Ex-libris - what is it? Ex-libris: photo. What is an ex-libris? What are ex-libris

1 Ex libris

"From books", ex-libris.

The name of the bookmark, pasted on the inside of the front cover of the binding or cover of the book and containing the name of the owner of the book, sometimes also an allegorical drawing, motto, etc.

The last sailor left Sevastopol ... The city was on fire. It seemed that the famous and oldest in the country, the Sevastopol Sea Library, had perished forever. The library to which the books were donated by Admiral Lazarev, Lev Tolstoy ... But an amazing thing: after the war, parcels began to come to the library more and more often. From all over the Union and even from abroad, readers sent the once taken books with a label pasted on the back of the binding! a snake wrapped around an anchor, the words "Sevastopol Officer's Library" enclosed in an oval rim, and above all this is a frigate proudly carrying sails. Familiar, honorable bookplate! (Ex-libris - the compass of a book (Izvestia, 9.X 1974).)

Ex-libris, these leaves with engravings or drawings, can remind you of interesting pages of history, acquaint you with the way of life and customs of people, and even invite you on a long journey. "Ex-libris" is a word of Latin origin and in its exact translation means "from books". Ex-librises are created for both private and public libraries. Usually, the plots of the drawings are associated with the nature of the book collection, the world of the book lover's hobbies - By the way, it is now that the first printed bookplate is celebrating its 500th anniversary. Researchers have proven that it was created between 1470 and 1480: a woodcut that has survived to this day accompanied the books of a certain Hans Knabensbvrg, nicknamed Igler (the Hedgehog). And at the beginning of the 16th century, ex-librises were already made by the great artist of the Renaissance, Albrecht Durer. The first Russian ex-libris, found on the books of the Solovetsky Monastery, also dates back almost five centuries. Masters of different times paid tribute to this type of graphics, such as Hans Holbein and Lucas Cranach, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich, Vladimir Favorsky ... (A country named ex libris (Izvestia, 13.VII 1976).)

2 Ex libris

3 depromo

4 "From books"

Books

Series "Ex Libris" (set of 38 books),. The series "Ex Libris" of the St. Petersburg book publishing house "Symposium" (or "Symposium") includes the works of the classics of foreign literature of the XX century ...

Ex libris(from Lat. ex libris - "from books") - a book sign certifying the owner of the book. The ex-libris is glued or stamped most often on the left endpaper. The ex-libris marked on the outside of the book (cover or spine) is called superexlibris.

Usually, the ex-libris shows the owner's name and surname and a drawing that concisely and figuratively speaking about the owner's profession, interests or the composition of the owner's library. Germany is considered the birthplace of the ex-libris, where it appeared shortly after the invention of printing.

The simplest bookplate is a paper label with the name of the owner of the book (sometimes combined with a motto or emblem). Artistic bookplates are works of printed graphics. They are created by various engraving techniques - they are engraved on copper, wood or linoleum, they are made using zinc or lithographic techniques. Among the authors of artistic ex-libris, one can name such outstanding artists as Albrecht Durer, V.A.Favorsky and many others.

Artistic bookplates are distinguished:

stamp, which reproduce the owner's coat of arms and are characteristic mainly of the 16th-18th centuries. In the USSR, a special interest in heraldic bookplates was observed in the 1920s among the non-emigrated nobility. A later manifestation of this interest was the Collection of Coat of Arms Ex-libris;
monogram with ornamented initials of the owner;
plot, which became the most popular in the 19th century and represent images of landscapes, architectural motifs, various emblems, figuratively reflecting the tastes, interests and preferences, the profession of the library owner.

The oldest Russian bookplate is a hand-drawn book sign of Abbot Dositheus, found in the books of the Solovetsky Monastery for the years 1493-1494.

Bookplates represent both a separate direction of collecting, and a sign that increases the value of an antique book, often many times over. The ownership of a book by a known owner has a significant impact on demand.

