The train is a public transport. Informative information about electric trains. Electric trains. features of their work and design How the train travels

What is a train in general? This is a row of carriages without an engine, which are pulled along the rails by a locomotive. It is also driven by a motor - electric or combined (diesel and electric motor). One locomotive can pull several dozen wagons. When one locomotive is not enough, the train is pulled by a pair or even several pairs of electric locomotives or locomotives.

What are the types of locomotive motors?

Electric motors are only used in trains that travel short distances on the same track. These trains get their electricity from wires stretched above the track. The only exceptions are metro electric trains - they receive electricity through the third rail on the track.
Combined motors are capable of providing enough power to propel locomotives pulling heavy freight trains. The burning diesel fuel drives a generator, which generates electricity, and the electricity powers the motors that drive the wheels.
Previously, electric and combined motors in locomotives, steam locomotives had a steam engine (that is why the then locomotives were called steam locomotives). The steam engine was driven by superheated steam, which was obtained by burning coal or wood in the furnaces.

Why are the wheels knocking on the train?

The railroad bed consists of separate rail sections of 25 meters each. There is a small gap between them, it is necessary because the metal tends to expand in the summer heat, and, on the contrary, to narrow in the winter cold. And these gaps ensure the mobility of the metal without compromising its operation.

The characteristic knock of the wheels results from the fact that the car has to "jump" onto the next section of the rail, because the edge of the rail, when a train wheel hits it, slightly bends under the weight of the train.

The knock is repeated in a specific sequence, which depends on the weight of the composition and its speed.

In countries where sharp temperature changes are quite insignificant, the rails are laid without a gap and the wheels of the carriage ride on them without knocking.

Why is the numbering of carriages on a train not always "from the head" and what kind of cars there are

Usually "head goes in front" in those trains that move from the starting station. And vice versa - when sending from the destination. But on the way, the direction can change several times, and the locomotive turns out to be from one end of the train, then from the other. And at the Kiev-Passenger station, the usual phrase "numbering from the head (or tail)" has now been replaced by new landmarks - east or west.

So, in order to figure out where the numbering starts from, you should carefully listen to what the “aunt who announces the arrival of the train” says.

How are the carriages arranged and is it possible to get into the wrong carriage

Platzkart cars are always located at the edges of the train, while compartment cars, SV and restaurant car are in the center of the train. That is, if you bought a ticket for a compartment carriage, you should immediately head to the center of the train.

And at stations where there is a short stopping time, you can get into the nearest carriage, and then go to your own, already in a moving train.

Study the question

RAO Russian Railways is a monopolist providing passenger transportation services by rail. Therefore, the basic conditions and requirements for passengers are based on the rules of this company.

One of the main amenities of a train journey is the location of the train stations. Unlike airports, they are located within the city, and you can get to them using public transport.

The stations are also provided with the necessary infrastructure.:

Cafes, shops
Police stations and medical care
Toilets, etc.

The train is practically the only alternative for those who are afraid to fly. At the same time, the cost of long-distance tickets is sometimes equal to the cost of air travel.

In addition to its main function - transportation, for a comfortable stay on the train, passengers are provided with:

Drinking water (cold and hot), crockery and cutlery
Linens
Wet cleaning in the car (at least 2 times a day)
First aid
Train library and available table games(checkers, chess)
220 volt sockets for charging mobile phones and laptops
Preparing a bed for the disabled, sick and passengers with small children (if necessary)

Buy tickets

Tickets can be purchased both at train stations and on the Russian Railways website.

Sale starts 45 days before train departure (in some cases over 60).

Ticket offices usually open at 8:00 and close according to station opening hours.

To buy a ticket, you must have an identity document with you.

When registering, be sure to check the correctness of filling out the questionnaire (personal data, departure date, etc.)... If there is an error, it will have to be corrected immediately.

You can also check what services are included in the ticket price (shower, air conditioning, set meals, etc.).

If there are free compartments in deluxe cars, the passenger can purchase a ticket from the head of the train while driving and change seats. (in this case, only the difference in cost will be paid).

Important: there is a fee for reissuing a ticket.

Discounts and discounts on tickets

For children from 4 to 12 years old - 50%
For persons from 12 to 26 years old - 30%
For persons over 60 years old - 30%
Birthday - 35% (valid for a week from the date of birth)
Newlyweds - 35% (valid for a month from the wedding day)
When buying a ticket 60 - 45 days before departure - 10%

WITH complete list discounts on international traffic can be found on the Russian Railways website.

