An example of determining the category of a warehouse for building materials. Warehouse Logistics. Types and functions of warehouses. How warehouses are classified in the Russian Federation

Classification attribute	Warehouse types
In relation to the functional areas of logistics	Supply Logistics Production logistics Distribution logistics
In relation to participants in the logistics system	Manufacturers' warehouses Warehouses of trading companies Warehouses of transport companies Warehouses of forwarding companies Warehouses of logistics operators
By ownership	Own warehouses Commercial warehouses Leased warehouses Warehouses of state or municipal enterprises
By functional purpose	Long-term storage (seasonal, reserve) Transit and transshipment (warehouses, platforms, cargo terminals) Distribution (distribution centers) Bonded warehouses
By product type	Raw materials - Materials - Components Work in progress - Finished goods Containers --- Remains and waste --- Instruments
By storage mode	Unheated Heated Refrigerated warehouses Warehouses with a fixed temperature and humidity regime
By technical equipment	Non-mechanized Mechanized Automated Automatic
By type of warehouse buildings and structures	Open areas Sheds under a canopy Closed facilities - a) multi-storey b) one-story: - with a height of up to 6m. - high-rise under one roof; - high-rise (more than 10m.); - with height difference
By affiliation material flow	Closed warehouses (storage of products of the 1st enterprise and retail network) Open warehouses (collective warehouses, hotel warehouses)
By the presence of external transport links	With berths With railway sidings With road access Complex
By the scale of activity	Central Regional Local

Warehouse management in the logistics system

The purpose of warehouse management is to create an interconnected system, flows and organize its management based on principles resistance and adaptability to achieve maximumefficiency of the logistics system as a whole. Logistics objectof the warehouse management are the flows passing and circulatingin stock. There are three main types of flows -ma technical, informational and financial .

At least three kinds of flows are processed in the warehouse -entrance, weekend and internal. The presence of an input stream meansthe need to unload transport, check the quantity and qualitythe status of the arrived cargo, - checking the shipping documents goods, etc. The output flow necessitates the loading of transport, preparation of shipping and cargo documents cops. Internal flow necessitates relocationniya and cargo handling of inventory items inside warehouse and registration of warehouse documents. At the warehouse, input flows are converted into outputs, i.e., as a result of cargo processing, such parameters of transport consignments as their size, composition, number of names of goods, packaging, parameterindividual cargo warehouse units, pick-up and drop-off times, etc.Characteristics of the input cargo flow of the warehouse systemare influenced by the specific features of the cargo handlingrulers or enterprises - manufacturers of products and systems transport delivering goods to warehouses. The parameters of the output cargo flow of the warehouse depend on the type and characteristics of the consumers supplied through the warehouse, the specifics of the operation of the transport delivering goods from the warehouse to consumers, the organization of storage and processing of goods. Warehouse management is about maintainingstability of the output parameters of streams, defined by the conditionspits of the contract, etc.

To organize a warehouse management system, there isauto mattized warehouse management system (ASUS;computerised warehouse management system ), computationally basedcasting technology and computers. This is a planning, control systemacceptance, placement and delivery of products from the warehouse, which isit from various functional subsystems (monitoring the statestocks, supply control, process controlcargo handling processes, etc.). Warehouse management based on ACS

A warehouse in logistics is the most important technological unit and a place for stock processing.

sizes: from small premises to giant warehouses (with an area of several hundred thousand square meters);
height of stowage of goods. There are warehouses in which special devices are capable of lifting and placing cargo in a cell at a height of more than 35 meters.
structures: closed - placed in separate rooms, semi-closed - have only a roof and an incomplete number of walls, open - specially equipped platforms;
content (storage) parameters - a special mode of temperature and humidity is supported;
the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations: non-mechanized, complex mechanized, automated and automatic;
the presence of railways or waterways, station or port warehouses, railroad, deep;
the breadth of the range of stored cargo: specialized, with a mixed or universal range;
location attribute: warehouses in the area of movement of production and technical products and consumer goods.

In logistics processes, warehouses perform the following functions:

temporary placement and storage of inventories;
transformation of material flows;
provision of logistics services in the service system.

Any warehouse processes three material flows: input, output, and internal.

When servicing input stream work is being done to unload the transport, check the quantity and quality of the arrived cargo.
Outflow handling includes loading of vehicles.
Internal flow moves inside the warehouse.