Ex libris of the Bavarian State Library (Royal Library, 19th century)

Ex-libris of Abbot Dositheus

Ex libris Marco Fragonara (1998)

Literature

Encyclopedic articles

Book sign // Brief literary encyclopedia. T. 3. - M., 1966.
Minaev E.N. Ex-libris // Book Science: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editorial Board .: N.M.Sikorsky (chief editor), O.D. Golubeva, A.D. Goncharov, I.M.Dyakonov, A.I. Markushevich, E.L Nemirovsky, I. M. Terekhov (deputy chief editor), I. I. Chkhikvishvili. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981 .-- S. 606-607. - 664 p. - 100,000 copies(in lane)
Ex-libris // Book: Encyclopedia / Editorial Board .: I. E. Barenbaum, A. A. Belovitskaya, A. A. Govorov and others - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. - P. 728. - 800 p. - ISBN 5-85270-312-5.(in lane)
Gribanov E. D. Medicine in the unusual. - M .: Soviet Russia, 1988.
Grikhanov Yu.A. Ex-libris // Library encyclopedia / Ch. ed. Yu. A. Grikhanov; Russian State Library. - M.: Pashkov House, 2007 .-- S. 1184 .-- 1300 p. - 3,000 copies - ISBN 5-7510-0290-3.(in lane)

Russian and Soviet ex-libris

Adaryukov V. Ya. Rare Russian book signs. Materials on the history of the Russian book mark. - M., 1923.
Adaryukov V. Ya. Russian book sign. - 2nd ed. - M., 1922.
Bazykin M.S. Our book signs / Comp. M. S. Bazykin; Russian Society of Friends of the Book (RODK). - M., 1925 .-- 35 p., 8 p. silt
Bogomolov S.I. Russian book sign. 1700-1918. - M.: Past, 2010 .-- 960 p. - ISBN 978-5-902073-77-2.(in lane)
Vereshchagin V.A. Russian book sign. - SPb., 1902.
Exhibition of book signs. Petersburg, 1919: Catalog. - Pg., 1919 .-- 85 p.
Exhibition of Russian book signs. - L., 1926.
Getmansky E. D. The Poetic Heart of Russia (Yesenin Ex-libris). In two volumes. - Tula: Tula polygraphist, 2016 .-- T. 1: 646 p .; T. 2: 624 p.
Getmansky E. D. Russian book mark (1917-1991). In three volumes. - Tula, 2004.
Getmansky E. D. Artistic bookplate of the Russian Empire (1900-1917). In two volumes. - Tula, 2009.
Getmansky E. D. Encyclopedia of Soviet Ex-libris (1917-1991). In six volumes. - Tula, 2008.
Getmansky E. D. The Imprint of the Human Soul: Bookmark collection catalog. In ten volumes. - Tula: Tula polygraphist, 2012-2014. (v. 1-10 for 600 s.)
Getmansky E. D. Ex-libris is a document of the era. In three volumes. - Tula: Tula polygraphist, 2015. (vol. 1: 588 p.; Vol. 2: 587 p.; Vol. 3: 636 p.)
Getmansky E. D. Ex-libris memorial chronicle (Jews are heroes of the Great Patriotic War). In three volumes. - Tula: TPPO, 2017 .-- T. 1: 569 p .; T. 2: 563 p .; T. 3: 577 p. ...
Getmansky E. D. Ex-libris of the people of the book (Jewish theme in the domestic book sign). In two volumes. - Tula: TPPO, 2018 .-- T. 1: 562 p. ; T. 2: 611 p. ...
Golubensky G.A. On the question of the periodization of the history of Russian and Soviet ex-libris. - Voronezh: Publishing house of Voronezh, university, 1965.
Iwask W.G. Literature about book signs. - M., 1918 .-- 31 p.
Iwask W.G. About library signs, the so-called ex-libris, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of their use in Russia. - M., 1902.
Iwask W.G. Description of Russian book signs. Issue 1-3. - M., 1905-1918.
Ivensky S.G. Book sign: History, theory, practice of artistic development. - M., 1980.
Ivensky S.G. Masters of Russian ex-libris / S. G. Ivensky; Design by L. G. Epifanov. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1973 .-- 336 p. - 10,000 copies.(in lane)
Proceedings of the Moscow Society of Book Sign Lovers. 1907. - Issue. 1.
E. S. Kashutina, N. G. Saprykina Ex-libris in the collection of the Scientific Library of Moscow State University: Album-catalog / E. S. Kashutina, N. G. Saprykina. - M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1985 .-- 224 p. - 8800 copies.(in lane)
Book signs of Russian artists / Ed. D. I. Mitrokhin, P. I. Neradovsky, A. K. Sokolovsky. - Pg .: Petropolis, 1922 .-- 240 p.
Lasunsky O. In the world of ex-libris // Power of the book: Stories about books and scribes. - Voronezh, 1966 .-- S. 221-253.
Lasunsky O. G. Book sign: Some problems of study and use. - Voronezh: Ed. Voronezh University, 1967 .-- 168 p.
Lasunsky O. G. The Power of the Book: Tales of Books and Scribes. - Ed. 4th, rev. - Voronezh: Center for Spiritual Revival of the Black Earth Region, 2010. - ISBN 5-98631-014-4.
Literature about book signs: Bibliographic list. - Vologda: North-West. book publishing house, 1971. - 128 p.
Likhacheva O. P. Collection of Russian book signs of the BAN USSR // Materials and reports on the funds of the department of manuscript and rare books of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M.-L, 1966 .-- S. 90-102.
Lukomsky V.K. Falsification in the bookplate. - M., 1929.
Yu.P. Martsevich New Literature on Book Mark: Information Bibliographic Index. - M., 1971. - 92 p.
Minaev E.N. Ex-libris: Book-album. - M.: Soviet artist, 1968 .-- 120 p. - 10,000 copies.(region)
Minaev E.N. Ex-libris of artists of the Russian Federation: 500 ex-libris (album) / Comp. E. N. Minaev. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1971. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies(in the lane, superex.)
Minaev E.N., Fortinsky S.P. Ex-libris. - M.: Kniga, 1970 .-- 240 p. - 20,000 copies.(in the lane, superex.)
Malinin B.A., Ex Libris Ex Libris G.I. Ignatov No. 8. 1987 X3 91x12 (unavailable link)