In addition to the requested data (full name ande-mail) it is recommended to indicate in the application:

FULL NAME. conductor
Carriage number
Train number
Direction

Public order protection

All Moscow railway stations are equipped with technical security equipment: video cameras, metal detector frames, etc.

In addition, each of them also has points for employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, thus, the police are in charge of resolving all conflicts.

There are slightly different rules on the train, according to which the passenger can be dropped off if he:

Violates the train's internal rules
Violates public order
Interferes with the peace of mind of other passengers

Important: for the detention of a passenger and the subsequent registration of the protocol, an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is called to the nearest station.

In the event of a conflict, fight or crime, the conductors act in accordance with internal instructions and contact the head of the train, who, in turn, calls the police squad to the nearest station where the train can stop.

Health care

If a passenger feels unwell while driving, it is necessary to immediately contact the conductor, who, in turn, will call the head of the train.

Then the following measures will be taken:

A doctor is being sought among the passengers
An ambulance is called to the nearest station
The conductor provides first aid to the person

According to the order of the Ministry of Health, each long-distance train must be equipped with a first aid kit containing:

Bandage, plaster
Tourniquet for stopping bleeding, dressings
"Bag" for artificial respiration
Splints for different parts of the body (neck, arms, legs, etc.)
Isothermal blanket
Scissors, napkins, etc.
Stretcher

Important: if a passenger needs hospitalization, he is removed from the train for medical assistance. (the train will not be delayed at the station and will leave on schedule).

In this case, the ticket is marked with a stop along the route and the extension of the ticket validity period for the duration of illness.

Rules for the carriage of children

A passenger can carry one child under 6 years old free of charge, provided that he does not occupy a separate seat.

In all other cases, you will have to issue a separate ticket for it.

Also, children under 10 years old must be accompanied by an adult.

Important: the age of the child is determined by the day of the start of the trip, so if he turns 6 on the road, he can still travel for free.

If a child turns 14 on the way, but at the time of purchasing the tickets, he was 13, he can prove his identity with a birth certificate.

Rules for the carriage of animals

1.Small (indoor) pets, dogs and birds:

They are transported in boxes, cages, containers, etc. size 180 cm (total of 3 sides) at places where hand luggage is placed
No more than one seat for one issued ticket
No more than two animals per seat
In a separate compartment of a hard carriage, except :

Wagons with 2-seater compartments (SV)
Luxury carriages

Important: there is a separate charge for the transportation of the above types of animals.

2. Large dogs:

On a leash and in a muzzle

3.Guide dogs:

On a leash and in a muzzle
In all types of wagons
Without additional payment transportation of an animal

4.Service dogs:

On a leash and in a muzzle
In a separate compartment of a compartment carriage (except for luxury cars) with payment of the full cost of all seats in the compartment
No additional charge for transporting an animal

Important: you must have with you veterinary documents allowing the carriage of an animal.

Bulky baggage rules

The baggage carried on the train is divided into:

Usual

No more than 3 pieces of luggage per ticket
The size of each baggage must not exceed 180 cm (sum of three sides)
The weight of one baggage must not exceed 75 kg
Total weight should not exceed 200 kg

Cargo luggage

Fits in the baggage car
The size of each item should not exceed 300 cm (in one of three sides)
Items weighing at least 5 kg and not more than 75 kg

Important: if the weight of your regular baggage exceeds 200 kg, the excess is calculated according to the cargo baggage rates. (payable at the ticket office) and fits into the baggage car.

When removing a passenger from a train (for medical reasons, in connection with a violation of public order, etc.), he must also collect his carry-on baggage.

The issue with his baggage is solved in one of the following ways:

Follows to the final station
Issued to the passenger

If this is not possible (for example, in the case of a short train stop), the luggage will proceed to the station where it can be unloaded. Then, subject to payment of the cost of transportation, he will be sent back to the passenger.

Important: if a person got off the train due to illness, the baggage will be returned to him free of charge.

