Make an inkwell with your own hands. How to make ink or ink with your own hands. Research protocol

Making your own ink can be fun and very rewarding! And why, you ask, do them, because every house is already full of ballpoint pens and pencils? Of course, today you won't surprise anyone with ink, but just imagine how many emotions their creation will bring to your child! With what enthusiasm and curiosity he will take part in this process and with what joy - then print letters and numbers on paper with his ink, or just squiggles that are understandable to him alone! And the benefits of such an activity are obvious! First, children love to learn something new and literally "absorb" any information they receive. Secondly, you must admit that spending time in this way is much more useful than sitting near a TV or computer!

But before proceeding with the description of the ink recipe and the method of their preparation, let's plunge a little into history and find out how and when they appeared.

According to archaeologists, the very first ink appeared in ancient Egypt. It was there that during the excavations their oldest recipes were found. According to the description found, scientists managed to find out that for the manufacture of ink the Egyptians used gum - a thick and sticky juice that is secreted from cherries or acacia and ash, which remained after burning papyrus or its roots. By the way, scientists also managed to find out that about two and a half thousand years ago, the same ink was used in China.

Already in the 3rd century BC, the Greeks and Romans used several types of ink and even made red ones! They were intended for special occasions and were considered sacred in those distant times. Only the emperor had the right to write in red ink. Isn't it, now it seems not accidental that in educational institutions only teachers can write with a red pen! This, of course, is a joke and it was just as a small digression, but now let's go back to the third millennium BC and find out what ink was made of then. For this, people used fruit seeds, soot, charcoal and a vine. The ink that was found during the excavation of an ancient Roman city consisted of soot, which was diluted in oil.

A little later, ink appeared, made on the basis of a decoction of peel from green chestnuts or walnuts, then from nuts that cover the leaves of oak - galls. These nuts are a kind of growths that form on oak branches and leaves. In these galls, larvae of nutcracker insects develop. In order to prevent the ink from washing off, they used a fixative - again the same gum that was used by the ancient Egyptians. Surprisingly, the manuscripts that have survived to this day, which were made with gallic ink, have not yet lost their brightness and clarity! By the way, in our time, some graphic artists use such ink to create their unique works and, of course, make them on their own.

Well, let's try and prepare ink. Moreover, on gallic ink their ancient history ends and the modern one begins. Already in the 19th century, alizarin ink began to be produced, then the natural dye (madder root) in them was replaced with a synthetic one, and the next step was completely synthetic modern aniline ink. It is impossible to make such at home. Therefore, we will consider simple recipes and prepare ink from the available ingredients.

● Gallic ink

You will need:

Gauls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

Metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Fold the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of ferrous sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and leave for several hours

Ink ready

● Ink from oak bark solution

You will need:

Oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

To shave off the oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and turns dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from the shavings.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

Ink ready

As you can see, it's not that difficult - making ink! It remains only to figure out what can be used as an inkwell! Good luck with your experiments!

Several years ago, when I became interested in the CISS, I downloaded (for personal use) everything related to the CISS as a vacuum cleaner from the Internet, without noting the original source and authors.
Now I regret it.
It turned out to be a large archive, I decided to post some articles and photos on the forum.
I think it will be interesting for beginners.

I found an article in my archive about experiments with ink and recipes.
I doubt that there will be people willing to conduct such experiments, but for familiarization, I think it will be useful.

First, I will list the recipes that I found on the net (you probably already met them)

1) Recipe of the Institute of Microelectronics and Informatics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The recipe was developed at the Institute of Microelectronics and Informatics of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Canon BJ 300 printer, where it became widespread. The main component is black chrome dye used in the production of felt boots and tarpaulin boots. Of course, not the most affordable chemical, but if you want, you can get it. The dye is dissolved in distilled water until it is completely saturated (ie, dissolved in water heated to 60-70 degrees "until it stops" and allowed to cool). Then add glycerin. Unfortunately, the proportion of glycerin can only be specified for Canon BJ 300 printers with a resolution of 300 dpi - 40%. Glycerin is added to increase the viscosity of the ink. Obviously, its proportion will have to be selected empirically. Before use, it is recommended to thoroughly filter the composition.

A comment: Failed to try because I could not get this dye, but I can say that the print will most likely be grayish in color, since the dye is water-soluble.

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:32

Continuation

2) Composition, for Canon BJC-250 40% isopropyl alcohol, 40% medical glycerin and 20% dye. As the latter, any liquid, water- and alcohol-soluble dye is suitable, for example, foreign-made ink. You can also use domestic ones, but only after thorough filtration. The cartridge can withstand at least 10 refills with such ink.
Comment: I have not tried it and I am not going to, Isoproryl alcohol is a highly toxic substance! There are ways and easier to spoil your health!

