Storage of mineral fertilizers in winter. How to store fertilizers. Distinguish manure by the method of obtaining

The conditions for the delivery of fertilizers are stipulated in the contract, which the farm concludes with the Raiagropromservice association. When supplying low-quality fertilizers, the farm has the right to make claims to the enterprises of "Raiagropromservice" and collect a fine in the amount established by the "Regulations on property liability of associations of Raiagropromservice". In addition to the fine, the farm has the right to collect the cost of loading and unloading operations, additional costs for the completion of fertilizers, etc. To make claims, samples of the supplied fertilizers are sent for analysis to the regional design and survey station of chemicalization. A representative (usually an agronomist) of the district association "Raiagropromservice" must be present when taking samples.

Acceptance of fertilizers on the farm is carried out by the storekeeper of the warehouse of mineral fertilizers, who bears financial responsibility for them.

Mineral fertilizers on farms are stored in standard warehouses (with a capacity of 1,000 - 3,000 tons) or in adapted premises. Each type of fertilizer is placed in separate compartments formed by movable or collapsible partitions. Each compartment is assigned a permanent number. When storing mineral fertilizers in warehouses and adapted premises, the following rules must be observed:

fertilizers in containers should be neatly stacked in stacks of 12-15 tiers with different direction stacking bags;

bulk fertilizers are stored in bulk with a layer height of not more than 2.5–3 m, and granular superphosphate - up to 5 m;

each type of fertilizer must be stored separately, mixing of fertilizers is not allowed;

a label is installed for each type of fertilizer indicating the type of fertilizer, the content of the active substance and the weight of the batch;

gutters are made and regularly cleaned around the warehouse;

in dry weather, fertilizer warehouses are ventilated, and in damp weather they are closed and opened only for dispensing or receiving fertilizers;

it is prohibited to store other materials in mineral fertilizers warehouses;

it is forbidden to store ammonium nitrate in the same room with flammable materials; warehouses of ammonium nitrate must have the inscriptions "Ammonium nitrate", "Flammable" on the gates or on the walls from the side of the gates; the location of the ammonium nitrate warehouse is coordinated with the state sanitary and fire supervision authorities;

the territory of the warehouse of mineral fertilizers should be fenced, doors and windows of the warehouse should be closed during off-hours;

it is prohibited to use open fire near the place of storage of ammonium nitrate and other flammable mineral fertilizers.

In the absence of warehouses, fertilizers are stored in prepared open areas. The sites are arranged in a high place, they are cleared, planned and covered with concrete or asphalt. A "pillow" of dry peat crumb is poured into the place intended for the pile of fertilizers and covered with plastic wrap or other insulating material. Mineral fertilizers are poured in heaps with a height of 1.5–2 m, covered with a film (not necessarily new) and sprinkled with earth, peat, sawdust. Drainage grooves are made around the collars. For each type of fertilizer, as well as in warehouses, a label is installed. Fertilizers should be brought to the site within one day, their collar and shelter are performed on the same day.

Tanks with UAN should be installed on solid supports, excluding deformation of the tanks, or laid on a sand "cushion". In the latter case, the lower part of the container is covered with bitumen.

It is hard to imagine that even 30 years ago the plants in the garden grew by themselves, practically without fertilizers, and the gardener's work consisted more in the correct garter, pruning and timely watering of the garden.

Today, with the emergence and conquest of the market for seeds of plants with increased fruiting, we have received a type of gardening that is not possible without a constant increase in the nutritional qualities of the soil and treatment of plants from diseases. Knowing the storage requirements of fertilizers has become a must for every gardener.

The main condition for storage of mineral fertilizers is a well-ventilated, draft-free room, dry and preferably separate from living quarters. At storage of mineral fertilizers it is unacceptable to get them wet with water. From this they lose their qualities and nutritional value.

All types of nitrate (ammonium, potassium, calcium) must be stored with extreme caution, as it is explosive and capable of detonating from physical impact. Potassium nitrate is especially dangerous. It is inadmissible to get woven or cellulose inclusions into ammonium or potassium nitrate, as they become very explosive over time.

Modern fertilizers, which are produced in the form of granules for ease of use, have a very high hygroscopicity. They draw moisture out of the air, get wet, the quality and type of fertilizer change. It becomes inconvenient and often useless to use them.

At storage of fertilizers they must not be mixed. With this interaction with each other, they can form toxic or useless substances.

Traceability of mineral fertilizers also brings a lot of hassle during storage. Even with normal humidity, they can pack in the winter to the state of a monolith. Then you can dry them well, grind and sift through a sieve, adding to them up to 10% chalk or 5% ash. Then the fertilizer can be used again for its intended purpose.

How to store organic fertilizers

Storage of organic fertilizers has its own characteristics. Among them, one can distinguish between manure, compost and humate-based fertilizers.

