Conducted in volume and value terms.

• Natural units are used to measure the volume of a certain type of fixed assets (number of pieces of equipment, total capacity of equipment, residential buildings are measured in square meters of area, etc.).
• Value accounting in a comparable form allows you to determine the volume, structure, dynamics and degree of use of fixed assets.

The following types of valuation of fixed assets are distinguished:

• full initial cost (PPP);
• PPP less depreciation;
• full replacement cost (PVS);
• PVS minus depreciation;
• book value (BC);
• market value (RS).

Initial cost

Initial cost of fixed assets- This is the actual amount of costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The cost is expressed in terms of prices in effect at the time of purchase of the item. At the initial cost, fixed assets are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise, it remains unchanged throughout the entire service life and is revised when revaluing the fixed assets of the enterprise or is specified during modernization or overhaul. also accrued at historical cost.

Recovered value

Full replacement cost fixed assets are determined by revaluation of existing fixed assets, taking into account their physical and moral deterioration.

The differences between the initial and replacement value of fixed assets depend on changes in prices for their individual elements. At the same time, the replacement cost can be either more or less than the initial cost, which depends on the direction of changes in prices for materials, the cost of construction and installation work, transport tariffs, the level of labor productivity, etc.

Assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is comparable and allows unification of fixed assets put into operation in different periods. It is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments and to analyze the reproduction of fixed assets. Fixed assets are valued exclusively at replacement cost.

In conditions of revaluation of fixed assets at the enterprise allows:

• objectively assess the true value of fixed assets;
• more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products;
• more accurately determine the amount of depreciation deductions sufficient for simple reproduction of fixed assets;
• to establish objectively the selling prices for the fixed assets being sold and the rent (in the case of their leasing).

Replacement cost less depreciation is determined by multiplying the full replacement cost obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets by the factor of their depreciation.

Residual value

Residual value is the difference between the original or replacement value and the depreciation amount, i.e. this is the part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.

Assessment of fixed assets at their residual value is necessary, first of all, in order to know their qualitative condition, in particular, to determine the coefficients of usefulness and physical wear and tear.

Other types of valuation of fixed assets

Liquidation value Is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Book value of fixed assets- the cost of fixed assets, according to which they are accounted for in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Fixed assets held by enterprises and organizations until the last revaluation are accounted for at their full replacement cost, and that part of fixed assets that was put into operation after the revaluation is accounted for at their full original cost. Thus, BS is a mixed assessment.

Market price- this is the most probable estimate of the sale of fixed assets, taking into account their real condition, physical and moral depreciation, levels of actual and expected use, expected profitability from operation, the ratio of purchasing demand and supply.

Periodic revaluations of fixed assets make it possible to eliminate the mixed nature of their valuation. In conditions of relative price stability that existed before the transition to a market economy, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out approximately once every ten years.

During the transition to, which was accompanied by a significant increase in prices, it became necessary to conduct more frequent revaluations of fixed assets. In recent years, revaluations of fixed assets have been carried out as of July 1, 1992, January 1, 1994, January 1, 1995, January 1, 1996 and January 1, 1997.

As a result of revaluations of 1991-1997. the cost of fixed assets increased 4.3 thousand times, including production fixed assets - 4.0 thousand times.

Indicators of the condition of fixed assets

Indicators of the state of fixed assets are represented by the wear rate and the expiration rate.

Wear factor

The depreciation (amortization) ratio of fixed assets is the sum of the accrued depreciation of fixed assets divided by the initial cost of fixed assets.

To wear.n.y. = (Fixed Assets n.a. - Fixed Assets n.a. (at residual value)) / Fixed Assets n.a.

Expiry factor

Fixed assets usability ratio can be defined in two ways:

The usefulness ratio of fixed assets is the residual value of fixed assets divided by the original value of fixed assets

Method II:

The usability factor of fixed assets is 1 minus the depreciation factor.

By the year of the present year. = OF n.y. (at residual value) / OF n.y.

To wear + To usefulness = 1 or 100%

These ratios are moment indicators, that is, they characterize the degree of the physical condition of the assets at a certain date.