Functions of various warehouses encountered on the path of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer

warehousing,
storage,
equipment,
packaging or additional processing of products before shipment,
marking,
preparation for loading,
loading operations.

Warehouses of raw materials and materials of consumer enterprises

accept products,
unloaded,
sort,
store,
prepare it for industrial consumption.

Wholesalers' warehouses perform the following functions:

ensure the concentration of goods, the completion of products, their selection in the desired range;
organize the delivery of goods in small batches, both to the end consumer and to the warehouses of others wholesale firms;
carry out storage of reserve lots;
accept goods from manufacturing enterprises in large batches;
complete and send large consignments of goods to wholesale buyers who are in places of consumption;
receive goods of the production assortment and, forming a wide trade assortment, supply them to retail trade enterprises.

Basic warehouse operations:

unloading of transport;
acceptance of goods;
intra-warehouse movement of cargo;
placement of goods;
selection of goods from storage locations;
picking and packaging of goods;
loading.

Maintaining up-to-date information on the quantity and quality of cargo in the warehouse allows acceptance at all stages of the movement of the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer.

The picking of goods in the warehouse is carried out in two main ways:

or the picker moves to the desired product,
or the desired item moves to the picker.

If a logistics company, or a division of a company, independently delivers goods to the customer from the warehouse, then in a room separate from the main warehouse premises, it is necessary to organize a warehouse shipping zone, which will accumulate the goods prepared for shipment and ensure its delivery to customers.

Requirements for the layout of storage facilities:

make the most of storage space and volumes;
ensure the correspondence of the width of the aisles between the racks, taking into account the technical shunting characteristics of the used warehouse equipment;
locate acceptance areas on the side of the warehouse from where the main receipt of goods occurs, and picking areas on the side of the warehouse from where the main shipment of goods is made;
equip storekeepers' workplaces near the receiving area, but away from the main cargo flows, and for the warehouse manager - near the picking area with the ability to maximize the view of the warehouse;
the movement of freight flows should be organized in such a way that counter flows are minimized (except for warehouses with combined areas of acceptance and release of goods);
take into account the observance of labor protection rules, safety measures and fire safety.

Choosing a warehouse

When a company chooses a warehouse common use the problem is the solution is reduced only to the calculation of the required storage area. In addition, when the sales market changes, the required warehouse area can be adjusted depending on the changing interests of the company. The decision to purchase a warehouse should be the result of research and calculations, where the efficiency of the warehouse and its economic feasibility in the process of further operation are of decisive importance. The main indicator when choosing a warehouse is the indicator of the ratio of expenses and income. With an increase in the capacity and size of warehouses, capital and unit costs per 1 ton of freight turnover and storage space decrease, which speaks in favor of building larger warehouses. However, this most often entails a reduction in the number of warehouses, and, consequently, an increase in transport costs for delivery. The construction of small warehouses makes it possible to get closer to the consumer and reduce transport costs, which leads to an increase in the costs of construction and further operation of such warehouses.

Factors influencing the choice of warehouse location:

proximity to sales markets;
the presence of competitors;
proximity to supply markets;
standards of living;
availability of labor resources;
wage;
transport communications;
taxes, financing;
availability of railway transport;
existing transport communications;
distance to supply and sales facilities;
determination of the belonging of the building area (to countryside, large city - outskirts, suburbs, etc.);
land value;
water communications;
permission environmental service cities.

The basis for making a decision is the obtained value of the so-called "indifference cargo turnover", in which the costs of storing stock in your own warehouse are equal to the costs of using the services of a hired warehouse.

Warehouse efficiency

A warehouse will be efficient if the following is done correctly:

choice between your own warehouse and a public warehouse;
the choice of the location of the warehouse;
determination of the type and size of the warehouse;
development of a storage system.

Choosing between your own warehouse and a public warehouse

Production warehouses must be the property of the company and located in the immediate vicinity of production. Preference is given to own warehouse with a consistently large volume of stored products and high turnover. In doing so, stability is paramount. The higher the concentration of consumers in the sales region, the more expedient it is to organize your own warehouse. Along with the density of the sales market, it is necessary to take into account the constant demand for the product. The firm should contact public warehouses with low turnover volumes or when storing goods of seasonal demand. In supply and distribution logistics, firms should use the services of public warehouses that are as close as possible to consumers. Public warehouses are also preferred when a firm is new market where the level of sales stability is either unknown or unstable.

