STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

RELIABILITY IN TECHNOLOGY

COMPOSITION AND GENERAL RULES OF ASSIGNMENT
RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS

GOST 27.003-90

USSR STATE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
PRODUCT QUALITY AND STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

Reliability in technology COMPOSITION AND GENERAL RULES OF ASSIGNMENT RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS Industrial product dependability. Dependability requirements: contents and general rules for specifying.

GOST 27.003-90

Date of introduction 01.01.92

This standard applies to all types of products and establishes the composition, procedure and general rules setting reliability requirements for their inclusion in the regulatory and technical (NTD) and design documentation... The standard is mandatory for products ordered by the Department of Defense, and recommended for other products. The requirements of this standard can be specified in the NTD by type of technology. The terms used in this standard and their definitions are in accordance with GOST 27.002.

1. BASIC PROVISIONS

1.1. Reliability requirements - a set of quantitative and (or) qualitative requirements for reliability, durability, maintainability, preservation, the fulfillment of which ensures the operation of products with specified indicators of efficiency, safety, environmental friendliness, survivability and other quality components that depend on the reliability of the product, or the possibility of using this products as an integral part of another product with a given level of reliability. 1.2. When specifying reliability requirements, the following is determined (selected) and agreed between the customer (consumer) and the developer (manufacturer) of the product: a typical operating model (or several models), in relation to which (which) requirements for reliability are set; failure criteria for each operation model, in relation to which the reliability requirements are set; criteria for limiting states of products, in relation to which requirements for durability and preservation are established; the concept of "output effect" for products, the reliability requirements for which are established using the indicator "efficiency preservation ratio" K eff; nomenclature and values ​​of reliability indicators (PN), in relation to each operation model; methods for monitoring the compliance of products with specified reliability requirements (reliability control); requirements and (or) restrictions on constructive, technological and operational methods of ensuring reliability, if necessary, taking into account economic constraints; the need to develop a reliability assurance program. 1.3. A typical model of product operation should contain: a sequence (sequence diagram) of stages (types, modes) of operation (storage, transportation, deployment, waiting for intended use, intended use, Maintenance and scheduled repairs) with an indication of their duration. characteristics of the adopted system of maintenance and repair, provision of spare parts, tools and operating materials; levels of external influencing factors and loads for each stage (type, mode) of operation; number and qualifications of maintenance and repair personnel. 1.4. The nomenclature of the set PN of the product is selected in accordance with the provisions of this standard and is agreed in the prescribed manner between the customer (consumer) and the developer (manufacturer). Indicators, as a rule, should be selected from among the indicators, the definitions of which are given in GOST 27.002. It is allowed to use indicators, the names and definitions of which concretize the corresponding terms established by GOST 27.002, taking into account the characteristics of the product and (or) the specifics of its application, but do not contradict the standardized terms. Symbols of indicators used in this standard are given in Appendix 1, examples of possible modifications of standardized indicators are in Appendix 2. 1.5. The total number of parameters assigned to the product should be minimal, but characterize all stages of its operation. All indicators should have an unambiguous interpretation and for each of them there should be control (assessment) methods at all stages of the product life cycle. 1.6. For products that are subject to storage (transportation) before starting or during operation, preservation indicators are set. In this case, the conditions and modes of storage (transportation) must be determined and taken into account, in relation to which the specified indicators are set. 1.7. For remanufactured products, as a rule, a complex PN or a set of unit indicators of reliability and maintainability that determines it is specified, and the first option for specifying the requirements is preferable. At the request of the customer, in addition to the complex indicator, one of the reliability or maintainability indicators that determine it can be set. Simultaneous assignment of the complex and all the single indicators that determine it is not allowed. For the maintainability indicators, the conditions and types of restoration, repair and maintenance must be determined and taken into account, in relation to which the indicated indicators are set. Example. For renewable products of continuous operation, the output effect of which is proportional to the total duration of stay of products in a working condition, the main indicator is TO d. By agreement between the customer and the developer, the following combinations of specified indicators are possible: TO r and T o or TO r and T in, or T oh and T but . Invalid combination: TO G, T oh and T in . 1.8. With the statistical method of control, to select a plan for monitoring the compliance of products with the specified reliability requirements for each PN, the necessary initial data are established: R a and rejection R b, levels, risks of the customer (consumer) b and supplier (manufacturer) a or confidence level g and the value of the ratio of the upper R in and bottom R n confidence boundaries. 1.9. Requirements for constructive methods of ensuring reliability may contain: requirements and (or) restrictions on the types and multiplicity of redundancy; requirements and (or) restrictions on costs (cost) in the manufacture and operation, weight, dimensions, volume of the product and (or) its individual components, spare parts kits, equipment for maintenance and repairs; requirements for the structure and composition of spare parts; requirements for the system of technical diagnostics (monitoring of technical condition); requirements and (or) restrictions on methods and means of ensuring maintainability and preservation; restrictions on the range of components and materials permitted for use; requirements for the use of standardized or unified components, etc. 1.10. Requirements for technological (production) methods of ensuring reliability may contain: requirements for the precision parameters of technological equipment and its certification; requirements for the stability of technological processes, properties of raw materials, materials, components; requirements for the need, duration and modes of technological run (running-in, electrical thermal training, etc.) of products in the manufacturing process; requirements for methods and means of monitoring the level of reliability (defectiveness) during production, etc. 1.1. Requirements for operational methods of ensuring reliability may contain: requirements for the system of maintenance and repairs; requirements for the algorithm for technical diagnostics (monitoring of technical condition); requirements for the number, qualifications, duration of training (training) of maintenance and repair personnel; requirements for methods of eliminating failures and damages, the procedure for using spare parts and accessories, rules for adjustments, etc .; requirements for the volume and form of presentation of information on reliability collected (recorded) during operation. and others. 1.12. Reliability requirements include: tactical and technical assignments (TTZ), technical assignments (TOR) for the development or modernization of products; technical conditions (TU) for the manufacture of experimental and serial products (if the rules or conditions for their confirmation are agreed); standards of general technical requirements (OTT), general technical conditions(OTU) and technical conditions (TU). In passports, forms, instructions and other operational documentation, reliability requirements (reliability indicators) are indicated by agreement between the customer (consumer) and the developer (manufacturer) as reference. Reliability requirements can be included in contracts for the development and supply of products.

2. PROCEDURE FOR SETTING RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

2.1. The reliability requirements included in the TTZ (TOR) are initially determined at the stage of research and development justification by performing the following work: analysis of customer (consumer) requirements, purpose and operating conditions of the product (or its analogues), restrictions on all types of costs, including number of design, manufacturing technology and cost of operation; development and agreement with the customer (consumer) criteria for failures and limit states; selection of a rational nomenclature of the assigned PN; establishing the values ​​(norms) of the PN of the product and its constituent parts. 2.2. At the stage of product development, as agreed between the customer (consumer) and the developer, it is allowed to clarify (correct) the reliability requirements with an appropriate feasibility study by performing the following work: considering possible schematic and design options for building a product and calculating the expected level of reliability for each of them, as well as indicators characterizing the types of costs, including operating costs, and the possibility of meeting other specified constraints; selection of a schematic and constructive option for building a product that satisfies the customer in terms of the aggregate PN and costs; clarification of the values ​​of PN of the product and its constituent parts. 2.3. When forming technical specifications for serial products it includes, as a rule, those PNs from those specified in the TTZ (TOR), which are supposed to be controlled at the stage of manufacturing the product. 2.4. At the stages of serial production and operation, it is allowed, by agreement between the customer and the developer (manufacturer), to correct the values ​​of individual PS according to the results of tests or controlled operation. 2.5. For complex products during their development, pilot and serial production, it is allowed to stage-by-stage assignment of PN values ​​(subject to increased reliability requirements) and parameters of control plans, based on established practice, taking into account the accumulated statistical data on previous analogue products, and as agreed between the customer (consumer) and developer (manufacturer). 2.6. In the presence of prototypes (analogs) with a reliably known level of reliability, the scope of work for setting reliability requirements, given in paragraphs. 2.1 and 2.2, can be reduced due to those indicators, information on which is available at the time of the formation of the section TTZ (TZ), TU "Requirements for reliability".

3. SELECTION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SET ST.

3.1. The choice of the PN nomenclature is carried out on the basis of the classification of products according to the characteristics that characterize their purpose, the consequences of failures and reaching the limit state, especially the modes of use, etc. 3.2. Determination of the classification features of products is carried out by means of engineering analysis and coordination of its results between the customer and the developer. The main source of information for such an analysis is the TTZ (TK) for the development of a product in terms of the characteristics of its purpose and operating conditions and data on the reliability of analogue products. 3.3. The main features by which products are subdivided when specifying reliability requirements are: certainty of the product's purpose; the number of possible (taken into account) states of products in terms of operability during operation; mode of application (functioning); possible consequences of failures and (or) reaching the limit state during application and (or) consequences of failures during storage and transportation; the ability to restore an operational state after a failure; the nature of the main processes that determine the transition of the product to the limiting state; the possibility and method of restoring the technical resource (service life); the possibility and need for maintenance; possibility and necessity of control before use; the presence of products in the composition computing technology ... 3.3.1. According to the definiteness of the purpose, the products are subdivided into: products for a specific purpose (TSC), which have one main use case for their intended purpose; endowing general purpose (ION), having several options for application. 3.3.2. According to the number of possible (taken into account) states (in terms of operability), the products are subdivided into: products of type I, which during operation can be in two states - operable or inoperative; products of type II, which, in addition to these two states, may be in a certain number of partially inoperable states, into which they pass as a result of a partial failure. Note f. To simplify the assignment procedure (and subsequent control), by agreement between the customer and the developer, it is allowed to lead products of type II to products of type I by conditionally dividing the set of partially inoperable states into two subsets of states, one of which is referred to as operable, and the other - to inoperative state. To subdivide the set of states into two subsets, a general rule is recommended: if in a partially inoperative state it is advisable to continue to use products for their intended purpose, then this state is referred to as an operable state, otherwise - to an inoperative one. It is also allowed to subdivide products of type II into component parts of type I and establish reliability requirements for the product as a whole in the form of a set of PN of its component parts. For products with a channel principle of construction (communication systems, information processing, etc.), the requirements for reliability and maintainability may be specified per channel or for each channel with channels of unequal efficiency. 3.3.3. According to the modes of application (functioning), the products are subdivided into: products of continuous long-term use; products of repeated cyclic use; single-use products (with a previous waiting period for use and storage). 3.3.4. According to the consequences of failures or reaching the limiting state during application, or the consequences of failures during storage and transportation, the products are divided into: products, failures or transition to the limiting state of which lead to consequences of a catastrophic (critical) nature (to a threat to human life and health, significant economic losses etc.); products, failures or transition to the limiting state of which do not lead to catastrophic (critical) consequences (without a threat to human life and health, insignificant or "moderate" economic losses, etc.); NS.). 3.3.5. Whenever possible, the restoration of an operational state after a failure during operation, the products are subdivided into: recoverable; unrecoverable. 3.3.6. By the nature of the main processes that determine the transition to the limiting state, products are subdivided into: aging; wear-out; aging and wearing out at the same time. 3.3.7. If possible and the method of restoring the technical resource (service life) by carrying out scheduled repairs (medium, capital, etc.), the products are divided into: non-repairable; repaired in an impersonal way; repaired in an impersonal way.

Table 1

Generalized scheme for choosing the nomenclature of the assigned PN

Product characteristics			Nomenclature of set PN
			Efficiency retention ratio K eff or its modifications (examples of possible modifications K eff are given in Appendix 2); indicators of durability, if the concept of "limit state" can be uniquely formulated for a product and criteria for its achievement are determined; indicators of preservation, if storage (transportation) is envisaged for the product in its entirety and assembled, or indicators of preservation of separately stored (transported) parts of the product
		Recoverable	Complex PN and, if necessary, one of the indicators of reliability or maintainability that determine it (in accordance with clause 1.7); indicators of durability and preservation, selected similarly to products of type I I
		Unrecoverable	A single indicator of reliability; indicators of durability and preservation, selected similarly to products of type II
		Recoverable and non-recoverable	Set of PN of the component parts of the product, considered poppy products of type I
		Recoverable	Complex PN and, if necessary, one of the indicators of reliability or maintainability that determine it (in accordance with clause 1.7); indicators of durability and preservation, selected similarly to IQN type I
		Unrecoverable	A single indicator of reliability; indicators of durability and preservation, selected similarly to IQN type I

3.3.8. If possible, technical maintenance during operation, the products are subdivided into: serviced; unattended. 3.3.9. If possible (necessary) control before use, products are subdivided into: controlled before use; not monitored before use. 3.3.8. If electronic computers and other computer technology devices are included in the products, they are classified as products with failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures), in the absence - to products without failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures). 3.4. A generalized scheme for choosing the nomenclature of PN products, taking into account the classification signs established in clause 3.3, is given in Table 1. The methodology that concretizes this scheme is given in Appendix 3. Examples of choosing the nomenclature of specified indicators are given in Appendix 4.

4. SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF MON VALUES

4.1. The values ​​(norms) of the PN of products are set in the TTZ (TK), TU, taking into account the purpose of the products, the achieved level and the identified trends in increasing their reliability, feasibility study, the capabilities of manufacturers, the requirements and capabilities of the customer (consumers), the initial data of the selected control plan. When applying plans for control of products with specified acceptance R a and rejection R b by levels, the design at the development stage is carried out in such a way that at the production stage, the actual level of PN corresponding to the level R a . Level value R a represents at the stage of development the design rate of PN. 4.2. The calculated (estimated) values ​​of the PN of the product and its component parts, obtained after the completion of the next stage (stage) of work, are taken as the reliability standards in effect at the next stage (stage), after the completion of which these standards are specified (adjusted), etc. 4.3. Calculation, experimental or computational-experimental methods are used to substantiate the ST values. 4.4. Calculation methods are used for products for which there are no statistical data obtained during testing of analogues (prototypes). 4.5. Experimental methods are used for products for which it is possible to obtain statistical data in the process of testing or having analogues (prototypes) (allowing to evaluate their PN, as well as trends in the PN change from one analogue to another. or) its constituent parts. 4.6. Calculation and experimental methods represent a combination of calculation and experimental methods. They are used in cases where there are statistical data on reliability for individual components, and calculation results for others, or when preliminary results of product tests, obtained in the course of development, make it possible to clarify the calculated values ​​of PN 4.7. For a step-by-step setting of requirements for reliability, computational and experimental methods are used based on models of reliability growth in the process of developing products and mastering them in production. Growth models are determined by statistical data obtained during creation and / or operation products-analogues. 4.8. Methodical instructions on the justification of the values ​​of the specified indicators are given in Appendix 5.

5. RULES FOR ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR FAILURES AND LIMIT STATES

5.1. Categories of failures and limit states are established in order to unambiguously understand the technical state of products when setting requirements for reliability, testing and operation. The definitions of failure criteria and limit states should be clear, specific, and not subject to ambiguity. The criteria for limit states should contain indications of the consequences that occur after their detection (sending products for repair of a certain type or writing off). 5.2. Criteria for failures and limit states should ensure the ease of detecting the fact of failure or transition to the limit state by visual means or using the provided means of technical diagnostics (monitoring the technical state). 5.3. Criteria for failures and limit states should be established in the documentation in which the PN values ​​are given. 5.4. Examples of typical criteria for failures and limiting states of products are given in Appendix 6, and examples of the construction and presentation of sections "Requirements for reliability" in various scientific and technical documentation are given in Appendix 7.

ANNEX 1

Reference

SYMBOLS USED IN THIS STANDARD

K and	Technical utilization rate;
	Availability ratio;
K o.g	Operational readiness ratio;
K and so on	- K t and in standby mode;
K Mr. ozh	- TO d standby application;
	Efficiency preservation ratio;
R(t b.r)	Probability of no-failure operation during operating time t b.r;
t b.r	Operating time, within which the probability of failure-free operation of the product is not lower than the specified one;
R(t in)	Recovery probability (for a given time t in) ;
	Waiting time for intended use;
	Average recovery time;
T V.O.	Average recovery time in standby mode;
R 0 (on)	Probability of failure-free operation (switching on);
T O	Mean time between failures (mean time between failures);
	Mean time to failure;
	Failure rate;
T r.sr.sp	Average resource before write-off (full);
T r.c.s. r	Average resource before overhaul (medium, etc.) repair;
T w.c.sp	Average service life before decommissioning (full);
T sr.k.r	Average service life up to overhaul (medium, etc.) repair;
T p g cn	Gamma-percentage resource before write-off (full);
T p g c.p	Gamma-percentage resource before overhaul (medium, etc.) repair;
T sl g cn	Gamma Percentage Life Before Write-off (Full);
T sl g to p	Gamma-percentage service life before overhaul (medium, etc.) repair;
T c. Wed	Average shelf life;
	- gamma percentage shelf life;
P(t xp)	Probability of non-failure storage;
	Shelf life;
R (l tr)	Probability of trouble-free transportation;
	Transportation range;
	Acceptance level PN;
R b	Rejection level PN;
	Supplier (manufacturer) risk;
	Consumer (customer) risk;
	Confidence probability;
	The upper confidence limit of PN;
R n	Lower confidence limit of PN.