Task

According to accounting data, at the enterprise as of January 1, the total book value of fixed capital was 8000 million rubles, and the residual value was 6400 million rubles. In the reporting year, fixed capital was received at full initial cost for 910 million rubles, including new fixed assets for 810 million rubles were put into operation, and the rest of the amount was received as a gratuitous transfer from other enterprises (with a total depreciation of 10 %). Amount of depreciation charges accrued for the year - 900 million rubles. Fixed capital in the amount of 400 million rubles was disposed of, including 110 million rubles in full depreciation, and transferred to other enterprises for the rest. Depreciation of the transferred funds amounted to 20 million rubles.

Define:

• full and residual value at the end of the year;
• wear and tear rates at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
• coefficients of receipt, renewal, disposal and liquidation for the reporting year.

We calculate the full cost at the end of the year

• 1. Availability at the beginning of the year at full cost 8000
• 2. Received in the reporting year 910
• 3. Disposed of in the reporting year at full cost 400

Availability at the end of the year at full cost: 8000 + 910-400 = 8510

We calculate the residual value at the end of the year

• 1. Availability at the beginning of the year at a residual value of 6400
• 2. Commissioning at residual value 810 + 90

Total received at residual value 900

• 3. Disposal at residual value (400-110-20) = 270
• 4. Depreciation 900

Availability at the end of the year at residual value: 6400 + (810 + 90) - 270 - 900 = 6130

Coefficients of shelf life and wear

• To the suitability of n.y. = cost of fixed assets minus depreciation / total cost of fixed assets = 6400/8000 = 0.8
• By the expiration date. = 6130/8510 = 0.72
• To wear n.y. = depreciation amount / total cost of fixed assets = (8000-6400) / 8000 = 0.2
• To the wear of the kg. = (8510 - 6130) / 8510 = 0.28

The coefficient of renewal, disposal, receipt, liquidation

• To receipts (updates) = OF entered / OF at the end of the year = 910/8510 = 0.1
• By disposal = fixed assets disposed of / fixed assets at the beginning of the year = 400/8000 = 0.5
• To liquidation = PF liquidated / PF at the beginning of the year = 110/8000 = 0.01375

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Vladivostok State University

Economy and Service

Course work

BASIC FUNDS

Performed: student AK-12BD

A.V. PETRENKO

Checked by: Shuvalova G.G

Application................................................. .................................................. .............................. 26

annotation

Of course, in order for the normal functioning of the enterprise to occur, certain funds and sources must be available. The main production assets, consisting of buildings, structures, machinery, equipment and other means of labor, which are involved in the production process, are the most important basis of the firm's activities. Without their presence, hardly anything could come true. Naturally, for the normal functioning of each enterprise, not only fixed assets are needed, but also circulating assets, which are, first of all, monetary assets that are used by the enterprise to acquire circulating assets and circulation funds.

Rational and economical use of both fixed and circulating assets is the primary task of the enterprise.

1. The main section: general theoretical provisions

The essence and composition of fixed capital

TO fixed assets include those means of labor that, being in the field of mother and industrial production, are directly involved in the production of material goods (machinery, equipment, etc.) NS.), create conditions for the implementation of the production process (industrial buildings, structures, power grids, pipelines, etc.), serve to store and move objects of labor.

In addition to the basic production assets, the fixed assets of the industry also include the basic non-production assets, which include such non-production facilities (residential buildings, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, hospitals and other healthcare and cultural facilities). e niya), which are under the jurisdiction of industrial enterprises (they do not directly, but indirectly affect the production process). The main production assets of industry are means of labor that participate in many production cycles, while retaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

Industrial fixed assets occupy an important place in the national wealth. The share of industry in the main production fund Oh the national economy accounts for more than 48%. The growth rates of the basic production assets of industry exceed the growth rates of fixed production assets in the national economy as a whole. For example, for 1980-1990. fixed production assets in industry increased by 1.3 times, and in the entire national economy by 1.05 times.

The material and technical basis of the production process at any enterprise is the main production assets. In a market economy, the initial formation of fixed assets, their functioning and expanded reproduction is carried out with the direct participation of finance, with the help of which targeted monetary funds are formed and used, mediating the acquisition, operation and restoration of labor instruments.

The initial formation of fixed assets at newly created enterprises occurs at the expense of fixed assets, which are part of the authorized capital. Fixed assets are cash invested in fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.

Fixed assets of enterprises, recorded in monetary terms, represent fixed assets. Monetary valuation of fixed assets reflected in the accounting at the original, replacement, full and residual values.