Public warehouses have the following advantages:

no private investment is required in the development of storage facilities;
financial risks are reduced;
the flexibility of the required warehouse space increases (you can change the leased capacity and the terms of their lease);
there is no need for the selection of qualified personnel and responsibility for inventory management.

The required number of warehouses is determined by analyzing variants with different numbers of warehouses. In each case, the total costs for the number of warehouses selected for the option are considered and transport services for each option. The option where the total costs will be minimal and is preferred. When choosing a site for a warehouse, you should pay attention to the following:

Site size and configuration

Vehicle

Transport accessibility of the area
Local government plans
Local features

Under warehouse facilities should be understood as a complex of warehouses, auxiliary equipment and control systems that carry out the warehouse technological process.

Warehouse facilities include:

warehouse buildings, platforms and other structures designed to accommodate and ensure the safety of goods;
Shelving, handling and other special equipment and devices necessary for storing and moving goods, as well as preparing them for consumption;
information and management systems necessary for accounting, control and implementation of goods turnover in the warehouse.

Warehouse- a technical structure designed to manage stocks at various parts of the supply chain and perform functions for storing and transforming the material flow.

Supply chains are so complex and varied that the tasks assigned to different types of warehouses also differ significantly. When classifying, the technical parameters of warehouses are also important, on which the peculiarities of the processing of material flows in the internal logistics of the warehouse depend. Knowing what type a certain warehouse belongs to, you can general outline to identify its main functions and parameters of the processed material flows.

So, the purpose and place of each warehouse in the supply chain can be characterized by a number of features. The table shows the most significant signs of the classification of warehouses and types of warehouses.

Table.Warehouse classification

Classification
In relation to areas logistics	Supply warehouses. Industrial warehouses. Distribution warehouses
In relation to the participants of the logistics	Manufacturers' warehouses. Warehouses of trading companies. Warehouses of trading and intermediary companies. Warehouses of transport companies. Warehouses of logistics intermediaries
By the scale of activity	Central warehouses. Regional warehouses. Local warehouses
By functional purpose	Long-term storage warehouses (reserve). Transfer warehouses (transit). Distribution warehouses (distribution centers). Seasonal storage warehouses. Bonded warehouses
By the presence of external transport links	Warehouses with berths. Warehouses with railway access. Warehouses with road access. Complex warehouses
By ownership	Own warehouses. Leased warehouses. Commercial warehouses (public). State and municipal warehouses
By assortment specialization	Specialized warehouses. Warehouses are universal. Mixed warehouses

The end of the table.

Classification
By type of warehouse buildings and structures	Open warehouses. Semi-closed warehouses (covered areas). Closed warehouses. Special storage devices (e.g. bins)
By storage area	Warehouses up to 20 m 2.
	From 5 thousand m 2 (terminal)
By the number of storeys of the building	One-storey warehouses with a height of up to 6 m. High-rise warehouses. High-rise warehouses with a height of more than Yum. Multi-storey warehouses. Warehouses with height difference
By storage mode	Warehouses are unheated. Heated warehouses. Refrigerated warehouses. Warehouses with a fixed climate regime
By type of storage	Warehouses with outdoor storage. Warehouses with shelving storage. Mixed storage warehouses
By technical equipment	Non-mechanized warehouses. Mechanized warehouses. Automated warehouses. Automatic warehouses
By class of premises (according to KpfMRgapk classification)

Let us consider in detail some of the classification features that require clarification.

By functional purpose warehouses are subdivided into: long-term storage warehouses (reserve), transshipment warehouses (transit), distribution warehouses, seasonal storage warehouses, special warehouses (for example, customs warehouses).

Long-term storage warehouses (reserve warehouses) are designed to store material and technical resources in case emergencies... These kinds of warehouses store mobilization and strategic reserves intended for use in unforeseen circumstances. The most important type of reserve stocks are state reserves, as a special federal (all-Russian) stock material values, which includes stocks of material resources for mobilization needs, stocks of strategic materials and goods, stocks of material assets to ensure priority work to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. Stocks included state reserve can also be used to provide humanitarian assistance, provide regulatory impact on the market, state support enterprises and industries 1.

Transfer warehouses (transit warehouses)- designed for short-term storage of cargo when reloading it from one vehicle to another. As a rule, such warehouses are located near railway stations, river quays, in seaports, airports and near cargo terminals, where goods are transshipped to vehicles.