3) Recipes by Jahen P. A.) I found a recipe for preparing ink for an inkjet printer in the magazine "Radio Amateurs" 8/96 p. 9: "INK COMPOSITION. Take" Rainbow "ink, add 30% (by volume) ethyl alcohol and 5% glycerin to them. The resulting mixture boil for 10-15 minutes on low heat and filter through a layer of cotton wool. Domestic printheads can withstand 30 ... 35 refills, and imported ones - up to 80. "

A comment: It was on the basis of this recipe that the first experiments were carried out, thanks, Yahen!
B.) (purple with smoothed dots) Take "Rainbow" ink, add 2-3% (by volume) ethyl alcohol to them. Boil the resulting mixture for 10-15 minutes over low heat and filter through a layer of cotton wool. Commentary: The print is really fuzzy, but you cannot leave a cartridge filled with such ink in the printer - they will leak!

Quote: I tested homemade ink. 5% glycerin turned out to be not enough - the ink was flowing, 20% glycerin was the optimal solution. The color turned out not black, but gray towards dark green. Quite waterproof. He boiled the ink for one minute, then waited until it cooled to room temperature, filtered it and filled it into the cartridge. More about glycerin. From the letters that I receive, the following conclusions can be drawn: for printers with a resolution of 300 dpi, 40-50% glycerin to the total volume is needed (that is, almost 1/1 is ink / glycerin, plus a little alcohol). 600 dpi printers require 5-20% glycerin.

A comment: Let's start in order:
It is not at all necessary to boil the ink, in addition, during boiling, some of the alcohol and water will evaporate and, therefore, the viscosity will change!
I DO NOT recommend filtering through cotton wool, it is better to take paper filters for 0.9-0.5 (see below) 40-50… 5-20 but how much exactly? For which model? (see below)

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:34

Continuation

And now I bring my technology by stages and recipes:

You will need:
Necessary equipment: several flat-bottomed flasks, a measuring cylinder or beaker, glasses, a funnel, containers for ready-made ink, 20 ml syringes. (if something is missing, any household utensils will do), paper filters with a pore size of 0.9 microns or less (ideally 0.3 microns but you will wash with such filter) Preparation of dishes: wash with soap, wipe dry, scald with boiling water.
Required reagents: GAMMA "rainbow" ink of any desired color (or other water-soluble ink for pens can be Parker, for example :-))), alcohol, glycerin, distilled water (if not, boiled water is suitable), it is also desirable to have a glass cleaner "Ajaks professional" - a transparent bottle with a spray, the liquid itself is blue.
Attention DO NOT use stamp ink !!! It contains adhesive components that will instantly clog the head!
If you use ink not named in the recipes, it should be boiled, if during boiling they curl (coagulate, form a precipitate), such ink cannot be used!
Stages of preparation of ink
a) prepare the components in the specified way
b) mix all the ingredients named in the recipe in the exact proportion
c) filter the mixture through a filter by gravity or with a pump.
d) fill in the cartridge

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:38

Continuation

Recipes:(In order of progress of experimentation and improvement)

"Black" ink

* taken in quotes because our domestic black ink RAINBOW
on closer inspection are somewhat green.

№1
1.27% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 50% by volume
2.18% alcohol
3.55% glycerin
4. Features: faint dark green printing flows from the print head

№2
1. 44% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 35% by volume
2.18% alcohol
3.35% glycerin
4.3% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: deep dark green print, almost no flow.

№3
1. 47% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 25% by volume
2.20% alcohol
3.30% glycerin
4.3% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: almost black print with a shade of dark green, no flow.

№4
1.40% black ink "PARKER Quink" evaporated to 30% by volume
2.30% alcohol
3.30% glycerin

Characteristics: rich dark gray with a tint of green printing, almost no flow
print quality is good (letters are clearer)

Purple ink
№1
1.27% purple rainbow ink
2.18% alcohol
3.55% glycerin
Features: pale purple print, flowing from snake and print head.

№2
1.45% purple ink "rainbow" evaporated to 50% by volume
2.16% alcohol
3.35% glycerin
4.4% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: purple, slightly fuzzy printing, flowing from the print head.

№3
1.30% purple rainbow ink evaporated to 20% by volume
2.40% alcohol
3.30% glycerin

Characteristics: high quality purple, print, almost no flow.

№4
1.38% purple rainbow ink evaporated to 10% by volume
2.37% alcohol
3.25% glycerin
4. AJAKS can be omitted
Characteristics: deep purple, print, non-flowing.

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:40

Continuation

Develop your own recipe!

1. choice of dye: first of all, the dye that you will use in your recipe must be water-soluble and not pigment, to check it - drop it on a piece of ordinary (80g / m2) paper, if it soaks and stains it on the back side, then it will most likely work. If ink (dye) remains on one side, and an uncolored liquid emerges on the other side, such a dye cannot be used! I must say right away: most building tinting, as well as tinting for car paints, are not suitable. And yet - if you are thinking of choosing the colors of Cyan Magnetta Yello (for a color cartridge), you better not try - even the manufacturers of cartridge refills did not succeed, except that you want to constantly print in one color - orange, for example. In the latter case, use Easter or food paints after pre-boiling and filtering. Attention! If you use food coloring or other mixtures for tinting, carefully read the composition on the package! Dyes containing molasses, sugar, glue and other extraneous components (besides the dye) are not suitable!