APPENDIX 2

Reference

EXAMPLES OF POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF STANDARDIZED INDICATORS

1. The definitions of PN in GOST 27.002 are formulated in general terms, without taking into account the possible specifics of the purpose, application, design of products and other factors. When setting the PN for many types of products, there is a need to concretize their definitions and names, taking into account: the definition of the concept of "output effect" for products, the main indicator of which is the "coefficient of preservation of efficiency" K eff; the stage of operation, in relation to which the PN is set; the classification of failures and limit states adopted for the considered products. 2. K eff according to GOST 27.002 is a generalized name for a group of indicators used in various branches of technology and having their own names, designations and definitions. Examples of such indicators can be: for technological systems: "coefficient of productivity retention"; " shift (month, quarter, year) ", etc.; for space technology:" the probability of the flight program execution "by the spacecraft, etc.; for aviation technology:" the probability of a typical task (flight task) in a given time " aircraft, etc. In this case, the words "performance", "production", "product quality", "flight program", "typical task", "flight task", etc., characterizing the "output effect" "products. 3. For some products, the PN should be set in relation to individual stages of their operation (application). So, for example, the following types of the indicator "mean time between failures" are used for aviation equipment: "mean time between failures in flight"; "mean time between failures during pre-flight preparation", etc.; for rocket technology: "probability of failure-free preparation to the launch and failure-free launch of the rocket ";" the probability of failure-free flight of the missile ";" the probability of failure-free operation at the target ".4. For many critical products, the PN is set separately for critical and other failures. For example, for aviation technology, in addition to the "mean time between failures", set the "mean time between failures, leading to a delay in departure", etc. "and" mean time between failures (failures) ".

APPENDIX 3

METHODOLOGY FOR CHOOSING THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SET ST.

1. The general principle of choosing a rational (minimum necessary and sufficient) nomenclature of assigned PN is that in each specific case the product is classified sequentially according to the established features characterizing its purpose, features of the circuit design and the specified (assumed) operating conditions. Depending on the set of classification groupings to which it is assigned, a set of indicators to be assigned is determined using worksheets. 2. The procedure for selecting the nomenclature of the assigned PN for new (developed or upgraded) products consists of three independent stages: the choice of reliability and maintainability indicators and (or) complex ones; the choice of durability indicators; the choice of preservation indicators. 3. The nomenclature of indicators of reliability, maintainability and (or) complex is established for products of type I in accordance with table. 2, and for products of type II - table. 3.4. It is advisable to set the reliability indicators taking into account the criticality of failures. At the same time, the TTZ (TK), TU should formulate the criteria for each type of failure. 5. For products that include discrete technology devices (computers), the reliability, maintainability and complex indicators should be set taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures). In this case, the specified indicators are explained by adding the words "taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature" or "without taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature". In the case of a step-by-step specification of requirements, it is allowed not to record failures in the early stages. For failures of a malfunctioning nature, appropriate criteria should be formulated. 6. For products controlled before intended use, it is allowed to additionally set the average (gamma-percentage) time to bring the product to readiness or the average (gamma-percentage) duration of the readiness control. 7. For serviced products, it is additionally allowed to set indicators of the quality of maintenance. 8. The choice of indicators of the durability of the IKN and ION is carried out in accordance with table. 4. For the sake of simplicity, in table. 4 shows the most common type of scheduled repairs - overhaul. If necessary, similar indicators of durability can be set in relation to "average", "basic", "dock" and other planned repairs. 9. The choice of indicators of the preservation of the IKN and ION is carried out in accordance with the table. 5.10. For products, the transition of which to the limiting state or the failure of which during storage and (or) transportation can lead to catastrophic consequences, and control of the technical condition is difficult or impossible, instead of gamma percent indicators of durability and preservation, the assigned resource, service life and storage period should be set ... Moreover, in the TTZ (TK), TU indicate what part (for example, no more than 0.9) should be the assigned resource (service life, shelf life) of the corresponding gamma percentage indicator with a sufficiently high confidence probability g (for example, not less than 0.98 ).

table 2

Selection of the nomenclature of reliability and maintainability indicators or complex indicators for type I products

Classification of products according to the characteristics that determine the choice of PN
By appointment	By mode of application (functioning)	Recoverable and serviceable if possible
		Recoverable		Unrecoverable
		Serviced	Maintenance-free	Serviced and unattended
	Continuous long-term use products (NPDP)	K g ** or K and ; T O ; T in *	K G ; T O ; T in *	R( t b.p) ** or T Wed
	Reusable cyclic products (MCDP)	K o. g ( t b.r) = TO G × P (t b.r); T in		R on ( R 0) and T Wed T Wed
	Disposable products (with a preceding waiting period) (OKRP)	K t.i. ozh; P (t b.r); T in, standby *	K Mr. ozh ; P (t b.r); T in, standby *	P (t standby); P (t b.r);
	Products NPDP and MKTsP	K T. and; T o; T in *	K G ; T O ; T in *	T g ** or T Wed
	OKRP products			R on ( R 0)

* Set in addition to K r or K ie, if there are restrictions on the duration of recovery. If necessary, taking into account the specifics of the products, instead of T c it is allowed to set one of the following maintainability indicators: gamma percentage recovery time T in g, recovery probability P (t in) or average complexity of restoration G in. ** Set for products performing critical functions; otherwise, the second indicator is set. Notes: 1. Meaning t b.p is set on the basis of the output effect in the adopted model of product operation and is taken equal to the specified value of the continuous operating time of the product (the duration of one typical operation, the duration of solving one typical task, the volume of a typical task, etc.). 2. For recoverable simple ION type I, performing private technical functions as part of the main product, it is allowed by agreement between the customer and the developer instead of indicators K G, T O (K and ; T o) set indicators T oh and T c, which from the point of view of monitoring the fulfillment of requirements is a more stringent case. 3. For non-recoverable simple highly reliable ION type I (type of components for inter-industry use, parts, assemblies) is allowed instead of T cf to set the failure rate l. 4. For recoverable ION type II, performing private technical functions as part of the main product, it is allowed by agreement between the customer and the developer instead of indicators K ti, s.ch and T oh, s.ch. set indicators T oh, s.h and T in, s.ch.

Table 3

Selection of the nomenclature of reliability and maintainability indicators or complex indicators for type II products

* Set in addition to K ff with restrictions on the duration of recovery. If necessary, taking into account the specifics of the products, instead of T c one of the maintainability indicators can be set: gamma percentage recovery time N in g; recovery chance R(t c) or the average complexity of restoration G in. ** Set for products performing critical functions; otherwise, the second indicator is set.

Table 4

Choice of nomenclature of indicators of durability

Classification of products according to the characteristics that determine the choice of indicators
Possible consequences of the transition to the limiting state	The main process determining the transition to the limiting state	Possibility and method of restoring technical resource (service life)
		Unceremonious	Repaired in an impersonal way	Repaired in a non-personal way
Products, the transition of which to the limiting state, when used as intended, can lead to catastrophic consequences (control of the technical condition is possible)	Wear	T R. g cn	T p g c.p	T p g cn; T p g c.p
	Aging	T sl g cn	T sl g c.r	T sl g cn; T sl g c.r
		T p g cn; T sl g cn	T p g c.p; T sl g c.r	T p g cn; T p g c.p; 7 T sl g cn; T sl g c.r
Products, the transition of which to the limiting state when used as intended does not lead to catastrophic consequences	Wear	T R. Wed cn	T R. Wed c.r	T R. Wed cn; T R. Wed c.r
	Aging	T sl .. Wed cn	T sl. Wed c.r	T sl .. Wed cn; T sl. Wed c.r
	Wear and age at the same time	T R. Wed cn; T sl .. Wed cn	T R. Wed k.r; T sl. Wed c.r	T R. Wed cn; T R. Wed k.r; T sl .. Wed cn; T sl. Wed c.r

Table 5

Selecting a nomenclature of persistence indicators

A sign that determines the choice of persistence indicators	Specified indicator
Possible consequences of reaching the limit state or failure during storage and (or) transportation
Products, the achievement of the limiting state of which or the failure of which during storage and (or) transportation can lead to catastrophic consequences (control of the technical condition is possible)	T with g
Products, the achievement of the limiting state of which or the failures of which during storage and (or) transportation do not lead to catastrophic consequences	T s.s.

* Instead of T s.c. in cases where the customer has specified a shelf life tхр and transportation distance l tr.

APPENDIX 4

Reference

EXAMPLES OF SELECTING THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE INDICATORS

Example 1. Portable radio station Radio station - TSC type I, repeated cyclic use, restored, maintained. Specified indicators according to table 2:

K o.g = K r × P ( t b. p); T in.

A radio station is a product, the transition of which to the limiting state does not lead to catastrophic consequences, aging and wearing out at the same time, repaired in an impersonal way, stored for a long time. The specified indicators of durability and preservation according to the table. 4 and 5: T r.c.s. r; T wed.kr, T s.s. Example 2. Universal electronic computing machine (ECM) computer - ION type I, continuous long-term use, recoverable, serviced, the transition of which to the limiting state does not lead to catastrophic consequences, aging, non-repairable, not stored for a long time. The given indicators according to the table. 2 and 4: K T. and; T O (or T c if there are restrictions on the duration of recovery after failure); T sr.sp.Example 3. TransistorTransistor - ION type I (highly reliable component product for interindustry use), continuous long-term use, non-recoverable, maintenance-free, the transition of which to the limit state does not lead to catastrophic consequences, wear out, aging during storage. The given indicators according to the table. 2, 4 and 5: l ,; T r.sr.sp; T s.s.

Appendix 5

Reference

METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR JUSTIFICATION OF VALUES (STANDARDS) SET FOR ST

1. General Provisions

1.1. The methodological approach to substantiating the PN standards for TSC and ION is different. 1.2. The methodology for substantiating the norms of PN does not depend on the type of indicator, therefore, the PN is denoted by one common symbol R. 1.3. The methodology is used in cases where the following are known or can be established: a) possible options for constructing a product and a set of measures to improve reliability relative to the initial "base" level; b) the value of the increase in reliability (D R i) and costs (D WITHi) for each of these options (measures); c) the type of dependence "efficiency - reliability" - E =E(R), the knowledge of which is necessary additionally, along with "a" and "b" when solving the problem, when the output effect and the cost of ensuring reliability are values ​​of the same type (see Section 2.2.2.1). options for constructing a product turn out to be different, then the final decision is made on the basis of a comparative analysis of such options, taking into account the level of indicators of purpose, mass-dimensional, technical, economic and other quality characteristics. products and distribution of PN norms between its constituent parts.

2. Determination of PN standards (R tr) for new developments of IKN

2.1. Problem statement and initial data 2.1.1. The level of product reliability must be at least a certain minimum R min, at which the creation (use) of the product still makes sense, taking into account the limiting factors. R min - can be a number or range. 2.1.2. If there are several limiting factors, then one is chosen among them, proceeding from the condition that the limitation on it in the process of increasing reliability occurs earlier than others. Further, one limiting factor is considered, as the most general one - the cost C og p. 2.1.3. In the general case, the efficiency dependence E(R) and cost C(R) products from the level of its reliability has the form shown in the devil. one.

The nature of dependenciesE(R) , C (R) andDE (R) = E(R)- C (R) (when E and WITH quantities of one kind)

2.1.4. Under these conditions, the task can be formulated as follows: it is necessary to determine the level of product reliability, as close as possible to the optimal one, satisfying the constraints R ³ sR min ; C (R) £ C og p . 2.2. Solution of the problem 2.2.1. General order the solution to the problem is as follows. The level of reliability of the initial version of the product is assessed, the reasons for its insufficient reliability are studied and possible measures to improve the reliability and various options for constructing products are considered. For each activity (option), the costs are estimated D WITHi to increase the level of reliability, a possible increase in D R i reliability indicators, build the optimal dependence C (R) or R(C) and determine the increase in efficiency D Ei... Of all the activities, the most effective for D is chosen Ei or D Ei/ D WITHi, and then the calculation is repeated with a new initial version (with a reliability level R The calculation is completed when the most effective of the remaining measures cannot provide an economic benefit (an optimum is reached) or when the allocated funds for increasing reliability have been exhausted. A generalized scheme for solving the problem is shown in Fig. 2.2.2.2. Particular cases of the solution, which differ in the ratio of the output effect of the product and the cost of ensuring the required reliability, are given below. 2.2.2.1. The output effect and costs of ensuring reliability are values ​​of the same type (measured in the same units; most often this is an economic effect and monetary costs), and the damage from failures is insignificant or commensurate with the costs of the product. function DE (R), which is the difference or ratio of the functions E(R) and C (R). If it is important to ensure the maximum absolute value of the effect, then the difference is calculated DE (R)= E (R)- C (R) , which has a maximum R(Fig. 1). If it is important to get the maximum effect per unit of funds spent (relative effect), then calculate the ratio K n = E(R)/ C (R). After the optimum is found, it is necessary to check the fulfillment of the cost constraint. If it fails [ WITH (R wholesale)> C ogr], then it is advisable to set the maximum reliability R (C ogr), attainable under the given constraint, and check the fulfillment of the constraint [ R (C ogre) ³ R min]. If it is not met, then the problem cannot be solved, and a revision of the initial data, restrictions, etc. is required. If the cost constraint is met [ WITH(R opt) £ C og p], then the condition R wholesale ³ R min . When executed, it is set R wholesale, in case of failure - R min, with constraint check WITH (R min) £ C ogre. 2.2.2.2. The output effect and the cost of ensuring reliability are of the same type, but the damage from failures is great (incommensurate with the cost of the product) due to the loss of high efficiency or due to catastrophic consequences. This is possible for two reasons: either a serviceable product has a very high effect and in case of failures it decreases sharply, or failures cause such great harm that the effect reaches negative values. R opt is shifted to the right and the problem is solved starting from the definition R(WITH ogr) according to the constructed optimal dependence R(C). Then (as in the case according to clause 2.2.2.1), the fulfillment of the condition R(WITH ogre) ³ R min. If the check is positive, set R(WITH ogr), if negative - the problem is not solved. 2.2.2.3. The output effect of the product and the costs of ensuring reliability are of different types; product failures lead to large losses (as in clause 2.2.2.2). The problem is solved here in the same way as in clause 2.2.2.2, - you should strive to improve reliability until the customer's capabilities are exhausted. .2.4. The output effect of the product and the costs of ensuring reliability are of different types, but product failures do not lead to losses significantly greater than the costs of the product. R min and check the condition: R min ³ R(WITH ogre). If it is executed, then set the level R ex in the range of R min to R(WITH ogr) based on the results of the engineering analysis (since the effect and costs are not comparable), if it is not fulfilled, the problem is not solved (that is, it is necessary to return to revising the initial data). The algorithm for solving the problem is shown in fig. 2. In this case, the operations of the algorithm can be performed with different accuracy. For example, for comparison R(WITH ogre) with R min does not need to be set to an exact value R min, it is enough to analyze the effect R(WITH ogr) to the level of product efficiency. If this level is acceptable, then we can assume R(WITH ogre) ³ R min and vice versa. The cost limit can be formulated not only in the form of a specific value WITH ogre, but also in the form of consequences to which certain costs lead. Then you can specify the cost ranges that are considered acceptable and unacceptable. In this case, a comparison, for example, WITH wholesale and WITH ogre is carried out by analysis WITH wholesale, and if it is accepted as acceptable, then it can be considered WITH wholesale ³ WITH limit 2.3. Construction of the optimal function "reliability-cost" 2.3.1. Building a function C (R) or R (C) is necessary to determine the optimal or maximum level of reliability attainable for a given constraint. 2.3.2. Addiction R (C), used to justify the requirements, should be optimal in the sense that each point should correspond to the highest reliability at a given cost and the lowest cost at a given reliability. The solution to this problem is carried out by enumerating possible options for constructing a product. If each product variant is plotted on the graph as a point with coordinates R and WITH, then they all form some set (Fig. 3). The line enveloping the set from the left and from the top passes through the most reliable options corresponding to a certain cost. This line represents the function R (WITH) or C (R). The rest of the options are obviously worse and their consideration is impractical (in this case, it is assumed that all options have "equivalent" other parameters, in particular, the destination parameters).

