What letter denotes profit in the economy. M * V = P * Q - Khapuga Magazine. Something about economics and financial markets. - LJ. $ "Three Little Pigs and the Gray Wolf" $

First of all, it is necessary to consider the formulas for economics, which relate to supply and demand. The demand function equation can be represented as the following formula:

y = k * x + b

The demand function itself looks like this:

QD = k * P + b

Suggestion function:

Qs = k * P + b

If we consider the elasticity indicators, then we can distinguish formulas for economics that determine the price elasticity of demand:

EDP = Δ QD (%): Δ P (%)

EDP = (Q2 –Q1) / (Q2 + Q1): (P2 –P1) / (P2 + P1)

The second formula is the calculation of the midpoint, here the value of P1 is the price of the product before the change, P2 is the price of the product after the change, Q1 is the demand before the price change, Q2 is the demand after the price change.

The formula for the elasticity of demand in general:

EDI = (Q2 –Q1) / Q1: (P2 –P1) / P1

Macroeconomic formulas

Formulas for economics include formulas for microeconomics (supply and demand, firm costs, etc.), as well as formulas for macroeconomics. An important formula for macroeconomics is the formula for calculating the amount of money required in circulation:

KD = ∑ CG - K + SP - VP / CO

КД - the amount of money in circulation,

CG - the sum of prices for goods;

K - goods sold on credit;

JV - urgent payments;

VP - mutually redeemable payments under barter transactions;

CO is the annual rate of turnover of the monetary unit.

In order to determine the money supply in circulation, you must use the following formula:

M = P * Q / V

Here M is the money supply in circulation;

V is the velocity of money circulation;

Р - average prices for products;

Q is the number of products manufactured at constant prices.

The exchange equation can be represented by the following equality:

M * V = P * Q

This equation reflects the equality of total expenditures in monetary terms and the value of all goods and services that are produced in the state.

Other macroeconomic formulas

Consider a few more formulas in economics, among which the formula for calculating real income occupies an important place:

RD = ND / CPI * 100%

Here RD is real income,

ND - nominal income,

CPI is an indicator of the consumer price index.

The formula for calculating the consumer price index is represented by the following expression:

CPI = STTG / STBG

STTG - cost consumer basket this year,

STBG - in the base year.

In accordance with the indicator of price indices, the inflation rate can be determined using the appropriate formula:

TI = (CPI1 - CPI0) / CPI0 * 100%

In accordance with the rate of inflation, several types can be distinguished:

1. Creeping inflation with a rise in prices up to 5% per annum,

2. Moderate inflation up to 10% per annum,

3. Galloping inflation with a rise in prices of 20-200% per annum,

4. Hyperinflation with catastrophic price increases of more than 200% per year.

Interest formulas

Economic calculations often require the calculation of interest. Formulas for economics include the calculation of both compound and simple interest. The formula for calculating simple interest is presented as follows:

C = P * (1 + in / 360)

Here P is the amount of debt, including interest;

С - the total amount of the loan;

n is the number of days;

i - annual percentage in shares.

The formula for calculating compound interest looks like this:

C = P (1 + in / 360) k

K is the number of years.

The formula for calculating compound interest, which is calculated over several years:

С = Р (1 + i) k

Formula of unemployment, employment and GNP

UB = Number of unemployed / HR * 100%

Here HR is the size of the labor force.

The formula for calculating the employment rate is as follows:

UZ = Number of employed / HR * 100%

The formula for calculating the gross national product is calculated as follows:

GNP =% + ZP + Tr + KNal - ChS + R + Am + DS

Here Tr are corporations,

Knal - indirect taxes,

PC - net subsidies,

Р - rent,

Am is the amount of depreciation,

DS - property income.

The formula for calculating GNP in accordance with costs:

GNP = LPR + GZ + VChVI - CHI

Calculation of revenue, profit and costs

Formulas for economics when calculating revenue and profit:

TR = P * Q

Profit = TR - TC

The formula for calculating average total costs looks like this:

AC = AFC + AVC or

AC = TC / Q

TC = TFC + TVC

Formula for calculating average fixed costs.