Carry-on baggage rules

No more than 36 kg (for SV - 50 kg) per ticket
Carry-on baggage must not exceed 180 cm (sum of three sides)

When buying an additional ticket:

No more than 50 kg per ticket

Families with small children and people with disabilities can carry free of charge:

Baby stroller
A wheelchair and technical means rehabilitation

Forgotten things

Forgotten things are handed over to the head of the station at which (or next to which) they were discovered. They can also be sent to the terminal station (or ferry line) if they were left directly in the carriage.

For each item found, a label is hung with the designation of the station (or train station) and the serial number assigned to it after the description and entry into the register.

Important: suitcases, bags, etc. opened by employees of the internal affairs bodies, and then sealed or sealed.

In order to receive your luggage, you must contact the head of the station (or station) at which the passenger discovered the loss.

The station master, in turn, will send memo the head of the train, which will indicate:

Description of forgotten things
Carriage number
Passenger seat

In order to prove that the item belongs to you, you need to describe it appearance and content. The presence of information tags on the luggage greatly simplifies the search procedure.

Important: this does not apply to items that are carried in the hold, where a different compensation procedure applies.

Delayed train departure

In accordance with the "Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation", the carrier must pay the passenger a fine of 3% of the ticket price for each hour of delay. (but not more than the fare).

Compensation will not be paid if the delay is due to:

Force majeure circumstances:

Hostilities
Act of terrorism
Natural disasters

Elimination of a train malfunction that threatens the lives of passengers (incurred through no fault of the carrier)
Other circumstances (also independent of the carrier)

In order to receive compensation, you must:

Obtain a certificate from the station attendant confirming the delay of the train
Submit a written application (in free form) to the Claims Department of the Railway Administration, attaching the originals of tickets and the above certificate to it (this can be done at any station)

A decision on compensation payment will be made within 30 days.

Important: if, through the fault of the carrier, you incurred material losses, for example, you missed another train, you can go to court for damages.

Life insurance

The ticket price automatically includes the cost of standard insurance.

Depending on the damage caused, the carrier must pay the following amounts:

Harm to life - 2,500,000 rubles
Harm to health - 2,000,000 rubles
Damage to property - 23,000 rubles

Also, when buying a ticket, you can take out additional insurance, the cost of which will depend on the set of selected services.

Immediately after the accident, an act is drawn up, which is transferred to the insurance company.

To receive compensation, you must:

Collect documents (with a list of which the passenger must be familiarized when drawing up an act)
To write an application (in free form) and send to the carrier (at the legal address, unless other contacts are indicated).

The term for payment of compensation is 30 days from the date of receipt of the documents by the insurance company.

Since the heading deals with fuel for trains, and under this term, according to explanatory dictionary Volodymyr Dahl was initially hit by the horse-drawn carts, which followed each other, in particular during the wedding ceremony, representing a single "wedding train". Meaning last word comes from the Russian word trip. In this case, the horses were fueled by oats.

With development new technology, for the same V. Dahl, new definitions of the word "train" appeared. Now under this definition all the cars were hit, which were interconnected and were already a single train driven by a steam locomotive. Efron and Brockhaus, who were: the first Russian, and the second of German origin, publishers, went further. They stipulated one more condition for the word "train" - this is the quantitative and qualitative composition of traction units in such a composition. This is how the same carriages appeared, coupled to each other, which were necessarily driven by a locomotive installed in the head of such a "caravan".

When horse-drawn transport lost its meaning as an intercity transport and remained only as a transport unit within the city limits, people began to apply the meaning of the word "train composition" only to the railway.

In the future, the meaning of the word was repeatedly changed and supplemented with new technical terms, including in the definition the presence of identification and light signals, listing technical means, stipulating conditions that could fall under this meaning.

Subsequently, there were exceptions that could not be considered and called a "train", starting with road transport.

The onset of the locomotive era came to us in the nineteenth century and reigned supreme on the world's railways until the middle of the twentieth century, until the first diesel locomotives appeared on a mass scale, and then electric locomotives.

Based on the name of the first machines of steam locomotives on the railway, the operation of their engine was provided by steam, and fuel was needed for its production, and this was the famous coal. Somewhat later, in areas where oil was being extracted, heavy fuel oil was used for steam locomotives. But still, on the scale of our Russia, on the territory of European countries and on the American continent, initially only coal served as fuel for a steam locomotive. In the hard times of revolutionary days, as well as during the Civil War, wood or peat was burned in locomotive furnaces, sometimes dried fish was used as a completely exotic fuel. On a steam locomotive, a tender served as a storage facility for coal fuel. Water supplies were also stored in such a car. On locomotives that did not have such a tender, all their coal fuel and water were stored on the locomotive itself. For this reason, such a modification of the locomotive was named "locomotive tank".