Manure and compost, when ripe (which is about a year) and further storage, smell very specific. Therefore, they must be kept as far away from living quarters as possible, in the open air. During the autumn-winter season, excessive flooding with atmospheric precipitation should not be allowed, the water washes away useful substances. And in the summer, if the period of maturation of compost or manure is not over, they should not be allowed to dry out.

Humate is sold in tightly closed containers and bags and does not differ from mineral fertilizers in terms of storage method.

Fertilizer shelf life

The guaranteed shelf life of mineral fertilizers is indicated on the packaging and, depending on the manufacturer, is from 1 to 3 years. But many people use an old 5-10 year old saltpeter and believe that it works the same as a new one. But, nevertheless, I do not advise using complex compositions of fertilizers in granules after the expiration of the shelf life.

Shelf life of organic fertilizers raw no more than 9 months. Specially dried and packaged manure, compost or peat can lie for as many years and retain its properties. The factory packaging for organic fertilizers has holes for ventilation.

Storage of mineral fertilizers on the farm

The need for storage of fertilizers is due to the seasonality of their use and uneven supply throughout the year. The types and sizes of warehouses are different, they are calculated for a certain capacity, taking into account the annual turnover of fertilizers.

Mineral fertilizers from chemical plants (combines) are delivered by rail or water transport to railroad or pier warehouses for temporary storage, from where they are then transported to collective and state farms. About 80% of fertilizers are transported in bulk (in bulk) and 20% - in containers. For container transportation, fertilizers are packed in waterproof paper, PVC or polyethylene bags with a capacity of 30 to 60 kg, equipped with labels indicating GOST, the type of fertilizer and the manufacturer's plant. Delivery of mineral fertilizers in self-unloading soft containers is promising. Dust fertilizers (phosphate rock and limestone flour) should be transported in tank cars with air-pneumatic unloading.

Railroad warehouses are being built with a capacity of 1.2 - 15 thousand tons. For ammonium nitrate, separate warehouses for 1200 - 3500 tons are being built, and special storage requirements are imposed, since this fertilizer is fire and explosive. For storing ammonium nitrate on rack pallets, a stack height of up to 4.4 m is allowed, and on flat pallets - in two tiers. Without pallets, bags with ammonium nitrate are stacked in a stack of 1.5 - 1.8 m in 8 - 10 rows. The mass of an individual stack should not exceed 120 tons. Bulk fertilizers can be stored in bulk up to 5 m high. Phosphorite flour is conveniently stored in silo (tower) warehouses.

In the absence of special warehouses, fertilizers are stored in adapted rooms with a non-leaking roof. It is also important to prevent direct contact of fertilizers with the capillary moisture of the earthen floor. For this, an adobe floor is arranged, and local materials are underlain under the piles of fertilizers: roofing paper, sawdust, dry peat crumb, straw mats, etc. The walls of the room must be pummeled, windows and doors must be carefully fitted.

In dry weather warehouses aired, and kept closed in cloudy and rainy days.

Table 21. Calculation of the floor area for storing mineral fertilizers, taking into account 2-time turnover per year.

We need a relatively small warehouse for 14 thousand tons with an area of ​​at least 4000 m 2 with a non-leaking roof, compartments for fertilizers and good ventilation.

Safety precautions when working with mineral fertilizers

Basic safety rules when working on machines for applying mineral fertilizers:

Persons who have documents for the right to operate the machines and have been instructed in safety precautions can be allowed to work on machines for preparing and applying fertilizers.

Persons working with fertilizers should be aware of their toxic properties and be familiar with the safety rules for handling them.

When working with dusty fertilizers and ammonia water machine operators must be provided with appropriate protective equipment (overalls, goggles, respirators, rubber gloves, gas mask).

It is necessary to have a supply of drinking water in the warehouse and on the unit.

When loading and unloading mineral fertilizers into cars or trailers, it is necessary to be on the windward side. After work, be sure to wipe your face and hands with a dry towel, and then wash them thoroughly.

During work, do not smoke and eat without first washing your hands.

Ammonia water barrels, tank trucks, pumps and utility lines must be sealed and hose connections securely secured. It is prohibited to use non-ferrous metals in equipment for liquid nitrogen fertilizers (Petukhov M.P., 1985).

Strict adherence to safety regulations is a basic prerequisite for preventing accidents when working with fertilizers.

Even in the fall, you need to start taking care of the future procedures carried out in the spring season: watering, fertilizing, vaccination. Some fertilizing components lose their properties over time. Thinking that he is doing the right thing, the summer resident usually throws them away as unnecessary garbage.

Fertilizer packages always describe the expiration date, if any. It is impossible to store only urea and urea for a long time. The rest of the ingredients, as a rule, do not deteriorate and do not decompose during long-term storage. True, care should be taken that too much moisture does not get to them.