Basic notation and formulas for economics:

I. Symbols

P - price
Q - quantity
D - demand
S - offer
Q D - the amount of demand
Q S - supply value
Q def - deficit (deficit volume)
Q sales - sales volume
Q ISB - the amount of surplus (surplus)
E DP - coefficient of price elasticity of demand
E SP - coefficient of price elasticity of supply
I - income
E DI - coefficient of income elasticity of demand
E DC - coefficient of cross elasticity of demand
TR - total income (seller's revenue)
TC - total costs
P r - profit
P D - ask price
P S - offer price
P E - equilibrium price

II. Formulas:

y = k * x + b- the equation describing the demand function
Q D = k * P + b- demand function
E DP = Δ Q D (%) / ΔP (%)- coefficient of price elasticity of demand
E DP = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the midpoint formula, where P 1 is the price of the product before the change, P 2 is the price of the product after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand before the change in price, Q 2 is the amount of demand after the change in price;
E DI = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (I 2 –I 1 ): (I 2 + I 1 ) - the formula for the coefficient of elasticity of demand, where I 1 is the amount of income before the change, I 2 is the amount of income after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand before the change in income, Q 2 is the amount of demand after the change in income;
E DC = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the midpoint formula, where P 1 is the price of the second product before the change, P 2 is the price of the second product after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand for the first product before the price change, Q 2 is the amount of demand for the first product after the change in price;
TR = P * Q- the formula for calculating the seller's revenue
P r = TR - TC- profit calculation formula;
Q D = k * P + b- offer function;
E SP = (Q S2 –Q S1 ): (Q S2 + Q S1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the formula for the supply coefficient, where P 1 is the price of the product before the change, P 2 is the price of the product after the change, Q S1 is the amount of the offer before the price change, Q S2 is the amount of the offer after the change in price;
Q def = Q D - Q S- the formula for determining the volume of the deficit;
Q def = Q S - Q D- the formula for determining the amount of excess

The formula for calculating the amount of money required for circulation:
1)

KD - a lot of money;
Ect - the sum of the prices of goods;
K - goods sold on credit;
SP - urgent payments;
VP - reciprocal payments (barter transactions);
CO is the rate of turnover of the monetary unit (per year).
2)

M is the money supply in circulation;

Exchange equation:

M is the money supply in circulation;
V is the velocity of money circulation;
Р - average prices for goods and services;
Q is the quantity of products produced at constant prices.
This equation shows that the total cost in monetary terms
are equal to the value of all goods and services produced by the economy.

Formula for finding real income:

CPI - consumer price index.

The formula for finding the purchasing power of money:

Ipcd is the purchasing power of money;
Ic - price index.

The formula for finding the consumer price index:

Formula for calculating the value of the consumer basket:

P 1 - the price of the first product;
Р 2 - the price of the second item;
Р n is the price of the n-th product;
Q 1 - the quantity of the first item;
Q 2 - the quantity of the second item;
Q n - the quantity of the n-th product.

Formula for calculating the inflation rate:

Depending on the rate of inflation, there are several types of it:
1. Soft (creeping), when prices rise within 1-3% per year.
2. Moderate - when prices rise up to 10% per year.
3.Galloping - when prices rise from 20 to 200% per year.
4. Hyperinflation, when prices rise catastrophically - more than 200% per year.

Formula for calculating simple interest:

S - loan amount;
n is the number of days;
i - annual percentage in shares.

Formula for calculating compound interest:

P is the amount of debt with interest;
S - loan amount;
n is the number of days;
i - annual percentage in shares;
N - how many times it is charged per year.

Formula for calculating compound interest calculated over several years:

P is the amount of debt with interest;
S - loan amount;
t is the number of years;
i - annual percentage in shares.