Distribution warehouses (distribution centers) are designed to transform the production range into trade and provide uninterrupted supply of various consumers. As a rule, such warehouses are located in places where consumers are concentrated. Distribution warehouses can be owned by manufacturers, resellers, network retail... Distribution centers of retail retail chains... The ideal logistic scheme for chain trading is the "manufacturer - distribution center - store" scheme. Own distribution center allows networkers to save on intermediary services and achieve the best

conditions from suppliers. With their own central warehouse, retail chains can work more efficiently with suppliers, manage the assortment and stock of goods in their stores, and carry out pre-sale preparation of goods. In turn, for suppliers, the supply of goods through the DC can significantly reduce transport costs, reduce document flow and, in particular, labor costs for providing goods with shipping documentation, increase sales due to one-time large deliveries to chain stores.

Seasonal storage warehouses intended for storage of products with a seasonal nature of production or consumption. Such warehouses are typical primarily for agro-industrial complex where the production of agricultural products is highly seasonal, and the consumption of fuels and lubricants for agricultural machinery is also seasonal (sowing and harvesting).

Bonded warehouses- specially equipped premises or open areas where goods imported into the territory of the Russian Federation or subject to export from Russia are stored under customs control without payment customs duties, taxes and without the use of prohibitions and restrictions of an economic nature.

By ownership warehouses are subdivided into own (individual use) warehouses, leased warehouses, commercial (public) warehouses and state and municipal warehouses.

Own warehouses of the enterprise- warehouses owned by the enterprise. As a rule, such warehouses have industrial enterprises and companies with large sales volumes. The inclusion of its own warehouse in the structure of an enterprise has a scientific basis and is determined by the ratio of benefits and costs of building its own warehouse.

Leased warehouses- buildings or structures that the enterprise uses under a lease agreement for the purpose of carrying out warehouse activities.

Commercial warehouses (public warehouses)- organizations performing as entrepreneurial activity storage of goods of any commodity owners and rendering services related to storage to them. This type of warehouses is highlighted separately in Civil Code RF (part 2, chapter 47, paragraph 2 of article 908). In such warehouses, all warehouse operations can be carried out both by the warehouse itself and by the forces of the product owner.

State and municipal warehouses- warehouses of products owned by the state or municipality... As a rule, such warehouses store a strategic or mobilization stock of material and technical products.

By assortment specialization distinguish between specialized, universal and mixed warehouses.

On the specialized warehouses products of the same type are stored, for example, a warehouse household chemicals, pharmaceutical warehouse. Universal warehouses intended for simultaneous storage different types products with similar storage conditions, such as a stationery warehouse and household appliances. Mixed warehouses are a combined version of a specialized and universal warehouse. In such warehouses, warehouse processing of various commodity groups takes place, for example, food and non-food products. Storage conditions and cargo processing technologies may be different depending on the group of stored products.

By type of warehouse buildings and structures warehouses are classified into open, semi-closed, closed and special warehouses.

Open warehouses are areas for open storage certain types material resources, for example building materials or goods in containers. The sites must have adequate cover, be raised to a certain height and slope towards the gutters. Such warehouses are arranged in the form of ground areas or platforms on poles and strip foundations.

Semi-closed warehouses consist of awnings (for protection from precipitation and from the sun), as well as warehouses, in which side walls are arranged on one, two, three sides or around the entire perimeter (for protection from the wind) 1.

Closed warehouses are buildings and structures - single-storey with a height of up to 6 m or multi-storey, high-rise, high-rise shelving with a height of more than 10 m, with a height difference, heated or unheated.

Special storage devices are:

bunker structures (rectangular, round or conical containers - wooden, reinforced concrete and metal), intended for storage of bulk and bulk materials;
tank-type structures (cisterns, tanks, barrels) intended for the storage of liquids;
special containers designed for storage of bulk cargo.

The listed classification groups of warehouses can be non-combustible, hardly combustible and combustible. The type of warehouse in terms of fire resistance should be determined by the nomenclature of the materials stored in it. For the storage of combustible materials, it is necessary to arrange non-combustible warehouse premises, and, conversely, for the storage of non-combustible materials, it is allowed to arrange combustible or non-combustible warehouse premises. The degree of fire resistance of warehouse premises is of great importance, since, depending on it, the dimensions and number of storeys of warehouses, as well as the distance between them, are established 1.

