incidents
1
30
300
3 000
30 000
Fatal case
Severe NS
Light NS
Microtrauma
Hazardous Actions / Hazardous Conditions Regulations
1. Rules for electrical installations (PUE)
2. Rules of technical operation
electrical installations of consumers (PTEEP)
3. Rules for labor protection during operation
electrical installations POTEU.
4. Instructions for use and testing
means of protection used in
electrical installations.
5. Interdisciplinary instruction for the provision of
first aid in case of accidents at
production General electrical engineering
Current strength
Voltage
Resistance
Ohm's law The nature of the current
Current - I (A)
Voltage - U (B)
U = Δ φ = ϕ 1 - ϕ2
Resistance - R (Ohm) Ohm's law
For the chain section
I = U / R
For a complete chain
I = E / (R + r) DC and AC Voltage thresholds
for constant and variable
current
Alternating current
D.C Electrical installation
Electrical installation - machines, apparatus, lines and auxiliary
equipment (together with structures and premises, in
which they are installed) intended for
production, transformation, transformation, transmission,
distribution, consumption of electrical energy and
transforming it into another type of energy.
What electrical installations
do you know? Electrical safety (ES)
System of organizational and technical
activities and tools to ensure
protection of people from harmful and dangerous
exposure to electric current,
electric arc, electromagnetic field
and static electricity electrical safety
Organizational activities
Technical activities Organizational activities
providing security
Organizational
activity,
providing
work safety
Registration of an admission order,
orders or list of works in
routine of current operation
Issuance of a training permit
workplace and for admission to work
Work permit
Supervision during work
Taking a break from work,
transfer to another workplace,
finishing work Attire-admission
This is an assignment for the production of work, issued
on a special form of the established form and
defining:
content,
place of work,
the time of its beginning and end,
conditions for safe conduct,
the composition of the team and workers responsible for
safe work performance. Numbers
Issued in 2 copies
By phone in 3 copies
Issued for 15 calendar days
Can be extended for another 15 calendar days
Stored for 30 days
Stored under NA for 45 years Order
This is a written assignment for the production of work,
determining its content, place, time,
security measures (if required) and
employees entrusted with its implementation, with
an indication of their groups on electrical safety.
The order has a one-time character, its term
action is determined by the duration
working day or change of performers. Organization of work performed in
routine of current operation
Work performed in the order of current operation is -
These are works with voltages up to 1 kV.
Small-scale repair or maintenance work
performed during one shift and allowed in the order of the current
exploitation.
These works do not require special permission in the form of a work order or
orders
The list of such works is developed by the person responsible for the electrical equipment and
approved by the technical director of the organization
Work permitted in the order of current operation to be carried out
operational or operational-repair personnel is performed only on
the equipment (area) assigned to this personnel. Responsible for the safe
work in
Before
Above
electrical installations 1000
1000
Outstanding outfit giving orders
1 approving list of works to be carried out in
the order of current operation;
2 Issuer of permission to train a worker
places and for admission to work in electrical installations;
3 Responsible work manager;
4 Admitting;
5 Work contractor;
6 Observer;
7 Team members.
IV
V
IV
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
V
IV
IV
III
III Combining responsibilities
Responsible
employee
Additional responsibilities
Outstanding outfit,
bestowing
disposition
Responsible work manager,
Work manager,
Admitting
operational personnel)
Responsible
performance Manager
Work manager,
Admitting
(in electrical installations that do not have a local
operational personnel)
Workmaker from
number of operational and
operational repair
staff
Admitting
(in electrical installations with a simple visual diagram)
Work manager,
having group IV
Admitting Technical activities
providing security
Technical events,
providing
work safety
Carry out the necessary shutdowns and
take measures to prevent the filing
stress at the place of work due to
erroneous or spontaneous
switching on switching devices;
On manual and key drives
remote control
to hang out the switching devices
prohibition posters;
Check the absence of voltage on
live parts that must
be grounded to protect people from
electric shock;
Install grounding;
Post directional posters
"Grounded" Technical activities
Make the necessary shutdowns and ...
take action to make it impossible
supplying voltage to the place of work. Technical activities
On manual drives and on remote keys
management to post prohibition posters Technical activities
Check the absence of voltage on live parts, which should
be grounded to protect people from electric shock Technical activities
Install portable earthing Technical activities
Hang up posters "Grounded",
Secure if necessary
jobs and remaining under
voltage live parts
And post prescriptive and warning posters Direct and indirect
touch
A conductive part is a part that can conduct electric current.
Live part - a conductive part of an electrical installation located in
the process of its work under operating voltage, including zero
a working conductor (but not a PEN conductor).
Open conductive part - accessible
conductive part
electrical installations normally not located
energized, but which may be
energized if damaged main
isolation.
Third-party conductive part - conductive
part that is not part of the electrical installation. Direct and indirect
touch
Direct touch electrical contact of people
or animals with live
parts under
tension.
Indirect touch -
electrical contact of people
or animals with open
conductive parts
caught up in
voltage at
damage to insulation. Protective measures against direct
touching
Insulation of live parts.
Accommodation outside the zone
reach.
Fences and enclosures.
Barriers.
Ultra low
(low) voltage.
V e. At voltage up to 1 kV
use an RCD.
> 2.5 m
< 2,5 мThe principle of operation of the RCD
The principle of RCD is extremely simple
and is based on the first law
Kirchhoff, namely on
one of his readings
sounding like: "... in any
node, sum of currents
directed to the node is
the sum of currents directed
from the node ... ". Protection measures against indirect
touching
Automatic shutdown
Protective earth
Potential equalization
Potential equalization
Double insulation
Ultra low voltage
Protective separation of circuits
Isolation zones, platforms Earthing
deliberate electrical connection
any point in the network, electrical installation or
equipment with a grounding device. The principle of automatic
circuit breaker
Circuit breaker
designed to control the current in
chains. His task is to prevent
the emergence of the so-called
overcurrents, the strength of which exceeds
the maximum value for
this wiring.
In practice, this situation can
happen when connecting too
heavy load (large amount
powerful electrical appliances) or
due to short circuit
(contact of phase and zero
wires - in most cases this
occurs due to insulation failure). Touch voltage and
step tension
Touch voltage - voltage
between two points, circuit closure
to the ground, while
touching them with a person
Step voltage - voltage between
two points of the current circuit, which is one
from another at a distance (0.8m) and at which
a man is standing at the same time.