The formula for calculating the mixed percentage for a fractional number of years:

P is the amount of debt with interest;
S - loan amount;
t is the number of years;
i - annual percentage in shares;
n is the number of days.

Formula for calculating bank reserves:

S is the rate of required reserves in percent;
R is the total amount of reserves;
D - the amount of deposits on the KB account.

The formula for calculating the unemployment rate:

The formula for calculating the level of employment:

Formula for calculating cross-price elasticity:

Formula for calculating the elasticity concept:

Depreciation calculation formula:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating personal income of households:

The formula for calculating GNP by income:

The formula for calculating GNP by expenditure:

The formula for calculating the NNP:

Formula for calculating average total costs:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating total costs:

Formula for calculating average fixed costs:

Formula for calculating average variable costs:

Revenue calculation formula:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating accounting profit:

Formula for calculating economic profit:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating product profitability:

The formula for calculating the profitability of production:

Formula for calculating entrepreneurial income:

The formula for calculating capital return:

The formula for calculating the magnitude of cyclical unemployment:

The formula for calculating the amount of natural unemployment:

Formula for calculating labor productivity:

The formula for calculating the arc income elasticity:

Form start

Gini coefficient

The shortest definition Gini coefficient - coefficient concentration of wealth... The higher it is, the higher the inequality. More complete definition - a measure of inequality in income distribution. An even more complete definition is the coefficient of deviation of the economy from absolute equality in the distribution of income.

Coefficient output from the Lorentz curve and is the ratio of the area between this curve and the line of absolute equality to the total area under the line of absolute equality. The line of absolute equality is the bisector between the "household share" and "income share" axes. Coefficient can be calculated and according to the exact formula.

Maximum value coefficient is equal to one and this is - absolute inequality... The minimum is zero and this is absolute equality

Due to the socio-political significance of the estimates obtained on the basis of the coefficient, it is actively calculated, debated and used for different levels of conclusions. One of the most active areas of use is cross-country and temporal comparative analysis. For example, the coefficient Gini for Russia in 1991 it was 0.24, in 2008 it was 0.42. In the so-called "model" European and especially Nordic countries, it is in the range from 0.2 to 0.3.

But direct conclusions from the comparison of the coefficient across countries and over time are hardly appropriate. He has limitations turning into disadvantages, which is explained by two circumstances. First, the relative nature of this indicator. Secondly, its range skewness: one distribution can be more equal than another in one range, and less equal in the other with the same coefficient value for both distributions. Therefore, direct conclusions from the comparison of the coefficient in different countries and in time dynamics can lead to erroneous estimates.

Coefficient named after its author- Italian Corrado Gini, lecturer in statistics, sociology and demography at the University of Rome. The coefficient was proposed by him in 1912 year, therefore, the coefficient has a significant date - 100 years of practical use

Calculate the Gini coefficient.

Calculate the Gini coefficient: The total population is 1 million 100 thousand people.
15% -wealthy families monthly income 200 thousand.
35% - middle class monthly income 30 thousand.
50% -poor monthly income 10 thousand.

Let's calculate the share of income of poor families.

Income of all families: 1.1 million * (0.15 * 200 thousand + 0.35 * 30 thousand + 0.5 * 10 thousand) = 1.1 million * (45.5 thousand).
This means that the share of incomes of poor families = (1.1 million * (0.5 * 10 thousand) / (1.1 million * (45.5 thousand) = 0.11.
In the same way, we find the share of middle class income in total income (equal to 0.23).
This means that the share of incomes of the poor and middle class in total income = 0.34.
I calculated the Gini index as the ratio of the area of the figure (S), enclosed between the curve of absolute equality and the Lorentz curve, to the area of the figure, enclosed between the curve of absolute equality and the curve of absolute inequality (San = 0.5)
S = 0.5-S 1 -S 2 -S 3 -S 4 -S 5
S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4, S 5 can be easily found from the available data, which means that the Gini index can also be found.

How to find the data S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, what are they equal to, and what to do next, how to find exactly the Gini coefficient?