1. In everyday practice, OF. are accounted for and planned at historical cost. It represents the cost of acquiring or creating a OF. Machines and equipment are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise at the price of their purchase, including the wholesale price of this type of labor, delivery and other procurement costs, installation and installation costs. The initial cost of buildings, structures and transmission devices is the estimated cost of their creation, including the cost of construction and installation work and all other costs associated with the implementation of work to put this object into operation. All costs associated with the establishment of the OF. are carried out at current prices.

Over the course of time, O.F. on the balance sheet of the enterprise are accounted for at a mixed estimate, i.e. at current prices and tariffs of the year of their creation or acquisition, the action of O.F.

Assessment of fixed assets at historical cost is needed to determine the amount of fixed assets assigned to a given enterprise. Based on the historical cost, depreciation is calculated, as well as indicators of the use of funds.

2.Replacement cost expresses the cost of reproduction of O.F. at the time of their revaluation, that is, it reflects the costs of acquiring and creating means of labor in prices, tariffs, etc., in force during the period of their revaluation of their reproduction, taking into account

To determine the replacement cost, fixed assets are regularly revaluated using two main methods: 1) by indexing their book value, 2) by direct recalculation of the book value in relation to prices formed on January 1 of the next year. With their help, it is possible to achieve a uniform assessment of industrial fixed assets in accordance with the modern cost of their restoration, which makes it possible to more accurately establish wholesale prices for means of production, and lending capital investments.

3. Full cost of fixed assets (book value) is calculated without taking into account the cost that is transferred in parts to the finished product.

4... Residual value represents the difference between the original cost and the accrued depreciation (the cost of the OF is not transferred to the finished product). It allows you to judge the degree of deterioration of labor tools, plan the renovation and repair of O.F. There are two types of residual value: 1) it is determined by the initial cost, determined as depreciation is calculated, 2) by the replacement cost, determined by expert analysis in the process of revaluation of labor instruments.

Classification of fixed assets

Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the sphere of material production, they are divided into:

Production fixed assets function in the production process, constantly participate in it, wear out gradually, transferring their value to the finished product, they are replenished due to capital investments,

Non-productive fixed assets are intended to service the production process, and therefore do not directly participate in it, and do not transfer their value to the product, because it is not produced; they are reproduced at the expense of the national income.

Despite the fact that non-productive fixed assets do not have any direct effect on the volume of production, the growth of labor productivity, a constant increase in these funds is associated with an improvement in the welfare of employees of the enterprise, an increase in the material and cultural standard of their lives, which ultimately affects the result of the enterprise.

According to the existing classification, industrial fixed assets in terms of their composition, depending on the purpose and functions performed, are divided into the following types:

Structures,

Transfer devices,

Machinery and equipment, including:

Power

Workers

Measuring and regulating items

Computer Engineering

Vehicles,

Instruments,

Production inventory and accessories,

Other fixed assets (draft animals, perennial plantations).

Each group consists of a variety of different tools. The building group is divided into three subgroups: industrial buildings, non-industrial buildings and housing. The structures are divided into underground, oil and gas wells, and mine workings. Transmission devices include pipelines and water pipes. Power machines are turbines, electric motors. Work machines and equipment are subdivided according to the industries of use. Tools and inventory are included in fixed assets only if they serve more than one year and cost more than 1 million rubles. (if less, then these are already of little value and wearing out items and are included in the working capital).

The building and structures for industrial purposes, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles form the fixed assets of industrial purposes.

Using this grouping, you can determine the production structure of fixed assets.

Production structure of fixed assets characterized by the specific weight of each group of fixed assets in their total value for the enterprise, industry and industry as a whole.

The production structure of fixed assets and its change over a particular period of time make it possible to characterize the technical level of industry and the efficiency of using capital investments in fixed assets. In particular, the higher the proportion of machinery, equipment and other elements of the active part of fixed assets in the composition of fixed assets, the more products will be produced for each ruble of fixed assets.

Differences in the production structure of fixed assets in different industries are the result of the technical and economic characteristics of these industries. Even enterprises within the same industry tend to have a different production structure of fixed assets. The highest proportion of active elements of fixed assets is at enterprises with a high level of technical equipment and electrical equipment of labor, where production processes are mechanized and automated and chemical processing methods are widely used.

The production structure of fixed assets is influenced by the development of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production; it is also influenced by capital construction. By seeking to reduce the cost of construction, for example, industrial buildings, it is possible to reduce the share of passive elements of fixed assets in their total cost and thereby increase the efficiency of costs invested in fixed assets of a new enterprise.