Generalized scheme for choosing the reliability level

2.3.3. For the case when an increase in reliability is achieved by redundancy, the following method of enumerating the options for building a product is recommended: a) determine the "zero" option for building a product, in which there is no reserve; for each of these options, the increments of the product reliability indicator are calculated DR and its cost D WITH; c) choose the option with the maximum ratio D R/ D WITH; (the reserve adopted in this option is not further revised); d) options are considered, in each of which one more device of each type is introduced, including the option already selected with an added reserve. Then the procedure is repeated for items "c" and "d ". In this case, the sequence of the selected options forms the desired curve - the envelope of the set, that is, the optimal dependence of reliability on cost.

Optimal reliability-cost function

2.3.4. In the general case, they consider increasing the reliability of a product not only through redundancy, but also through any other measures. If the constituent parts of the product are rather complex products, then for each of them various options for increasing the reliability are also possible. Then the procedure is carried out in two stages: for each of the constituent parts, a particular optimal function is constructed R (C) and the corresponding sequence of options for constructing this component; construct the optimal function R (C) for the product as a whole, while at each step of the procedure, an increase in the reliability of the product is considered due to the transition of each component to the next point of its particular optimal function R (C), i.e., to the next construction option.

3. Determination of PN norms R tr for new developments of ION

3.1. The fundamental difference between general-purpose products is the variety of their applications, which makes it impossible to analyze the influence of reliability on the result of work. If for the ION it is possible to indicate the characteristic areas of application or such an application that imposes the highest requirements, then it should be considered as an ION, and the task is reduced to the previous one. If this fails, then the requirements can be assigned based on analogue data. In this case, the following actions are performed: build the optimal sequence of product options (it is also the optimal dependence R (C), as indicated in clause 2.3); check the fulfillment of the condition R(WITH ogre) ³ R analogue. If the condition is met, i.e., the restrictions allow making a new product no worse than the best existing analogues, then, according to the results of engineering analysis, the value R the ex must be in the range R min -R(WITH ogre) . If the conditions are not met, then the problem in the considered variant is not solved.

APPENDIX 6

Reference

EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FAILURE CRITERIA AND LIMIT STATES

1. Typical criteria for failures can be: termination of the performance of the specified functions by the product; decrease in the quality of functioning (productivity, power, accuracy, sensitivity and other parameters) beyond the permissible level; distortion of information (wrong decisions) at the output of products that have a computer or other devices of discrete technology due to failures (failures of a malfunctioning nature) ; external manifestations indicating the onset or prerequisites for the onset of an inoperative state (noise, knocking in the mechanical parts of products, vibration, overheating, release of chemicals, etc.). 2. Typical criteria for the limiting states of products can be: failure of one or more components, the restoration or replacement of which at the site of operation is not provided for by the operational documentation (must be performed in repair bodies); mechanical wear of critical parts (assemblies) or a decrease in the physical, chemical, electrical properties of materials to the maximum permissible level; decrease in MTBF (increased failure rate) of products below (above) the permissible level; exceeding the established level of current (total) costs for maintenance and repairs or other signs that determine the economic inexpediency of further operation.

APPENDIX 7

Reference

EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION AND STATEMENT OF SECTIONS "RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS" IN TTZ (TZ), TU, STANDARDS OF TYPES OTT (OTU) AND TU

1. Requirements for reliability are drawn up in the form of a section (subsection) with the heading "Requirements for reliability" .2. In the first paragraph of the section, the nomenclature and PN values ​​are given, which are recorded in the following sequence: complex indicators and (or) single indicators of reliability and maintainability; indicators of durability; indicators of preservation. Recommended wording: "Reliability in the conditions and modes of operation, the name of the product established by clauses _________ of this TTZ (TK), TU, must be characterized by the following values ​​of PN ... (these indicators are given below). Reliability of channel-forming telegraph equipment in the conditions and operating modes established by paragraphs. _________, should be characterized by the following values ​​of indicators: mean time between failures - not less than 5000 hours; average recovery time at the operation facility by forces and means of the shift on duty - not more than 0.25 hours; full average service life - not less than 20 years; average shelf life in original packaging in a heated room - at least 6 years. 2.1. In OTT standards, reliability requirements are given in the form of maximum permissible values ​​of PN for products of this group. 2.2. In the standards of the OTU (TU) types and in the TU, the reliability requirements are set in the form of maximum permissible values ​​of those indicators that are monitored during the manufacture of a product of this group, and are given as reference values ​​of the indicators specified in the TOR for product development, but in the manufacturing process they are not controlled 3. In the second paragraph, definitions (criteria) of failures and limiting states, as well as the concepts of "output effect" or "product efficiency" are given, if the efficiency preservation coefficient is set as the main PS K Recommended formulations: Limit state consider ... refusal consider ... The output effect is estimated at ... Efficiency is equal to ... Example 1. The limiting state of the car is considered: deformation or damage to the frame that cannot be eliminated in operating organizations; the need to simultaneously replace two or more main units; excess of the annual total cost of maintenance and current repairs by ... rubles. Example 2. Car failure consider: jamming of the crankshaft of the engine; decrease in engine power is lower ...; engine smoke at medium and high speeds; pressure drop in the tire, tire puncture, etc. Example 3 The output effect of a mobile diesel power plant is estimated by the generation of a given amount of electricity in a given time with established quality parameters. 4. In the third paragraph, general requirements for reliability assessment methods and initial data for assessing the compliance of products with reliability requirements for each of the methods are given. Recommended wording: "Compliance reliability requirements established in paragraphs. ..., at the design stage, they are evaluated by the calculation method using data on the reliability of components according to ; at the stage of preliminary tests - by calculation and experimental method according to , taking the values ​​of the confidence level not less. ...; at the stage of serial production, control tests according to using the following input data for test planning: rejection level R b (indicate values); customer risk B (indicate values); acceptance level R a (indicate the values); supplier's risk a (indicate the values) In some cases, it was allowed to use other initial data in accordance with the current normative and technical documentation. 5. In the fourth paragraph of the section, if necessary, the requirements and restrictions on the methods of ensuring the specified values ​​of the PN are given (in accordance with paragraphs 1.9-1.11 of this standard).

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and StandardsDEVELOPERSBUT. Demidovich, Cand. tech. Sciences (topic leader); L.G. Smolyanitskaya; AND I. Rezinovsky, Cand. tech. sciences; A.L. Ruskin; M.V. Zhurtsev, Cand. tech. sciences; E.V. Dzirkal, Candidate of Engineering sciences; V.V. Yukhnevich; A.K. Petrov; T.V. Nevezhina; V.P. Chagan; N.G. Moiseev; G.I. Lebedev; NS. Fedulova 2 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Product Quality Management and Standards dated December 29, 1990 No. 3552 3. PERIOD OF VERIFICATION - 19964. REPLACE RD 50-650-87 5. REFERENCE REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

1. Basic provisions. one 2. The procedure for setting requirements for reliability at various stages of the product life cycle. 3 3. Selection of the nomenclature of the set mon. 4 4. Choice and justification of mon values. 6 5. Rules for establishing criteria for failures and limiting states. 6 Annex 1 Conventions used in this standard. 7 Appendix 2 Examples of possible modifications and definitions of standardized indicators. 7 Appendix 3 Methodology for selecting the nomenclature of the set mon. 8 Appendix 4 Examples of the choice of the nomenclature of the specified indicators. 10 Appendix 5 Guidelines for substantiating the values ​​(norms) set by mon .. 11 Appendix 6 Examples of typical failure criteria and limit states. fifteen Appendix 7 Examples of the construction and presentation of the sections "reliability requirements" in TTZ (TZ), that, standards of the types OTT (OTU) and that .. 15

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GOST 27.002-89

Group T00

INTERSTATE STANDARD

RELIABILITY IN TECHNOLOGY

BASIC CONCEPTS

Terms and Definitions

Industrial product dependability. General concepts.

Terms and definitions

Date of introduction 1990-07-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Technical Complex "Reliability of Machines" and the USSR State Committee for Product Quality and Standards Management

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards of 15.11.89 N 3375

3. INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

4. REFERENCE REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

5. REDISSION

This International Standard establishes the basic concepts, terms and definitions of concepts in the field of reliability.

This standard applies to technical objects (hereinafter referred to as objects).

The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature included in the scope of standardization or using the results of this activity.

This standard should be applied in conjunction with GOST 18322.

1. Standardized terms with definitions are shown in Table 1.

2. There is one standardized term for each concept.

The use of synonymous terms of the standardized term is not allowed.

2.1. For individual standardized terms in Table 1, short forms are given as a reference, which are allowed to be used in cases excluding the possibility of their different interpretation.

2.2. The above definitions can, if necessary, be changed by introducing derived signs into them, revealing the meaning of the terms used in them, indicating the objects that are included in the scope of the concept being defined. Changes should not violate the scope and content of the concepts defined in this standard.

2.3. In cases where the term contains all the necessary and sufficient features of the concept, the definition is not given and a dash is put in the "Definition" column.

2.4. Table 1 shows the equivalents of standardized terms in English for reference purposes.

3. Alphabetical indexes of the terms contained in the standard in Russian and their English equivalents are given in Tables 2-3.