S1, S3, S5 are right-angled triangles, their area is as half the product of legs
S2, S4 are rectangles, their area is the product of the sides

G = = = 0.5865

Four-dimensional cocktail

The Economics Bar's signature cocktail requires 1 unit of ingredient A, 2 units of ingredient B, 3 units of ingredient C and 4 units of ingredient D to make a single serving of Thumb Equilibrium, the signature cocktail of the Economics Bar (ingredient names are trade secrets and are not disclosed). However, the owner of the bar, famed bartender and economist Sam Poluelson, has only limited resources to procure the expensive ingredients. So, on the available cash he can buy either 100 units of ingredient A, 200 units of ingredient B, 300 units of ingredient C, or 400 units of ingredient D per day.
What is the maximum number of servings of the signature cocktail that Sam can make in a day?

I was the first to think of a completely different solution, a logical one.

Note the fact that to buy any ingredient (A, B, C, D) for 1 cocktail, we need to spend 1/100 of all money, that is, for 1 cocktail we spend 1/25 of all money, so we can make 25 cocktails

Gini coefficient problem.

All residents of a certain community can be conditionally divided into three equal groups in terms of number: poor, average, rich. The income of the Poor group is 20% of the total income of all residents of a given community. The income of the middle group is 30%. Calculate the Gini coefficient ().
The community decided to introduce a tax on the income of the wealthy part of society in the amount of 30% of their income. The amount of tax received is distributed as follows: two thirds of the amount received goes to the poor, one third - middle group... Calculate the new value for the Gini coefficients ().

Solution: After the introduction of the tax, the income of the "rich" will be: from the total income of all residents, that is, it will be distributed among the remaining groups of total income, therefore, the income of the "poor" will be:; the incomes of the "average" will be equal to the income of the "rich", that is, now society is divided into 2 groups: "poor" (from the population and from the total income) and "middle-rich" (from the population and from the total income).

The Gini coefficient can be calculated using the lemma about a broken Lorentz curve with two linear sections (the proof of the lemma in the problem called "In a certain country", enter in the search on the site, the link could not be inserted), from here

Calculate the Gini coefficient, roughly reflecting global income inequality, if the GDP of developing countries, which are home to 80% of the world's population, add up to only 20% of the global product (note that this ratio has been held for many years according to the World Bank).

Solution and answer

j = 1- (0.8+ (0.2 + 1)) * 0.2 = 1-2 * 0.2 = 0.6

Then the Gini coefficient is.

Considering that, we have:

Means,

.
It turns out that before the war, countries had the same GDP and the same population!
If the countries united before the war, then the general Lorentz curve would have qualitatively the same form as in the case of unification after the war. Following the logic of constructing this curve described above, it is easy to establish that the cumulative Lorentz curve before the war would pass through points, and the cumulative Gini coefficient would be equal.

Answer:

Inequality in per capita income

A certain society consists of two social groups, within each of which income is evenly distributed. It is known that the average per capita income in the first group is 5 thousand rubles. per month, in the second - 25 thousand rubles. per month, and in the whole society the average per capita income is 20 thousand rubles. per month. Determine the value of the Gini coefficient for this society.

Solution and answer

Let us denote the number of members of the poorer social group for, the richer - for, and the incomes of the groups, respectively, for and. Then:
.
The Lorentz curve will look like this:

Answer:

$ "Three Little Pigs and the Gray Wolf" $

Once upon a time, there were three pig brothers: Nif-Nif, Nuf-Nuf and Naf-Naf. All of the same height, round, pink, with the same cheerful tails. But their skills were different. During the summer, Nif-Nif could build three houses of straw or two houses of stone. Nuf-Nuf, more thorough and neat, could build as many as five straw houses during the summer. And rumors circulated in the forest that somehow, having argued with the brothers, he was able to build 2 straw houses and three stone houses over the summer. But the most hardworking of the pigs was Naf-Naf: in June he could build 2 straw houses, in the July heat his productivity decreased, and he was only enough to build one whole house from straw and start another one. But in August, Naf-Naf worked tirelessly - not only could he finish what he had begun in July, but also build 4 new straw houses. And Naf-Naf was even more skillful as a bricklayer: he spent 40% less time on each house made of stone than on a straw one.
The piglets built the houses were sold to the residents of the neighboring forest, for whom the purchase of a straw house cost 10 coins, and a stone house 15 coins.
Once, lounging in a puddle, the brothers agreed that they would be engaged in construction together, creating a development company "KhryakDomStroy".
- But we are just pigs, - said Naf-Naf, the most reasonable of them, - we need an accountant who will take into account all our operations and draw up a balance.
“Let's call the Gray Wolf,” Nuf-Nuf suggested, “after all, after that story that made us famous, he changed, he also wants to work. Apparently it was not in vain that we taught him a lesson!
The piglets agreed with the brother's proposal, but decided to give the wolf an exam to see if he was going to try to "cheat" them again. Here are the tasks that were offered to the Gray Wolf in the exam:
1. Show what the capabilities of each of the piglet brothers are if they work alone. (5 points)
2. On the wall of one of the houses, illustrate the possibilities of building houses, which the company "KhryakDomStroy" will have. (6 points)
3. If it is necessary to build several thatched and several stone houses, what kind of houses should each of the brothers build? (5 points)
4. Tell me which houses should be built so that KhryakDomStroy could get the maximum income from their sale to forest dwellers, if the straw needed to build one house costs 3 coins, and stones - 10 coins (10 points).
The gray wolf solved the problems, but now the piglets faced a new problem: how to check the wolf's answers? For the correct answers, they turned to us. And we - to you.

1) Nif-nif:

Nuf-nuf:
Naf-naf:
3) Nif-nif builds straw
Nuf-nufu all the same what
Naf-naf builds Stone
4) Nif-nifu and nuf-nufu build only straw and Naf-nafu build Stone
Profit turned out

What's the problem?

1) Nif-Nif has two extreme points on the checkpoint, Nuf-Nuf has an extreme point along the straw axis and a point (2; 3) (if you build the checkpoint in the axes (straw houses; stone houses)), Naf-Naf has two extreme points 8 and along the ordinate and abscissa, respectively. In a little more detail with Naf-Naf, then we have an extreme point 8, it is also known that 40% less is spent on stone houses, that is, 60%, which means another extreme point:
2) Here, just look at who has a lower opportunity cost in the production of any type of houses, then you start building a total CPV, starting with the smallest a.s.
3) Again, it all comes down to opportunity cost
4) Check the "edge" points of the total CPV, that is, 2 breakpoints and two extreme points. If it is more reasonable, then here it seems like it is necessary to write down that let this straight line "travel" along the total CPV until it is maximum.
By the way, in Akimov's book there are very similar tasks on this topic, it's just that instead of profit, it was necessary to maximize revenue.

The problem about hares

In a dark blue forest where aspens tremble, Hares Ltd. is a monopolist in the tryn grass market and has a cost function. Trades are held monthly, every month the demand function for tryn grass is the same and is given by the equation. Grandfather Mazai, representing the state in the forest, is going to interfere in the pricing. He wants to achieve a price reduction to a certain level, but so that the intervention does not seem drastic, Mazai will pursue his policy in three stages:

When Grandpa Mazai asked Zaitsev Ltd. whether it was profitable for them to mow tryn grass at a price or better to leave the market, they replied with their famous phrase: “We don't care!”.

What profit would "Hares Ltd." have received if it were not for Ded Mazai?
Find the prices that will prevail in the market after each step of the intervention. What profit will "Hares Ltd." at each of these prices?
Please comment on the actions of Ded Mazai from the point of view of public welfare.

Solution and answer

Find profit "Zaitsev Ltd." before government intervention:

Let us consider the mechanism by which a monopolist chooses the volume of production when setting a price ceiling. The new demand curve will have two sections: below the level it will remain the same, and at the level it will become completely inelastic. Based on this, to the left it will be horizontal at the level, and to the right it will remain the same (bold line in Figure 1).