The word "ex libris" means "from books" in Latin. An ex-libris is a paper label pasted on a book, mainly on the inner side of the binding, which indicates who the owner of the book is, and, as a rule, there is a plot picture,

reflecting the profession, range of interests, hobbies, literary affections of the book lover, the theme or nature of the library. These signs are made by artists using the technique of engraving on wood, linoleum, plastic, metal, plexiglass; there are also drawings with pen, ink (with subsequent zinc-printing).

Artistic bookplates are works of printed graphics. The book sign, well executed, well printed, neatly pasted into the book, decorates it, is its kind of passport. The presence of a library bookplate turns a simple book collection into a full-fledged library.

Ex-libris of Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern

Ex-libris of Emperor Alexander III

Ex-libris by Arkady Strugatsky

Artistic bookplates are distinguished:

coat of arms, which reproduce the owner's coat of arms and are characteristic mainly of the 16th-18th centuries;
monograms with ornamented initials of the owner;
plot, which became the most popular in the XX century and represent images of landscapes, architectural motifs, various emblems, figuratively reflecting the tastes, interests and preferences, the profession of the library owner.

The ex-libris appeared - as it is today - shortly after the invention of printing in the 16th century in Germany. From those times, graphic miniatures of such great masters as Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach, Hans Holbein M. fallen have come down to us.

In Russia, engraved bookplates appeared under Peter 1. However, in the 60s of the last century, painted signs of the founder of the local library Dositheus were found on some of the handwritten books of the Solovetsky Monastery; These signs date from the beginning of the 90s of the 15th century.

For many centuries, ex-libris served as a utilitarian function. He first of all informed about the owner of the book. So, until the 19th century, most of the personal libraries belonged to the privileged classes, so most of the bookplates were heraldic with the image of the owner's family coat of arms. Monogram book signs were also popular. But an even more effective way to designate the owner was a super-ex-libris: the same coat of arms, but embossed in gold on the top cover of the book cover.