On the non-mechanized warehouses most of the operations of the technological process are performed manually, only small-scale mechanization means (hand and hydraulic carts) are used.

Mechanized warehouses involve the performance of operations using mechanization means (in closed rooms - floor trackless transport, in open areas - bridge cranes, forklift trucks), while some of the operations are performed manually (acceptance, picking).

On the automated warehouses most of the operations are carried out using automated means (conveyor lines, automated rack stacker cranes), only a small part of the operations requires direct human participation (for example, checking the correctness of paperwork during the acceptance process or loading vehicles using mechanization).

On the automatic warehouses(“automatic warehouses”) all operations are performed using automated tools controlled by an information system. Human involvement is virtually impossible.

Warehouse classification by class According to the international consulting company Knight Frank, today it has become widely known, and when renting or building a warehouse, its class is always declared, since it is in relation to the class of premises that the company's logistics are built. This classification allows you to evaluate the warehouse precisely from the logistic point of view, how in the future it will be possible to organize technological processes in the warehouse, as well as what will be the logistics of incoming and outgoing flows. The characteristics of the classes of storage facilities are given in the appendix.

All the above-described variety of warehouses testifies to their great importance in the supply chain, on the complexity of their functions, on the inalienability of this element in the supply chain of goods.

For example, according to the 2012 Annual Report X5 YLaPSgoir, of the 29 distribution centers that provide 75% of the supply to more than 3,800 stores of the chain, 5 are owned, 4 are managed by third-party logistics service providers (LSPs), and the rest are taken from leased and managed by X5 YSCHaPogoir (p. 49 of the Annual Report).

Warehouses can vary in size, design, degree of mechanization of warehouse operations, type of storage, and functional purpose. The warehouse can be a link in the product movement chain for industrial purposes(warehouses of raw materials, finished products, specialized warehouses, etc.), or be located in the area of movement of consumer goods (warehouses).

With the development of the market, the most famous was the classification based on technical parameters areas, infrastructure development, including engineering communications. Nowadays it is customary to distinguish warehouses by classes "A", "B", "C", "D".

Below is the classification of company warehouses Knight frank and Swiss Realty Group

Knight Frank warehouse classification

Warehouse premises of class A +

1. A modern one-storey warehouse building made of light metal structures and sandwich panels, preferably rectangular without columns or with a column pitch of at least 12 meters and with a spacing of at least 24 meters.

2. Building area 40-45%.

4. High ceilings of at least 13 meters, allowing the installation of multilevel shelving equipment (6-7 tiers).

7. Availability of a ventilation system.

9. Autonomous power substation and heating unit.

10. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock doors (dock shelters) with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height (dock levelers) (not less than 1 per 500 sq.m.).

11. Availability of sites for parking heavy vehicles and parking for cars.

12. Availability of platforms for maneuvering heavy vehicles.

13. Availability of office space at the warehouse.

14. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse (toilets, showers, utility rooms, changing rooms for staff).

15. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employees' access.

16. Fiber optic telecommunications.

17. Fenced and guarded around the clock, illuminated landscaped area.

18. Location near central highways.

19. Professional management system.

20. Experienced developer.

21. Railway line.

Class A warehouses

1. A modern one-storey warehouse building made of light metal structures and sandwich panels, preferably rectangular without columns or with a column pitch of at least 9 meters and with a spacing of at least 24 meters.

2. Building area 45-55%.

3. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 tons / sq., At the level of 1.20 m from the ground.

4. High ceilings of at least 10 meters, allowing the installation of multi-level shelving equipment.

5. Adjustable temperature conditions.

6. Ventilation system.

7. Availability of a fire alarm system and an automatic fire extinguishing system.

8. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

9. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock shelters with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height (dock levelers), (not less than 1 per 700 sq.m.).

10. Availability of sites for storage of heavy vehicles and parking for cars.

11. Availability of platforms for maneuvering heavy vehicles.

17. Professional management system.

18. Experienced developer

19.

20.

21. Railway line

Warehouse premises of class B +

1. A one-storey warehouse building, preferably newly built or reconstructed in rectangular shape.

2. Building area 45-55%.

3. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 tons / sq., At the level of 1.20 m from the ground.