All this suggests that business and society interested in increasing the share of machinery and equipment, the most active part of fixed assets and in reducing the proportion, primarily of buildings and household equipment, without prejudice to the efficient functioning of the production process.

Almost every enterprise can improve the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of production equipment. This is possible due to a more rational arrangement of equipment inside workshops, placing it in open areas where possible, as well as removing non-production services (warehouses, offices, etc.) from production areas and placing additional equipment on them.

The structure of industrial and production fixed assets should be considered in the sectoral context. It reflects the level of the material and technical base of industrial production, as well as the degree of the country's industrial development.

The main part of the production fixed assets of the industry is located on enterprises of heavy industry, including a significant share of them concentrated in industries that ensure technical progress in the national economy (in the electric power industry, mechanical engineering, in the chemical, petrochemical and fuel industries, in ferrous metallurgy and other industries).

The ratio of individual groups of fixed assets in their total volume represents the specific (production) structure of fixed assets. Depending on direct participation in the production process, the production fixed assets are divided into: active (they serve the decisive areas of production and characterize the production capabilities of the enterprise) and passive (buildings, structures, inventory, ensuring the normal functioning of the active elements of fixed assets).

Basically, the mass of production fixed assets in industry is concentrated in the active part.

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets

One of the most important tasks in the development of industry is security production, primarily by increasing its efficiency and more complete use of on-farm reserves . For this n It is necessary to use fixed assets more rationally.

The increase in industrial production is achieved through:

1) commissioning of fixed assets;

2) improving the use of existing fixed assets.

The growth of the fixed assets of industry, its branches and enterprises is achieved through new construction, as well as the reconstruction and expansion of existing enterprises.

Reconstruction and expansion of existing factories and factories, being a source of increasing the fixed assets of enterprises, at the same time make it possible to better use the production available in the industry n ny apparatus.

The decisive part of the increase in production in general for NS The industries receive from the existing fixed assets, which are several times higher than the new funds introduced annually.

2) increasing the extensiveness of their load. More intensive use of production capacities and fixed assets is achieved, as before. d e all, due to the technical improvement of the latter.

The intensity of the use of fixed assets is also increasing through the improvement of technological processes; organization of continuous-flow production based on wholesale and minimal concentration of production of homogeneous products; selection of raw materials, their preparation for production at in accordance with the requirements of the given technology and the quality of the products; liquidation storming and ensuring uniform, rhythmic work of enterprises, workshops and production areas v, carrying out a number of other events, allowing their increase the processing speed of objects of labor and ensure an increase in production in a single and c at time, per unit of equipment or 1 sq. m production area.

An intensive way of using the fixed assets of operating enterprises, therefore, includes their technical re-equipment, an increase in the rate of renewal of fixed assets. Experience of a number of industries industry shows that rapid technical e re-equipment of existing factories and plants is especially important for those enterprises where there is a more significant depreciation of fixed assets.

Improving Extensive Utilization s fixed assets suggests on the one hand, an increase in the operating time of existing equipment in a calendar period (during a shift, day, month, quarter, year), etc. at on the other hand, an increase in the number of d spruce weight d operating equipment as part of all equipment available at the enterprise and in its production link.

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Fixed assets are tangible assets that act in unchanged natural form for a long period of time and lose their value in parts as they wear out, are reimbursed only after several production cycles.

Fixed assets form the basis of the material and technical base of the organization, determine its technical level, range, quantity and quality of products, work performed, services rendered. Their composition reflects various material values ​​used as means of labor in kind for a long time in the production of products, in the performance of work, in the provision of services or for the management needs of the enterprise. These funds must generate income for the company and cannot be used for resale.

The sources of the formation of the fixed assets of the enterprise are its financial resources. So, when an enterprise is founded, fixed assets are formed at the expense of the authorized capital. In the future, in the course of the enterprise's activities, fixed assets are replenished and updated at the expense of sales income and non-operating income.

The sources of the formation of fixed assets can also be loans, subsidies, etc.

The cost of fixed assets often constitutes a significant part of the total value of an organization's property, and due to their long-term use in the organization's activities, fixed assets over a long period of time have an impact on the financial results of activities.

The basic production assets of enterprises make an economic cycle, which consists of the following stages: depreciation of fixed assets, depreciation, accumulation of funds for the complete restoration of fixed assets, their replacement by making capital investments.