Potential equalization - reduction
potential difference (step voltage)
with protective conductors
laid on the surface and attached
to the grounding conductor. Universal scheme of actions Grounding systems
with respect to source neutral
Where
connected
neutral
source
T
T
I
Where
connected
corps
receivers
N
T
T
T - ground
N - deafly grounded
source neutral
nutrition
I - insulation IT TT TN-C TN-S TN-C-S Personnel categories
1. Electrical:
–
Administrative and technical - managers and specialists, on
who are entrusted with the responsibility for organizing the technical and
operational maintenance, repair, installation and
commissioning work in electrical installations
–
Operational is the personnel performing operational management
and maintenance of electrical installations (inspection, operational switching,
preparation of the workplace, admission and supervision of workers,
performance of work in the order of current operation)
–
The repairman is the personnel who provide maintenance
and repair, installation, adjustment and testing of electrical equipment
–
Operational repair personnel are maintenance personnel specially
trained and prepared for operational service in
the approved volume of electrical installations assigned to it
2. Electrotechnological
3. Non-electrical Types of knowledge tests on
electrical safety
Primary
Another
Extraordinary Special work Types of premises by degree
danger of defeat email. shocked
Premises without increased danger
Premises with increased danger
Particularly dangerous premises
Territories of open electrical installations Enterprises
oilfield
ennogo
complex
Trade
centers
Educational
establishments
Electronic receivers III cat
Hospitals
Enterprises
federal
meaning
Connection
Strategic
objects
Electronic receivers II cat
Electronic receivers I cat
Categories of electrical receivers
Civil
building
Enterprises
small
business
Trade
enterprises Electrical protective equipment
Electrical protective equipment - a means of protection against
electric shock intended for
ensuring electrical safety.
Basic electrical protective equipment
means the insulation of which withstands for a long time
the operating voltage of the electrical installation and which
allow you to work on live parts,
energized.
Additional electrical protective equipment
Funds that by themselves cannot, given
stress
to provide
protection
from
defeat
electric shock, but supplement fixed assets
protection, and also serve to protect against voltage
touch and step stress. Electrical protective equipment
(main)
Up to 1000 V
Above 1000 V
Insulating rods
Insulating pliers
Voltage indicators
Electronic measuring
pincers
Dielectric
gloves
Hand Held Tool
Insulating rods
Insulating pliers
Voltage indicators
Electrical
pincers Timing of periodic tests
electrical protective equipment up to 1 kV
Dielectric gloves, ladders and stepladders dielectric.
1 time in 6 months.
Voltage indicators
1 time in 12 months.
Dielectric rubber galoshes
1 time in 12 months.
Bench and assembly tool with isolator handles
1 time in 12 months.
Electrical pliers
1 time in 24 months.
Dielectric rubber mats
1 time in 24 months.
Insulating pliers
1 time in 24 months.
Insulating stands
1 time in 36 months. 12
10
8
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
6
4
2
0
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4 Multimeter Indicator screwdriver IEK OP-2E Classes of electrical equipment
0-class
0I-class
II-class
I-class
III-class
power tool Manual check
power tool Emergency engine stop
Disconnection from the network in the following cases:
- in case of accidents with people;
- the appearance of smoke or fire from the motor housing;
- breakdown of the drive
mechanism;
- a sharp increase
vibration of bearings
unit;
- bearing heating
over the allowable
temperature. Technique without. using
power tool Classification of conductors in
electrical installations
Blue - to indicate the neutral working conductor of the electrical
networks (N)
The combination of yellow and green is used to indicate
protective conductor, grounding or zero protective (PE)
A combination of yellow and green along the entire length of the conductor, and with blue
marking at the ends denotes a combined zero working (N) and
zero protective (PE) conductors, and is marked (PEN)
Black, brown, red, purple, gray, pink,
white, orange and turquoise colors which are mainly used for
phase designation (L).
Up to 1 kV
Above 1 kV
L1
L2
L3 Switchgear
Complies with PUE
Does not correspond to PUE Safety requirements for
working with a megohmmeter
General requirements
conditions. Safety requirements for
working with a megohmmeter
General requirements
Persons from among the electrical engineering are allowed to work with the megohmmeter.
personnel trained in safe work practices.
In electrical installations over 1000, work is carried out according to a permit
In electrical installations up to 1000 work is carried out by order.
Measurement of insulation resistance with a megohmmeter is allowed to be performed
one employee who has a tolerance group III for electrical safety.
It is forbidden to carry out insulation tests when a thunderstorm is approaching, as well as
the same in premises of a class of increased danger and in especially unfavorable
conditions. Types of megohmmeters
Digital megohmmeter E6-24-production Russia
Digital megohmmeter MIT-1020 made in germany
Analog megohmmeter ES-02 production of the USSR TB when installing and removing
fuses
1. Remove / install - with de-energized!
2. It is allowed to remove / install under voltage only without
loads!
3. In the presence of voltage and load, it is allowed
remove / install in: secondary circuits, fuses
voltage transformers, plug type fuses.
PPE when installing / removing fuses while energized:
- up to 1000 V: insulating pliers or dielectric gloves,
face and eye protection;
- over 1000 V: insulating clamps (rods) and dielectric
gloves, face and eye protection. Occupational Safety and Health
Types of briefings
Internship,
duplication
Knowledge tests ... Occupational Safety and Health
The system of preserving the life and health of workers in
process labor activity including in
myself:
- Legal,
- Socio-economic,
- Organizational and technical,
- Sanitary and hygienic,
- Treatment-and-prophylactic,
- Rehabilitation, etc. Types of briefings
Introductory
Primary in the workplace
Repeated
Target
Unscheduled The work of seconded personnel The work of vehicles in
electrical installations
In existing electrical installations, such work is carried out according to
Drivers must have a group
alongside.
II.
The passage of cars must be carried out under the supervision of one of the
employees (from the number of operational personnel, an employee who issued
outfit, responsible manager) or in electrical installations up to 1000 V -
a work contractor who has group IV, and when performing construction and installation work in the security zone of the overhead line, under the supervision of the responsible
manager or supervisor of work with group III.
The speed of movement of hoisting machines and mechanisms on the outdoor switchgear. Should
be no more than 10 km / h.
Grounding is required for all work in the outdoor switchgear and within the security
zones of overhead lines without removing the voltage. No need to ground the lifting
tracked vehicles when installed directly on the ground.
Under the overhead line, cars, hoisting machines and mechanisms must
drive through the places of the least sagging of the wires (at the supports). Personnel training before
independent work
An internship is a practical learning
directly on the job skills
performing a job or a group of jobs,
acquired in professional training.
Duplication is the control of an electrical installation
or performing other functions in the workplace,
performed under the supervision of a person
responsible for the preparation of the understudy. The employee is obliged:
Comply with labor protection requirements,
Correctly apply the means of individual and collective
protection,
Undergo training, instruction on labor protection, internship at
workplace, testing knowledge of labor protection requirements,
Report immediately any life-threatening situation and
health of people,
Report every accident that occurs on
production, or about the deterioration of their health,
Undergo medical examinations. Ladders and
stepladders Warning signs Indicating signs Prohibiting
signs
Prescribing
signs Degrees of protection of enclosures according to
international system IPxx Personnel protection and protection from
hitting solids Protection against water ingress Additional letters Work at height.