4. Standardized terms are in bold type, their short form is in light type.

5. The appendix provides explanations for the terms given in this standard.

Table 1

	Definition
1. GENERAL CONCEPTS
1.1. Reliability Reliability, dependability	The property of an object to keep in time within the established limits the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions in the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, storage and transportation.
	Note. Reliability is a complex property, which, depending on the purpose of the object and the conditions of its use, may include reliability, durability, maintainability and preservation, or certain combinations of these properties.
1.2. Reliability Reliability, failure-free operation	The property of an object to continuously maintain a healthy state for some time or operating time.
1.3. Durability Durability, longevity	The property of an object to maintain an operable state until the onset of a limiting state with an installed maintenance and repair system
1.4. Maintainability Maintainability	Property of an object that is adaptable to maintaining and restoring an operable state through maintenance and repair
1.5. Persistence Storability	The property of an object to keep within the specified limits the values ​​of the parameters characterizing the ability of the object to perform the required functions, during and after storage and (or) transportation
2. CONDITION
2.1. Working condition Serviceability Good state	The state of the object, in which it meets all the requirements of the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
2.2. Faulty condition Malfunction Fault, faulty state	The state of the object in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements of the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
2.3. Working condition Operability Up state	The state of the object in which the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions meet the requirements of the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation
2.4. Inoperative state Inoperability Down state	The state of the object in which the value of at least one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions does not meet the requirements of the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation.
	Note. For complex objects, it is possible to divide their inoperable states. At the same time, from the set of inoperable states, partially inoperable states are distinguished, in which the object is able to partially perform the required functions.
2.5. Limit state Limiting state	The state of the object in which its further operation is unacceptable or impractical, or the restoration of its operable state is impossible or impractical
2.6. Limit state criterion Limiting state criterion	A sign or a set of signs of the limiting state of an object, established by the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation.
	Note. Depending on the operating conditions for the same object, two or more limit state criteria can be set.
3. DEFECTS, DAMAGES, FAILURES
3.1. Defect Defect	According to GOST 15467
3.2. Damage Damage	An event consisting in a violation of the healthy state of an object while maintaining a healthy state
3.3. Refusal Failure	An event consisting in a violation of the operational state of an object
3.4. Refusal criterion Failure criterion	A sign or a set of signs of a violation of the operational state of an object, established in the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation
3.5. Rejection reason Failure cause	Phenomena, processes, events and states that caused an object failure
3.6. Consequences of refusal Failure effect	Phenomena, processes, events and states caused by the occurrence of an object's failure
3.7. Severity of failure Failure criticality	A set of features characterizing the consequences of a failure.
	Note. The classification of failures by criticality (for example, by the level of direct and indirect losses associated with the onset of a failure, or by the complexity of recovery after failure) is established by the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation in agreement with the customer on the basis of technical and economic considerations and considerations security
3.8. Resource failure Marginal failure	Failure, as a result of which the object reaches the limit state
3.9. Independent refusal Primary failure	Refusal not conditional on other refusals
3.10. Dependent refusal Secondary failure	Refusal due to other refusals
3.11. Sudden failure Sudden failure	Failure characterized by an abrupt change in the values ​​of one or more parameters of an object
3.12. Gradual failure Gradual failure	Failure resulting from a gradual change in the values ​​of one or more parameters of an object
3.13. Crash Interruption	Self-correcting failure or one-shot failure with minor operator intervention
3.14. Intermittent failure Intermittent failure	Repeatedly occurring self-correcting failure of the same nature
3.15. Explicit refusal Explicit failure	Failure detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics during the preparation of the object for use or in the process of its intended use
3.16. Latent denial Latent failure	Failure not detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics, but detected during maintenance or special methods diagnostics
3.17. Constructive failure Design failure	Failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of established rules and (or) design and construction standards
3.18. Manufacturing failure Manufacturing failure	Failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of the established manufacturing process or repair carried out at the repair enterprise
3.19. Operational refusal Misuse failure, mishandling failure	Failure arising from a reason related to violation of the established rules and (or) operating conditions
3.20. Degradation failure Wear-out failure, aging failure	Failure due to natural processes of aging, wear, corrosion and fatigue in compliance with all established rules and (or) design standards, manufacturing in operation
4. TEMPORARY CONCEPTS
4.1. Running time Operating time	The duration or amount of work of the facility.
	Note. The operating time can be either a continuous value (duration of operation in hours, mileage, etc.) or an integer value (number of operating cycles, starts, etc.).
4.2. MTBF Operating time to failure	Operating time of the facility from the start of operation to the occurrence of the first failure
4.3. MTBF Operating time between failures	The operating time of an object from the end of the restoration of its operational state after a failure until the next failure occurs
4.4. Recovery time Restoration time	Duration of restoration of the operational state of the object
4.5. Resource Useful life, life	The total operating time of an object from the beginning of its operation or its renewal after repair until the transition to the limit state
4.6. Life time Useful lifetime, lifetime	Calendar duration of operation from the start of operation of the facility or its resumption after repair until the transition to the limit state
4.7. Shelf life Storability time, shelf life	Calendar duration of storage and (or) transportation of the object, during which the values ​​of the parameters that characterize the ability of the object to perform the specified functions are kept within the specified limits.
	Note. After the expiration of the storage period, the object must meet the requirements of reliability, durability and maintainability established by the regulatory and technical documentation for the object.
4.8. Residual resource Residual life	The total operating time of the object from the moment of monitoring its technical condition to the transition to the limiting state.
	Note. The concepts of residual operating time to failure, residual service life and residual storage life are introduced similarly.
4.9. Assigned resource Assigned operating time	The total operating time, upon reaching which the operation of the facility should be terminated regardless of its technical condition
4.10. Assigned service life Assigned lifetime	Calendar duration of operation, upon reaching which the operation of the facility must be terminated regardless of its technical condition
4.11. Assigned storage period Assigned storage time	Calendar storage duration, upon reaching which the storage of an object must be terminated regardless of its technical condition.
	Note to terms 4.9.-4.11. Upon the expiration of the assigned resource (service life, storage period), the object must be withdrawn from operation and a decision must be made, provided for by the relevant regulatory and technical documentation - sending for repair, write-off, destruction, verification and establishment of a new assigned period, etc.
5. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
5.1. Maintenance Maintenance	According to GOST 18322
5.2. Recovery Restoration, recovery	The process of transferring an object to a healthy state from an unhealthy state
5.3. Repair Repair	According to GOST 18322
5.4. Serviced object Maintainable item	An object for which maintenance is provided for by regulatory and technical documentation and (or) design (project) documentation
5.5. Unattended object Nonmaintainable item	An object for which maintenance is not provided for by the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
5.6. Recoverable object Restorable item	An object for which, in the situation under consideration, the restoration of an operable state is provided for in the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
5.7. Unrecoverable object Nonrestorable item	An object for which, in the situation under consideration, the restoration of an operable state is not provided for in the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
5.8. Repaired object Repairable item	An object, the repair of which is possible and provided for by the normative-technical, repair and (or) design (project) documentation
5.9. Non-ceremonial object Nonrepairable item	An object, the repair of which is impossible or not provided for by the normative-technical, repair and (or) design (project) documentation
6. INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY
6.1. Reliability index Reliability measure	A quantitative characteristic of one or more properties that make up the reliability of an object
6.2. A single indicator of reliability Simple reliability measure	Reliability indicator characterizing one of the properties that make up the reliability of an object
6.3. Comprehensive reliability indicator Integrated reliability measure	Reliability index characterizing several properties that make up the reliability of an object
6.4. Calculated reliability index Predicted reliability measure	Reliability indicator, the values ​​of which are determined by the calculation method
6.5. Experimental reliability index Assessed reliability measure	Reliability index, the point or interval estimate of which is determined from the test data
6.6. Performance Indicator Reliability Observed reliability measure	Reliability indicator, the point or interval estimate of which is determined from the operating data
6.7. Extrapolated Reliability Index Extrapolated reliability measure	A reliability indicator, a point or interval estimate of which is determined based on the results of calculations, tests and (or) operational data by extrapolating to a different duration of operation and other operating conditions
INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY
6.8. Probability of uptime Reliability function, survival function	The probability that within a given operating time the object will not fail
6.9. Gamma Percentage MTBF Gamma-percentile operating time to failure	Operating time during which a facility failure will not occur with a percentage probability
6.10. Mean time to failure Mean operating time to failure	The mathematical expectation of the operating time of the object until the first failure
6.11. Mean time between failures MTBF Mean operating time between failures	The ratio of the total operating time of the restored object to the mathematical expectation of the number of its failures during this operating time
6.12. Failure rate Failure rate	The conditional density of the probability of the object's failure, determined under the condition that the failure did not occur before the considered moment of time
6.13. Failure flow parameter Failure intensity	The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the number of failures of the restored object for a sufficiently small operating time to the value of this operating time
6.14. Average parameter of the failure flow Mean failure intensity	The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the number of failures of the restored object for the final operating time to the value of this operating time.
	Note to terms 6.8-6.14. All reliability indicators (as listed below other reliability indicators) are defined as probabilistic characteristics. Their statistical analogs are determined by the methods of mathematical statistics
INDICATORS OF DURABILITY
6.15. Gamma Percentage Resource Gamma-percentile life	The cumulative operating time during which the object will not reach the limit state with a probability expressed as a percentage
6.16. Average resource Mean life, mean useful life	Resource expectation
6.17. Gamma Percentage Life Gamma-percentile lifetime	Calendar duration of operation during which the object will not reach the limit state with a probability expressed as a percentage
6.18. Average service life Mean lifetime	Life expectancy.
	Note to terms 6.15-6.18. When using indicators of durability, the reference point and the type of action after the onset of the limiting state should be indicated (for example, the gamma percentage resource from the second overhaul before cancellation). The indicators of durability, measured from the commissioning of the object into operation until the final decommissioning, are called the gamma-percentage total resource (service life), average total resource (service life)
REPAIR INDICATORS
6.19. Recovery probability Probability of restoration, maintainability function	The likelihood that the recovery time of the operational state of the object will not exceed the specified value
6.20. Gamma Percentage Recovery Time Gamma-percentile restoration time	The time during which the restoration of the object's performance will be carried out with a probability expressed as a percentage
6.21. Average recovery time Mean restoration time	Mathematical expectation of the recovery time of the operational state of an object after a failure
6.22 . Recovery rate (Instantaneous) restoration rate	The conditional density of the probability of restoring the operational state of the object, determined for the considered moment of time, provided that the restoration has not been completed before this moment
6.23. Average labor intensity of restoration Mean restoration man-hours, mean maintenance man-hours	The mathematical expectation of the complexity of restoring an object after a failure.
	Note to terms 6.19-6.23. Time and labor costs for maintenance and repairs, taking into account the design features of the facility, its technical condition and operating conditions, are characterized by operational indicators of maintainability
CONSERVATION INDICATORS
6.24. Gamma Percentage Shelf Life Gamma-percentile storage time	Shelf life achieved by an object with a given probability, expressed as a percentage
6.25. Average shelf life Mean storage time	Expected shelf life
COMPREHENSIVE INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY
6.26. Availability ratio (Instantaneous) availability function	The probability that the object will be in a working state at an arbitrary moment of time, except for the planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not provided
6.27. Operational readiness ratio Operational availability function	The probability that the object will be in a working state at an arbitrary moment of time, except for the planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not provided, and, starting from this moment, it will work flawlessly for a given time interval
6.28. Technical utilization rate Steady state availability factor	The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the total residence time of an object in an operational state for a certain period of operation to the mathematical expectation of the total residence time of an object in an operational state and downtime due to maintenance and repair for the same period
6.29. Efficiency retention ratio Efficiency ratio	The ratio of the value of the indicator of the efficiency of using the object for its intended purpose for a certain duration of operation to the nominal value of this indicator, calculated on the condition that failures of the object do not occur during the same period
7. RESERVATIONS
7.1. Reservation Redundancy	A method of ensuring the reliability of an object through the use of additional funds and (or) capabilities that are redundant in relation to the minimum necessary to perform the required functions
7.2. Reserve Reserve	A set of additional tools and (or) capabilities used for redundancy
7.3. Main element Major element	An element of an object required to perform the required functions without using a reserve
7.4. Reserved element Element under redundancy	The main element, in case of failure of which one or more reserve elements are provided in the facility
7.5. Reserve element Redundant element	An element designed to perform the functions of a main element in the event of a failure of the latter
7.6. Multiplicity of reserve Redundancy ratio	The ratio of the number of reserve elements to the number of elements they reserve, expressed in unabbreviated fraction
7.7. Duplication Duplication	One-to-one redundancy
7.8. Loaded reserve Active reserve, loaded reserve	A standby that contains one or more standby items that are in primary item mode
7.9. Lightweight reserve Reduced reserve	A reserve that contains one or more reserve elements that are less loaded than the main element
7.10. Unloaded reserve Standby reserve, unloaded reserve	A reserve that contains one or more reserve elements that are in an unloaded mode before they begin to perform the functions of the main element
7.11. General redundancy Whole system redundancy	Reservation, in which the object as a whole is reserved
7.12. Split reservation Segregated redundancy	Reservation, in which individual elements of an object or their groups are reserved
7.13. Permanent redundancy Continuous redundancy	Redundancy, in which the loaded reserve is used and in case of failure of any element in the redundant group, the object's performance of the required functions is provided by the remaining elements without switching
7.14. Reservation by replacement Standby redundancy	Redundancy, in which the functions of the main element are transferred to the backup only after the failure of the main element
7.15. Rolling reservation Sliding redundancy	Reservation by replacement, in which a group of main elements is backed up by one or more reserve elements, each of which can replace any of the failed elements of this group
7.16. Mixed redundancy Combined redundancy	Combination different types reservations in the same object
7.17. Restore redundancy Redundancy with restoration	Redundancy, in which the restoration of failed main and (or) backup elements is technically possible without disrupting the operation of the facility as a whole and is provided for by the operational documentation
7.18. Backup without recovery Redundancy without restoration	Redundancy, in which the restoration of failed main and (or) backup elements is technically impossible without disrupting the operability of the facility as a whole and (or) is not provided for by the operational documentation
7.19. Probability of a successful transition to reserve Probability of successful redundancy	The probability that the transition to the reserve will occur without failure of the facility, i.e. will occur within a time not exceeding the permissible value of an interruption in functioning and (or) without a decrease in the quality of functioning
8. STANDARD RELIABILITY
8.1. Standardization of reliability Reliability specification	Establishment of quantitative and qualitative requirements for reliability in normative and technical documentation and (or) design (project) documentation
	Note. Standardization of reliability includes the choice of a range of standardized indicators of reliability; feasibility study of the values ​​of the reliability indicators of the facility and its components; setting requirements for the accuracy and reliability of the initial data; formulation of criteria for failures, damages and limit states; setting requirements for reliability control methods at all stages of the object's life cycle
8.2. Standardized indicator of reliability Specified reliability measure	Reliability indicator, the value of which is regulated by the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation for the facility.
	Note. One or more indicators included in this standard can be used as standardized reliability indicators, depending on the purpose of the object, the degree of its responsibility, operating conditions, the consequences of possible failures, cost constraints, and also on the ratio of costs to ensure the reliability of the object and costs. for its maintenance and repair. By agreement between the customer and the developer (manufacturer), it is allowed to normalize the reliability indicators that are not included in this standard, which do not contradict the definitions of the indicators of this standard. The values ​​of the standardized indicators of reliability are taken into account, in particular, when setting the price of the object, the warranty period and the guaranteed operating time
9. PROVISION, DETERMINATION AND CONTROL OF RELIABILITY
9.1. Reliability program Reliability support program	A document establishing a set of interrelated organizational and technical requirements and measures to be carried out at certain stages of the object's life cycle and aimed at ensuring the specified requirements for reliability and (or) increasing reliability
9.2. Determination of reliability Reliability assessment	Determination of the numerical values ​​of the reliability indicators of the object
9.3. Reliability control Reliability verification	Checking the compliance of the object with the specified reliability requirements
9.4. Calculation method for determining reliability Analytical reliability assessment	A method based on the calculation of reliability indicators based on reference data on the reliability of components and component parts of an object, according to data on the reliability of analogue objects, according to data on the properties of materials and other information available at the time of reliability assessment
9.5. Calculation and experimental method for determining reliability Analytical-experimental reliability assessment	A method in which the reliability indicators of all or some of the component parts of an object are determined according to the results of tests and (or) operation, and the reliability indicators of the object as a whole are calculated using a mathematical model
9.6. Experimental method for determining reliability Experimental reliability assessment	Method based on statistical processing of data obtained during testing or operation of an object as a whole
	Note to terms 9.4-9.6. The corresponding methods of reliability control are determined in the same way.
10. RELIABILITY TESTS
10.1. Reliability tests Reliability test	According to GOST 16504
	Note. Depending on the investigated property, tests are distinguished for reliability, maintainability, preservation and durability (life tests)
10.2. Definitive tests for reliability Determination test	Tests conducted to determine reliability indicators with specified accuracy and reliability
10.3. Proof tests for reliability Compliance test	Tests carried out to monitor reliability indicators
10.4. Reliability laboratory tests Laboratory test	Tests carried out in laboratory or factory conditions
10.5. Performance tests for reliability Field test	Tests carried out in the operating conditions of the facility
10.6. Normal reliability tests Normal test	Laboratory (bench) tests, the methods and conditions of which are as close as possible to the operational ones for the object
10.7. Accelerated reliability testing Accelerated test	Laboratory (bench) tests, the methods and conditions of which provide information on reliability in more short term than normal tests
10.8. Reliability test plan Reliability test program	A set of rules that establish the sample size, the procedure for conducting tests, criteria for their completion and decision-making based on test results
10.9. Reliability testing scope Scope of reliability test	The characteristic of the reliability test plan, including the number of samples tested, the total test duration in units of operating time and (or) the number of test series

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Terms and Definitions

Industrial product dependability.
General concepts Terms and definitions

Introduction date 01.07.90

table 1

	Definition
1. GENERAL CONCEPTS
Reliability, dependability	The property of an object to keep in time within the established limits the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions in the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, storage and transportation. Notese. Reliability is a complex property, which, depending on the purpose of the object and the conditions of its use, may include reliability, durability, maintainability and preservation, or certain combinations of these properties.
Maintainability	Property of an object that is adaptable to maintaining and restoring an operable state through maintenance and repair
Storability	The property of an object to keep within the specified limits the values ​​of the parameters characterizing the ability of the object to perform the required functions, during and after storage and (or) transportation
2. CONDITION
Serviceability Good state	The state of the object, in which it meets all the requirements of the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Malfunction Fault, faulty state	The state of the object in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements of the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Operability Up state	The state of the object in which the values ​​of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions meet the requirements of the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Inoperability Down state	The state of the object in which the value of at least one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the specified functions does not meet the requirements of the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation. Notese. For complex objects, it is possible to divide their inoperable states. At the same time, from the set of inoperable states, partially inoperable states are distinguished, in which the object is able to partially perform the required functions.
Limiting state	The state of the object in which its further operation is unacceptable or impractical, or the restoration of its operable state is impossible or impractical
Limiting state criterion	A sign or a set of signs of the limiting state of an object, established by the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation. Notese. Depending on the operating conditions for the same object, two or more limit state criteria can be set
3. DEFECTS, DAMAGES, FAILURES
Defect	According to GOST 15467
Damage	An event consisting in a violation of the healthy state of an object while maintaining a healthy state
Failure	An event consisting in a violation of the operational state of an object
Failure criterion	A sign or a set of signs of a violation of the operational state of an object, established in the normative-technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Failure cause	Phenomena, processes, events and states that caused an object failure
Failure effect	Phenomena, processes, events and states caused by the occurrence of an object's failure
Failure criticality	A set of features characterizing the consequences of a failure. Notesf. The classification of failures by criticality (for example, by the level of direct and indirect losses associated with the onset of failure, or by the complexity of recovery after failure) is established by the technical and (or) design (project) documentation in agreement with the customer on the basis of technical and economic considerations and security considerations
Primary failure	Refusal not conditional on other refusals
Secondary failure	Refusal due to other refusals
Sudden failure	Failure characterized by an abrupt change in the values ​​of one or more parameters of an object
Gradual failure	Failure resulting from a gradual change in the values ​​of one or more parameters of an object
Interruption	Self-correcting failure or one-shot failure with minor operator intervention
Intermittent failure	Repeatedly occurring self-correcting failure of the same nature
Latent failure	Failure not detected visually or by standard methods and means of control and diagnostics, but detected during maintenance or special diagnostic methods
Design failure	Failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of established rules and (or) design and construction standards
Manufacturing failure	Failure arising from a reason related to imperfection or violation of the established manufacturing process or repair carried out at the repair enterprise
Operating time	The duration or amount of work of the facility. Notese. The operating time can be either a continuous value (operating time in hours, mileage, etc.) or an integer value (number of operating cycles, starts, etc.).
Restoration time	Duration of restoration of the operational state of the object
Residual life	The total operating time of the object from the moment of monitoring its technical condition to the transition to the limiting state. Notese. The concepts of residual operating time to failure, residual service life and residual storage life are introduced in a similar way.
Assigned lifetime	Calendar duration of operation, upon reaching which the operation of the facility must be terminated regardless of its technical condition
Assigned storage time	Calendar storage duration, upon reaching which the storage of an object must be terminated regardless of its technical condition. Notese to terms 4.9.-4.11. Upon the expiration of the assigned resource (service life, storage period), the object must be withdrawn from operation and a decision must be made, provided for by the relevant regulatory and technical documentation - sending for repair, write-off, destruction, verification and establishment of a new assigned period, etc.
5. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
Maintenance	According to GOST 18322
Restoration, recovery	The process of transferring an object to a healthy state from an unhealthy state
Repair	According to GOST 18322
Maintainable item	An object for which maintenance is provided for by regulatory and technical documentation and (or) design (asking non) documentation
Nonmaintainable item	An object for which maintenance is not provided for by the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Restorable item	An object for which, in the situation under consideration, the restoration of an operational state is provided for in the normative and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Nonrestorable item	An object for which, in the situation under consideration, the restoration of an operable state is not provided for in the regulatory and technical and (or) design (project) documentation
Repairable item	An object, the repair of which is possible and provided for by the normative-technical, repair and (or) design (project) documentation
Nonrepairable item	An object, the repair of which is not possible or not provided for by the normative-technical, repair and (or) design (project) documentation
6. INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY
Reliability measure	A quantitative characteristic of one or more properties that make up the reliability of an object
Simple reliability measure	Reliability indicator characterizing one of the properties that make up the reliability of an object
Integrated reliability measure	Reliability index characterizing several properties that make up the reliability of an object
Predicted reliability measure	Reliability indicator, the values ​​of which are determined by the calculation method
Assessed reliability measure	Reliability index, the point or interval estimate of which is determined from the test data
Observed reliability measure	Reliability indicator, the point or interval estimate of which is determined from the operating data
Extrapolated reliability measure	A reliability indicator, a point or interval estimate of which is determined based on the results of calculations, tests and (or) operational data by extrapolating to a different duration of operation and other operating conditions
INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY
Reliability function, survival function	The probability that within a given operating time the object will not fail
6.12. Failure rate Failure rate	The conditional density of the probability of the object's failure, determined under the condition that the failure did not occur before the considered moment of time
Failure intensity	The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the number of failures of the restored object for a sufficiently small operating time to the value of this operating time
Mean failure intensity	The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the number of failures of the restored object for the final operating time to the value of this operating time. Notese to terms 6.8-6.14. All reliability indicators (as listed below other reliability indicators) are defined as probabilistic characteristics. Their statistical analogs are determined by the methods of mathematical statistics
INDICATORS OF DURABILITY
Gamma- percentile life	The total operating time during which the object does not reach the limit state with the probability g, expressed as a percentage
Gamma- percentile lifetime	Calendar duration of operation during which the object will not reach the limit state with the probability g, expressed as a percentage
Mean lifetime	Life expectancy. Notese to terms 6.15-6.18. When using indicators of durability, the reference point and type of action after the onset of the limit state should be indicated (for example, the gamma-percentage resource from the second overhaul to write-off). The indicators of durability, measured from the commissioning of the object into operation until the final decommissioning, are called the gamma-percentage total resource (service life), average total resource (service life)
REPAIR INDICATORS
Gamma- percentile restoration time	The time during which the restoration of the object's performance will be carried out with the probability g, expressed as a percentage
Mean restoration time	Mathematical expectation of the recovery time of the operational state of an object after a failure

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

Reliability in technology

Official edition

SSH1LTTM1fP [M

GOST 27.003-2016

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established in GOST 1.0-2015 “Interstate standardization system. Basic Provisions "and GOST 1.2-2015" Interstate Standardization System. Interstate standards. rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Development rules, acceptance. updates and cancellations "

Information about the standard

1 DEVELOPED Joint-stock company"Research and Production Company" Central Design * Structural Bureau of Valve Building "(JSC" NPF "TsKBA")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 119 "Reliability in Engineering"

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes of November 22, 2016 No. 93-P)

4 By order of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and metrology of March 29, 2017 No. 206-st interstate standard GOST 27.003-2016 put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from September 1, 2017

5 REPLACE GOST 27.003-90

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards" (as of January 1 of the current year), and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notice and texts are also posted in information system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet ()

© Standartinform. 2017

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

GOST 27.003-2016

1 area of ​​use............................................... ...................one

3 Terms, designations and abbreviations ............................................ ........one

4 General provisions ............................................... .................. 3

5 Procedure for specifying reliability requirements at various stages of the life cycle of facilities ... 5

6 Selection of the nomenclature of the assigned reliability indicators ................................. 6

7 Selection and justification of the values ​​of reliability indicators .................................... 6

8 Rules for establishing failure criteria and limiting states ........................... 9

Annex A (informative) Examples of possible modifications and definitions of standardized

indicators ................................................. ............10

reliability ................................................. ............eleven

Appendix B (informative) Examples of the choice of the nomenclature of the specified indicators ........... 14

Appendix D (informative) Examples of typical criteria for failures and limit states ... 15

by reliability "in TT, TTZ (TZ). THAT. standards of OTT (OTU) and TU types ............. 16

GOST 27.003-2016

Introduction

All objects (machinery, equipment, products) (hereinafter referred to as objects) are characterized by a certain level of reliability, while their failures are possible and their maintenance is necessary (except for unattended objects). If object failures occur too often, then the objects will either not be able to perform the required functions, or the elimination of these failures (repair) may be too expensive. In addition, with frequent failures, the item receives a low customer rating and is unlikely to be purchased again when it needs to be replaced. On the other hand, the design and manufacture of systems with high level reliability can be costly, and it will be impractical to produce such facilities for economic reasons. Thus, there is a strong balance between low-availability facilities, which are expensive to repair, and high-availability facilities, which can be expensive to design and manufacture. It is necessary that these characteristics be defined and specified.