2. determination of the viscosity of the finished ink: After the ink is ready, it is necessary to compare their viscosity with the "native ink" for this we take any syringe, for example, 5 ml, put on a needle, turn it over, quickly pour a certain volume of "native ink" ", for example, 3 ml and we note the time for which the ink will flow out - this is the ideal to which the viscosity of homemade ink will need to be adjusted. Attention, the viscosity of your ink should be determined on the same syringe under the same conditions! .If the viscosity is low, add glycerin, increase the concentration (by evaporation) of the original ink If it is high, add alcohol, AJAKS means (the latter is preferable because it lowers the viscosity without changing the density of the ink) If you have no "native ink" left, the viscosity should be about 3 ml in 10 min.

| Message Sent 02 April 2006 - 10:00 P $ ux

I thought of a Chinese toy "Magic Pen". On the one hand there is a paste with "invisible" ink, on the other - a flashlight, in the light of which the ink glows blue. So - from the pen on the paper there is a rather deep mark on which you can read what you have written without resorting to backlighting. How can I put this ink into the printer? : D

| Message Sent 05 April 2006 - 19:31 Episode

P $ ux (Apr 2 2006, 10:00 AM) wrote:

There is an idea to make "invisible" ink.

These inks are commercially available. Designed for applying security marks on documents, decorating evening clubs, discos, etc. Glow in ultraviolet light, they are not visible in white light.
Met a set of "photos", ie. with light colors.
IMHO, it will be not only not easy to do it yourself, but also not profitable.

| Message Sent 05 April 2006 - 19:41 Yuha

V & W, I should have posted on this topic about "viscosity".
Anyway.
I support the idea and method of controlling the "fluidity" by the drop-by-drop method. Moreover, this is a professional way.
One of these days I will experiment.

| Message Sent 07 April 2006 - 22:46 SPAWN

There is an idea to make "invisible" ink. They become visible under the influence of radiation.
I thought of a Chinese toy "Magic Pen". On the one hand there is a paste with "invisible" ink, on the other - a flashlight, in the light of which the ink glows blue. So - from the pen on the paper there is a rather deep mark on which you can read what was written without resorting to backlighting. How can I put this ink into the printer? biggrin.gif

A similar idea has been coming to me for a long time, only not "invisible" but transparent fluorescent
which are visible under ultraviolet light.
Recently appeared C 42 (my little polygon: P) left to find ink.
I think in a joke store maybe.

| Message Sent 14 April 2006 - 23:09 delfin

How about edible pictures? I heard that there is edible paper (either rice or corn), how about making ink from food dyes (edible), it would be possible to decorate cakes - cute and you can make money B)

| Message Submitted 15 April 2006 - 01:46

Need a pastry printer to print on DECOJET EVOLUTION food grade paper
Decojet Evolution uses waffle or sugar paper and edible ink for printing. In addition, a special medium, Shocotransfer, is offered for translating images into chocolate.

With friends, you will surely be interested in how to make invisible ink. At home, there are several ways to write a secret message. All the methods presented below are absolutely safe and can be freely used in children's games about spies and scouts.

The simplest recipe

Perhaps, in adventure books or children's detective stories, you have already met a mention that ordinary lemon juice can be used as a secret substance for spy messages. Incredible, but true: in order to figure out how to make invisible ink on your own experience, you do not need to own specific tools or technically sophisticated equipment. To conduct a fun experiment, you will need materials and items that can be found in any household, namely:

• half a lemon;
• water;
• a spoon;
• a bowl;
• cotton swab;
• White paper;
• lamp.

Lemon magic

Once you have collected all the necessary items, you can proceed to the first experiment. Subsequently, you can proudly demonstrate to your friends how to make invisible ink at home without any preliminary preparation... So:

• Squeeze some lemon juice into a bowl and add a few drops of plain water.
• Mix the juice and water using a spoon.
• Dip a cotton swab into the mixture and write your message on white paper.
• Wait for the juice to dry and become completely invisible.
• When you are ready to read or demonstrate your secret message, heat the paper by holding it close to the light bulb.

How it works

Lemon juice is an organic substance that oxidizes and turns brown when heated. The juice is diluted with water so that when the resulting mixture is applied to paper, the letters and symbols practically disappear from the surface. No one will even guess that something is written on the leaf until you warm up the message. Other substances work in the same way - for example, orange juice, honey, milk, onion juice, vinegar and wine. If you're wondering how to make invisible ink at home in other ways, try chemistry experiments or looking at spy liquids under ultraviolet light.