Work at height includes work when:
Works are performed on
fenced areas or
height of fences less than 1.1m
at a distance closer than 2m from
differences in height over
1.8m.
There are risks associated with
possible fall
worker from a height of 1.8 m and
more. Work at height.
ascending or descending
exceeding 5m in height,
vertical ladder, tilt angle
which to the horizontal
surfaces over 75 degrees.
There are risks associated with possible
falling of an employee from a height of less than 1.8 m,
if work is done on machines or
machinery, water surface or
protruding objects. Work at height.
Requirements for employees:
Allowed to work at height
skilled workers who have achieved
age 18 years old, passed medical
inspection (preliminary and periodic).
Allowed after carrying out:
- briefings on labor protection,
- a safe method of work at height,
- training and testing of knowledge on protection
labor, with the issuance of a certificate. Work at height.
Ensuring the safety of work at height
If possible, exclude
work at height.
If not possible, then:
- to ensure the use
inventory scaffolding,
scaffolds,
- devices and means
bending,
use of lifts
(towers),
- building facade
lifts,
suspended scaffolding,
cradles,
machines or mechanisms,
as well as VHC and PPE
The employer must:
- organize holding
technical and technological
activity;
- development and approval
technological maps for
manufacturing jobs;
- fences;
- hanging warning
and prescriptive posters
(signs);
- use of VHC and PPE Work at height.
Individual protection means:
Leash, strapping
Safety ropes (ropes, cords,
loops) - use static ropes,
made from synthetic fibers.
The belay and descender devices slow down the rope passing through them.
Auxiliary devices - carbines,
blocks, rollers, rigging plates
Construction helmets Work at height.
In a thunderstorm or fog,
excluding visibility in
within the scope of work, as well as
with ice from icy
designs and in cases
the build-up of the ice wall on
wires, equipment,
engineering structures,
trees.
Work in open
places at speed
winds of 15m / s and more.
During installation (dismantling)
designs with a large
sail at speed
wind 10m / s and more.
FORBIDDEN! Fire safety
Fire extinguishers
Scheme of action for
fire
Hot work ... PB requirements for
When operating existing electrical installations, it is prohibited:
1. The use of electrical consumers in conditions that do not correspond to
the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions;
2. Connect electrical wires with damaged or lost
insulation properties;
3. Use damaged sockets, circuit breakers, etc .;
4. Wrap the luminaires with flammable materials, and
to operate without lenses provided by the design,
caps, etc. PB requirements for
operation of electrical installations.
6. Use electric heating devices that do not have thermal
protection, without non-combustible heat-insulating supports;
7. Apply self-made electric heating devices, use
uncalibrated inserts and other non-standard methods of protection against
overloads;
8. Place at electrical panels, electric motors and starting equipment
flammable substances;
9. Operate electric heaters in the absence or
malfunctions of thermostats provided by the design;
10. Leave switched on electrical installations and electrical receivers outside the working
time in rooms where there is no staff on duty, except for the OPS,
fire safety and fire extinguishing installations. Storage and accounting rules
fire extinguishers
Installation standards:
- protection from adverse
factors (temperature, protection
from radiation, vibration, aggressive
environment, humidity, etc.);
- the height and location of the indicators and
fire extinguishers;
- the number of fire extinguishers;
- accounting, replacement. Types of fire extinguishers. The procedure for using a fire extinguisher The scheme of actions in case of fire.
If you notice a fire or signs of burning, you
are obliged to:
1. Immediately inform the fire brigade by phone
(name the address of the object, the place of the fire, your
surname);
2. Take measures to evacuate people, material
values;
3. Take measures to extinguish the fire. Responsibilities of the manager Hot work
Fire safety requirement during
hot works consist of:
1. Requirement of fire safety to the venue
hot work (room standards, standards
location of equipment and combustible / non-combustible
materials, hot work area, etc.).
2. Rules for conducting hot work (requirement for
tool, personnel, etc.) Hot work Electrical equipment
warehouse premises.
Warehouse electrical equipment
the end of the working day should
de-energize! (except for systems
automatic fire extinguishing and
fire alarm)
Devices to disconnect
the power supply of the warehouse must
be located outside the warehouse on the wall from
non-flammable materials or separately
standing support, enclosed in a cabinet or
niche with adapt. for sealing
and locked. VI First aid
Universal
scheme
Burns
Clinical death
Accident
Wounds
Bleeding ... Reasons for defeat
electric shock
Touching live parts under
tension;
Touching disconnected parts of the equipment, on
which stress can take place:
- in case of residual charge;
- in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation, or
uncoordinated actions of the service personnel;
- in the event of a lightning strike in or near an electrical installation;
- touching non-live metal parts
or related electrical equipment (enclosures,
casings, fences) after the transition of voltage to them
from live parts (occurrence of an emergency situation -
breakdown on the case). Reasons for defeat
electric shock
Defeat by tension of a step or stay of a person in
field of spreading of electric current, in the event of a ground fault;
Electric arc damage with voltage
electrical installation above 1kV, when approaching
unacceptably short distance;
The action of atmospheric electricity during thunderstorms
discharges;
Liberation of an energized person.
A person cannot remotely determine whether there is
installation energized or not! The effect of electric current on
human organism.
The effect of electric current on the body
a person wears a complex and versatile
character. Passing through the body
human, electric current produces
thermal, electrolytic and
biological impact. Electric current action
on the human body.
The thermal effect of the current implies the appearance of burns on the body.
different forms, overheating of blood vessels and disturbance
functionality internal organs who are on drink
current flow.
The electrolytic effect is manifested in the splitting of blood and other
organic fluid in the tissues of the body causing significant
changes in its physical and chemical composition.