Solid fuel was burnt in a boiler furnace. To ensure its combustion, a grate was used. Waste in the form of slag and ash was collected in the so-called ash pan, having previously passed through a sieve of a special grate.

With the help of a large number of flame and smoke tubes, heat exchange took place and water was heated in the boiler, forming the very steam that was sent directly to the steam engine, which ensure the movement of the locomotive, activating the crank mechanism, which ultimately transformed into the rotational movement of the locomotive wheels.

It should be noted that the engineers-creators of the locomotive miracle followed a very difficult path, inventing their own machine. Initially, they relied more on their intuition than on specific calculations.

The technique that was being improved could serve people for a long time. In this case, the engineers were at the right way, being in constant creative and technical search, including new types of fuel. For these purposes, enthusiasts suggested learning how to properly burn coal dust, which could significantly increase the coefficient of useful fuel used charcoal... At the same time, the furnace volumes did not have to increase. But all these proposals were only theoretical calculations, not having solid practical ground. As a result, coal dust did not serve as a fuel, since the inventors did not achieve the operational reliability of the coal-dust units of steam locomotives. It was not possible to curb the process of combustion of coal mass, including coal dust, precisely at high temperatures. Therefore, this type of fuel was abandoned.

After that, the era of search and creation began. additional equipment to improve the efficiency of the coal fuel used. This is how the first Duplexes stockers appeared, which provided two-way feed solid fuel into the firebox. In the SSR, the same was installed on the locomotive modifications "IS" and "FD".

American inventors offered steam engines so-called mechanical devices: "pushers", which successfully loosened frozen coal directly in the tender. As a result, the already loosened fuel through the conveyor was fed directly to the stoker.

In the twentieth century, transport units appeared in the form of diesel locomotives, which already used diesel fuel for power plants. It could be a diesel engine directly or was installed gas turbine... True, the train carriages continued to be heated with coal for a long time.

Then the first electric locomotives appeared, which were originally consumed as fuel.

DC electrical energy. Subsequently, they gradually began to switch to the use of alternating current. This type of transport units has established itself as environmentally friendly transport. The emission of harmful substances has been significantly reduced.

The preparation of the train begins immediately with the inspection and immediately after its arrival from the previous trip. Exterior and interior equipment inspectors determine which wagons can set off and which need to be uncoupled. The composition is disbanded and staffed again. A service team is allocated for its maintenance. Some trains have about a day or a little more before the next trip, while others should be ready in five hours.

Preparatory work at the depot

Technical inspection (TO-2) is performed by the teams of the electrical shop, repair of running gears and internal equipment, and the shop for the repair of restaurant cars.

The equipment crew works according to a pre-set schedule. Everything needed for restoration is in warehouses. Train leaders and conductors are constantly exchanging documentation with the storekeeper-inventory keeper. Information about the remaining unused sets of bed linen, tablecloths and other train utensils is entered into the database. Thus, new needs of the carriage and the train as a whole are formed.

Before departure, the train is filled with water. The conductor carefully checks, in addition to its presence and the serviceability of the crane, also the fuel level, the contents of the first-aid kit, the serviceability of handrails, locks, entrance and transition platforms, the presence of seals on the stop valves and handles of the emergency exit drive, the presence and serviceability of the fire and other internal equipment.

Checking the operation of the brake system and chassis is carried out, which, together with an assistant, controls the work technicians... All discovered deficiencies are eliminated at their first request.

A commission is assigned to each train, which ultimately checks the readiness for shipment. It includes: representatives of the depot, the sanitary and epidemiological service, the apparatus of traffic safety inspectors.

Before starting the movement, all employees involved in its provision must be instructed.

Departure of the train on the flight

The dispatcher, having taken the readings of the control devices on central office, after making sure that the turnouts are free (when changing the route - haul), sets the route of departure, and then carries out the actual translation of the turnouts and the opening of the exit traffic light.