Other aspects, such as safety requirements, can also affect the optimum reliability of a product. Requirements for the safety of facilities are set taking into account the recommendations given in GOST 33272-2015 “Safety of machinery and equipment. The procedure for establishing and extending the assigned resource, service life and storage period "or other regulatory documents that apply to special-purpose objects (firefighters, military, medical, aviation, etc.).

Reliability indicators selected for normative documents(ND) and design documentation (CD). should be related to the type and purpose of the products, the intended use and the importance of the required functions.

GOST 27.003-2016

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Reliability in technology

COMPOSITION AND GENERAL RULES FOR SETTING RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Industrial product dependability. Contents and general rules (or specifying dependability requirements

Introduction date - 2017-09-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to all types of objects (machines, equipment, products) and establishes the composition and general rules for setting reliability requirements for their inclusion in regulatory documents (ND) and design documentation (CD).

For individual groups (types) of equipment, the composition and general rules for setting reliability requirements can be established in other standards.

This standard uses a normative reference to the interstate standard:

GOST 27.002-89 Reliability in technology. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards" which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on the issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard, the replacement (modified) standard should be followed. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given, the 8th part applies, which does not affect this reference.

3 Terms, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 8 of this standard, the terms in accordance with GOST 27.002 are used. as well as the following terms with appropriate definitions:

3.1.1 output effect: A useful result obtained during the operation of an object.

3.1.2 law of distribution of failures: The type of dependence of the rate of failure of an object on its operating time.

3.1.3 reliability enhancement model: A model showing the increase in reliability during testing of an object caused by the correction of defects that led to failures.

3.1.4 tactical and technical assignment: The initial technical document for the creation of an object, which establishes a complex of tactical and technical requirements and requirements for the volume, timing of work, the content and form of presentation of the results of the work.

3.2 8 of this standard the following symbols are used:

ftp - rejection level of the reliability indicator:

Р 0 (VKP) - probability of failure-free operation (switching on);

Р (/ 1р) - probability of trouble-free transportation:

/, 0 - transportation distance:

Official edition

GOST 27.003-2016

Р ((хр) is the probability of failure-free storage;

(zr - shelf life;

R (G ozh) - the probability of failure-free waiting for the intended use;

(standby - waiting time for intended use:

P ((6 p) - the probability of failure-free operation when operating time r 6 p;

^ p - operating time, within which the probability of failure-free operation of the product is not lower than the specified one;

Р ((c) - recovery probability (for a given time (c); f B - recovery time;

R in - the upper confidence limit of the reliability indicator;

Gr _ - gamma-percentage resource before overhaul (average, etc.) repair:

T Ycn - gamma-percentage resource before write-off (full):

7 ^ n p - gamma-percentage service life before overhaul (average, etc.) repair;

7 * sl - gamma-percentage service life before write-off (full);

Gamma Percentage Shelf Life; y - confidence probability;

X is the failure rate;

К, - availability factor:

K, oya - K, in application standby mode;

К гс и - coefficient of readiness of the component: g - coefficient of operational readiness;

Efficiency preservation ratio:

К, „- coefficient of technical use;

K 1 furnace - the coefficient of technical use of the component;

^ * o * “^ ty in application standby mode;

R „- the lower confidence limit of the reliability indicator;

R a is the acceptance level of the reliability indicator: a is the supplier's (manufacturer's) risk;

|) - the risk of the consumer (customer);

H standby - average recovery time in standby mode;

Г d - the average recovery time;

Г ^ - gamma percent recovery time;

7 ВС h - the average recovery time of a component of the object;

6 c - the average complexity of the restoration;

G rsr1r - the average resource before overhaul (average, etc.) repair;

7 "p ep - average resource before write-off (full);

Member k.r - average service life before overhaul (average, etc.) repair;

7cn.cp.cn - average service life before retirement (full):

G with cf - average shelf life;

G cf - mean time to failure;

7, - gamma percentage time to failure;

7 ^ e „- mean time to failure of a component:

Г 0 - mean time between failures (mean time between failures);

Gos „- the average operating time for the recovery (mean time between failures) of a component of the object;

3.3 The following abbreviations are used in this standard:

SPTA - spare parts, tools and accessories;

КД - design documentation:

KN - specific purpose;

ND - regulatory documents (documents in the field of standardization);

OH - general purpose;

OTT - general technical requirements:

OTU - general technical conditions:

ПН - indicators of reliability;

GOST 27.003-2016

TK - technical task:

TT - technical requirements;

TTZ - tactical and technical assignment;

TU - technical conditions;

ED - operational documents.

4 Key points

4.1 Requirements for reliability are the requirements specified in the ND. to the quantitative values ​​of indicators characterizing such properties of the object as reliability, maintainability, durability, preservation, which determine the reliability of the object as a whole.

4.2 When specifying reliability requirements, it is determined (selected) and agreed between the customer (consumer) and the developer (manufacturer - for mass-produced products) of the object:

A typical operating model (or several models), in relation to which (which) requirements for reliability are set;

Criteria for possible failures for each model of operation, in relation to which requirements for reliability are set;

Failure distribution law;

Criteria for the limiting states of the object, in relation to which the requirements for durability and preservation are established;

The concept of "output effect" for objects, the reliability requirements for which are established using the indicator "coefficient of conservation of efficiency" K ^:

Note - The coefficient of conservation of efficiency characterizes the degree of influence of failures of the elements of an object on the efficiency of its intended use. In this case, the efficiency of using an object for its intended purpose is understood as its property to create some useful result (output effect) during the period of operation under certain conditions.

Nomenclature and PN values ​​for each operation model;

Methods for monitoring the compliance of an object with specified reliability requirements (reliability control);

Requirements and / or restrictions on constructive, technological and operational methods of ensuring reliability, if necessary, taking into account economic restrictions;

The need to develop a reliability assurance program.

4.3 A typical model of the operation of facilities should contain;

Specified modes (stages, types) of use (operation) of objects;

Levels of external influencing factors and loads for each mode (stage, type) of operation;

Characteristics of the adopted system of maintenance and repair, including a scheme for the provision of spare parts, tools and consumables, staffing with repair equipment and equipment, maintenance and repair personnel of the required qualifications.

The modes and boundaries of permissible parameters (loads) acting on the object are taken taking into account the probability of the occurrence of the corresponding mode and specific maximum values ​​of the parameters (loads).

4.4 The nomenclature of the assigned PN of the object is selected in accordance with the provisions of this standard and agreed in accordance with the established procedure between the customer (consumer) and the developer (manufacturer - for mass-produced products). Indicators, as a rule, are selected from among the indicators, the definitions of which are given in GOST 27.002. It is allowed to apply indicators. the names and definitions of which concretize the corresponding terms established by GOST 27.002. taking into account the characteristics of the product and / or the specifics of its application, but do not contradict the standardized terms.

Examples of possible modifications of standardized indicators are given in Appendix A.

4.5 The number of assigned PN (PN nomenclature) for the object should be optimal. From the point of view of the costs of checking, confirming and evaluating the specified STs during manufacture and in operation, their number should be minimal. At the same time, the number of preset PN should be maximally

GOST 27.003-2016

characterize the reliability of the facility at all stages of its production and operation. In order to optimize the number of assigned PN. especially for complex recoverable objects, complex reliability indicators are used.

4.6 For products subject to storage (transportation) before starting or during operation. set indicators of persistence. In this case, the conditions and modes of storage (transportation) must be determined and taken into account, in relation to which the specified indicators are set.

4.7 Limitations of PN values. leading to a decrease (or to the impossibility of increasing) the reliability of an object may be associated with the requirements:

To the design, for example, structurally limited possibilities for multiple duplication and redundancy of the facility's systems, the limited composition of spare parts. the range of components and materials permitted for use, the use of only standardized and unified fasteners in the structure, etc.;

Technological in nature, for example, the impossibility of observing the tolerances for the required salinity on the existing machine equipment, the limited composition of measuring and control instruments. technological tooling and test equipment from a potential manufacturer of the object, etc.:

An operational nature, for example, the limited means for diagnosing the technical condition, the limited resource of time required to restore the facility's operability, low qualifications of the maintenance personnel of the prospective operating organization, etc .;

Of an economic nature, for example, the limited funds spent on the manufacture, operation, formation of spare parts, etc.

4.6 When specifying reliability requirements, the criteria for failure and the limiting state of an object are determined and agreed upon, which are necessary for an unambiguous interpretation of its state when analyzing and accounting for statistical data during control of the numerical values ​​of PN. related to reliability. durability and preservation.

The criteria for the recoverability of the operational state of the object are established and agreed upon in the case when the object is recognized as being restored (repaired) and it is necessary to set the PN. maintainability related.

4.9 For recoverable objects, as a rule, complex ones, a complex PN or a set of unit indicators of reliability and maintainability that determines it is specified, and the first option for specifying the requirements is preferable. At the request of the customer, in addition to the complex indicator, one of the reliability or maintainability indicators that determine it can be set. Simultaneous assignment of the complex and all the single indicators that determine it is not allowed. For the maintainability indicators, the conditions and types of restoration, repair and maintenance must be determined and taken into account, in relation to which the indicated indicators are set.

4.10 Numerical values ​​of PN. as a rule, it is established based on the results of reliability calculations. carried out in the course of a feasibility study for the development of an object or at the stage of formation of initial TT and development of technical specifications using reference values ​​of indicators, previously developed and operating analogues (prototypes) of the object and its components. The numerical values ​​of PN, as agreed with the customer, are corrected as statistical data on the reliability of the object itself or its analogs (prototypes) are accumulated.

4.11 For each assigned PN, a method for monitoring or evaluating it should be determined and agreed. At the development stage, as a rule, computational and computational-experimental methods are used - they carry out reliability calculations, accelerated reliability tests of prototypes, optimized schematically and constructively from the point of view of reliability, the design of which is as close as possible to the design of a serial sample, or assessed in the course of controlled ( experimental) operation. In serial production and operation, control and assessment of the compliance of the PN with the specified requirements is mainly carried out by experimental methods based on the analysis and results of mathematical processing of statistical data on reliability, collected during periodic control tests for reliability in the factory and / or obtained in the process of real conditions. operation of the facility (during operational tests).

4.12 To check the compliance of the facility reliability indicators with the established requirements, appropriate methods of planning and processing control (test) data for each reliability indicator should be applied separately. At the same time, the object meets the requirements for reliability

GOST 27.003-2016

bridges if and only if all indicators of the object's reliability correspond to the requirements set for them.

Note - The following initial data can be set as the initial data for choosing a plan for monitoring the compliance of objects with specified reliability requirements for each PN: acceptance R a and rejection Rj, levels, risks of the customer (consumer) (I and supplier (manufacturer) a or the confidence probability у and the value of the ratio of the upper R a and the lower R „confidence limits.

4.13 Requirements for constructive methods of ensuring reliability may contain:

Requirements and / or restrictions on the types and frequency of redundancy;

Requirements and / or restrictions on costs (cost) in manufacturing and operation, weight, dimensions, volume of the object and / or its individual components, equipment for maintenance and repairs:

Requirements for the structure and composition of spare parts;

Requirements for the system of technical diagnostics (monitoring of technical condition);

Requirements and / or restrictions on methods and means of ensuring maintainability and preservation;

Restrictions on the nomenclature of components and materials approved for use;

Requirements for the use of standardized or unified components, etc.

4.14 Requirements for technological (production) methods of ensuring reliability may contain.

Requirements for the precision parameters of technological equipment and its certification;

Requirements for the stability of technological processes, properties of raw materials, materials, components:

Requirements for the need, duration and modes of technological run (running in, electrical. Thermal training, etc.) of objects in the manufacturing process;

Requirements for methods and means of monitoring the level of reliability (defectiveness) during production, etc .;

Requirements for the volume and form of presentation of information on reliability collected (recorded) during production.

4.15 Requirements for operational methods of ensuring reliability may contain;

Requirements for the system of maintenance and repairs:

Requirements for the algorithm for technical diagnostics (monitoring of technical condition);

Requirements for the number, qualifications, duration of training (training) of maintenance and repair personnel;

Requirements for methods of elimination of failures and damages, the procedure for using spare parts. regulation rules, etc .;

Requirements for the volume and form of presentation of information on reliability collected (registered) during operation, etc.

4.16 Reliability requirements include;

In TT. TTZ. Terms of Reference for the development or modernization of facilities;

TU for the manufacture of experimental and serial products;

OTT standards. About TU and TU;

Reliability requirements may be included in contracts for the development and supply of facilities.

5 Procedure for setting reliability requirements at various stages

life cycle of objects

5.1 Requirements for reliability included in TT, TTZ (TK). initially determined at the stage of research and development justification by performing the following works:

Analysis of the customer's (consumer's) requirements, the purpose and operating conditions of the facility (or its analogs), restrictions on all types of costs, including design, manufacturing technology and operating costs:

Definition and agreement with the customer (consumer) of the list and main signs of possible failures and limit states:

The choice of a rational nomenclature of the assigned PN;

Establishing the values ​​(norms) of the PN of the object and its constituent parts.

GOST 27.003-2016

5.2 At the stage of object development, by agreement between the customer (consumer) and the developer, it is allowed to clarify (correct) the reliability requirements with an appropriate feasibility study by performing the following works:

* Consideration of possible schematic and structural options for constructing an object and calculating for each of them the expected level of reliability, as well as indicators characterizing the types of costs, including operating costs, and the possibility of fulfilling other specified constraints;

* selection of a schematic and constructive option for constructing an object that satisfies the customer in terms of the aggregate PN and costs;

Clarification of the values ​​of the PN of the object and its constituent parts.

5.3 When developing technical specifications for serial products, it includes, as a rule. PN from given in TT. TTZ (TK). which are supposed to be controlled at the stage of serial production and operation of the facility.

5.4 At the stages of serial production and operation, it is allowed, by agreement between the customer and the developer (manufacturer), to correct the values ​​of individual PS according to the results of tests or controlled operation.

5.5 For complex objects during their development, pilot and serial production, it is allowed to stage-by-stage setting the PN values ​​(subject to increased reliability requirements) and parameters of control plans, based on established practice, taking into account the accumulated statistical data on previous analogue objects and as agreed between the customer (consumer) and developer (manufacturer).

5.6 In the presence of prototypes (analogs) with a reliably known level of reliability, the scope of work for setting reliability requirements, given in 5.1 and 5.2. can be reduced due to those indicators for which information is available at the time of the formation of the TT section. TTZ (TK). TU "Requirements for Reliability".

6 Selection of the nomenclature of the assigned reliability indicators

6.1 The choice of the PN nomenclature is carried out on the basis of the classification of objects according to the characteristics that characterize their purpose, the consequences of failures and reaching the limit state, the features of the modes of application, etc.