In the 19th century, more and more writers, scientists, artists, the enlightened bourgeoisie became the owners of libraries, and the subject (artistic) bookplate supplants the coat of arms. The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century is the time of the revival in Russia of the art of the book sign as a branch of graphics. It was at this time that a new form of ex-libris was finally found. In contrast to the heraldic bookplate, artists - members of the World of Art - A. Benois, E. Lansere, K. Somov, G. Narbut, M. Dobuzhinsky, I. Bilibin, E. Mitrokhin, S. Chekhonin and others - gave everything features of a quality graphic work. This is the harmony of the composition, filigree precision of details, individuality, subtle plot. In each sign the artist put a particle of his soul, in each sign the graphic handwriting of the master is guessed. Among the Russian artists who contributed to the art of ex-libris are such great masters of painting and graphics as M. Vrubel, V. Vasnetsov, B. Kustodiev.

In the 1920s-1930s. leading graphic artists - V. Favorsky, A. Kravchenko, N. Kupreyanov, N. Piskarev, P. Shillingovsky, N. Brimmer and others joined the creation of the ex-libris. In the post-war years, well-known artists E. Golyakhovsky, G. Kravtsov worked on the ex-libris, V. Frolov, A. Kalashnikov, N. Kalita, G. Ratner, M. Verkholantsev, V. Kartovich and many others.

The great fashion for ex-libris came again in the 1960s – 1970s. This was caused not so much by the flourishing of graphics as by the rise of book collecting, the massive bibliophile movement in the country.

At the beginning of the XXI century, interest in bookplate returns. And he returns, as always, in a slightly new incarnation. First of all, there is a revival of interest in ex-libris as a personal book sign, as a keeper of family history.

Manufacturing technologies have also undergone changes. Now the most widespread in the modern book world are ex-libris made in the form of an imprint of a cliche made of rubber. Modern equipment allows engraving ex-libris clichés of such high quality that the smallest details of the drawing become visible. Such a manufacturing technique opens up richest opportunities for the owner of a book mark, as it allows the most complex artistic concept to be realized.

For a long time, collecting ex-libris has been widespread throughout the world. Thanks to this hobby, scientists can explore the stages of book printing, the peculiarities of publishing handwritten books, and track the migration paths of books. There are thousands of collections of these graphic miniatures.

There are two ex-libris museums, one of them is located in Moscow. There is an opinion that the growing popularity of book signs will help maintain the image of Russia as the most reading country in the world.

Sources:
Wikipedia http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_libris
Site of ex-libris from the collection of Yuri Sergeevich Borodaev, a famous Moscow hereditary collector
Advertising Science http://www.advertology.ru/article23253.html
Website of graphic artist Leonid Shchetnev http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/she/tne/shetnev_l/index.htm

Virtual exhibition

Ex-libris

History of origin in Russia and abroad

Ex-libris (from Lat. Ex libris - "from books") - a book sign, glued by the owners of libraries on the book, mainly on the inner side of the binding.

Usually, the ex-libris shows the owner's name and surname and a drawing that concisely and figuratively speaking about the owner's profession, interests or the composition of the owner's library.

A couple of centuries ago, the ex-libris was an indispensable part of the library of a noble family. It was given the same meaning as the family coat of arms. In fact, it was the owner's coat of arms, passed down from generation to generation.

The ex-libris was invented in the 16th century in Germany. Among the authors of the early bookplates were such great Renaissance masters as Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach and Hans Holbein the Younger.

The oldest Russian bookplate is a hand-drawn book sign of Abbot Dositheus discovered in the books of the Solovetsky Monastery for 1493-1494.

In Russia, ex-libris appeared at the beginning of the 18th century - along with other European innovations introduced by Peter I. Naturally, the first owners of ex-libris were members of the imperial family, top officials of the state, and representatives of the nobility. The noble owner of the book decorated it with a picture of his coat of arms, usually accompanied by a proud Latin motto. But an even more effective way to designate the owner was a super-ex-libris: the same coat of arms, but embossed in gold on the top cover of the book cover.

In the next, XIX century in Russia, the personal library gradually ceased to be the property of exclusively privileged estates. The owners of significant libraries were writers, scientists and simply enlightened people, which contributed to the massive dissemination of ex-libris. But this also led to the fact that from a pompous image of a family coat of arms or an intricate monogram, an ex-libris often turned into a simple label made with typographic set. It served only to indicate the name of the owner and designate the permanent place of the book - the number of the shelf and the number of the bookcase.