Any objects of fixed assets are subject to physical and moral deterioration, i.e. under the influence of physical forces, technical and economic factors, they gradually lose their properties, become unusable and can no longer perform their functions. The physical deterioration is partially restored through the repair, reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets. Obsolescence is manifested in the fact that outdated fixed assets in their design, productivity, efficiency, quality of products are lagging behind the latest models. Therefore, periodically there is a need to replace fixed assets, especially their active part.

A distinctive feature of fixed assets is their repeated use in the production process, preservation of the original appearance for a long period.

Under the influence of the production process and the external environment, they wear out gradually and transfer their initial value to the cost of finished products during their standard service life by charging depreciation at established rates. This transfer takes place in such a way that during the period of operation of fixed assets, they are reimbursed.

Reimbursement of fixed assets by including part of their value in the cost of output or work performed is called depreciation. This is a monetary expression of physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets. It is carried out with the aim of accumulating funds for the subsequent full or partial reproduction of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation deductions depends on the cost of fixed assets, the time of their operation. All fixed assets are subject to depreciation, except for land.

The amount of value included in production costs through depreciation is depreciation expense.

Depreciation deductions are made on the basis of depreciation rates, which are set for each type of fixed assets. They are determined by referring the amount of annual depreciation deductions to the cost of fixed assets.

Accounting for fixed assets is determined not only by the need to know what fixed assets and in what volume the enterprise has, but also by the requirements of the production economy. This is due to the fact that the share of fixed assets in the total amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise reaches 70% or more. Consequently, the development of its economy depends on how they are used.

Accounting and planning of fixed assets is carried out in kind and in cash.

When evaluating fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, the size of production areas and other quantitative values ​​are established. These data are used to calculate the production capacity of enterprises and industries, planning the production program, reserves for increasing the production of equipment. For this purpose, inventory and certification of equipment, accounting for its disposal and arrival are being carried out.

For a more complete characterization of the state of the means of labor, certification of each workplace should be carried out, which is a comprehensive assessment of its compliance with regulatory requirements and best practices in such areas as the technical and economic level, working conditions and safety precautions. This form of accounting allows you to determine not only the material structure of fixed assets, but also their technical level, to draw up a balance of equipment.

Fixed assets of enterprises, recorded in monetary terms, represent fixed assets .

The procedure for classifying objects as fixed assets and their composition is regulated by legislative and other normative acts. To identify the assets of an organization as fixed assets, it is necessary to take into account their definitions contained in the accounting regulations, taking into account that these definitions have some differences.

Fixed assets are recognized as such at the moment of their acceptance for accounting.

According to clause 46 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, fixed assets are a set of tangible assets used as means of labor in the manufacture of products, performance of work or the provision of services, or for managing an organization for a period exceeding 12 months , or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.

In the normative acts that directly regulate the organization of accounting of fixed assets, there is no condition on the material content of an asset when it is recognized as an object of fixed assets.

In these documents, fixed assets are understood as assets that the organization does not intend to resell, which are capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization and are used by the organization for the production of products, performance of work, provision of services or for management needs for a long time ("useful life") exceeding 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.

The final decision on which items and objects to take into account in the composition of fixed assets is made by the head of the organization, depending on the nature and conditions of its economic activity. Usually it is taken not for each subject separately, but in relation to a group of objects and is drawn up as an element of the accounting policies of organizations.

Monetary, or value, assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine the total value of fixed assets, their dynamics, structure, planning extended reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and the amount of depreciation deductions, economic efficiency of capital investments, i.e. without which it is impossible to judge the state of the enterprise's economy.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation and gradual wear and tear in the production process, changes in the conditions of reproduction during this period: in terms of initial, replacement and residual value.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use.

Scientific and technological progress affects the change in the conditions and factors of production of fixed assets, and, consequently, the change in their production costs and, accordingly, current market prices and tariffs. Currently, inflation has a primary impact on the current prices and tariffs at which fixed assets are purchased.

Over time, fixed assets are reflected on the balance sheet of the enterprise according to a mixed assessment, i.e. at current market prices: creation or acquisition. Thus, the assessment of fixed assets at their original cost in modern economic conditions does not reflect their actual value, and therefore it becomes necessary to revalue fixed assets and bring them to a single cost measure. For this purpose, the assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is used.

Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of funds.