Biological action causes malfunction
muscular system. Involuntary convulsive
muscle contractions, such an effect on the respiratory system is dangerous and
circulation, such as the lungs and heart, this can lead to
disruption of their normal work, including absolute
termination of their functionality. Factors
affecting
Exodus
defeat
electric
shocked
Duration
impact
Way
The quantity
current
Gender and frequency Current paths
40%
6%
83%
15%
20%
4%
87%
92%
17%
5%
80%
88%
17% - Frequency of occurrence
80% - the proportion of those who have lost consciousness Factors affecting outcome
electric shock
shocked
Symptoms
Alternating current
50 Hz
Constant
current
0.50 - 0.75 mA
1 - 1.25 mA
1.1 mA
6 mA
Painful sensations in the hand
3 - 5 mA
6 - 10 mA
Sharp increase in pain, pain covers
whole hand
8 - 10 mA
10 - 25 mA
Not felt
Light tingling Factors affecting outcome
electric shock
shocked
Symptoms
Alternating current
50 Hz
Constant
current
Arm muscle cramps. Hands are hard
tear off the electrodes
11 - 15 mA
25 - 50 mA
Severe pain. Hindered
breath. Difficulty in the work of the heart
15 - 25 mA
50 - 80 mA
Respiratory paralysis. The beginning of the flutter
ventricles of the heart
50 - 70 mA
200 - 300 mA
Respiratory paralysis. With prolonged
exposure (more than 3 seconds)
cardiac fibrillation
70 - 380 mA
300 - 1600 mA CLASSIFICATION
ELECTRIC SHOCK
II degree
I degree
injured in
consciousness are observed
short-term
convulsive
muscle contractions
loss of consciousness,
convulsive contraction
muscles, heart function and
respiratory system
saved
III degree
loss of consciousness,
violation of either cardiac
activities or
breath (or both
the other together).
IV degree
clinical death RELEASE RULES
FROM CURRENT
ELEMENT
Reset
The rescuer must
work in PPE
Reset
insulating
barbell wire with
the victim
Act
insulating
barbell or
isolating
ticks
designed for
appropriate
voltage
Drag away
victim for
clothes at least
than 8 meters from
touch points
earth wire or
from equipment. HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF?
Stand on dry boards, logs,
rolled dry clothes
rubber mat or put on,
dielectric galoshes.
Wear dielectric gloves
or wrap your hand with a dry cloth,
scarf or sleeve hem.
Do not touch metal
objects and to the victim's body
You can touch
only its dry
clothes! RELEASE METHODS
FROM CURRENT
ELEMENT
Any dry, non-conductive object
(stick, board, rope, etc.) remove
current-carrying element
Pull the victim by the collar or floor
clothes. Cut the wire with a dry ax
with a wooden ax.
Have a snack (each phase separately!)
nippers with insulated handles. HIGH VOLTAGE
ELECTRIC INJURIES
Characterized by severe
scalded deep
located tissues
up to their charring.
Deep
hemorrhages, fractures
bones.
Outwardly, these manifestations
invisible, however
aftermath condition
the victim may sharply
worsen. RULES FOR LEAVING THE AREA
CURRENT EXPANSION
Moving in the spreading zone
current, use
dielectric galoshes and
rugs, dry boards
In the absence of protective
means to leave the zone
current spreading follows
in short steps,
moving your legs without taking them off
from the ground and one foot from
the other is 8 meters. Electrical trauma
exposure trauma
electric current or electric arc
Visual signs
electrical injuries are
"Current signs" located
at entry and exit points
electric charge Typical species
electrical injuries
electrical burns;
electrical signs;
metallization of the skin;
electrophthalmia;
electric shock. HELP IN DAMAGE
TOKOM
FORBIDDEN!
Stop resuscitation
activities before
qualified assistance
FORBIDDEN!
Touch the victim without
preliminary de-energization BURNS
Tissue damage
organism caused
action of high
temperature or
action by some
chemical substances
(alkalis, acids,
heavy salts
metals, etc.). TYPES OF BURNS
1. THERMAL
2. ELECTRICAL
3. CHEMICAL
HOT OBJECTS
STEAM / HOT AIR
BOILING WATER
CURRENT CONTACT
LIGHTNING
ALKALI
ACID DEGREE OF BURNS
NO BURN
STAGE 1
REDDING AND
SWELLING
FORMED A STEK
PAIN ARISES
2 DEGREE
FORMED
BUBBLES
DEVELOPING
STRONG PAIN
3-4 DEGREE
DEATH
SKIN
CHARRING
SKIN, MUSCLE BURN HELP 1-2
DEGREES
1. SUBSTITUTE
2. SUPPLY
UNDER A JET OF COLD WATER FOR 10-15
MIN (APPLY ICE FOR 20-30 MIN)
STERILE BANDAGE
FORBIDDEN!
Lubricate the burnt surface
oils and fats
FORBIDDEN!
Apply ice
directly to the wound BURN AID 3
DEGREES
1. CLOSE
2. APPEND
CLEAN DRY CLOTH
OVER DRY FABRIC ICE
FORBIDDEN!
Rinse with water
FORBIDDEN!
Bandage the burnt surface HEATSTROKE
SYMPTOM
AND
Loss of consciousness
The presence of a pulse
Preceded
dizziness and
weakness
High
temperature
skin
HELP HEATSTROKE
1. HIDE
2.ACCEPT
IN COOL
ROOMS
HORIZONTALLY
E POSITION
UNLOCK
CLOTHES
FORBIDDEN!
Drink alcohol or
drinks containing caffeine. They
cause dehydration.
3. WET
4. DRINK
BODY
COOL
WATER
SMALL
By sips
COOL
SALINED
WATER
REMEMBER!
If there is no pulse, proceed to
resuscitation
Apply cold to your head
and breasts FAINTING
signs
Loss of consciousness
Cold snap
skin
Preceded
dizziness and
weakness
Pallor of the skin
Goes
short
time (up to 5 minutes) FAINTING
1. Make sure
In stock
heart rate on
carotid artery
FORBIDDEN!
Apply a heating pad
to the stomach or
lower back with pain in
stomach or
repeated fainting
2. Release
Chest
from clothes and
unfasten
belt
REMEMBER!
If there is no pulse
proceed to
resuscitation
3. Raise
Legs, head
lower below
torso
REMEMBER!
If consciousness is not
appeared -
turn on the side
and apply the cold
to the head
4. Press down
On pain
point (give
smell
ammonia)
FORBIDDEN!
Feed in case
hungry
fainting
(you can give
sweet tea) STATE OF COMA
signs
Loss of consciousness
Absence
reflexes
Possible vomiting
and involuntary
urination
The presence of a pulse
No response to
external
irritants STATE OF COMA
1.Give
2. Delete
3. Attach
To the victim
stable lateral
position
Mucus and contents
stomach
Chill to the head
FORBIDDEN!
Leave a man in
to lie in a coma
on the back
Delete periodically
from the mouth
mucus and contents
stomach with
napkins
Can be used
ice pack or
bottles and bags with
cold water or
snow, or
hypothermic package STABLE SIDE POSITION
1
The hand that is closer to you
place near the head in
extended position
2
Bend the leg farthest from you
injured knee
3
Supporting your head with one hand and
the victim's neck, take it
by the knee and turn towards you
4
The foot will rest on the ground and will not give
the victim falls on his stomach, and
the hand will hold the head in
lowered state CLINICAL DEATH
SIGNS (10 SEC.)