There are hygroscopic fertilizers. They trap water even from the atmosphere. This phenomenon is especially often observed in nitrogen-type dressings. In the case of increased humidity indicators, nitrate (ammonium and potassium) and urea are converted into a compacted conglomerate. It is then very difficult to destroy it. Potassium magnesium and superphosphate are characterized by resistance to moisture. But, if water does get on the granules, then the fertilizers can become mushy. Also, the powder of magnesium sulfate after getting into it with water and subsequent drying becomes a solid state.

Mineral fertilizers require the gardener to comply with certain storage conditions. First of all, this is the location of components and preparations inside a dry room. Precipitation, melt water and groundwater should not get here. And in general, the humidity in such a room should be low.

Houses and apartments are best suited for storing such fertilizers, although a garage would also be a good option if it is heated during the cold season. In sheds and garages without heating, such dressings should never be stored. At cold temperatures, even not quite high, moisture in the air begins to release condensation, which immediately becomes noticeable on the crystals and granules of fertilizers. But it is not always possible for a successful person to store mineral fertilizers inside a dwelling or in other dry places. Then you can put packages in any buildings on a shelf higher from the floor surface. Also, you cannot open packages with funds. If the bag has already been opened, then it must be tightly closed in dry weather. The best option- these are ties by means of a ribbon or twine.

In a situation where fertilizers are caked, they should not be crushed before storage. In a similar state, the product must be left until the beginning of springtime. All nutritional characteristics and properties will be preserved in this case. Physical features can be restored before fertilization needs to be applied to the soil. For these purposes, you will need to decompose the lumps into special board crush the fertilizer with a large width and with careful movements using, for example, a hammer.

Wet ammonium nitrate is a rather difficult material to work with. You should not even try to dry the fertilizer in any way. After moisture enters the components, the nitrate melts very strongly, after which it is converted into a solution. Here it is possible to dilute the fertilizer in water. This preparation can be used to water growing crops. But it is important to pay attention to the concentration of the solution. Two grams of nitrate is enough per liter of water. Fertilizers can be put in less.

Superphosphate becomes mushy after getting wet. But it is still suitable for some manipulation. For example, it can be used to fertilize planting pits or overlay tree trunks. It is not so difficult to prepare a high-quality nutrient mixture: you need to knead the superphosphate together with peat (preferably dry) and soil (the volumes should be small). Further, soil is added here in small portions. As a result, the mass should acquire flowability. Now it will not be a problem to place it in the holes for planting certain crops or to scatter it near the trunks. An ordinary garden shovel will become an assistant in this matter. In the autumn season, according to the same scheme, fertilizers based on phosphorus or potassium can be restored. But this method cannot be used with nitrogen agents.

An interesting form of fertilizer is preparations containing copper. Their varieties: Bordeaux liquid, copper sulfate and copper oxychloride. Naturally, most of all such fertilizers contain copper. Suppose that only branches and trunks of shrubs and trees in a calm phase should be treated with copper sulfate. Only Bordeaux liquid and copper chloride can be sprayed on simple plants, even on leaf plates. This will prevent the spread and formation of black cancer and monoliosis on cultures.

Inorganic fertilizers include mineral, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Almost all gardeners use them. To store them for a long time, you need to follow some guidelines. There is one thing for all inorganic fertilizers general rule storage: the temperature in the premises should not fall below zero.

Mineral fertilizers lose their beneficial properties upon contact with water. They are stored in dry and well ventilated areas. At the same time, drafts should not be allowed. Such rooms should not have a concrete or clay floor; such coatings can allow moisture to pass through. The bags of different fertilizers should be kept separate from each other.

The storage rules for ammonium and potassium nitrate are more stringent. It's all about the great chemical activity of these substances. Potassium nitrate can explode from mechanical shock. Containers with such fertilizers should be on the ground to reduce possible risk physical impact. Avoid getting paper and pieces of cloth in any saltpeter, as they become explosive after a while. It is best to store ammonium nitrate separately from other fertilizers.

Try to keep the humidity at 30%. Most modern fertilizers come in the form of granules, which have the ability to draw water out of the air. When wet, they lose their effectiveness.

Check fertilizer bags and containers periodically. There should be no holes or other flaws in them, otherwise the fertilizers may mix. Often, this results in the formation of toxic substances.

For needs Agriculture warehouses are built according to special projects, where all the above measures for storing fertilizers are observed. Such premises are different, depending on the types of fertilizers and their turnover throughout the year.

Storage of organic fertilizers

Organic fertilizers include manure, compost and others. To maximize yields and improve soil quality, these fertilizers need to mature and get rid of excess moisture before they can be used on your property. The ripening process is accompanied by the release of a very unpleasant odor, therefore they should be stored away from living quarters. Protect manure and compost from rain, as water can easily wash away nutrients. You also need to protect organic fertilizers from excessive drying.