For each value "Hares Ltd." determine the release level at which the new one crosses.

So, we are talking about long term... Since at the price the firm does not care whether to leave the industry or stay, this price is equal to the minimum average cost (it receives zero economic profit at optimal output). It is obvious that the optimal volume of output in this case lies on the horizontal part of the curve.

What price can Grandfather Mazai set so that the volume of production is also equal to 5? Such that the amount of demand at this price is equal to 5.

It remains to find. The maximum of the optimum production volumes is achieved when the ceiling is set at the intersection level and the demand curve. (By the way, this is the price and the volume of production that would have formed on the market if it were completely competitive.) If the ceiling is higher or lower than this level, "Hares Ltd." it will be beneficial to reduce the output.

Speaking about the consequences of Ded Mazai's actions for society, it can be noted that setting prices is also advisable, since it lowers the price level and increases the volume of sales (when the situation is similar to perfect competition), and a decrease in the price to causes the emergence of losses to society from price regulation and the appearance of a shortage of tryn grass on the market.

Note:

The behavior of a monopolist under the conditions of price regulation is described in detail and with pictures in the well-known textbook by Robert Pindike and Daniel Rubinfeld in the chapter "Market Power: Monopoly and Monopsony".

Basic notation and formulas for economics:

I. Symbols

P - price
Q - quantity
D - demand
S - offer
Q D - the amount of demand
Q S - supply value
Q def - deficit (deficit volume)
Q sales - sales volume
Q ISB - the amount of surplus (surplus)
E DP - coefficient of price elasticity of demand
E SP - coefficient of price elasticity of supply
I - income
E DI - coefficient of income elasticity of demand
E DC - coefficient of cross elasticity of demand
TR - total income (seller's revenue)
TC - total costs
P r - profit
P D - ask price
P S - offer price
P E - equilibrium price

II. Formulas:

y = k * x + b- the equation describing the demand function
Q D = k * P + b- demand function
E DP = Δ Q D (%) / ΔP (%)- coefficient of price elasticity of demand
E DP = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the midpoint formula, where P 1 is the price of the product before the change, P 2 is the price of the product after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand before the change in price, Q 2 is the amount of demand after the change in price;
E DI = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (I 2 –I 1 ): (I 2 + I 1 ) - the formula for the coefficient of elasticity of demand, where I 1 is the amount of income before the change, I 2 is the amount of income after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand before the change in income, Q 2 is the amount of demand after the change in income;
E DC = (Q 2 –Q 1 ): (Q 2 + Q 1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the midpoint formula, where P 1 is the price of the second product before the change, P 2 is the price of the second product after the change, Q 1 is the amount of demand for the first product before the price change, Q 2 is the amount of demand for the first product after the change in price;
TR = P * Q- the formula for calculating the seller's revenue
P r = TR - TC- profit calculation formula;
Q D = k * P + b- offer function;
E SP = (Q S2 –Q S1 ): (Q S2 + Q S1 ) / (P 2 –P 1 ): (P 2 + P 1 ) - the formula for the supply coefficient, where P 1 is the price of the product before the change, P 2 is the price of the product after the change, Q S1 is the amount of the offer before the price change, Q S2 is the amount of the offer after the change in price;
Q def = Q D - Q S- the formula for determining the volume of the deficit;
Q def = Q S - Q D- the formula for determining the amount of excess

The formula for calculating the amount of money required for circulation:
1)

Formula for finding real income:

CPI - consumer price index.

The formula for finding the purchasing power of money:

Ipcd is the purchasing power of money;
Ic - price index.

The formula for finding the consumer price index:

Formula for calculating simple interest:

S - loan amount;
n is the number of days;
i - annual percentage in shares.

Formula for calculating compound interest calculated over several years:

P is the amount of debt with interest;
S - loan amount;
t is the number of years;
i - annual percentage in shares.