6.2 Determination of the classification features of objects is carried out by engineering analysis and agreement of its results between the customer and the developer. The main source of information for such an analysis is the TTZ (TK) for the development of a product in terms of the characteristics of its purpose and operating conditions and data on the reliability of analogue facilities.

6.3 The main features by which objects are subdivided when specifying reliability requirements. are:

The definiteness of the purpose of the object:

The number of possible (taken into account) states of objects in terms of operability during operation;

Application (functioning) mode;

* possible consequences of failures and / or reaching the limit state during application and / or consequences of failures during storage and transportation;

Note - In case of possible critical (catastrophic) failures of objects, in addition to the reliability indicators or instead of them, safety indicators are set.

Possibility of restoring an operational state after a failure:

The nature of the main processes that determine the transition of the object to the limiting state;

Possibility and method of resource recovery (service life);

Possibility and need for maintenance;

* possibility and necessity of control before use;

* the presence of computers in the objects.

6.3.1 According to the definite purpose, the objects are subdivided:

On the objects of KN, which have one main application for the intended purpose;

* HE objects. having several options for use.

GOST 27.003-2016

6.3.2 According to the number of possible (taken into account) states (operability), objects are subdivided:

For objects that are in a healthy state:

Unhealthy objects.

Note - For complex objects, it is possible to divide their inoperable states. In this case, from the set of inoperable states, partially inoperable states are distinguished, in which the object is able to partially perform the required functions. In this case, the object is referred to as workable, when it is possible and advisable to continue its use for its intended purpose, otherwise - to inoperative.

It is also allowed to subdivide objects into their component parts and establish reliability requirements for the object as a whole in the form of a set of PN of its component parts.

For objects with a channel gfzhtsil construction (communication systems, information processing, etc.). Requirements for reliability and maintainability can be set per channel or per channel with channels that are unequal in efficiency.

6.3.3 According to the modes of application (functioning), the objects are subdivided:

For objects of continuous long-term use:

Objects of repeated cyclic use;

Objects of single use (with a previous period of waiting for use and storage).

6.3.4 According to the consequences of failures or reaching the limit state during application or the consequences of failures during storage and transportation, objects are subdivided:

On objects, failures or transition to the limiting state of which lead to consequences of a catastrophic (critical) nature (to a threat to human life and health, significant economic losses, etc.);

Objects, failures or transition to the limiting state of which do not lead to consequences of a catastrophic (critical) nature (to a threat to human life and health, significant economic losses, etc.).

Note - The criticality of a failure or transition to a limiting state is determined by the magnitude of their consequences at the site of operation (application) of the facility.

6.3.5 Whenever possible to restore an operational state after a failure during operation, objects are subdivided:

For recoverable:

Non-recoverable.

6.3.6 By the nature of the main processes that determine the transition to the limiting state, objects are subdivided:

Aging (losing properties due to the accumulation of fatigue under mechanical stress, due to chemical exposure (corrosion), thermal, electromagnetic or radiation exposure):

Wear-out (due to mechanical stress);

Aging and wearing out at the same time.

6.3.7 As far as possible and the method of full or partial restoration of the resource (service life) by means of scheduled repairs (medium, capital, etc.), objects are subdivided:

For rewiring;

Repaired in an impersonal way:

Repaired in an impersonal way.

6.3.8 Whenever possible maintenance during operation, objects are subdivided:

Serviced;

Unattended.

6.3.9 If possible (necessary) control before use, objects are subdivided:

Controlled before use;

Not monitored before use.

6.3.10 If there are electronic computers and other computer equipment in the objects, they are referred to objects with failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures), in the absence - to objects without failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures).

GOST 27.003-2016

6.4 A generalized scheme for choosing the nomenclature of PN objects, taking into account the classification criteria established in 6.3, is given in Table 1. The methodology that concretizes this scheme is given in Appendix B. Examples of choosing the nomenclature of specified indicators are given in Appendix C.

Table 1 - Generalized scheme for choosing the nomenclature of assigned PN

Characteristics of the object		Nomenclature of set PN
		The efficiency retention coefficient K ^ f or its modification is for objects that can be located in a certain number of partially inoperable states, into which they pass as a result of a partial failure (examples of possible modifications of K ^ f are given in Appendix A). Indicators of durability, if for an object the concept of "limiting state" can be unambiguously formulated and criteria for its achievement are defined. Indicators of preservation, if the object provides for storage (transportation) in full and assembled form or indicators of preservation of separately stored (transported) parts of the object
	Recoverable	Additionally: Complex PN and. if necessary, one of its reliability or maintainability indicators (in accordance with 4.8)
	Unrecoverable	Doooolmagegno: A single indicator of reliability
	Recoverable and non-recoverable	Set of PN of the component parts of the object. Indicators of durability and preservation, selected similarly to the object of KN
	Recoverable	Additionally: Complex PN and. if necessary, one of its indicators of reliability or maintainability (in accordance with 4.8)
	Unrecoverable	Optional: A single indicator of reliability

7 Selection and justification of the values ​​of reliability indicators

7.1 The values ​​(norms) of PN of objects are set in TT. TTZ (TK). TU taking into account the purpose of the products. the achieved level and the identified trends in increasing their reliability, feasibility studies, the capabilities of manufacturers, the requirements and capabilities of the customer (consumers), the initial data of the selected control plan.

7.2 The calculated (estimated) values ​​of the PN of the product and its component parts, obtained after the completion of the next stage (stage) of work, are taken as the reliability standards in force at the next stage (stage), after the completion of which these standards are specified (adjusted), etc. ...

When specifying the quantitative values ​​of PN. as a rule, the phrases “not less” or “not more” are used (for example, “the average resource before write-off is not less than 10,000 cycles”; “the probability of failure-free operation during the operating time before overhaul is not less than 0.96”, etc.) ...

7.3 Calculation, experimental or computational-experimental methods are used to substantiate the ST values.

7.4 Calculation methods are used for products for which there are no statistical data obtained during testing of analogs (prototypes), including other manufacturers of analog objects. The calculation of the reliability of the product to justify the values ​​(norms) is performed in accordance with GOST 27.301.

7.5 Experimental methods are used for products for which it is possible to obtain statistical data during the testing process or have analogues (prototypes) that allow to evaluate their PN. as well as tendencies of change in PN from one analogue to another. Such assessments of the ST are used instead of the calculated values ​​of the ST of the product and / or its components.

7.6 Computational and experimental methods are a combination of computational and experimental methods. They are used in cases where there are statistical data on reliability for individual components, and calculation results for others, or when preliminary test results of products obtained during development make it possible to clarify the calculated values ​​of ST.

7.7 For a step-by-step setting of reliability requirements, computational and experimental methods are used based on models of increasing reliability in the process of testing products and mastering them in production. Reliability improvement models are determined by statistical data obtained during the creation and / or operation of analogue products.

GOST 27.003-2016

7.8 Guidelines for substantiating the values ​​of the specified indicators are given in the ND for groups of equipment and individual industries.

8 Rules for establishing failure criteria and limit states

8.1 Criteria for failures and limit states are established in order to unambiguously understand the technical state of products when setting requirements for reliability, testing and operation.

The definitions of failure criteria and limit states should be clear, specific, and not subject to ambiguity. The ED should contain instructions for subsequent actions after the detection of limit states (for example, for decommissioning, sending for repair of a certain type or writing off).

8.2 Criteria for failures and limit states should ensure ease of detection of the fact of failure or transition to the limit state by visual means or using the provided means of technical diagnostics (monitoring of technical condition).

8.3 Criteria for failures and limiting states are established in the documentation in which the PN values ​​are given.

8.4 Examples of typical criteria for failures and limiting states of products are given in Appendix D.

GOST 27.003-2016

Appendix A

(reference)

Examples of possible modifications and definitions of standardized indicators

A.1 The definitions of PN in GOST 27.002 are formulated in general terms, without taking into account the possible specifics of the purpose. application, design of objects and other factors. When setting PN for many types of objects, there is a need to concentrate their definitions and names, taking into account:

Definition of the name of the indicator for objects, the main indicator of which is the "efficiency preservation ratio"

The stage of operation, in relation to which the PN is set;

The classification of failures and limiting states adopted for the considered objects.

A.2 K a f in accordance with GOST 27.002 is a generalized name for a group of indicators used in various branches of technology and having their own names, designations and definitions.

Examples of such indicators can be:

For technological systems:

1) "coefficient of conservation of productivity".

2) "the probability of release of a given quantity of products of a certain quality per shift (month, quarter. Year)", etc.:

For space technology - "the probability of the flight program execution" by the spacecraft, etc .;

For aviation technology - "the probability of performing a typical task (flight task) in a given time" by an airplane and g. P.

At the same time, the words “productivity”, “production”, “product quality”, “popet's program”, “typical task”, “flight task”, etc. are additionally defined. They characterize the “output effect” of objects.

A.3 For some objects, the PN is set in relation to individual stages of their operation (application), for example:

For aviation equipment, the following types of the mean time between failures are used:

1) "mean time between flight failures".

2) "mean time between failures during pre-flight preparation", etc .;

For radio electronic equipment, which includes computer products, it is advisable to distinguish between:

1) "mean time between sustained failure".

2) "mean time between failures (failures)".

GOST 27.003-2016

Methodology for choosing the nomenclature of specified reliability indicators

B.1 The general principle of choosing a rational (minimum necessary and sufficient) nomenclature of assigned PN is as follows. that in each specific case, the object is classified sequentially according to the established features that characterize its purpose, the features of the circuit design and the given (assumed) operating conditions. Depending on the totality of the classification groupings to which it is assigned, the set of indicators to be assigned is determined according to worksheets B.1-B.E.

B.2 The procedure for selecting the nomenclature of the assigned PN for new (developed or modernized) facilities consists of three independent stages:

The choice of indicators of reliability and maintainability and ^ or complex:

Choice of indicators of durability:

The choice of indicators of persistence.

B.3 The nomenclature of indicators of reliability, maintainability and / or complex indicators is established in accordance with Table B.1.

Table B.1 - Selection of the range of indicators of reliability and maintainability or complex indicators

Classification of a product according to the characteristics that determine the choice of PN

	By the river at the application (functioning)	Recoverable and serviceable if possible
		Recoverable		Unrecoverable
		served	unattended	serviced and unattended
	Objects of continuous long-term use (CPAP)	/ S g * il "K ty: G 0; T;		R ("b.r GiPiG e.R
	Reusable Cyclic Objects (MCP)	«O.r« b.p) = k. ^ - ^ bp): m 0		R<Хвкл) и Г ср
	Disposable objects (with a preceding waiting period) (OKRP)		^ r stand - ^ 6 p); T'vozh *	Pit c *): P ("bp);
	Objects of the NPAP and MCCP			7 / * or Gd,
	Objects of OKRP
	In the presence of a partially disabled state
		one/ . at "Nis.h *"	^ te.h * ^ oss.h	Gus-m "^^ srech

* Set in addition to K, or K, and if there are restrictions on the duration of recovery. If necessary, taking into account the specifics of products, instead of T in, it is allowed to set one of the following maintainability indicators: gamma percentage recovery time T ay. the probability of recovery R (1 0) or the average complexity of recovery 6 V.

* "Set for products performing critical functions, otherwise set the second indicator.

Notes (edit)

1 The value of p is set on the basis of the output effect in the adopted model of the object's operation and is taken equal to the specified value of the continuous operating time of the object (the duration of one typical operation, the duration of solving one typical task, the volume of a typical task, etc.).

GOST 27.003-2016

End of Table B. 1

2 For recoverable simple OH objects. performing private technical functions as part of the main object, it is allowed, by agreement between the customer and the developer, instead of the indicators K g T 0 (K, u: G 0), to set the indicators G 0 and G, which from the point of view of monitoring the fulfillment of requirements is a more stringent case.

3 For non-recoverable simple highly reliable RS objects (such as component objects of interindustry use, parts, assemblies), it is allowed to set the failure rate X instead of.

4 For recoverable HE objects. performing private technical functions as part of the main object, it is allowed, by agreement between the customer and the developer, instead of the indicators K, h and 7 0, set the indicators 7 0 s h and G c & 1G

B.4 It is advisable to set the reliability indicators taking into account the criticality of the failures. Moreover, in the TTZ (TK). TU should formulate the criteria for each type of failure

Note - In the event of the possibility of critical failures, a safety indicator is set - the probability of failure-free operation for critical failure (failures) during the assigned resource (assigned service life)

B.5 For objects that include elements of discrete technology, indicators of reliability, maintainability and complex should be set taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature (failures). In this case, the specified indicators are explained by adding a layer “taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature” or “without taking into account failures of a malfunctioning nature”. In the case of a step-by-step specification of requirements, it is allowed not to record failures in the early stages. For failures of a malfunctioning nature, appropriate criteria should be formulated.

B.6 For objects controlled prior to intended use, it is allowed to additionally set the average (gamma-percentage) time to bring the product to readiness or the average (gamma-percentage) duration of the readiness control.

B.7 For serviced products, it is additionally allowed to establish indicators of the quality of technical service.

B.9 The choice of indicators of the durability of SC and OH objects is carried out in accordance with Table B.2. For the sake of simplicity, Table B.2 shows the most common type of scheduled repairs - capital repairs. If necessary, similar indicators of durability can be set relative to "average", "basic", "dock" and other planned repairs.

Table B.2 - Selection of the nomenclature of durability indicators

Classification of objects according to the characteristics that determine the choice of indicators
Possible consequences of the transition to the limiting state	The basic process that determines the lean transition to the limit state	Possibility and method of restoring technical resource (service life)
		remount	repaired impersonal way	repaired insecure way
Objects, the transition of which to the limiting state, when used as intended, can lead to catastrophic consequences (control of the technical state is possible)	Wear			^ P yen * g p? "- p
	Aging			^ SL uSGR ^ SLuKR
				./rusl "^ hands.r * SL uIR" sl ukr
Objects, the transition of which to the limiting state when used as intended does not lead to catastrophic consequences	Wear			^ p.cp.ov ^ p.crp
	Aging	T cn Wed at	^ w.c.kr	^ ep.cp.cn * Г cn cp.x.r
	Wear and age at the same time			Jp.ep.crp Ipcp.K.p ’Cn.cp.crr" cncp.Lp

GOST 27.003-2016

B.9 The choice of indicators of preservation of objects of SC and OH is carried out in accordance with table B.Z. Table B.3 - Selection of the nomenclature of persistence indicators

A sign that determines the choice of persistence indicators	Asked index
Potential consequences of reaching a limit state or storage failure and Gili transportation
Objects, the achievement of the limiting state by which or the failure of which during storage or transportation can lead to catastrophic consequences (control of the technical condition is possible)
Objects, the achievement of the limiting state of which or the failures of which during storage and ^ or transportation do not lead to catastrophic consequences
* Set instead of Г with 0 in cases where the customer specified the storage period 1 ^ and the transportation distance / 1р.

B.10 For objects, the transition of which to the limiting state or the failure of which during storage and / or transportation can lead to catastrophic consequences, and control of the technical condition is difficult or impossible, instead of the gamma-percentage indicators of durability and preservation, the assigned resource, service life and shelf life. At the same time, in the TTZ (TK), TU indicate which part (for example, no more than 0.9) should be the assigned resource (service life, shelf life) of the corresponding gamma percentage indicator with a sufficiently high confidence probability y (for example, not less than 0.98) ...

GOST 27.003-2016

Appendix B

(reference)

Examples of choosing the nomenclature of the specified indicators

B.1 Example 1. Portable radio station

A radio station is an object of multi-cyclic application, restored, serviced. Specified indicators according to table B.1: f = ^ -F (fg p); G c.

A radio station is a product, the transition of which to the limiting state does not lead to catastrophic consequences. aging and worn out at the same time, repaired in an impersonal way, long-term storage. The specified indicators of durability and storage capacity according to tables BZ and B.4: T r cf tp: T mcp tp; T with cf.

B.2 Example 2. Universal electronic computer (computer)

A computer is an OH object of continuous long-term use, being restored, maintained, the transition of which to the limiting state does not lead to catastrophic consequences, aging, remounting, not permanently stored. Specified indicators according to tables B.1 and BZ: K, and; Г 0 (or 7 * в in the presence of restrictions on the duration of recovery after failure): Т # cpLffl

B.3 Example 3. Transistor

The transistor is an OH product (highly reliable component product for interindustry use) no breakthrough long-term use, non-recoverable. unattended, the transition of which to the limit state does not lead to catastrophic consequences, worn out, aging during storage. Indicators set according to tables B.1. B.2 and B.Z: 7 r srsp: T s cf.