But in the twentieth century, which gave birth to an elegant (and, what is important, holistic as a work of art) book, there was a real ex-libris renaissance. Ex-libris has become almost an independent genre of graphic art. And largely due to the fact that Georgy Narbut, Ivan Bilibin, Elena Lancere, Lev Bakst, Konstantin Somov, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky, Alexander Benois and other significant artists of the Silver Age turned to this genre in Russia.

It was at this time that the ex-libris acquired a new, deeper meaning - it increasingly became a reflection of the personality, the spiritual world and the seal of the taste of its owner. At the same time, the era of collecting ex-libris began, by and large. This kind of collecting is called ex-libris.

The 1920s in Russia were the heyday of wood engraving. At the same time, the subject of ex-libris expanded significantly. During this period, the book sign rose to philosophical generalization and deep penetration into the essence of the personality of the owner of the book. This truly golden age of Russian ex-libris is inextricably linked with the names of Vladimir Favorsky, Nikolai Piskarev, Alexei Kravchenko, Nikolai Kupreyanov and other remarkable graphic artists of that era.

The great fashion for ex-libris came again in the 1960s and 1970s. This was caused not so much by the flourishing of graphics as by the rise of book collecting, the massive bibliophile movement in the country. And despite the significant limitations of creativity associated with the narrow ideological framework of that time, the art of ex-libris rose to a new level.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, interest in bookplate is returning. And he returns, as always, in a slightly new incarnation. First of all, there is a revival of interest in ex-libris as a personal book sign. It is not surprising, since now more and more people are interested in their roots, restore destroyed family chains, create their own heraldic signs that can be passed on to their children.

Artistic bookplates are distinguished:

Coats of arms, which reproduce the owner's coat of arms and are characteristic mainly of the 16th-18th centuries;

Coat of arms of the Kolomarov nobles

Monogram with ornamented initials of the owner;

Ex-libris of the Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich Romanov (1832-1909)

Subject, which became the most popular in the XX century and represent images of landscapes, architectural motifs, various emblems, figuratively reflecting the tastes, interests and preferences, the profession of the library owner.

Ex-libris of Vladimir Alexandrovich Kenigson (1864 / 66-1940)

Font. These are all the same typographic labels with text in display frames, less often without them; stamps, typed from letters or cast in a printing house, lines of a set in linear or simple display frames, usually oval, less often - an engraved stamp or stencil, occasionally - stamping. This is a combination of typesetting text with some kind of display curl, a ruler, sometimes inserted into a heavy, intricate typesetting rectangular frame, and finally, a crown with the surname or just the initials of the noble owner. These are the most common forms of the Russian book mark of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Font labels and stamps usually indicated only the name, patronymic and surname of the owner.

Universal. These are book signs that are drawn with a space, for inscribing the name of the person who sticks them on the books of his library. Abroad, such bookplates are issued by individual publishers for sale or printed in advance on the binding of a book. At the beginning of the 20th century, the publishing house of M.O. Wolf produced four types of universal bookmark labels, sticking them on the textbooks sold. In the post-revolutionary years, several attempts were made to introduce such ex-libris. Many of them were standard, such as the ex-libris depicting the spire of the Leningrad Admiralty. These signs do not reflect the individuality of the library owner and have not been widely used in Russia.

Our exhibition shows some types and categories of bookplates, which gives an idea of the book sign.

Vorontsova S.A. German bookplate from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. as an image-symbol of a person and an era: Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of art history / Moscow State University of Printing Arts.-M., 2012

Ex-libris (from Lat. Ex libris - from books) is a small artistically designed label indicating that a book belongs to a particular person or library. Usually the bookplate was glued to the inside of the top cover of the binding.

All bookplates are monuments of their time, and their study is very important. It allows you to trace the fate of private libraries, to find out their composition and place in the culture of Russia.

The first Russian bookplate, drawn by hand, belongs to the hegumen of the Solovetsky library Dositheus. It is simple: a large letter C, inside which is the inscription: "The priest Dositheus." At that time, there were few libraries, and there were no prerequisites for the development of an ex-libris.

The printed book sign appeared in Russia only at the beginning of the 18th century. At first it was also a coat of arms, but soon there were also plot ex-librises. A drawing and a short motto characterized the interests of the library owner.