As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, their replacement cost increases sharply and, as a consequence, the financial and economic indicators of the enterprise deteriorate. Therefore, for enterprises whose financial performance may significantly deteriorate as a result of revaluation, depreciation indexation decreasing coefficients are applied.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This is how the residual value of fixed assets is determined. , representing the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Thus, the material base of the enterprise is formed by means of labor and objects of labor, which are combined into means of production. Labor instruments are accounted for in the form of fixed assets. Fixed assets in value terms represent fixed assets recorded in the accounting system. Depending on the purpose, fixed assets are divided into fixed production and fixed non-production assets. Fixed assets include those fixed assets that are directly involved in the production process or create conditions for the production process. The main non-production assets are the objects of the enterprise for cultural and domestic purposes, medical institutions, canteens, etc. Not all elements of the PPPF play the same role. Some of them are directly involved in the production process and therefore they are referred to the active part of the OPPF. Others ensure the normal functioning of the production process and represent the passive part of fixed assets. Also, OPPFs are divided according to the principle of functional and specific composition, by affiliation and depending on the sectors of the economy.

Plan:

1. Structure and valuation of fixed assets

2. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

3. Rent and lease of property

4. Indicators of the efficiency of using fixed assets

1. Structure and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets- it is a set of production, material and material values ​​that act in the processproduction for a long period of time, while maintaining a natural-material form throughout the entire periodand transferring its value to products in parts as they are depreciated in the form of depreciation charges. According to the accounting system, fixed assets include labor instruments with a service life of more than 12 months and a value (at the date of acquisition) exceeding 100 times the minimum monthly wage per unit. Fixed assets are divided into fixed production and fixed non-production assets (Figure 10.1).

Rice. 10.1. Structure of fixed assets

TO fixed assets includes those fixed assets that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.) or create conditions for the production process (industrial buildings, structures, etc.). Fixed non-productive assets- these are objects of cultural and domestic purposes (clubs, canteens, etc.). Fixed assets are also called non-circulating, or low-speed,assets, as well as immobilized funds; in terms of value, they constitute a significant part of the authorized capital of the enterprise. Since 1996 introduced All-Russian classifierfixed assets(OKOF).

The typical composition of the fixed assets of industrial enterprises is as follows: buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, instruments, laboratory equipment, computers, vehicles, tools and devices, production and household inventory, and other fixed assets. Distinguish between active and passive parts of fixed assets. Those funds (machines, equipment, etc.) that are directly involved in the production process belong to active part fixed assets. Others (buildings, structures) that ensure the normal functioning of the production process are referred to as passive part fixed assets.

Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets are carried out in kind and in cash. The natural form of accounting for fixed assets is necessary to determine their technical condition, the production capacity of the enterprise, the degree of use of equipment and other purposes. Monetary (or value) assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total volume, dynamics, structure, value transferred to finished products, as well as to calculate the economic efficiency of capital investments. Fixed assets in their monetary terms are called fixed assets.

The monetary form of accounting for fixed assets is carried out in the following areas (Fig. 10.2).

Rice. 10.2. Monetary valuation of fixed assets

Initial cost fixed assets include the cost of purchasing equipment (buildings, buildings), transportation costs for delivery and installation costs. At their initial cost, funds are taken into account, their depreciation and other indicators are determined.

Replacement cost - these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions. It is installed, as a rule, during revaluation of fixed assets.

Residual value represents the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Liquidation value- the cost of selling worn-out or decommissioned individual objects of fixed assets.

Book value - this is the cost of objects, taking into account the revaluation, at which they are recorded on the balance sheet of the enterprise. It is a mixed assessment: for some objects, the replacement cost is used as the carrying amount, for others - the original.

Market price- the most probable selling price of fixed assets, taking into account their real state, supply and demand ratio.

Revaluation of fixed assets - this is the determination of the real value of fixed assets (fixed assets) of organizations at the present stage of the formation of a market economy and the creation of prerequisites for the normalization of investment processes in the country. Revaluation allows you to obtain objective data on fixed assets, their total volume, sectoral structure, territorial division and technical condition.

To determine the full replacement cost of fixed assets, two methods are used - index and direct valuation. Index method provides for the indexation of the book value of individual objects using indices of changes in the value of fixed assets, differentiated by types of buildings and structures, types of machinery and equipment, vehicles, etc. by regions, periods of manufacture (acquisition). The base is the full book value of individual items of fixed assets, which is determined by the results of their inventory as of January 1 of the corresponding year.