Loss of consciousness
Lack of pulse
Extension
pupils
Absence
breathing REANIMATION ACTIONS
Resuscitation (revival) -
system of measures aimed
for recovery
vital functions of the organism and
removing it from the terminal
(borderline between life and
death of the state).
Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation is indirect
heart massage and
artificial ventilation
lungs. PRECARDIAL IMPACT
1. RELEASE
2. COVER
3. APPLY
Chest from
clothes and unfasten
belt
With two fingers
xiphoid process
Punching on
sternum
FORBIDDEN!
FORBIDDEN!
To strike at
xiphoid process or
to the clavicle
Strike at
the presence of a pulse on the sleepy
arteries
FORBIDDEN!
Stab at the sternum
and carry out indirect
heart massage is not
freeing the chest
and without removing the waist belt CLINICAL DEATH
4. DO
5. START
6. EXECUTE
"INHALATION" of artificial
breathing
Indirect massage
hearts
Resuscitation complex
FORBIDDEN!
Take a "breath"
artificial
breath without pinching
pre-nose
the victim
FORBIDDEN!
Position your palm like this
so the thumb
was aimed at
lifeguard
With constriction of the pupils,
but lack
palpitations
need resuscitation
carry out before arrival
staff ON HIGH
FORBIDDEN!
Spend time
to provide
assistance for
height
REMEMBER!
The main task -
how can you
lower faster
victim with
heights to
proceed to
providing
assistance in
comfortable and
safe
conditions Exam
each
Thursday
from 9-00 to 10-00 Friends,
Thank you for the attention!
ALL GOOD electrical safety
–
system
organizational
and
technical measures and means to ensure the protection of people
from harmful and dangerous effects of electric current,
electric arc, electromagnetic field and static discharges
electricity.
Characteristics of the dependence of a person's electric shock
Electric shock to a person is possible onlypossible with:
touching open live parts of the equipment and
wires;
touching the enclosures of electrical installations accidentally found
energized (insulation damage);
step voltage;
the release of a person under stress;
the action of an electric arc;
exposure to atmospheric electricity during thunderstorms
discharges.
Electric current passing through the human body,
has a complex effect on him:
thermal;
electrolytic;
biological;
mechanical.
The impact of electric current on the human body
The thermal effect of the current manifests itself in burns of the body,heating and damage to blood vessels, nerves, blood, brain
and other organs, which causes their serious functional
disorders.
The electrolytic effect of the current is manifested in
decomposition of blood and other body fluids, causes
significant violations of their physical and chemical composition, as well as
fabrics in general.
The biological effect of the current is expressed mainly in
breaking biological processes flowing in live
the body, which is accompanied by destruction and excitement
tissues, as well as muscle contraction.
The mechanical action of the current is manifested in the rupture of the skin,
blood vessels, nervous tissue, as well as joint dislocations and
even bone fractures due to sudden involuntary
convulsive muscle contractions under the influence of a current passing
through the human body.
Types of electric shock
electrical injuries - electrical burns,electrical signs,
electrometallization of the skin,
electrophthalmia and mechanical damage;
electrical shocks refer to the type of injury,
which occur when exposed to small currents
(of the order of several hundred milliamperes) and voltages up to
1000 V
Electrical injury
An electrical burn can be caused by an electric arc(arc burn) or the passage of current through the human body in
as a result of its contact with the live part (current burn).
Electrical signs (current signs or electrical marks)
represent dead spots on human skin,
exposed to the current.
Electrometallization of the skin is due to penetration into
its upper layers of the smallest particles of metal melted under
the action of an electric arc.
Electrophthalmia - inflammation of the outer membranes of the eyes,
resulting from exposure to a stream of ultraviolet
rays.
Mechanical damage occurs as a result of sudden
involuntary convulsive muscle contractions under the influence
current.
4 degrees of electric shock
Depending on the resulting consequenceselectrical shocks are divided into four degrees:
I - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
II - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but
with preserved breathing and heart work;
III - loss of consciousness and heart failure
activity or breathing (or both);
IV - a state of clinical death (lack of breathing
and blood circulation).
Factors affecting the outcome of a person's electric shock
The severity of an electric shock depends on the wholea number of factors:
current strength values;
kind and frequency of electric current;
paths for the passage of current through a person;
the duration of the passage of current through a person;
voltage;
electrical resistance of the human body and its individual
properties;
area and density of contact with live parts;
environmental conditions.
The main factor determining this or that
the degree of damage to a person is the current strength.
The degree of electric shock
To characterize the effect of electric currentthere are three criteria per person:
threshold
tangible
current
(least
meaning
strength
electric current, which causes, when passing through the body
human perceptible irritation);
threshold non-release current (the smallest value of the force
electric current, causing irresistible convulsive
contraction of the muscles of the hand in which the conductor is clamped);
threshold fibrillation current (the lowest value of the current strength,
causing fibrillation when passing through the human body
hearts - chaotic and multi-temporal contractions of fibers
heart muscle, completely disrupting the work of the heart as
pump).
Ways of passage of electric current into the human body
Muchdangerous
are considered
the way
passing through vital organs (heart,
lungs, brain):
"Head - hand";
"Head - legs";
"Hand - hand";
"hands-legs".
Characteristic current paths in the human body
Causes of electric shock to a person
Electric shock to a person is possible onlywhen an electrical circuit is closed through the human body. it
maybe when:
two-phase connection to the circuit;
single-phase connection to the circuit - wires, terminals, buses, etc .;
human contact with non-conductive parts of the equipment (housing
machine tool,
device),
constructive
elements
building,
energized as a result of insulation failure
wiring and live parts.
Two-phase connection to the circuit a - isolated neutral; b - grounded neutral; A, B, C - phase wires; PEM - zero protective and zero
Two-phase connection to the circuita - isolated neutral;
b - grounded neutral;
A, B, C - phase wires;
PEM - zero protective and zero working conductors,
combined into one conductor
Single-phase contact in a network with a grounded neutral a - normal operation; b - emergency operation (the second phase is damaged); R0
- grounding resistance of the neutral wire;Rк - resistance of the wire to ground
Single-phase contact in a network with isolated neutral a - normal operation; b - emergency mode of operation (the second phase is damaged)
Protection measures against electric shock
insulation of live parts (applying dielectricmaterial - plastics, rubber, varnishes, paints, enamels, etc.);
double insulation - in case of damage to the worker;
overhead lines, cables in the ground;
fencing of electrical installations;
blocking
devices,
automatically
disconnecting
voltage of electrical installations when removing protective covers from them
and fences;
low voltage (no more than 42 V) for lighting in conditions
increased danger;
insulation of the workplace (floor, flooring);
grounding or grounding of electrical installations, which
may be energized if the insulation is damaged;
equalization of electrical potentials;
automatic shutdown of electrical installations;
warning signaling (sound, light) when
the appearance of voltage on the body of the installation;
inscriptions, posters, signs;
individual protection means.