Experiments with soda

A quick chemistry experiment can be set up in minutes if you have regular baking soda on hand. Moreover, science knows at least two ways to make invisible ink from this inexpensive powder. Try the following:

• Mix equal proportions of baking soda and water.
• Using a cotton swab, toothpick, or paintbrush, write your message on white paper using a baking soda solution as ink.
• Wait for the lettering to dry.
• The first way to read a secret message is to heat the paper - for example, under a light bulb, as is the case with lemon juice. The lines will turn brown.
• The second way is much more interesting. To make it a reality, paint over the entire paper with black grape juice. The message will appear in the form of letters in a contrasting color.

Hints

If you already figured out how to make invisible ink, note:

• If you prefer heating as a way to develop your message, be careful not to ignite the paper - do not use halogen bulbs.
• Baking soda and grape juice interact with each other in an acid-base reaction, producing changes in the color of words and letters.
• The solution can be made looser by adding one part baking soda to two parts water. This will not affect the final effect.
• If you want to make the color change more vivid and obvious, use grape concentrate instead of regular juice.

other methods

Those who are curious about how to make invisible ink will surely love the idea of ​​using many different substances as the main material for secret correspondence. Indeed: many substances are suitable for espionage and intelligence correspondence, but secret agents need to remember with what reagents each of them is manifested. If you've forgotten the perfect reagent, don't despair: most of the substances listed below can be developed with an acid. So, just paint the secret paper with lemon juice. Some messages appear when heated, so if you already know how to make invisible ink and write a magic letter with it, keep a heat source with you.

Ideal for experimenting with secret correspondence:

• phenolphthalein (manifested by soda);
• vinegar or diluted acetic acid (you can see the message by dipping it in a decoction of red cabbage);
• table salt (silver nitrate is enough for development);
• copper sulfate (you need sodium iodide or ammonium hydroxide);
• ferrous sulfate (manifested by soda);
• corn or potato starch (iodine solution needed to read).

Now you know a lot about how to make invisible ink - you can go exploration!

By and large, ink can be called any liquid dye, with which the image is applied to some kind of material carrier using various devices.

The simplest ink can be made by yourself: mix a spoonful of starch with a spoonful of water and add a few drops of iodine. However, the image applied with such ink is short-lived and is suitable only for playing with children or chemical experiments. To increase durability and other qualities, modern industrial inks contain all kinds of modifiers - viscosity, drying rate, wettability, durability, preservatives, etc.

From time immemorial, ink was the name for a dyeing liquid, with which letters or pictures were applied to paper or fabric with a stick, pen or brush. Currently, ink is mainly used with all kinds of devices - seals, stamps, fountain pens, as well as printing equipment - inkjet printers, plotters, risographs. Inks for printing equipment are now the most common; they are divided according to their composition into water-soluble and pigment inks.

Water-soluble ink, as the name implies, is produced on the basis of dyes dissolved in distilled water (possibly with the addition of alcohol or glycerin), they are deeply absorbed into paper, and are more suitable for printing photographs. Positive sides water soluble ink is the intensity and breadth colors, smooth color transitions, low production costs. The print quality is more dependent on the quality of the paper.

Printer nozzles are less likely to clog and flush easier when using water-based ink. Negative sides - ink spreads slightly on plain paper, which makes letters and drawings look a little smudged, low resistance to such influences environment like light, air, temperature and humidity.

If water gets in, the ink may dissolve and damage the print. If you use thin office paper, the water-soluble ink soaks through it, making it impossible to print double-sided documents. The disadvantages of water-soluble ink can be successfully dealt with by lamination, but this incurs additional costs.

Pigment ink is a dye suspension with suspended polymer particles 50-150 nanometers in size, which, when printed, remain on the surface of the paper. The positive side of using pigment ink is that it is highly resistant to the influence of factors such as sunlight, air, temperature and humidity. Documents and photographs are more durable, even if printed on ordinary office paper, they can be hung on the wall, if water gets in, the image is not washed off. They can print double-sided documents because the ink does not penetrate the paper.

The negative sides of pigment ink - not too wide a color gamut, printer nozzles are more often clogged and washed more difficult, particles have abrasive properties, which leads to faster wear of the printer head. They are also more expensive to manufacture than water-soluble inks. Based on the qualities described, pigment ink is good for printing text.

Video how to make invisible ink:

Ideas for Business from the section:

Manufacturing
home ink
conditions

4th grade student

municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum"

Karasev Prokhor Timofeevich

Work manager

Gubina Marina Nikolaevna,

primary school teacher MBOU "Lyceum"

2017 year

Content

Introduction

Theoretical part

4-9

1.1. History of the invention of ink

4-6

1.2. Ink requirements

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

7-9

Practical part

10-16

2.1. Resistant ink

2.1.1. Recipe No. 1 "A mixture of soot and oil"

10-11

2.1.2. Recipe No. 2 "Broth of oak bark, solution of ferrous sulfate, PVA glue"

11-12

2.2. Developing ink

2.2.3. Recipe No. 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

2.2.5. Recipe # 6 "Spy Ink"

13-14

14-15

2.3. Disappearing ink

2.3.1. Recipe No. 8 "Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine"

15-16

Results of work and conclusions

16-17

Bibliography

Introduction

Last year I got ink from my pen in my jeans pocket. The clothes were tainted, but the "stain" made me wonder: what is the ink made of? What were they made of before? When did the first ink appear? Can ink be made at home? This is how the topic of this project arose.

this work seems relevant, since at the present stage, ink is usually produced at specialized chemical plants and factories. Chemical production causes serious damage to the environment and human health. In the past, ink was made from natural ingredients, which makes it more environmentally friendly.