Direct assessment method the replacement cost of fixed assets is more accurate and allows you to eliminate all errors that have accumulated as a result of previously conducted revaluations using average group indices. The replacement cost of fixed assets under this method is determined by direct recalculation of the value of individual objects at documented market prices for new objects prevailing on January 1 of the corresponding year. When revaluating equipment intended for installation and unfinished objects by the direct recalculation method, their physical and moral obsolescence is additionally taken into account. Land plots and natural resources are not subject to revaluation.

To calculate the economic efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the assessment of funds is used according to their average annual cost ... The value of the average annual value of fixed assets is determined by one of two methods.

Method one assumes that the entry and disposal of fixed assets is carried out in the middle of the month. In this case, the average annual cost of fixed assets is determined by the formula:

C avg = (0.5 x Cm.g + ∑ Cmi + 0.5 x Cm.g): 12

where SN.y, Sk.y - respectively, the cost of fixed assets at the beginning (on January 1) and at the end (December 31) of the reporting year;

∑ Cmi - the total cost of fixed assets on the first day of each month starting from

February (i = 2) and ending in December of the current year.

Method two assumes that the entry and disposal of fixed assets is carried out at the end of the analyzed period:

С Wed g = Сл.г + [∑ (Svvi x Ti): 12] - [∑ Cli (12 - Ti): 12],

where Svvi, Сli - respectively the cost of the input and output of the i –th fixed assets;

Тi is the duration of operation of the fixed assets introduced and liquidated;

n, m - the number of activities for the commissioning and liquidation of fixed assets.

The duration of operation of the PF introduced and liquidated is taken into account in months. For the commissioned OFs, Тi is equal to the total number of months starting from the 1st day of the month following their commissioning. For fixed assets being liquidated, this value is calculated in full months until the 1st day of the month following their retirement. According to the second method, the value of the average annual cost of fixed assets is somewhat underestimated.

In the process of using fixed assets, it is necessary to replace the funds. The process of replacing old, fully used or for other reasons that do not meet the requirements of production of assets is called the process of reproduction of assets.

The circulation of the value of fixed assets is shown in Fig. 10.3. There are two forms reproduction of fixed assets - simple and advanced. At simple reproduction replacement of obsolete equipment and overhaul of equipment is provided, while expanded reproduction- this is, first of all, new construction, as well as the reconstruction and modernization of existing enterprises. The restoration of fixed assets can be carried out by repair, modernization and reconstruction.

Rice. 10.3. Circulation of the value of fixed assets

Fixed assets (hereinafter PF) are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

The production fixed assets include those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), create conditions for its normal implementation (industrial buildings, structures, power grids, etc.) and serve to store and move objects labor.

Depending on the degree of impact on the subject of labor, fixed assets are divided into active and passive. The active ones include those types of PFs that are directly involved in the production process, affect the objects of labor and cause changes in their form or qualitative parameters.

In the geodetic industry, the active part

fixed assets is about 60%. Buildings, structures, inventory belong to the passive part of fixed assets. The composition and structure of the fixed assets of the geodetic industry are generally similar to the composition and structure of the funds of other industries, but there are also differences, for example, in the fixed assets of the geodetic industry, more than 30% (in value) are measuring and adjusting devices,

Accounting and planning of fixed assets are carried out in kind and in cash.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation in the production process, changes during this period in the conditions of reproduction in terms of initial, replacement and residual values.

The initial cost is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of the company's assets, indicators of their use:

Fperv = Fpriobr + Fdost + Fust,

where F acquired - the cost of acquiring fixed assets; F dost - the cost of delivery of funds F mouth - the cost of installation, installation and commissioning. The replacement cost is the cost of reproducing fixed assets in modern conditions, as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of assets.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be the residual value of fixed assets, which is the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

where Ф к.р - the cost of capital repairs for the entire period of use of fixed assets, rubles;

Na - depreciation rate,%;

Тф - the term of the actual use of funds, years. This method provides a more accurate estimate of the cost of fixed assets, since it allows you to take into account the degree of their actual wear and tear.

An important accounting indicator is the average annual cost of fixed assets, since during the year it changes due to the introduction of new and disposal of worn out fixed assets.