GOST 27.003-2016

Appendix D

(reference)

Examples of typical failure criteria and limit states

D.1 Typical failure criteria can be:

Termination of the performance of the specified functions by the product: the output of the performance indicators (energy-efficiency, power, accuracy, sensitivity and other parameters) beyond the permissible level:

Distortions of information (wrong decisions) at the output of objects containing discrete devices due to failures (failures of a malfunctioning nature):

External manifestations indicating the onset or prerequisites for the onset of an inoperative state (noise, knocking 8 mechanical parts of objects, vibration, overheating, release of chemicals, etc.).

D.2 Typical criteria for limiting states of objects can be:

Failure of one or non-cold components, the restoration or replacement of which at the site of operation is not provided for by the operational documentation (performed in repair organizations):

Mechanical wear of critical parts (assemblies) or a decrease in the physical, chemical, electrical properties of materials to the maximum permissible level:

Reducing the MTBF (increasing the failure rate) of objects below (above) the permissible level:

Exceeding the established level of current (total) costs for maintenance and repairs or other signs that determine the economic inexpediency of further operation.

GOST 27.003-2016

Examples of construction and presentation of the section "Requirements for reliability" in TT. TTZ (TK), TU. standards of OTT (OTU) and TU types

E.1 Requirements for reliability are drawn up in the form of a section (subsection) with the heading "Requirements for reliability".

E.2 In the first paragraph of the section, the nomenclature and PN values ​​are given. which are written in the following sequence:

Complex indicators and / or unit indicators of reliability and maintainability:

Durability indicators:

"Reliability_in the conditions and operating modes established by

product name

This TTZ (TK). THAT. characterized by the following values ​​of PN ... "

EXAMPLE Reliability of channel-forming telegraph equipment under conditions and operating conditions specified_. characterized by the following values ​​of indicators:

Mean time between failures - not less than 5000 hours;

Average recovery time at the site of operation by forces and means of the duty shift - no more than 0.25 hours;

Average full service life - at least 20 years;

Average shelf life in original packaging in a heated room is at least 6 years.

E.2.1 In the OTT standards, the reliability requirements are given in the form of maximum permissible values ​​of PN for objects of this group.

E.2.2 In the standards of the OTU (TU) ends and in the TU, the reliability requirements are established in the form of the maximum permissible value of those indicators that are controlled during the manufacture of objects by the date of the group, and are given as reference values ​​of the indicators specified in the TOR for the development of the object, but in the manufacturing process is not controlled.

E.3 In the second paragraph, definitions (criteria) of failures and limiting states are given, as well as the concepts of "output effect" or "product efficiency" if the efficiency preservation coefficient is set as the main PS **

"The limiting state_ is considered ..."

Object name

"Refuse_Consider ..."

Object name

"The output effect_ is being evaluated in ..."

Object name

"Efficiency_equal ........"

Object name

EXAMPLE 1 The ultimate state of a vehicle is:

Deformation or damage to the frame that cannot be eliminated by the operating organizations;

The need for simultaneous replacement of two or more major aareates.

EXAMPLE 2 A car failure is considered to be:

Seizure of the engine crankshaft;

Decrease in engine power below ...:

Fumes from the engine at medium and high revs.

EXAMPLE 3 The output of a mobile diesel power plant is evaluated by generating a given amount of electricity in a given time with specified quality parameters.

GOST 27.003-2016

E.4 In the third paragraph, general requirements for the development of a reliability assurance program, methods for assessing reliability and initial data for assessing the compliance of an object with reliability requirements by each of the methods are given.

"Compliance_requirements for reliability established in the TU

Object name

(TK. KD) at the design stage is estimated by the calculation method using data on the reliability of component objects on_;

ND name

at the stage of preliminary tests - by calculation and experimental method according to. assuming the values ​​of the confidence level equal to not less than ...;

at the stage of serial production - control tests on_

using the following input data for test planning:

Rejection level _

(indicate values)

Customer risk p,

(indicate values)

Acceptance level R

Supplier risk, etc.

(indicate values)

(indicate values)

ND name

ND name

In some cases, it is allowed to use other initial data in accordance with the current

E.5 In the fourth paragraph of the section, if necessary, the requirements and restrictions on the methods of ensuring the specified values ​​of the PN (in accordance with 4.13-4.15 of this standard) are given.

GOST 27.003-2016

UDC 62-192: 006.354 MKS 21.020

Key words: reliability, reliability indicators, failure criteria, limit state criteria. control methods, reliability requirements

Editor M.N. Bayonet Technical editor I.E. Cherepkova Proofreader L.S. Lysenko Computer layout of the aircraft. Circular

Seeded and set 03/31/2017. Signed to print on 03/07/2017. Format 60> 84Vg. Arial headset. Uev. print p. 2.79. Uch.-kzd. in. 2.51. Circulation 100. Zac 1236.

Prepared on the basis of the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard

Published and printed by FGUP STANDARTINFORM *. 123001 Moscow, Granatny lehr .. 4.

GOST 27.301-95

INTERSTATE YSTANDARD

RELIABILITY IN TECHNOLOGY

RELIABILITY CALCULATION

BASIC PROVISIONS

Official edition

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED MTK 119 "Reliability in technology"

INTRODUCED by the State Standard of Russia

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol No. 7-95 of April 26, 1995)

3 The standard was developed taking into account the provisions and requirements international standards IEC 300-3-1 (1991), IEC 863 (1986) and IEC 706-2 (1990)

4 By the Resolution of the Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification No. 430 dated June 26, 1996, the interstate standard GOST 27.301-95 was put into effect "directly as a state standard of the Russian Federation on January 1, 1997.

5 REPLACE GOST 27.410-87 (in part 2)

© IPK Standards Publishing House, 1996

This standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication on the territory of the Russian Federation without the permission of the Gosstandart of Russia.

1 Scope ................................. 1

3 Definitions ....................................... 1

4 Basics ................................ 2

4.1 Procedure for calculating reliability ......................... 2

4.2 Objectives of reliability calculation ............................ 2

4.3 General calculation scheme ............................... 3

4.4 Object identification ............................. 3

4.5 Calculation methods ................................... 4

4.6 Initial data .................................. 6

4.8 Requirements for calculation methods ...................... 7

4.9 Presentation of calculation results ..................... 9

Appendix A Methods for calculating reliability and general recommendations on their application ................. 10

Appendix B List of reference books, regulatory and methodological documents for calculating reliability ..... 15

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Reliability in technology

RELIABILITY CALCULATION

Basic Provisions

Dependability in technics. Dependability prediction. Basic principles

Date of introduction 1997-01-01

1 AREA OF USE

This standard establishes general rules for calculating the reliability of technical objects, requirements for methods and the procedure for presenting the results of calculating reliability.

GOST 2.102-68 ESKD. Types and completeness of design documents

GOST 27.002-89 Reliability in technology. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions

GOST 27.003-90 Reliability in technology. Composition and general rules for setting reliability requirements

GOST 27.310-95 Reliability in technology. Analysis of the types, consequences and criticality of failures. Basic Provisions

3 DEFINITIONS

In this standard, general terms in the field of reliability are used, the definitions of which are established by GOST 27.002. Additionally, the standard uses the following terms related to reliability calculation.

Official edition ★

3.1. Reliability calculation is a procedure for determining the values ​​of the reliability indicators of an object using methods based on their calculation according to reference data on the reliability of the object's elements, according to the data on the reliability of analogous objects, data on the properties of materials and other information available at the time of calculation.

3.2 Reliability prediction is a special case of calculating the reliability of an object based on statistical models reflecting trends in the reliability of analogue objects and / or expert assessments.

3.3 Element - an integral part of the object, considered in the calculation of reliability as a whole, not subject to further disaggregation.

4 BASIC PROVISIONS

4.1 Procedure for calculating reliability

The reliability of an object is calculated at the stages of the life cycle and the stages of the types of work corresponding to these stages, established by the reliability assurance program (RSP) of the object or by documents replacing it.

The PON must establish the goals of the calculation at each stage of the types of work, the regulatory documents and methods used in the calculation, the timing of the calculation and the performers, the procedure for processing, submitting and monitoring the calculation results.

4.2 Objectives of reliability calculation

The calculation of the reliability of an object at a certain stage of the types of work, corresponding to a certain stage of its life cycle, may have as its goals:

substantiation of quantitative reliability requirements for an object or its component parts;

checking the feasibility of the established requirements and / or assessing the likelihood of achieving the required level of reliability of the facility in deadlines and with allocated resources, justification of necessary adjustments to established requirements;

comparative analysis of the reliability of the options for the schematic and constructive construction of the object and the rationale for the choice of a rational option;

determination of the achieved (expected) level of reliability of the object and / or its component parts, including the calculated determination of reliability indicators or parameters of the distribution of reliability characteristics of the component parts of the object as input data for calculating the reliability of the object as a whole;

substantiation and verification of the effectiveness of the proposed (implemented) measures to improve the design, manufacturing technology, system of maintenance and repair of the facility, aimed at increasing its reliability;

solving various optimization problems, in which reliability indicators act as target functions, controlled parameters or boundary conditions, including such as optimization of the object structure, distribution of reliability requirements between indicators of individual reliability components (for example, reliability and maintainability), calculation of spare parts kits , optimization of maintenance and repair systems, justification of warranty periods and the assigned service life (resource) of the object, etc.;

verification of the compliance of the expected (achieved) level of reliability of the facility with the established requirements (reliability control), if direct experimental confirmation of their level of reliability is technically impossible or economically inexpedient.

4.3 General calculation scheme

4.3.1 Calculation of the reliability of objects in the general case is a procedure for sequential step-by-step refinement of estimates, reliability indicators as the design and manufacturing technology of the object is developed, algorithms for its operation, operating rules, maintenance and repair systems, failure criteria and limit states, accumulation of a more complete and reliable information about all factors that determine reliability, and the use of more adequate and accurate calculation methods and calculation models.

4.3.2 Calculation of reliability at any stage of the types of work provided for by the MOI plan includes:

identification of the object to be calculated; determination of the goals and objectives of the calculation at this stage, the nomenclature and the required values ​​of the calculated reliability indicators;

selection of the calculation method (s) that is adequate to the characteristics of the object, the purposes of the calculation, the availability of the necessary information about the object and the initial data for the calculation;

compilation of calculation models for each reliability indicator; receiving and preprocessing initial data for the calculation, calculation of the values ​​of the reliability indicators of the object and, if necessary, their comparison with the required ones;

registration, presentation and protection of calculation results.

4.4 Object identification

4.4.1 Identification of an object for calculating its reliability includes obtaining and analyzing the following information about the object, its operating conditions and other factors that determine its reliability:

purpose, scope and function of the object; performance criteria, failures and limit states, possible consequences of failures (the object reaches the limit state) of the object;

the structure of the object, the composition, interaction and levels of the loaded elements, the possibility of restructuring the structure and / or algorithms for the functioning of the object in case of failure of its individual elements;

availability, types and methods of reservation used in the facility; a typical model of object operation, which establishes a list of possible operating modes and functions performed at the same time, the rules and frequency of alternation of modes, the duration of the object's stay in each mode and the corresponding operating time, the nomenclature and parameters of loads and external influences on the object in each mode;

the planned system of maintenance (MOT) and repair of the object, characterized by types, frequency, organizational levels, methods of implementation, technical equipment and material and technical support for its maintenance and repair;

distribution of functions between operators and means of automatic diagnostics (control) and object control, types and characteristics of human-machine interfaces that determine the parameters of the operability and reliability of the operators; the level of qualifications of the personnel;

the quality of the software used in the facility; planned technology and organization of production in the manufacture of the object.

4.4.2 The completeness of object identification at the considered stage of calculating its reliability determines the choice of an appropriate calculation method that provides an acceptable accuracy at this stage in the absence or impossibility of obtaining a part of the information provided for in 4.4.1.

4.4.3 Sources of information for identifying an object are design, technological, operational and repair documentation for the object as a whole, its components and components in the composition and sets corresponding to this stage of reliability calculation.

4.5 Calculation methods

4.5.1 Methods for calculating reliability are subdivided:

by the composition of the calculated reliability indicators (PN); according to the basic principles of calculation.

4.5.2 According to the composition of the calculated indicators, calculation methods are distinguished:

reliability,

maintainability,

durability,

persistence,

complex reliability indicators (methods for calculating availability factors, technical use, maintaining efficiency, etc.).

4.5.3 According to the basic principles of calculating the properties that make up reliability, or complex indicators of the reliability of objects, there are:

forecasting methods, structural calculation methods, physical calculation methods.

Forecasting methods are based on the use of 1 to assess the expected level of reliability of an object of data on the achieved values ​​and identified trends in the change in the PN of objects that are similar or close to those considered for their purpose, principles of operation, circuit design and manufacturing technology, element base and materials used, conditions and modes of operation, principles and methods of reliability management (hereinafter referred to as analog objects).

Structural calculation methods are based on representing an object in the form of a logical (structural-functional) diagram describing the dependence of the states and transitions of the object on the states and transitions of its Elements, taking into account their interaction and the functions they perform in the object, followed by descriptions of the constructed structural model with an adequate mathematical model and calculation PN of the object according to the known characteristics of the reliability of its elements.

Physical methods calculations are based on the use of mathematical models describing physical, chemical and other processes that lead to object failures (to the achievement of the limit state by objects), and the calculation of the ST based on the known parameters of the object's loading, the characteristics of the substances and materials used in the object, taking into account the peculiarities of its design and technology manufacturing.

4.5.4 The method for calculating the reliability of a particular object is selected depending on:

the purposes of the calculation and the requirements for the accuracy of determining the PN of the object; the availability and / or the possibility of obtaining the initial information necessary for the application of a certain calculation method;

the level of maturity of the structure and manufacturing technology of the object, the system of its maintenance and repair, which makes it possible to apply the corresponding calculation models of reliability.

4.5.5 When calculating the reliability of specific objects, it is possible to simultaneously use different methods, for example, methods for predicting the reliability of electronic and electrical elements with the subsequent use of the results obtained as input data for calculating the reliability of an object as a whole or its component parts by various structural methods.

4.6 Initial data

4.6.1 The initial data for calculating the reliability of an object can be: a priori data on the reliability of analog objects, composite

parts and components of the object under consideration according to the experience of their application in similar or similar conditions;

estimates of reliability indicators (parameters of the laws of distribution of reliability characteristics) of the component parts of the object and the parameters of the materials used in the object, obtained by an experimental or calculation method directly in the process of development (manufacture, operation) of the object in question and its component parts;

calculated and / or experimental estimates of the loading parameters of the component parts and structural elements used in the object.

4.6.2 Sources of initial data for calculating the reliability of an object can be:

standards and specifications for the component parts of the object, the components used in it for inter-industry use, substances and materials;

reference books on the reliability of elements, properties of substances and materials, standards for the duration (labor intensity, cost) of typical maintenance and repair operations and other information materials;

statistical data (databanks) on the reliability of analogue objects, their constituent elements, the properties of the substances and materials used in them, on the parameters of maintenance and repair operations, collected during their development, manufacture, testing and operation;

the results of strength, electrical, thermal and other calculations of the object and its component parts, including calculations of the reliability indicators of the component parts of the object.

4.6.3 If there are several sources of initial data for calculating the reliability of an object, the priorities in their use or methods for combining data from different sources should be established in the calculation methodology. In the calculation of reliability, included in the set of working documentation for the facility, it should be preferable to use the initial data from the standards and specifications for components, elements and materials.

4.7.1 The adequacy of the chosen calculation method and the constructed calculation models to the goals and objectives of calculating the reliability of an object is characterized by:

completeness of use in the calculation of all available information

about the object, the conditions of its operation, the maintenance and repair system, the reliability characteristics of the components, the properties of the substances and materials used in the object;

the validity of the assumptions and assumptions made in the construction of the models, their influence on the accuracy and reliability of the PN estimates;

the degree of compliance of the level of complexity and accuracy of the calculated models of the object's reliability with the available accuracy of the initial data for the calculation.

4.7.2 The degree of adequacy of models and methods for calculating reliability is assessed by:

comparison of the calculation results and experimental assessment of the PN of analogous objects for which similar models and calculation methods were used;

studies of the sensitivity of models to possible violations of the assumptions and assumptions made in their construction, as well as to errors in the initial data for the calculation;

examination and approbation of the applied models and methods, carried out in accordance with the established procedure.

4.8 Requirements for calculation methods

4.8.1 To calculate the reliability of objects, the following are used: standard calculation methods developed for a group (type, type) of objects that are homogeneous in purpose and principles of ensuring the reliability of objects, drawn up in the form of appropriate regulatory documents (state and industry standards, enterprise standards, etc.);

calculation methods developed for specific objects, the design features and / or conditions of use of which do not allow the use of standard reliability calculation methods. These methods, as a rule, are included directly in the reporting documents for calculating the reliability or drawn up in the form of separate documents included in the documentation set for the corresponding stage of the development of the object.