GOST 12.1.030 are subject to protective grounding:
1. Metal non-current-carrying parts of the equipment, towho can touch people;
2. All electrical installations in rooms with increased
danger and especially dangerous, as well as outdoor
electrical installations at a voltage of 42 V AC
current and 110 V DC;
3. All electrical installations of alternating current in the premises
without increased danger 380 V and alternating 440 V and
above;
4. all electrical installations in hazardous areas.
Types of protective equipment against electric shock
Electrical protective equipment is divided into:insulating (basic and additional);
enclosing;
safety
Basic insulating protective equipment
Basic insulating protective equipment hasinsulation capable of withstanding operating voltage for a long time
electrical installations, and therefore they are allowed to touch current carrying
live parts. These include:
in electrical installations up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves,
insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamping pliers,
fitter's tool with insulating handles, and
also voltage indicators;
in electrical installations above 1000 V - insulating rods,
insulating and electrical clamps, voltage indicators,
as well as funds for repair work under voltages above 1000
V.
Additional insulating protective equipment
Additional insulating protective equipment is notable to withstand the operating voltage of the electrical installation. They
enhance the protective effect of the main insulating agents,
together with which they should be applied. Additional
funds alone cannot provide security
service personnel. These include:
in electrical installations up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes and carpets, and
also insulating supports;
in electrical installations above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots
and carpets, as well as insulating coasters.
Insulating protective equipment 1, 3 - insulating rods; 2 - insulating pliers; 4 - dielectric gloves; 5 - dielectric bots; 6 - d
Insulating protective equipment1, 3 - insulating rods; 2 - insulating pliers; 4 - dielectric gloves;
5 - dielectric bots; 6 - dielectric galoshes; 7 - rubber mats
and tracks; 8 - insulating support; 9 - fitter's tools with isolated
handles; 10 - current clamp; 11, 12, 13 - voltage indicators
Shielding protective equipment
Shielding protective equipment is intended fortemporary fencing of live parts and warning
erroneous operations with switching devices.
These include: temporary portable fences - shields and
fencing-cages, insulating pads, temporary portable
grounding and warning posters.
Safety protective equipment
Safety protective equipment is intended forindividual protection of workers from light, heat and other
impacts.
These include: safety glasses; special mittens,
protective helmets; gas masks; safety belts;
safety
ropes;
repairmen
claws,
individual
shielding kits and portable shielding devices and
dr.
First aid in case of injury caused by injury
electric shock, consists of two stages:
release of the victim from the action of the current;
providing the victim with first aid.
First aid rules for victims of electric shock
In the event of an electric shock, as soon as possible,rather to free the victim from the action of the current, since
the severity of the electrical injury depends on the duration of its action.
Signs by which you can quickly determine the condition
victim:
consciousness: clear, absent, impaired (the victim is inhibited),
the person is agitated;
color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes): pink,
bluish, pale;
breathing: normal, absent, impaired (wrong,
superficial, wheezing);
pulse on the carotid arteries: well defined (the rhythm is correct
or incorrect), poorly defined, absent;
pupils: narrow, wide.
First aid rules for victims of electric shock (at voltages up to 1000 V)
At voltages up to 1000 V to separate the victim fromlive parts, you can use any non-conductive
current with objects: wrap a hand with a scarf, pull it off by the clothes,
stand on a dry cloth roll, dry board.
Even with your bare hand you can pull on dry clothes,
lagging behind the body (behind the collar, strap, jacket floor).
Do not pull on trousers or shoes that may be
damp or have metal parts in contact with the body.
Release of the victim from the action of current in installations up to 1000 V by pulling by dry clothing
First aid rules for victims of electric shock (at voltages over 1000 V)
If an installation with a voltage of more than 1000 V isdisconnection is impossible, then use any
improvised means such as a stick, board, or dry clothing
it is forbidden.
In this case, you must wear dielectric gloves and
bots and drag the victim away from the parts of the installation that are
energized using insulating protective equipment,
designed for this voltage (rods, pliers for
fuses or mats), or trigger an automatic
shutdown the installation by arranging a short circuit in it
a safe distance from the victim.
Releasing the victim from the action of current in installations above 1000 V by throwing the wire with an insulating rod
Step voltage
Step voltage - potential difference between twopoints on the earth's surface in the current spreading zone, which
are at a step distance (0.8 m).
The reason for the appearance of step voltage is
the formation of electrical potentials on the surface of the earth in
within the current spreading field (closure in the ground, which occurs when
falling of an electric wire to the ground, short circuit of current carrying
parts to a grounded housing, between ground points or other
the surface on which the person stands with both feet)
Step voltage
Step voltage depends on:current strength;
potential distribution over the earth's surface;
stride length;
position (distance) of a person relative to grounding;
directions in relation to the point of closure.
Step voltage and man
A step voltage is considered safe if it is notexceeds 40 V.
The closer the person is to the place of touch
wires to the ground, the higher the step voltage it
will turn out to be.
At a distance of more than 20 m from the place of short circuit of the current carrying
parts to the ground potential is reduced very significantly.
If a person is under the influence of step voltage,
then it is necessary to leave the electric current spreading zone
in small steps (the length of the foot), sliding the sole of the shoe on the ground,
without raising your legs.
In accordance with the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations
(PUE) in relation to the danger of electric shock to people
current differ:
1. Premises without increased danger, in which
2.1 dampness
or conductive
dust; increased or
absent
conditions creating
danger. floors (metal, earthen,
2.2 special
conductive
2.Rooms are brick
with
danger,
reinforced concrete,
and increased
etc.);
characterized by
2.3 high
temperature; the presence in them of one of
following simultaneous
conditions,
creating
increased
2.4 features
touching
person to
danger:
metal structures connected to the ground
buildings, technological devices, mechanisms, etc., with
one
parties,
and
To
metal
buildings
electrical equipment - on the other.
Classification of industrial premises for the risk of electric shock
3.Particularly dangerous premises characterized by
the presence of one of the following conditions creating
special danger:
3.1 special dampness;
3.2 chemically active or organic environment;
3.3 simultaneously two or more conditions of increased
dangers
4.
Territories
placement
external
electrical installations. With regard to the danger of injury
of people
electric
shocked
these
territory
are equated to especially dangerous premises.
Characteristics of industrial premises for electrical safety
Damp rooms are rooms in whichrelative air humidity exceeds 75% for a long time.
Dusty rooms are rooms in which
according to the production conditions, technological dust is emitted in
such an amount that it can settle on the wires, penetrate
inside machines, apparatus, etc.