4. Height of ceilings from 8 meters.

5. Adjustable temperature conditions.

6. Availability of a fire alarm system and an automatic fire extinguishing system.

7. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock shelters with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height (dock levelers), (not less than 1 per 1000 sq.m.).

8. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

9. Ventilation system.

10. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

11. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

12. Availability of office space at the warehouse.

13. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse (toilets, showers, utility rooms, changing rooms for staff).

14. Fiber optic telecommunications.

15. Fenced and guarded round the clock, illuminated landscaped area.

16. Location near central highways.

17. Professional management system.

18. Experienced developer.

19. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employee access.

20. Autonomous electrical substation and heating unit.

21. Railway line.

Class B warehouses

1. One-, two-storey warehouse building, preferably rectangular, newly built or reconstructed.

2. In the case of a two-story structure v the presence of a sufficient number of freight lifts / hoists, with a carrying capacity of at least 3 tons (not less than 1 per 2000 sq.m.).

3. Ceiling height from 6 meters.

4. Floor - asphalt or uncoated concrete.

5. Heating system.

6. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

7. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

8. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

9. Protection around the perimeter of the territory.

10. Telecommunications.

11. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

12. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse.

13. Ventilation system.

14.

15. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employee access.

16. Autonomous electrical substation and heating unit.

17. Railway line.

Warehouse premises of class C

1. A major production facility or a heat-insulated hangar.

2. Ceiling height from 4 meters.

3. Floor - asphalt or concrete tiles, uncoated concrete.

4. In the case of a multi-storey building v the presence of freight elevators / lifts.

5. The gate is at the zero mark.

7. Ventilation system.

8. Heating system.

10. Office space at the warehouse.

11. Railway line.

12. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

13. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

14.

15. Telecommunications.

16. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse.

Class D warehouse premises

1. Basements or civil defense facilities, not heated industrial premises or hangars.

2. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

3. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

4. Heating system.

5. Ventilation system.

6. Office space at the warehouse.

7. Railway line.

8. Telecommunications.

9. Perimeter security.

Note: in italics options are highlighted as desired, but not required.

Swiss Realty Group classification

Class A

Modern premises, built with the future warehouse activity in mind. The location, decoration and equipment of such warehouses are designed to meet the following principles of modern warehouse logistics: the proximity of the main transport arteries, the ability to adapt to any type of cargo, high speed of cargo turnover and guarantees of cargo safety.

1. Location: on the main transport routes. Direct access to the warehouse area directly from the highway or along convenient satellite roads.

2. A one-story / one-volume building with high ceilings allows you to install any rack (conveyor, etc.) equipment, including multi-storey (mezzanine) rack systems.

3. Flat concrete floors with anti-dust coating, ensuring high speed and safe movement of loading equipment.

4. The high design load on the floor surface allows the use of heavy loading equipment (high-altitude stackers) and, as a result, maximizes the height of the racks.

5. A sparse grid of columns that allows you to vary the placement of rows of shelves and optimize the organization of movement of mechanisms and warehouse workers.

6. At least one loading and unloading gate for every thousand square meters of the warehouse and a separate loading / unloading and order picking area allow you to unload and load freight transport as quickly as possible.

7. Fire alarm system and automatic system fire extinguishing (or the possibility of installation).

8. Heating.

9. Autonomous systems of heat and water supply.

10. The loading and unloading doors are equipped (or allow installation) hydraulic ramps and dock shelters.

11. Adjacent territory (outbuildings, internal roads, parking lots, turning zones and landscaping), constituting at least 40% of the entire territory of the warehouse complex.

12. Attractive appearance(finishing with modern facade systems, modern glazing).

Class A-

Fully reconstructed with the use of modern materials and technologies, 20-30-year-old warehouse or production areas. The characteristics of such premises are almost identical to class A, with the exception of the location: such warehouses are often located within the city, in industrial zones.

2. Capital one-story (sometimes two-story) building, reinforced concrete or prefabricated metal structure).

Class B +

A warehouse of recent construction, which for a number of reasons does not correspond to 2-3 key parameters, necessary warehouses class A: insufficient number of gates, inconvenient access roads, etc. There are a lot of such premises on the market, which is associated with the chaotic growth of investment activity in the construction of warehouses.

Year of construction: from the beginning of the 1990s.

Class B

Warehouses of the pre-perestroika period. Built in accordance with the canons of logistics inherent in a planned economy, such premises often require some (minor) investments and changes to optimize warehouse activities: changing the floor covering, installing modern security systems, etc.