At the permitting signal, the driver and the assistant perform the “Minute of readiness” regulation. It takes place in the form of a dialogue, during which the assistant reports on:

Availability of travel documents and a warning form;
Switching on safety devices and radio stations;
Hand brake release;
Availability of certificates on brakes and tail car;
Locomotive traffic light readings;
The pressure in the brake and pressure lines;
Indications of the exit (route) traffic light;
The set speed of following the route;
On the end of the parking time and the absence of stop signals on the way.

Actually job descriptions in preparation for the flight include a huge number of different operations, and those that are named are only a small part of the huge work that Russian Railways employees do to ensure that passengers reach their destination on time and without problems.

Despite the growing popularity of air travel, railway transport is still popular - both in our country and in the world. Long-distance train routes ply continents and states. Let's take a closer look at this category of railway trains? First, let's define a key term.

What is this - a train?

In order to understand exactly that this is a long-distance train, you need to know the definition of the root word-concept.

A train today is a coupled and formed self-propelled railway train, consisting of several cars, as well as a locomotive (or a motor car), which sets it in motion. It must have audible and visual signals that determine where the tail is and where the head is. Also, almost all trains have an individual number that allows them to be identified.

This transport also includes:

motor cars;
locomotives traveling without a train;
self-propelled railcars;
railcars.

Trains entered our life in 1825. Today, they are able to move on a railroad track, monorail, using magnetic levitation. Rail vehicles are capable of accelerating up to 575 km / h, trackless (magnetoplanes) - up to 581 km / h. There is also a special discipline that studies these vehicles - train traction.

A long-distance train is ...

Data classifications Vehicle some. We also need one that separates them according to the range of distances covered. The following stands out here:

Long-distance trains are passenger trains with a route length of more than 700 km.
Straight lines - follow only one document at a time.
Local - passenger trains, whose route is shorter than 700 km, following only one road. Today this section has been abolished.
Suburban - trains, whose route is less than 150 km (sometimes - 200 km).
Through - follows through several technical stations without forming-disbanding.
Groupage - a train that delivers wagons to intermediate stations.
Precinct - a train whose path lies from one technical station to another.

Types of railway trains

When buying tickets for long-distance trains, it will not be superfluous to know about some of their features. Let's list the most important and interesting ones.

Long distance travel is divided into:

Expressways... They follow at a speed of at least 91 km / h. Moreover, their average speed is 140-200 km / h.
Ambulances... The average speed along the entire route is 50-90 km / h.
Passenger... Travel speed - no more than 50 km / h.

Note also that fast trains have a minimum number of stops on their way, and they also take much less time. Many of them are branded. That is, they have their own name, unique style, provide more comfortable travel conditions, a convenient schedule. If a long-distance train is a multi-unit train, then it can be either without the provision of additional services (economy), or with increased comfort.

According to the regularity of movement, passenger trains can be divided into one-time, seasonal and year-round. By frequency - the following are daily, every other day, on certain days of the week or specific days of the month.

What does the numbering mean?

When buying tickets for long-distance trains, take a look at the numbering. We have put in the table what she can tell.

Now let's move on to the features of the cars.

Types of passenger cars

A long-distance train can include the following type of carriages:

Suite... They have from 4 to 6 compartments, a bar. Each compartment has 1-2 seats. The lower one is transformed into a one-and-a-half bed, maybe the upper shelf. Also, each compartment has a table, an armchair, a private bathroom (washbasin and toilet), shower, air conditioning, heated floors, TV, radio, media player.
SV... These are 8-9 double coupes. There are two bathrooms in the carriage. Each compartment has two lower or upper and lower seats, a table, hangers, and a place for luggage.
Coupe... As a standard, the carriage has 9 four-seater compartments and 2 bathrooms. In each compartment there are two upper and lower places, a table, a mirror, hangers, lockers for carry-on luggage.
Reserved seat... Nine open compartments (4 seats) and side bins (18 seats) - 54 seats in total. There are tables, coat hooks, lockers and luggage racks.
Common carriages. They have only seats - 54-81, depending on the comfort class.

When choosing a location, keep the following in mind:

The lower shelves are odd, the upper ones are even.
Next to the toilet:
- Always the ninth compartment - seats 33-36 (in NE - 17-18).
- In the reserved seat - 33-38.
- In a general type carriage - 49-57.

Long-distance trains are always passenger. They also differ among themselves in terms of travel speed, frequency, and regularity of flights. When choosing a ticket, it is important to consider both the type of carriage and the location of the seat.