Hot rooms are rooms in which
under the influence of various thermal radiation temperature
exceeds constantly or periodically more than 1 day. + 35 ° C
(for example,
premises
with
dryers,
drying
and
kilns, boiler rooms, etc.).
Particularly damp rooms are rooms in which
which relative humidity is close to 100% (ceiling,
walls, floor and objects in the room are covered
moisture).
Rooms with chemically active or organic
the environment is called the premises in which constantly or during
contains aggressive vapors, gases,
liquids, deposits or molds are formed that destroy
insulation and live parts of electrical equipment.
Static electricity
Static charges are generated by deformationsolids, splashing liquids, moving (friction)
solids, loose and liquid bodies.
Under static electricity is taken
understand electrical discharges in
state of relative rest, distributed on
surface or in the bulk of the dielectric or on
surface of the current conductor.
Moving
charges
static
electricity
v
space usually occurs together with electrified
bodies.
The effect of static electricity on the human body
For a person, discharges of staticpose a direct danger.
electricity
not
Human exposure to static electricity can
manifest itself as a weak long-term current or in
the form of a short-term discharge passing through his body.
Such a discharge causes a reflex movement in a person.
On the human body, static electricity can
accumulate:
when wearing shoes with electrically non-conductive soles,
when wearing clothes and underwear made of wool, silk and artificial
fibers;
when performing a number of manual operations with dielectric substances.
Normalization of the electrostatic field
Normalizedparameter
field strength E, (V / m)
ESP
is an
Maximum permissible levels of tension
electrostatic fields (EPD) are installed in
depending on the time spent by the staff at
workplaces and should not exceed:
when exposed to 1 h - 60 kV / m;
when exposed to more than 1 to 9 hours, the value of the EPD
determined by the formula:
EPD 60 T,
where T is time, h.
Static Protection Measures
To prevent the possibility of occurrencedangerous
spark
discharges
static
electricity
with
surface
equipment,
pipelines, as well as from the human body, it is necessary
ensure the drainage of charges in the following ways:
discharge of charges by grounding the equipment and
communications;
ensuring constant electrical contact with
grounding of the human body;
removal of charges by reducing the specific volume
electrical resistances;
neutralization
charges
by
use
radioisotope,
induction
and
others
neutralizers.
Atmospheric electricity
Discharges of atmospheric electricity - lightningcan cause explosions, fires and injury
of people.
Lightning
–
spark
discharge
static
electricity stored in thunderclouds.
The energy of a spark discharge of lightning and arising from
this currents pose a danger to humans, buildings
and structures. A direct lightning strike causes the following impacts on
an object:
- electrical, associated with the defeat of people
electric shock and the appearance of overvoltages on
affected elements.
- thermal, associated with a sharp release of heat
- mechanical, caused by a shock wave,
lightning spreading from the channel, and
electrodynamic forces acting on
conductors with lightning currents. Secondary manifestations
Electrostatic induction
Electromagnetic induction
Skidding of high potentials
Protection against atmospheric electricity
Lightning protection complex of protective devices,designed to ensure the safety of people,
safety of buildings and structures, equipment and
materials from possible explosions, fires and
destruction
Lightning rods
Lightning protection from direct lightning strikes to groundobjects are carried out in the form of special devices,
called lightning rods.
By design, lightning rods are divided into:
rod;
cable.
Lightning rod device 1 - lightning rod; 2 - current lead; 3 - grounding; 4 - mast
14
2
3
Lightning rods
Single rod lightning rod - one verticala lightning rod installed on a protected structure or
near him.
Double rod lightning rod - two single
rod lightning rods, jointly acting and forming
common protection area.
Multiple rod lightning rod - three or more
single rod lightning rods, jointly acting and
forming a common protection zone.
Single catenary wire lightning rod - a device formed by
a horizontal cable fixed on two supports, each
of which the down conductor is laid, connected to
a separate earthing switch at their base.
Lightning protection categories
Depending on the explosion and fire hazard of objects,the average annual duration of thunderstorms, as well as
the expected number of lightning strikes per year
are established
3
categories
devices
lightning protection. Lightning protection categories
3 categories of lightning protection devices are established and
2 types (A, B) of protection zones for objects from direct impacts
lightning.
According to the third category, the protection of objects is organized,
In the second category, protection is carried out
attributable
according to PUE
to fire hazardous
class zones
P-I, P-II, s
TO
the first
categories
relate
objects
objects classified according to the PUE classification to
P-IIa when located
objects
in localities
explosive
zones
whatever
explosive
zones
classes
B-Ia,
B-I places
and
thunderstorm activity
20 hours
a year or more. (thunderstorm zone
protection
location
object
from for a long time
intensity
B-IIa in localities
with an average
thunderstorms
type A, B).
activities
(type of
zones
protection
objects A).
10 hours a year or more.
The third category is used to protect outdoor installations.
Protection zone type A or B
and open warehouses Buildings and structures classified by design
lightning protection to the first and second categories, must
be protected from direct lightning strikes, and secondary
manifestations through surface and underground metal
communications.
Buildings and structures classified by design
lightning protection to the third category, should be
protected from direct lightning strikes and skidding of high
potentials through ground metal structures.
Lightning protection zones
The lightning rod protection zone is part ofthe space within which the building and structure
protected from direct lightning strikes with a certain
the degree of reliability.
Type A protection zone has a degree of reliability
99.5% and above, and the type B protection zone is 95% and above.
Causes of electric shock Touching live parts that are energized; Touching disconnected parts of the equipment where voltage may occur: - in the event of a residual charge; –In case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; –In the event of a lightning strike in or near an electrical installation; - touching metal non-current-carrying parts or related electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfer to them from live parts (emergency situation, breakdown on the case). Damage by the voltage of a step or a person's stay in the field of spreading electric current, in the event of a short to ground. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Liberation of an energized person.
Causes of electrical injuries A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the path of current flow, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of receiving electrical injuries occurs not only when touched, but also through the voltage of the step.