Objective of the project : to study the history of the appearance of ink, to make ink at home.

Project objectives :

1. Learn the history of origin and recipes for making ink.

2. Make ink according to the recipe at home.

3. Identify the most resistant ink.

The stated goal and objectives of the project determinedmethods used in this work, namely: analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, descriptive method, observation, experiment.

Hypothesis of the project lies in the fact that at the present stage it seems possible to make ink according to a number of surviving old recipes and find their application.

Theoretical significance the project consists in finding recipes for making ink at home from ancient times to the present day.

Practical value of the project is to determine the scope of practical application of ink at the present stage.

Project object: ink.

Project subject: the process of making ink.

1. Theoretical part

1.1. History of the invention of ink

Before presenting recipes for making ink, you need to determine what ink is. To do this, I turned to the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov and to Internet resources.

In Russian, the wordink from the word black (also in a number of other languages: Fin.musta , Swede,black ), but this word very early underwent de-etymologization: inks of different colors have been known since ancient times. "Ink is a coloring liquid for writing." “Ink is a liquid dye suitable for writing and / or creating images with writing tools and stamps. From these definitions, it follows that ink is primarily intended for writing, therefore, the first ink was created in ancient times.

After analyzing various recipes ink found in scientific publications and Internet resources, I presented them by the time of invention in the table “Historical stages of the invention of ink ”.

Table No. 1

Epoch

Composition and method of manufacturing ink

Note

Ancient Egypt

The root of the reed that grows in the stagnant waters of the Nile,

called "Cyperus Papyrus"

Black ink has been used by people of different origins.

Red ink was considered sacred and was available for use only by clergy and emperors.

A mixture of soot and oil

Were already known in ancient Greece and China

Ancient Rome

A mixture of soot and oil

It was used in painting and writing. Ancient Roman artists made ink from fruit seeds, grapevines, softwood, soot, charcoal and bone charcoal. Interestingly, until now, the best black paint is prepared from soot obtained from burning grape seeds.

Purpure and cinnabar - Red "court ink", which was used to write only government documents... Even an imperial decree was born, forbidding the use of red ink outside the imperial court on pain of death.

This ink was guarded by a special guard. The process of obtaining purple was very laborious. At first, literally hundreds of thousands, millions of shells were collected. In southern Italy, a "shell mountain" has survived, consisting almost entirely of the shells of the Brandaris mollusk. The bodies of the mollusks were removed from the shells and placed in salt water. Then they were dried in the sun for three to four days, then they boiled, and as a result, out of every ten thousand shellfish they received ... only one gram of paint!

Ancient Russia

Soot with gum (cherry glue), diluted with ordinary water

This is the so-called "smoked" ink

From a decoction of the bark of tanning plants - "Boiled Ink", XVcentury

Their recipe is as follows:

"part of the oak bark, the other alder, half of the ash, and this overlay is full of a vessel of iron or clay, and boil with water, not all of the water will boil, and the rest of the water is poured into the oprishny vessel, and packs of water are boiled for that skin, and overlap fresh bark and then cook without bark, and put a gesture in the circuit board, tying it up and put the iron and stir, and on the third day write. "

Ink nut juice, iron vitriol *, glue

With this method, the ink was thick, durable, and cheap. But they do not turn black immediately, but 10-12 hours after they write something with them. Ink nuts do not appear on all types of oak, so oak bark was often used instead of mix. It needs to be cut, boiled in water for 15-20 minutes, until the liquid turns dark brown, filtered and a solution of ferrous sulfate is added to obtain black ink. If ferric chloride is added instead of vitriol, the ink will be dark blue.

Germany 1855

German teacherChristian Augustan Leonhardi invented alizarin ink

Leonhardi ink was also made from ink nuts, but the inventor added a substance called crappin to them. Crapp is obtained from the roots of the oriental madder plant. Later, a synthetic substitute for speck was found, and ink nuts were replaced with gallic acid, similar in composition. So alizarin ink began to be made entirely of artificial substances. Making them became easier and cheaper.

USA 1900s

Everyone knows the great inventorT. Edison ... He invented the phonograph, the carbon filament light bulb, and many other wonderful things, including ink for the blind.

Ink of a pale gray color had such a property: as soon as they wrote a text, the paper on which the letters were inscribed rose, hardened and formed a relief. The blind easily "read" these raised letters with their sensitive fingers.

By comparing different methods of making ink, you can do the followingconclusions :

1.In the composition of ink for a long time (up to active development chemical industry) included only components of natural origin.