4.8.2 A typical method for calculating reliability should contain: a characteristic of the objects to which the method applies,

in accordance with the rules for their identification established by this standard;

a list of the calculated PN of the object as a whole and its constituent parts, the methods used to calculate each indicator;

standard models for calculating PN and rules for their adaptation for calculating the reliability of specific objects, calculation algorithms corresponding to these models and, if available, software tools;

methods and corresponding techniques for assessing the parameters of the loading of component parts of objects taken into account in reliability calculations;

requirements for the initial data for calculating reliability (sources, composition, accuracy, reliability, presentation form) or directly the initial data themselves, methods for combining heterogeneous initial data for calculating reliability obtained from different sources;

decision rules for comparing the calculated values ​​of PN with the required ones, if the calculation results are used to control the reliability of objects;

methods for assessing the errors in calculating the PI introduced by the assumptions and assumptions adopted for the models and calculation methods used;

methods for assessing the sensitivity of the calculation results to violations of the accepted assumptions and / or to errors in the initial data;

requirements for the form of presentation of the results of calculating the PN and the rules for protecting the results of the calculation in the corresponding control points of the PN and during the examination of projects of objects.

4.8.3 The methodology for calculating the reliability of a specific object should contain;

information about the object, providing its identification for calculating reliability in accordance with the requirements of this standard;

the nomenclature of the calculated PN and their required values; models for calculating each PN, the assumptions and assumptions adopted in their construction, the corresponding algorithms for calculating the PN and the software used, estimates of errors and sensitivity of the selected (constructed) models;

initial data for the calculation and sources of their receipt;

methods for assessing the parameters of the loading of an object and its constituent parts or directly assessing these parameters with links to the corresponding results and methods of strength, thermal, electrical and other calculations of the object.

4.9 Presentation of calculation results

4.9.1 The results of calculating the reliability of an object are drawn up in the form of a section of an explanatory note to the corresponding project (draft, technical) or an independent document (RR in accordance with GOST 2.102, a report, etc.), containing:

calculated values ​​of all PN and conclusions on their compliance with the established requirements for the reliability of the facility;

identified deficiencies in the design of the facility and recommendations for their elimination with assessments of the effectiveness of the proposed measures in terms of their impact on the level of reliability;

a list of components and elements that limit the reliability of the facility or for which there is no necessary data for calculating the PN, proposals for inclusion in the PN additional activities to increase (in-depth research) their reliability or to replace them with more reliable ones (proven and tested);

conclusion on the possibility of moving to the next stage of the development of the object when the calculated level of its reliability has been achieved.

4.9.3 Calculated estimates of PN, conclusions on their compliance with the established requirements and the possibility of moving to the next stage of the types of work on the development (putting into production) of the facility, recommendations for improvements in order to increase its reliability are included in the acceptance test report, if a decision is made to control reliability object by calculation method.

APPENDIX A (reference)

ON THEIR APPLICATION

1 Methods for predicting reliability

1.1 Forecasting methods apply:

to substantiate the required level of reliability of facilities during development technical specifications and / or assessing the likelihood of achieving the specified PN when developing technical proposals and analyzing the requirements of the TOR (contract). An example of appropriate methods for predicting the maintainability of objects is contained in MP 252-

for an approximate assessment of the expected level of reliability of objects at the early stages of their design, when there is no necessary information for the application of other methods of calculating reliability. An example of a technique for predicting the reliability indicators of electronic equipment units, depending on its purpose and the number of elements (groups of active elements) used in it, is contained in the American military standard M1L-STD-756A;

for calculating the failure rates of commercially available and new electronic and electrical components different types taking into account the level of their loading, quality of manufacture, areas of application of the equipment in which the elements are used. Examples of the relevant techniques are contained in the American military reference MIL-HDBK-217 and domestic reference books on the reliability of IEP for general industrial and special purposes;

for calculating the parameters of typical tasks and operations of maintenance and repair of objects, taking into account the structural characteristics of the object, which determine its maintainability. Examples of appropriate techniques are contained in MP 252-87 and the US military handbook MIL-HDBK-472.

12 To predict the reliability of objects, use;

methods of heuristic forecasting (expert assessment);

forecasting methods based on statistical models;

combined methods.

Methods of heuristic forecasting are based on statistical processing of independent estimates of the expected ST values ​​of the developed object (individual forecasts), given by a group of qualified specialists (experts) based on the information provided by them about the object, its operating conditions, the planned manufacturing technology and other data available at the time of the assessments Interviewing experts and statistical processing of individual PN forecasts are generally accepted when peer review any quality indicators by methods (for example, the Delphi method).

Forecasting methods based on statistical models are based on extra- or interpolation of dependencies describing the identified trends in the change in the PN of analogue objects, taking into account their design and technological features and other factors, information about which for the developed object is known or can be obtained at the time of estimates. Models for forecasting are built on the basis of data on PN and parameters of analogue objects using known statistical methods(multivariate regression or factor analysis, methods of statistical classification and pattern recognition)

Combined methods are based on the combined use of forecasting methods based on statistical models and heuristic methods for predicting the reliability of objects, followed by comparison of the results. At the same time, heuristic methods are used to assess the possibility of extrapolating the used statistical models and> making the forecast for them more accurate. The use of combined methods is advisable in cases where there is reason to expect qualitative changes in the level of reliability of objects that are not reflected by the corresponding statistical models, or when only statistical methods are insufficient for the use of only statistical methods. the number of analog objects.

2 Structural methods for calculating reliability

2.1 Structural methods are the main methods for calculating the indicators of reliability, maintainability and complex PN in the process of designing objects that can be disaggregated into elements, the reliability characteristics of which at the time of calculations are known or can be determined by other methods (forecasting, physical, according to statistical data collected in the process their use in similar conditions). These methods are also used to calculate the durability and preservation of objects, the criteria of the limiting state of which are expressed through the parameters of the durability (preservation) of their elements.

2 2 Calculation of PN by structural methods in the general case includes: representation of the object in the form of a structural diagram describing the logical relationships between the states of elements and the object as a whole, taking into account the structural and functional relationships and interaction of elements, the adopted service strategy, types and methods of redundancy and other factors,

description of the constructed structural diagram of the reliability (SSN) of the object with an adequate mathematical model that allows, within the framework of the introduced assumptions and assumptions, to calculate!. PN of the object according to the data on the reliability of its elements in the considered conditions of their use

2.3 As structural diagrams of reliability, the following can be used: structural block diagrams of reliability, representing an object in the form of a set

a certain o6j> a som of the connected (in the sense of reliability) elements (standard M "-ZH 107l;

failure trees; sv of an object, representing a graphical display of causal relationships that cause certain types of its failures (IEC 1025 standard);

graphs (diagrams) of states and transitions describing the possible states of an object and its transitions from one state to another in the form of a set of states and transitions of its elements.

2.4 Mathematical models used to describe the sos nsts gnukitsi \ 1 "S" P. are determined by the types and complexity of these structures, the assumptions made regarding the types of distribution laws for the reliability characteristics of elements, the accuracy and reliability of the initial data for the calculation and other factors.

Below are the most commonly used mathematics? methods for calculating PN, which does not exclude the possibility of developing and applying other methods that are more adequate to the structure and other features of the object

2 5 Methods for calculating the reliability of non-failure operation v from 6 s to type I (according to the classification of objects in accordance with GOST 27 003)

As a rule, to describe the reliability of such objects, a block is used (reliability chemistry, the rules for the compilation and mathematical description of which are established by M "-ZH 1078. In particular, they are established by the specified standard.

methods of direct calculation of the probability of no-failure operation of an object (FBR) according to the corresponding parameters of the reliability of elements for the simplest parallel-sequential structures;

methods for calculating FBGs for more complex structures belonging to the class of monotone, including the method of direct enumeration of states, the method of minimal paths and sections, the method of decomposition with respect to any element.

To calculate indicators such as the mean time to failure of an object in these methods, the method of direct or numerical integration of the distribution of the time to failure of an object representing the composition of the corresponding distributions of the time to failure of its elements is used. F-if the information on the distribution of operating time to failure of elements is incomplete or unreliable, then various boundary estimates of the ST of the object are used, known from the theory of reliability | 1-4 |

In the particular case of an unrecoverable system with different ways redundancy and with an exponential distribution of operating time to failure of elements, its structural display in the form of a transition graph and its mathematical description using the Markov process are used.

When used to structurally describe fault trees according to IEC 1025, the probabilities of the corresponding failures are calculated using the Boolean representation of the fault tree and the minimum cut method.

2 6 Methods for calculating the reliability and complex operating conditions of recoverable objects of type 1

A universal calculation method for objects of any structure and for any combination of distributions of operating time between failures and recovery times of elements, for any strategies and methods of recovery and prevention is the method of statistical modeling, in the general case, including:

synthesis of a formal model (algorithm) for the formation of a sequence of random events occurring during the operation of an object (failures, restorations, switching to reserve, beginning and end of maintenance);

development of software for the implementation on a computer of the compiled algorithm and calculation of the PN of the object;

carrying out a simulation experiment on a computer by repeatedly implementing a formal model that provides the required accuracy and reliability of calculating the PN

The method of statistical modeling for calculating reliability is used in the absence of adequate analytical models from among those considered below.

For redundant sequential structures with restoration and arbitrary methods of redundancy of elements, Markov models are used to describe the corresponding graphs (diaphragms) of states.

In some cases, for objects with non-exponential distributions of operating time and recovery time, the non-Markov problem of calculating the ST can be reduced to a Markov problem by introducing fictitious states of the object into its transition graph in a certain way.

Another effective method for calculating the ST of objects with a reserve is based on the representation of their operating time between failures as a sum of a random number of random terms and direct calculation of the ST of objects without invoking methods of the theory of random processes

2.7 Methods for calculating maintainability indicators Methods for calculating maintainability indicators are generally based on the representation of a maintenance or repair process of a certain type as a set of individual tasks (operations), the probabilities and objectives of which are determined by indicators of reliability (durability) of objects and the adopted maintenance strategy and

repair, and the duration (labor intensity, cost) of each task depends on the constructive adaptability of the object to maintenance (repair) of this type.In particular, when calculating the indicators of the maintainability of objects during the current unscheduled repair, the distribution of time (labor intensity, cost) of its restoration represents the composition of the distribution of costs for individual recovery tasks, taking into account the expected probability of each task being completed for a certain period of the object's operation.The specified probabilities can be calculated, for example, using fault trees, and the parameters of the distribution of costs for performing individual tasks are calculated using one of the methods established, for example, MR 252-87 ( normative-coefficient, according to regression models, etc.).

The general calculation scheme includes:

compilation (for example, by AVPKO methods according to GOST 27 310) a list of possible object failures and an assessment of their probabilities (intensities);

selection from the compiled list by the method of stratified random sampling of a rather representative number of problems and calculation of the parameters of the distributions of their duration (labor intensity, cost). The truncated normal or alpha distribution is usually used as such distributions;

construction of an empirical distribution of costs for current repairs of an object by adding, taking into account the probabilities of failure, distributions of costs for individual tasks and smoothing it using an appropriate theoretical distribution (log-rhyme-normal or gamma distribution),

calculation of the maintainability indicators of the object according to the parameters of the selected distribution law

2.8 Methods for calculating the reliability indicators of objects of the type

1 I (according to the classification of GOST 27 003)

For objects of this type, a PN of the type “efficiency preservation coefficient” (£ *)>) is used, in the calculation of which the general principles of calculating the reliability of objects of type I are preserved, but each state of an object determined by a set of states of its elements or each possible trajectory of it in the space of states of elements , a certain value of the share of the retained nominal efficiency from 0 to 1 must be assigned (for objects of type I, the efficiency in any state can take only two possible values:

There are two main calculation methods

the method of averaging over states (an analogue of the method of direct enumeration of states), used for objects of short duration that perform tasks, the duration of which is such that the probability of a change in the state of an object in the process of performing a task can be neglected and only its initial state can be taken into account;

the method of averaging over trajectories, used for long-term objects, the duration of the tasks of which is such that the probability of a change in the volume states during their execution due to failures and cannot be neglected. . ^ becoming elements. In this case, the process of object functioning is described by the implementation of one of the possible trajectories in the state space

Some special cases of design schemes for determining K * \ are also known. used for systems with certain types of efficiency functions, for example, systems with an additive efficiency indicator, each element of which makes a certain independent contribution "output ef)> ct from the use of the system, system>. a multiplicative indicator of efficiency, obtained as the product of the corresponding indicators of the efficiency of subsystems; systems with redundant functions;

systems performing a task by several possible ways with the use of various combinations of elements involved in the performance of the task by each of them,

symmetric branching systems,

systems with overlapping coverage areas, etc.

In all the above schemes, the systems are represented by the function A "eff of its subsystems or PN elements.

The most fundamental point in the calculations of A ^ f is the assessment of the system's efficiency in various states or when implementing various trajectories in the state space, carried out analytically, either by the modeling method, or experimentally directly on the object itself or its full-scale models (layouts).

3 Physical methods for calculating reliability

3 1 Physical methods are used to calculate the reliability, durability and preservation of objects for which the mechanisms of their degradation are known under the influence of various external and internal factors leading to failures (limiting states) during operation (storage)

3 2 The methods are based on the description of the corresponding degradation processes using adequate mathematical models that allow calculating the ST, taking into account the design, manufacturing technology, modes and operating conditions of the object according to the actual or experimentally determined physical and other properties of substances and materials used in the object.

In the general case, these models, with one leading degradation process, can be represented by a model of emissions of a certain random process outside the boundaries of the admissible region of its existence, and the boundaries of this region can also be random and correlated with the specified process (non-exceeding model). ...

In the presence of several independent degradation processes, each of which generates its own resource distribution (operating time to failure), the resulting resource distribution (operating time of the object to failure) is found using the “weakest link” model (distribution of the minimum of independent random variables).

3 3 The components of non-exceeding models can have a different physical nature and, accordingly, can be described by different types of distributions of random variables (random processes), and can also be in models of damage accumulation. This is the reason for the wide variety of non-exceeding models used in practice, and only in relatively rare cases do these models admit a direct analytical solution. Therefore, the main method for calculating reliability based on non-exceeding models is statistical modeling.

APPENDIX B (reference)

LIST OF REFERENCES, REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTS FOR RELIABILITY CALCULATION

1 B.A. Koyov, I.A. Ushakov. Handbook for calculating the reliability of radio electronics and automation equipment M: Soviet radio, 1975 472 p.

2 Reliability of technical systems. Handbook ed. I.A. Ushakov. M .: Radio

and communication, 1985. 608 p. ...

3 Reliability and efficiency in technology. Reference book in 10 volumes.

T. 2, ed. B.V. Gnedenko. M .: Mashinostroenie, 1987.280 s;

T. 5, ed. V. And Patrushev; " and A.I. Rembeza. M .: Mashinostroenie, 1988 224 p.

4 B.F. Khazov, B. A. Didusev. Handbook for calculating the reliability of machines at the design stage. M .: Mashinostroenie, 1986.224 p.

5 Standard IEC 300-3-1 (1991) Reliability management Part 3 of the Guidelines Section 1. Overview of methods of reliability analysis.

6 Standard IEC 706-2 (1991) Guidance for ensuring the maintainability of equipment. Part 2, Section 5, Design Phase Repairability Analysis

7 IEC standard 863 (1986) Presentation of predictive results for reliability, maintainability and availability

8 Standard IEC 1025 (1990) Analysis of fault trees.

9 Standard IEC 1078 (1991) Methods of reliability analysis. Reliability calculation method using block diagrams.

10 RD 50-476-84 Methodical instructions. Reliability in technology Interval assessment of the reliability of a technical object based on the test results of components. General Provisions.

11 RD 50-518-84 Methodical instructions. Reliability in technology General requirements to the content and forms of presentation of reference data on the reliability of components for cross-industry use.

12 МР 159-85 Reliability in technology The choice of types of distributions of random variables. Guidelines.

13 МР 252-87 Reliability in technology Calculation of maintainability indicators during product development. Guidelines.

14 R 50-54-82-88 Reliability in technology The choice of methods and methods of backup.

15 GOST 27.310-95 Reliability in technology. Analysis of the types, consequences and criticality of failures. Basic provisions.

16 US military standard MIL-STD-756A. Reliability modeling and forecasting.

17 US Military Standardization Handbook MIL-HDBK-2I7E Predicting the reliability of electronic equipment.

18 US Military Standardization Handbook MIL-HDBK-472. Maintainability prediction

UDC 62-192.001.24: 006.354 OKS 21.020 T51 OKSTU 0027

Keywords: reliability, reliability calculation, reliability prediction, calculation procedure, requirements for methods, presentation of results

Editor R. Fedorova Technical editor V. N. Prutkova Proofreader M. S. Kabashoni Computer layout A. N. Zolotareva

Ed. persons. No. 021007 dated 08/10/95. Donated to the set 10/14/96. Signed for printing 10.12.96 1.16. Academic and Publishing House 1.10. Circulation 535 copies. C 4001. Zak. 558.

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