The action of electric current on the human body Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical action. Common electrical injuries include electrical shock, in which the excitation process different groups muscles can lead to seizures, respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electrical signs, skin metallization, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (inflammation of the eyes as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
The nature of the effect of currents on the human body: ~ 50 Hz constant 1. Non-releasing mA mA 2. Fibrillating 100 mA 300 mA 3. Perceptible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA 4. A current is considered permissible at which a person can independently free yourself from the electrical circuit
Maximum permissible levels (PDU) of touch voltages and current strength in emergency mode of electrical installations in accordance with GOST: Type and frequency of current remote control, at t, s 0.01 - 0.08 over 1 Variable f = 50 Hz UDIUDID 650 V 36 V 6 mA Variable f = 400 Hz UDIUDId 650 V 36 V 6 mA Constant UDIUDID 650 V 40 V 15 mA
Classification of premises for the risk of electric shock (PUE) Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; presence of a chem. Active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Rooms with increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased t-ra air (t = + 35 С); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the ability to touch at the same time and to email. installation and to ground or to two el. installations at the same time. Class III premises. A little dangerous premises. There are no signs characteristic of the two previous classes. 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the ability to touch at the same time and to email. installation and to ground or to two el. installations at the same time. Class III premises. A little dangerous premises. There are no signs characteristic of the previous two classes. "> 
Resistance of the ground electrode according to PUE PUE: ground resistance should not exceed: in installations U 1000 V with effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents I from 1000 V with isolated neutral - 250 / Iz, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V with insulated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V, - 125 / Ic, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V). 1000 V with effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents If 1000 V with insulated neutral - 250 / Ic, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U> 1000 V with insulated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, - 125 / Ic, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if required for installations up to 1000 V). "> 
Zeroing Zeroing is intended to eliminate the danger of electric shock when shorting to the body of electrical installations operating under voltages up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a dead-grounded neutral. Zeroing is a deliberate connection of non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment that may be energized with a neutral protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and promotes the flow of high current through the network protection devices and quickly disconnects the damaged equipment from the network.
Protective equipment The main insulating electrical protective equipment is capable of withstanding the operating voltage of the electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electric measuring pincers, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main insulating agents. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating supports; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, rugs, insulating supports
Safety Posters and Signs Warning: Stop! Tension, Don't Get In! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People work, Do not include! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescribing: Work here, Get in here; Pointer: Grounded
Description of the presentation for individual slides:
1 slide
Slide Description:
Class hour on the prevention of children's electrical injuries "Electrical safety at home and on the street"
2 slide
Slide Description:
Goals class hour: 1. to generalize and expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about electricity; 2. to form an idea of how electricity acts on the human body; 3. to fix the rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances.
3 slide
Slide Description:
Guys! You know very well what an important role electricity plays in our lives. It gives us light, warmth, sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human labor. Electricity has taken such a firm place in our life that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our irreplaceable assistant. But, providing tremendous help to people, electricity is fraught with mortal danger for those who do not know or neglect the rules of electrical safety, handling household appliances, and violates the rules of behavior near power facilities. Any electrical installations pose a danger to human life. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
4 slide
Slide Description:
Electrical installations are equipment used by power engineers, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. A person, touching live parts of electrical installations and bare wires that are energized, is involved in an electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which violates normal work the body, which causes convulsions, breathing stops and the heart stops working. Overheating of certain parts of the body causes severe burns. A person dies or becomes disabled. Electrical installations are equipment that power engineers use, and everything that surrounds us in everyday life is electrical appliances. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
5 slide
Slide Description:
The greater the amount of current flowing through the body, the more dangerous it is! The magnitude of the current is the greater, the higher the voltage under which the person is. A voltage of 12 volts is considered safe. Most widespread in industry, agriculture and got to everyday life Electricity of the net, voltage 220 - 380 volts (220 volts - for lighting and household appliances, 380 volts - for three-phase electric motors). This voltage is very dangerous for humans. The greatest number of deaths occurs with people who have fallen under a voltage of 220 - 380 volts. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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The effect of electric current on the human body The danger of electric current is that a person does not have special senses to detect electric current at a distance. Electric current is odorless, colorless and silent. It is impossible without special devices to feel whether a given part of an electrical installation is energized or not. This leads to the fact that people often do not realize the real danger and do not accept the necessary protective measures... ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Electric current passing through the human body has a biological, electrolytic, mechanical and thermal effect. The thermal effect manifests itself in the form of burns of areas of the skin of the body, overheating of various organs, as well as ruptures of blood vessels and nerve fibers resulting from overheating. The electrolytic effect is expressed in the decomposition of organic liquids, including blood, which is accompanied by significant violations of their physicochemical composition. The biological effect is manifested in irritation and excitement of living tissues of the body, as well as in violation of internal bioelectric processes, which leads to involuntary convulsive muscle contractions, violation nervous system, respiratory and circulatory organs. In this case, fainting, loss of consciousness, speech disorder, convulsions, respiratory failure (up to a stop) can be observed. The mechanical action is manifested in the occurrence of pressure in the blood vessels and tissues of the body when blood and other fluid is heated, as well as displacement and mechanical stress of tissues as a result of involuntary muscle contraction and the effect of electrodynamic forces. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Great importance in the outcome of the defeat has a path traversed by the current in the human body. The lesion will be more severe if the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord are in the path of the current. The most dangerous paths for the passage of current through a person are: hand-feet, hand-hand. The immediate causes of death for an electric shock are cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest due to chest paralysis, and electrical shock. The most unfavorable outcome of an electric shock to a person will be in cases where the touch occurred with wet hands in a damp or hot room. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Handling electrical appliances at home ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Rules of conduct on the street near power facilities Power facilities are overhead and cable power lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points. Overhead power lines with a voltage of 35, 110 kilovolts and above are responsible for the power supply of cities and towns. Overhead and cable power lines with a voltage of 6, 10 kilovolts are responsible for power supply inside cities and towns, as well as rural settlements. Power lines with a voltage of 380 volts provide electricity to apartment buildings, and 220 volts - to individual apartments. Substations are divided into high voltage class substations - 35 kilovolts and above and transformer substations with 6, 10 kilovolts voltage. The substations are designed to reduce the voltage in the AC network and for the distribution of electricity. Transformer substations are located in each locality and due to their ubiquity, they pose a special danger to the population! All energy facilities carry a real danger to life! ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Electrical hazard warning signs To prevent accidental entry into electrical installations, and thereby prevent electric shock to people, there are special warning signs and posters. They are hung out or applied to the supports of overhead power lines of any voltage, the doors of various electrical panels in which electrical equipment is located, on fences and fences enclosing electrical installations. The presence of such signs implies the prohibition of penetration by the population into electrical installations or the ascent to the support of power transmission lines. Signs warn the person of the danger of electric shock. Neglecting them, let alone taking them off and ripping them off, is unacceptable. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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Warning signs about the danger of electric shock Prohibiting posters Signs and warning posters Prescribing posters Informative poster ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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A large number of accidents associated with electric shock occur as a result of touching wires, including sagging wires, and when approaching or touching broken wires lying on the ground. Even after a break, the wire may still be live. In this case, the electric current begins to "flow" into the ground, and the area of the earth around the wire is under electrical potential, and the further from the point of contact of the wire with the ground, the lower the potential. ATTENTION! ELECTRICITY DANGER!
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