Fperv. early year - the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise for

the beginning of the year;

Фвв - the cost of the fixed assets introduced;

Fvyv - the cost of the OF withdrawn during the year; k - the number of months of using the funds in a given year.

Basic production assets wear out during operation. There are two types of wear - physical and moral.

Wear and tear is understood as the loss of their original qualities by means of labor.

A number of indicators are used to characterize the physical deterioration of fixed assets.

Physical depreciation rate of fixed assets, in%

If = (I / Fperv) 100%, where

And - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (accrued depreciation) for the entire period of their operation;

Fperv - the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets. Or

If = (Tf / Tn) 100%, where

Tf is the actual service life of the given object of the OB;

Тн is the standard service life of this OB object. The OP usability coefficient (%) characterizes their physical condition in a larger way as of a certain date (%),

K gf = 100% -K i.phys.

These formulas assume uniform physical wear of the OF, which does not always coincide with reality, this is their main drawback.

Obsolescence - a decrease in the cost of equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form); reduction of their cost as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machinery and equipment (obsolescence of the second form).

The main source of coverage for the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets in the transition to market relations are the company's own funds. They accumulate during the entire service life of fixed assets in the form of depreciation deductions -:

Depreciation is a gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to manufactured products. The amount of depreciation depends on the cost of the fixed assets, the time of their operation, and the cost of modernization.

The ratio of the annual amount of depreciation to the cost of fixed assets, expressed in%, is called the depreciation rate (Na),

where the values ​​are FL - the liquidation value of the OF; Ta - standard service life (depreciation period of fixed assets), years. The amount of depreciation deductions is determined by various methods: uniform, uniformly accelerated and accelerated. For a long time, the Belarusian economy has been (and is still using) a uniform (linear) depreciation method, i.e. each year, the cost of production includes the same part of the cost of the production facility. Example 1.

If At = 10%, Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, then A year = 10 * 10000/100% = 1000 rubles.

That is, with a uniform method, 1000 rubles will be transferred every year. and the entire cost will be carried over for 10 years

The relativity of carrying cost accounting is due to a number of circumstances.

First, the straight-line method assumes that the residual value at end-of-life is 0.

Secondly, this method provides for uniform wear of the OFs over their entire service life.

But during the service life there are equipment downtime, its breakdown and incomplete loading per shift, i.e. in real production, equipment wears out unevenly and the cost of the production plant is transferred to finished products unevenly.

Another disadvantage of the uniform method is the lack of accounting for the obsolescence of the processing plant, which reduces the cost of manufactured machines or reduces the consumer value due to the commissioning of new, more efficient machines and equipment. This leads to the early retirement of outdated equipment and leads to its under-depreciation, the value of which is determined by the formula

HA = (Fostat + Rl) - Fl,

where HA is the under-depreciated part of the value of fixed assets retired before the expiration of the depreciation period, rubles; Fost - residual value, rubles;

Rl - expenses associated with the liquidation of the specified PF, rubles; Fl - the liquidation value of the fixed assets, rubles

In addition to the straight-line method, accelerated depreciation methods are used in world practice.

Among the methods of accelerated depreciation, the double rate method and the cumulative method ("the method of the sum of numbers"), which uses an arithmetic progression, are most often used abroad. Consider the double depreciation method.

Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, At = 20%. Annual depreciation will be:

Consequently, the entire initial cost of the fixed assets will be transferred to finished products in 5, and not 10 years (at Ha = 10%).

Cumulative method. It is calculated by dividing the number of years remaining until the end of the depreciation period) by the cumulative number, which is the sum of the numbers of the members of the arithmetic progression (from 1 to 10 with a service life of 10 years). The cumulative number will be:

(1 + 10)10 / 2=55.

The depreciation rates will be equal: in the first year (when there are 10 years of service of the PF)

10 * 100% / 55 = 18.18%; in the second year 9 * 100% / 55 = 16.36%;

1*100% / 55=1.82% .

When using this method, in the first five years, the depreciation fund will accumulate about 73% of the cost of cars, and after 8 years, about 95%, while in the case of a uniform one - only 80%. This method is more cost-effective, especially when considering obsolescence.

Currently, the method of uneven depreciation has become widespread, in which most of the cost of equipment is included in production costs in the first years of operation.

For example, in the first year - 50%, in the second - 30%, in the third - 20%. This allows the enterprise in conditions of inflation to recoup the costs made faster and direct them to the further renewal of the equipment park.