Formula for calculating bank reserves:

S is the rate of required reserves in percent;
R is the total amount of reserves;
D - the amount of deposits on the KB account.

The formula for calculating the unemployment rate:

The formula for calculating the level of employment:

Formula for calculating cross-price elasticity:

Formula for calculating the elasticity concept:

Depreciation calculation formula:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating personal income of households:

The formula for calculating GNP by income:

The formula for calculating GNP by expenditure:

The formula for calculating the NNP:

Formula for calculating average total costs:
1)

2)

Formula for calculating total costs:

Determining the value of a product is one of the main tasks for which mathematics is used. Today we will learn how to calculate the cost. And also we will learn about the relationship of such quantities as price, quantity and value.

The concept of price, quantity and value

Price is a value that shows how much one item costs (one kilogram of product, one box of tea, etc.). We will denote the price by the letter C.

Quantity is a number that shows how many items we bought (how many boxes we bought or how many kilograms, etc.). We will denote the number by the letter TO.

Price is a value that shows how much all those items that we bought will cost. We will denote the cost by the letter WITH.

All these three quantities (price, quantity, cost) are related. If we have any two of them, then we can find the third unknown quantity.

Cost formula

The equality written below is called the cost formula:

C = K * Ts.

This formula means that the cost (C) is equal to the price of one unit of goods (C) multiplied by the quantity of goods (C). From this formula, you can derive formulas for other quantities included in it.

1. The price of one unit of a good is equal to the value of the good divided by the quantity of the good.

C = S / K.

2. The quantity of goods is equal to the value of the goods divided by the price per unit of goods.

K = S / Ts.

Let's solve the problem

One pen costs 15 rubles. How much will you need to pay for 4 of these pens? Let us briefly write down the given conditions of the problem:

The price of the pen is 15 rubles, that is, P = 15. The cost is unknown, it must be found. The number of handles is 4, that is, K = 4. Let's use the cost formula:

C = C * K = 15 * 4 = 60.

The cost is 60 rubles. This means that we need to pay 60 rubles for the purchase of four pens.

When solving such problems, it is convenient to use the following plate.

The known data of the task is recorded on the plate and it immediately becomes clear what needs to be found. Next, calculate required values already according to the formulas known to us and write down the answer. If the problem deals with several different subjects, then a separate line of the table is allocated for each subject, and the data is recorded in accordance with the subject.

TR is gross income.

TRK - Adjusted Sales Revenue.

TS - total costs.

FC are fixed costs.

VC - variable costs.

ATC - Average Total Costs.

AFC - Average Fixed Cost.

AVC - Average Variable Cost.

MR is the marginal (marginal) income.

MC - marginal cost. VM - gross margin.

ABM is the share of gross margin in sales proceeds.

Q - issue; volume of manufactured and sold products.

tg, P - profit.

PB - balance sheet profit.

PS is net profit.

PNRM - retained earnings.

DPb - the absolute deviation of the amount of profit.

J - the rate of growth of the value.

/ is the rate of increase (relative deviation) of the value. aSq q - average annual cost fixed production assets. Ying - the rate of depreciation of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage. And - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the end of the year. Av - depreciation charges intended for the complete restoration of fixed assets. To.p - the time of mastering the release of a new product. Te is the actual service life of fixed assets (years). Ha - standard service life of fixed assets (depreciation period of fixed assets) (years). Тф - actual time of useful use of working machines and equipment during the year, machine-hours. (7ph = Z // 5 // (, = lf is the actual useful time of the i-th machine (equipment unit); m is the number of machines (equipment units)).

Тм - annual fund of working hours of machines (pieces of equipment). L - labor costs in the selected units (0 and 1 mean the compared periods; 0 - as a rule, the base period). At ~~ the average annual number of industrial and production personnel.