The rapid growth of book publishing, book trade with European countries led to the creation of a large number of personal libraries. Very large at that time, well-chosen book collections were owned by associates of Peter I: D.M. Golitsyn, Ya. V. Bruce, A.A. Matveev. These were enlightened figures of the Petrine era. It was on their books that the first printed bookplates in Russia appeared - miniature woodcuts.

The library of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1665-1737) - a full member of the Supreme Privy Council - was at that time the largest and consisted of about 6,000 volumes. It was kept in his family estate - the famous village of Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. On the books of his collection there is a type bookplate in Latin: "Ex Bibliotheca Archangellina" - "From the Arkhangelsk Library." This sign was made at the beginning of the 18th century.

Count Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670-1735) - Field Marshal, Senator, Berg and the Collegium of Manufactures, President, participant in campaigns, organizer of the Navigation School in Moscow, one of the founders of Russian artillery - was the son of a native of Scotland, was born in Moscow, received an excellent education, was the scientific secretary of Peter the Great. In the Battle of Poltava, he commanded artillery and was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. For outstanding services he was awarded the title of count, and the engraved book sign shows the coat of arms surrounded by the chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, on which we read the words; For Faith and Loyalty.

J. Bruce's library consisted of 1500 volumes and had an encyclopedic character. It includes books on natural sciences, art of war, philosophy, history, medicine. By bequest, the entire library entered the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in 1785, and the first engraved book sign in Russia was pasted on the books, representing a complex heraldic composition inherent in most heraldic bookplates of the 18th century.

It was at this time that book-collecting flourished in Russia. All Europe knows the excellent book collections of Russian bibliophiles - A.K. Razumovsky, F.G. Golitsyn, N.P. Buturlina, N.P. Rumyantsev and others. Collecting books was considered the most important patriotic cause. Count Rumyantsev, for example, bequeathed his huge library (about 300,000 volumes and over 700 manuscripts) to the people "for the benefit of the Fatherland and good enlightenment." It formed the basis of the book fund of the famous Rumyantsev Public Library.

In the 19th century, heraldic book signs were replaced by monograms, type labels and stamps.

The monogram bookplate (from Polish "Wezel" - "knot") represents the intertwined initial letters of the owner's name and surname. Such, for example, is the sign of Prince Viktor Nikolayevich Gagarin (1844-1912), in which the owner's initials are intertwined in a rather complex ornament, topped with a princely crown.

Changes in the social composition of library owners have contributed to the emergence of a large number of type book characters. They only indicated the name, patronymic and surname of the owner, sometimes even without the words "Ex libris". Such bookplates are used to mark books in the libraries of writers N. S. Leskov, A.P. Chekhov, Count A.K. Tolstoy and others. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy had a modest sign in the form of a ring with the text "Yasnaya Polyana Library". Books from the collection of V.Ya. Bryusov - an imprint of the stamp "Valery Bryusov".

The most common type of book signs is a plot bookplate. It depicts everyday and genre scenes, elements of architectural structures, the internal view of libraries, individual books and objects.

The first Russian subject bookplate was a book sign created more than 200 years ago by the famous engraver artist of that time G.I. Skorodumov (1755-1792) for the library of the State Chancellor of Russia Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko (1747-1799). It depicts a tree entwined with a garland of flowers, and in the center of the composition is engraved in a beautiful font with a text with the title and surname of the owner.

More than a hundred years ago, artists paid little attention to the subject bookplate. But at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, artists began to work on it, united around the magazine "World of Art" - A.N. Benois, L.S. Bakst, I. Ya. Bilibin, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, B.M. Kustodiev, E.E. Lanceray, D.I. Mitrokhin, G.I. Narbut, K.A. Somov, SV. Chekhonin and others. They have created many highly artistic ex-libris stories.

In the 1920s, amazing bookplates were created in woodcuts by V.A. Favorsky, A.I. Kravchenko, N.I. Piskareva, N.P. Dmitrovsky. In the late 50s - early 60s. ex-librises of the most famous woodcut printers of our time appeared: N. Kalita, A. Kalashnikov, D. Bisti.

But how many ex-librises have been created in the entire history of their development? There are about a million book marks in the world. More than one hundred thousand of them were created in Russia.

Ex-libris - what is it? Ex-libris: photo. What is an ex-libris? What are ex-libris

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