2. The process of making ink was quite laborious and time-consuming.

3.Inkdifferent colors were used by people of different classes and were used in the fields of human activity.

4.Any ink contains the following main components:

solvent (usually pure or distilled water);

coloring matter (vegetable or chemical origin);

modifiers * (for example, viscosity, wettability, durability, etc.).

1.2. Ink requirements

The following basic requirements are imposed on ink :

1. They should not act in a corrosive manner on the pen, should not leave sediment in the inkwell, should not contain highly toxic substances.

2. Ink must run off the pen easily and be free of insoluble particulate matter so that the finest line can be drawn.

3. In addition, they must be strong and free of mold.

4. Special attention is paid to color saturation and durability for a long time under normal storage conditions, relative cheapness, availability and safety of components and finished ink.

Additional requirements may apply to ink :

1.increased water resistance or resistance to certain solvents;

2.increased thermal, light, frost resistance;

3. The ability to mix different colors of the same type of ink to obtain a given shade.

The list of possible additional requirements is not limited to the above requirements.

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

As follows from the above material, ink has been and is appliedinthe sphere of writing and execution of documents and / or other paper carriers. In addition, one of the important requirements for ink is its stability, i.e. the ability to maintain the brightness of color in all conditions. However, in the course of studying scientific sources, I found recipes for disappearing and emerging ink.

A characteristic feature of all disappearing ink is the loss of color by the ink composition. The time for the disappearance of such ink is from 1-2 days to 2 weeks.

Developing ink is a special kind of ink widely used and used in "secret" correspondence. Text written with such ink appears under the influence of heat, treatment with special reagents, or in ultraviolet or infrared rays. There are many known recipes for such ink.

It is believed that "secret" ink, which does not leave marks on paper and appears when heated or wetted with a certain solution, first appeared in the 17th century in France.

But ink for secret correspondence, that is, sympathetic, was used even in ancient times. In the 1st century ADPhilo of Alexandria described a method of making "secret" ink fromjuice of ink nuts,for the development of which a solution of iron-copper salt was used.

Romanpoet Ovid suggested using for writing textmilk,manifested after sprinkling it with soot powder.

The secret of cryptographyPliny the Elder was to usesap of plants. Chinese emperorQing Shi Huang (249-206 BC), during the reign of which the Great Chinese Wall, used a thick rice broth for his secret letters, which, after drying the written hieroglyphs, does not leave any visible traces. If such a letter is slightly moistened with a weak alcohol solution of iodine, then blue letters appear. And the emperor used a brown seaweed broth, apparently containing iodine, for the manifestation of the letter.

In the 15th century, a Swiss physician and scientistParacelsus made a drawing of a landscape, which, when heated, turned from "winter" into "summer": bare branches of trees were covered with green foliage.

Secret agentsIvan the Terrible wrote their reports with onion juice. The letters became visible when the paper was heated.

Famous spyMata Hari also used secret ink. When she was arrested in Paris, a vial of an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride was found in her hotel room, which became one of the pieces of evidence in the exposure of her espionage activities. Cobalt chloride can be successfully used for cryptography: the letters written with its solution containing 1 g of salt in 25 ml of water are completely invisible and appear, turning blue, when the paper is slightly heated.

Secret ink was widely used in Russia by underground revolutionaries. The revolutionaries used cryptography to transfer secret information to each other. The secret text, written in milk between the lines of an outwardly harmless ordinary letter, was revealed when the paper was ironed with a hot iron. The tsarist secret police knew about this secret correspondence and successfully read it.

In 1878Vera Zasulich shot at the Petersburg mayor Khrenov. Zasulich was acquitted by the jury, but the gendarmes tried to arrest her again upon leaving the courthouse. However, she managed to escape, informing her friends in advance of the plan to escape at the end of the trial, regardless of his decision. A note with a request to bring some of the clothes contained information on the back of the sheet, written with an aqueous solution of ferric chlorideFeCl 3 ... Zasulich took this substance as medicine. Such a note can be read by treating it with a cotton swab moistened with a dilute aqueous solution of potassium thiocyanate: all invisible letters will turn blood red due to the formation of an iron thiocyanate complex.

Members of a secret organization"Black redistribution" also used invisible ink in correspondence. The secret letters were written with a diluted aqueous solution of copper sulfate. The text written in such ink appeared if the paper was held over a bottle of ammonia. The letters turn bright blue due to the formation of the copper ammonia complex.

Lenin used lemon juice or milk for secret writing. For the manifestation of the letter in these cases, it is enough to hold the paper for several minutes over the fire.

DuringWorld War II The military used various substances for the covert transmission of military reports, including copper sulfate (manifested by sodium iodide), ferrous sulfate (sodium carbonate), sodium chloride, i.e. common salt(manifested by silver nitrate). Often, bubbles with such substances were hidden in completely unexpected places - keys, doorknobs, switches, etc.