A: n - average headcount working on the report. O is the remainder working capital... OS - fixed assets. z is the average daily consumption of this type of stock. d - number calendar days in the period. sppt-? cost of production of goods (services) sold (cost of goods sold). 3 - stocks. A, h - turnover duration (in days). с „- costs of materials. m - consumption of material resources. Dsr is the average number of days a worker works. СЧЧр - the average number of hours of work of one average worker. Nem - the average length of the working day (shift). PDF - actually worked man-days. FFC - actually

man-hours worked. 1a, HA, SHA - sections of the balance sheet asset. 1p, Np, Shp - sections of the balance liability. IB is the result of the balance sheet of the enterprise. A - the duration of one turnover of capital. R&D - costs for research and development work. / - tax rate. D - long-term liabilities. A is the average amount of accounts receivable. Is - depletion of natural resources. Ai are the most liquid assets. An are quick realizable assets. Am are slow-moving assets. Aiv are hard-to-sell assets. Пі - the most urgent obligations. Mon - short-term liabilities. Psh - long-term liabilities. Піу - constant liabilities. Inventories - commodity and material values. CM - raw materials, materials. GP - finished products. NP - work in progress. RBP - deferred expenses. A> .p the market value of ordinary and preferred shares (if there is no data on the market value of shares, then this indicator calculated by the formula: In p = div / r, where div is the amount of dividends paid; d is the average interest rate). L - liabilities. Y, is the specific weight of the studied equipment group. Rr - coefficient of rhythm. - coefficient operating stock product. KE.n - coefficient of extensive load. ^ i.n - coefficient of intensive load. ^ and.t - integral load factor. F - the rate of return on assets. f - capital intensity. / p is an indicator of capital-labor ratio. - storage capacity. Z, is the specific weight of the i-th type of reserves in their total volume. Uz - inventory turnover rate (turnover ratio). kz - the coefficient of fastening. t - material consumption. L is the index of specific material consumption. / f - a fixed amount of labor intensity. A is an indicator of market power (Lerner index) for a specific product(/ - product type). /AND; - profit margin of the product /. ^ rhythm - coefficient of rhythm. La is the overall return on assets. ^ s.k - return on equity. - product profitability. - the ratio of accounts receivable turnover. - general indicator of liquidity. ^ pn - net profitability of sales. ^ ob.a - asset turnover ratio.

What letter denotes profit in the economy. M * V = P * Q - Khapuga Magazine. Something about economics and financial markets. - LJ. $ "Three Little Pigs and the Gray Wolf" $

y = k * x + b

QD = k * P + b

Qs = k * P + b

EDP ​​= Δ QD (%): Δ P (%)

EDP ​​= (Q2 –Q1) / (Q2 + Q1): (P2 –P1) / (P2 + P1)

EDI = (Q2 –Q1) / Q1: (P2 –P1) / P1

Macroeconomic formulas

KD = ∑ CG - K + SP - VP / CO

M = P * Q / V

M * V = P * Q

Other macroeconomic formulas

RD = ND / CPI * 100%

CPI = STTG / STBG

TI = (CPI1 - CPI0) / CPI0 * 100%

Interest formulas

C = P * (1 + in / 360)

C = P (1 + in / 360) k

С = Р (1 + i) k

Formula of unemployment, employment and GNP

UB = Number of unemployed / HR * 100%

UZ = Number of employed / HR * 100%

GNP =% + ZP + Tr + KNal - ChS + R + Am + DS

GNP = LPR + GZ + VChVI - CHI

Calculation of revenue, profit and costs

TR = P * Q

AC = AFC + AVC or

AC = TC / Q

TC = TFC + TVC

Gini coefficient

Calculate the Gini coefficient.

Four-dimensional cocktail

Gini coefficient problem.

Inequality in per capita income

$ "Three Little Pigs and the Gray Wolf" $

The problem about hares

The concept of price, quantity and value

Cost formula

Let's solve the problem

EDP = Δ QD (%): Δ P (%)

EDP = (Q2 –Q1) / (Q2 + Q1): (P2 –P1) / (P2 + P1)