1. Year of construction: 1970-1980s.

3. Central heating (sometimes own boiler rooms).

4. Height of ceilings is 6-9 meters.

5. Concrete floor.

6. Fire alarm and fire hydrants / hoses.

7. Covered ramp or ramp for loading / unloading vehicles.

Class C

Former production facilities, taxi fleets and motor depots, initially not adapted for warehouse handling. Significant construction and technical changes are required: insertion of additional gates, creation of ramps / ramps, replacement of glazing / stained-glass windows with main walls, modernization of flooring and heating and fire extinguishing systems. In most cases, it is necessary to dismantle the installed equipment.

1. Year of construction: 1950-1990s.

2. Capital one- or multi-storey building (reinforced concrete structure).

3. Height of ceilings from 7 to 18 meters.

4. Concrete or asphalt floor.

5. Fire alarm and hose fire extinguishing system.

6. Low ratio of the number of gates to the area of the premises, the absence of ramps.

7. Location in industrial zones within the city.

Class C-

Old and badly worn out warehouses of the Soviet period; many of them were built in the 1930s and 1960s. The majority of vegetable stores and grocery wholesalers belong to the same class. Class C warehouses - often do not correspond modern requirements according to fire safety and environmental standards, do not meet the requirements modern companies according to the possibilities of cargo turnover, require significant investments in overhaul and modernization.

1. Year of construction: 1930-1980s.

2. Capital one- or multi-storey building (reinforced concrete structures), often with a large basement.

3. Central heating.

4. Height of ceilings from 4-5 meters.

5. Concrete or asphalt floor.

6. Indoor / outdoor ramp or ramp for unloading vehicles.

7. Location in industrial zones within the city (often in the Central Administrative District).

8. Limited surrounding areas, lack of parking space and maneuvering for heavy vehicles.

9. Outdated security and fire extinguishing systems.

Class D

Garages, cellars, bomb shelters, cold hangars, agricultural buildings not adapted for storage needs. It is impractical to modernize or reconstruct such premises. From a financial point of view, to upgrade a warehouse, it is often more profitable to demolish such an object and build a new building. Suitable only for storage of low-turnover cargo, undemanding to storage conditions: raw materials for industrial production, fuels and lubricants, metal, rubber, plastic products, etc.

Depending on the location of the warehouse in the logistics chain or its specialization in performing certain functions of warehousing logistics, there are:

1) Logistic center. In essence, it is a complete synonym for the concept of "warehouse". We will define it as a place of storage and handling wide range products that may be on different stages movement of material flow from the supplier to the final consumer.

2) Distribution center - this is the place of storage and handling of goods during the period of their movement from the place of production to a wholesale or retail outlet.

3) Terminal - warehouse facility located at the final or intermediate point of the transport network, organizing multimodal transportation of goods with the participation of air, rail, road and sea transport.

Warehouse logistics functions are divided into:

1. Basic;

2. Providing (supporting).

1. Main functions warehousing logistics are:

1.1. Management of unloading of goods from vehicles and organization of acceptance. The unloaded goods are delivered to the acceptance area of the warehouse, where they are checked (quantity and completeness, identification of shortage, damage, poor quality or incompleteness of goods).

1.2. ... Organization of placement, stacking and storage. After the completion of the goods inspection, the sticker of the marking labels, the template of the receipt note is transferred to the placement of the received goods in the storage area.

1.3. Cargo Consolidation Management (Function related to cargo handling). It implies the consolidation of goods into a larger mixed consignment of shipment to consumers geographically located in the same sales area.

1.4. Management of unbundling of goods (function opposite to consolidation - break-bulk - unbundling of wholesale). It is realized through the sorting of goods into smaller parties intended for several customers.

1.5. Picking or picking management (Selection of goods by order of the buyer). It implies the re-sorting of goods received from suppliers, and their consolidation in the consignment of shipment to specific consumers.

1.6. Organization of cargo transshipment (cross-docking). In some cases, some types of work are performed in warehouses, but the materials do not end up in storage. This option is called cross-docking, in which the arrival of goods at the warehouse is coordinated with the moment they are sent to customers so that they are transferred directly from the receiving area to the loading area and immediately sent for delivery to consumers.

2. Providing (supporting - service) functions of logistics warehousing are.