In 2006, two researchers from the University of Michigan uncovered the secret of invisible messages used by Germanspecial services (Stasi). A sheet of paper impregnated with cerium oxalate was placed between two blank sheets of white paper. After that, a message was written on the top sheet, which was then transferred to the bottom sheet. To manifest the message, it was necessary to process the "letter" with a mixture of magnesium sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and several other substances, after which the hidden message appeared in orange.

Today there is a special ink that only develops under ultraviolet light, which is used in the manufacture of paper money. Another area of ​​application of such ink is various public events, discos in nightclubs as passes, a pen for making school cribs. A number of household chemicals glow in ultraviolet light, so they can also be used as ink. For development, you can use ultraviolet flashlights, miniature currency detectors and even parts of copiers (lamps with an ultraviolet spectrum of radiation are often used there).

2.Practical part

Having analyzed the studied theoretical material, let's move on to the experimental part of my project. I have identified the following as the main criteria when choosing a particular recipe for making ink:

1) ink must be safe to manufacture and use

2) the constituent components of the ink must be available

3) ink must be environmentally friendly

4) the ink must have a scope

During the experiment I will adhere to next plan:

1) preparation of the components necessary for the manufacture of ink

2) manufacture of ink in accordance with the recipe;

3) using the received ink for writing.

Since in the theoretical part of the project it was determined that all existing inks can be classified into persistent, emerging and disappearing, I will produce ink in accordance with this classification.

2.1. Resistant ink

While studying theoretical sources, several recipes for resistant ink have been identified. Two recipes were selected for research, since the constituent components of this ink are available, safe, and the process of making ink is simple.

2.1.1. Recipe number 1 « A mixture of soot and oil "

In the sources available to me, the ratio of the components of this recipe was not found, therefore it was decided to experimentally establish the necessary proportion of the components (soot and vegetable oil). I suggested that you first mix the components in a 1: 1 ratio. However, the resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and did not come off the pen well, so it was rather difficult to write anything with such thick ink. By adding another part of vegetable oil, I got a thinner ink that easily came off the pen, but left blots and smudged. It was decided to add 1 more part of soot to this mass. With a ratio of 1 part soot to 1.5 parts vegetable oil, an ink was obtained that easily came off the pen and did not cause difficulties in writing.

Table No. 2

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

Color saturation

Soot,

vegetable

oil

1:1

1:2

2:3

+

+

+

+

+

2.1.2. Recipe number 2 "Broth of oak bark,

solution of ferrous sulfate, PVA glue "

The manufacturing process for this ink recipe is more complicated and time consuming. First, I prepared a decoction of oak bark. To do this, he poured 200 ml of cold water bought in a pharmacy (1 tsp), brought to a boil, boiled for 20 minutes. Then the resulting broth was cooled, filtered. To make a solution of ferrous sulfate, I used the ratio of water and salt presented on the package (1: 1). Then he mixed in equal proportions a filtered broth of oak bark, a solution of ferrous sulfate and PVA glue. The resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and viscous and could hardly come off the pen, so it was decided to add another part of the oak bark broth to the resulting composition. After which the ink mass became suitable for use.

Table No. 3

"Changing the quality of ink when changing the ratio of the composition of the components"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

From the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Decoction of oak bark, solution of ferrous sulfate,

PVA glue

1:1:1

+

+

-

-

-

2:1:1

+

+

+

+

-

2.2. Developing ink

A significant number of developing ink recipes have been found in the sources I have analyzed. Most of the components of this ink are available and safe to use.

2.2.1. Recipe No. 3 "Onion Juice"

The recipe for such ink is quite simple: you just need to peel the onion (preferably large and juicy) and squeeze the juice out of it manually or using a press. The only difficulty in making and using these inks is that they have an unpleasant odor and cause watery eyes.

we write we heat

2.2.2. Recipe No. 4 "Lemon Juice"

Similar to the above ink - ink made from lemon juice. They are also available and easy to make and use.

we write we heat

2.2.3. Recipe number 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

I have also tested ink made from a concentrated baking soda solution. In order to make this ink, it is necessary to dissolve a significant amount of baking soda in water. In my experiment, the ratio of water to baking soda was2:1.

we write we heat

2.2.4 Comparative analysis of the above described inks

Table No. 4 "Comparative table of the qualities of developing ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Onion juice

1:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

Lemon juice

1:2

+

+

+

+

+ -

Concentrated baking soda solution

2:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

2.2.5. Recipe number 6 Spy Ink

1.Pour one tablespoon of starch into a metal bowl or small saucepan.

2.Pour one glass of cold water and mix thoroughly.

3.Heat the resulting starch solution over low heat for 10-15 minutes, stirring thoroughly and breaking lumps, do not allow boiling.

4. We will see how the solution thickens and becomes like a liquid colorless jelly.

5. The paste is ready - this is the "ink". They can be used to draw a "message to a friend" on paper. When the paper is dry, the pattern will "disappear".

6. To develop it, you need “iodine water” (20-30 drops of iodine in half a glass of water): the paper with the message should be sprayed with a spray bottle with iodine water.

result the next day

2.2.6. Recipe number 7 "Ink from milk"

The recipe for this ink has been known for a long time; this ink has been used for a long time by underground revolutionaries. However, none of the recipes indicated the fat content of milk, so it was decided to try milk with different mass fraction fat. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Table No. 5

Changes in the quality of ink when changing the fat content of milk

Mass fraction of milk fat

Ink requirements

Not

eat a feather

No sediment in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

1,8%

+

+

+

-

-

3,2%

+

+

+

+

+-

6%

+

+

-

+

+-

10%

+

+

+

+

+-

Since one of the requirements for ink is the ability to draw the thinnest line with such ink, a nib with a thin pointed end was used in the experimental part of the study. Thus, a thin line was drawn, the ink easily came off the pen, however, when heated, not all of the text appeared, but mostly only the final part of the text, since by the end of the work, droplets of milk accumulate and the drawn lines become thicker.

It is also interesting to note that not all of the milky ink was developed. It was assumed that the higher the fat mass fraction of milk, the brighter the “milk” ink appears when heated. Therefore, it is not surprising that the text written with 1.8% milk did not appear at all. As the mass fraction of fat increases from 3.2% to 6%, the text becomes brighter. However, the text written with Toptyzhka milk with a fat mass fraction of 3.2% practically did not appear. Only some elements of the letters are faintly visible.

It was decided to re-experiment with milky ink using a wide nib. The results of the experiment showed that with an increase in the mass fraction of milk fat, the color saturation of the "milk" ink increases. However, as in the first experiment with "milk" ink, the ink from the Toptyzhka milk did not appear as clearly as the ink from milk with a similar mass fraction of fat.

Milky ink recipes indicated that they appear when heated under a lamp, on a battery, or when paper is steamed with an iron. It should be noted that the text written with this ink appeared only under the influence of the heat of a hot iron.

In addition to milky ink, other inks can also be used. Some of the most readily available are ink made from onion juice.

2.3. Disappearing ink

Of all the recipes for endangered ink I found, one was chosen for the experimental part of the study for reasons of accessibility and safety.

Recipe number 8 "Dextrin, iodine alcohol solution"

The only difficulty in the manufacture of this ink was to obtain dextrin. Turning to the Internet resources, I found out that "dextrin is a polysaccharide obtained by thermal processing of potato or corn starch."

For the manufacture of dextrin, starch, a heating device, and annealing utensils are needed. An oven is usually used as a heating device. Dishes - a baking sheet from the oven is most convenient, but you can also use a frying pan. The starch is evenly distributed over the surface and placed in the oven at the very top. I bring the temperature in the oven to 200C and hold it for an hour and a half. It must be mixed well from time to time so that it does not melt and collect into lumps. The resulting dextrin is usually yellowish brown in color. The starch may not completely decompose, but this does not in any way affect the quality of dextrin and its properties. Then 1 tsp. I mix dextrin with 50 ml of iodine alcohol solution, and the ink is ready.

Table 6

"Quality of Disappearing Ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Dextrin, iodine alcohol solution

1h a spoon

Dextrin: 50 ml of iodine alcohol solution

+

-

-

-

+

3.Results and conclusions

In the course of my research, I was able to establish that the first ink was invented in ancient times. The recipes for making ink were constantly changing in accordance with the natural materials that were available in each specific area, and improved in connection with the development of science and technology.

A variety of recipes for making ink have come down to us. Their study made it possible to classify ink into persistent, emerging and disappearing. Many inks can be made at home, but not all inks are, in my opinion, safe.

All inks that I make have been evaluated according to the following ink criteria: affordability, safety, color saturation and fastness, and ease of use. The maximum score for each criterion is 10 points, the minimum is 1 point. The ones that best meet these requirements are “milk” ink, then ink made from soot and vegetable oil. The ink that least meets the requirements for them is ink made from a solution of copper sulfate.

Thus, all the tasks of the project have been solved, the goal has been achieved. The hypothesis I put forward at the beginning of the project was confirmed.

The creation of creative project using more home-made ink.

4.List of literature

Dietrich A., Yurlin G., Koshurnikova R. Why Much. - M .: Pedagogy, 1988 .-- 384 p.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - Publishing house, 24th rev. - M .: Peace and education, 2003. - 895 p.

What is no longer there // School stories. Children's encyclopedia. - M., 2010, No. 10. - S. 35-38.

I get to know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Chemistry / Auth.-comp. L. A. Savina, - M .:ACT, 1997 .-- 448 p.

E.L. Nemirovsky A journey to the origins of Russian typography. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 224 p.

Yurlin G. About notebook and hag, pencil and desk. - M .: Children's literature, 1983.-64 p.

How to prepare invisible ink? / U. Scanwork. - 2011. - No. 9. - P. 56.

Tereshin A. Nostalgia for the inkwell // Kalina Krasnaya. - 2012. - No. 4. - S.