The concept of the authorized capital of an enterprise. The authorized capital of an LLC: what an accountant should know. Step-by-step instructions for increasing capital

Society activities with limited liability is impossible without the formation of the authorized capital. The founders of the company may have a question about what the authorized capital of an LLC is needed for and why investments are needed in it before it is fully formed. Having substantiated the norms of the legislation, we can conclude that it provides the foundation for a business of a new format, since it determines the first money of the enterprise, which regulates the nominal value of the company at the beginning of its activity. The founders contribute their own material values to the fund of the new business entity, which will be the minimum guarantor for counterparties and authorized bodies.

The functioning of an LLC is impossible without the authorized capital.

Legislative regulation

Government officials are interested in the development of medium-sized businesses due to the fact that they are the main source of replenishment state treasury... Therefore, they regularly amend the legislation, making it easier to create and operate entrepreneurial activity... Today it is possible to register a company by contributing to the authorized capital fund the minimum amount stipulated by legal acts, and pay the remaining amount after registration within a year after registration of the company.

How to form

How to form the authorized capital

Each way of making material values drawn up in accordance with a certain order regulated by regulatory documents. The authorized capital of an LLC can be formed not only in cash, but also in material, such as:

securities;
stock;
property values.

What does the authorized capital of an LLC, formed by cash, mean?

If the founders decide to contribute money to the statutory fund, then they need to open a transit account, which will subsequently change its status to a settlement or savings account.

You can replenish it through the cash desk of a banking institution or company. It is possible to issue a transfer by bank transfer. In the purpose of payment, it is necessary to make a note that a contribution to the statutory fund was made on the basis of a Decision or Protocol. The savings account is opened and replenished before the registration procedure, and transactions on the current account are carried out after the registration procedures.

Property investment in business

Procedure applicable to the formation of capital

The authorized capital can be formed not only in cash, but also in material, which can be stocks, securities, as well as movable and immovable property. The procedure is possible only if there are no restrictions on such actions in the Charter of the business entity.

Read also: How to calculate the profitability of production

If capital formation is carried out in tangible assets, then an independent appraiser should be involved to confirm the amount of investment. Without his services, it will be impossible to distribute the fractional ownership of the invested funds later. The latest legislative trends oblige the founders to carry out the procedure regarding property of any value. Due to the fact that the services of an appraiser are not cheap, this type of investment is deprived of an advantageous position due to the need for additional waste.

The minimum size of the authorized capital of an LLC and the timing of its payment

The minimum amount of the authorized capital of an LLC is 10,000 rubles.

This amount must be contributed to the fund in cash. It cannot be replaced in property terms. Registration of a business entity can be carried out before the formation of capital, however, the founders are obliged to implement the regulated regulations event for four months. In the memorandum of association, it is possible to establish reduced terms for the contribution of funds to capital, if this is necessary for the conclusion of agreements with counterparties.

Failure to comply with legal obligations

Methods for making changes to the authorized capital

For underpayment in full or in part of the capital up to the declared amount, which must not be less than the statutory minimum, the legal provisions do not provide for punishment. The founders can independently add to the constituent documents a section regulating the application of penalties or penalties in case of failure to fulfill their obligations. It is worth noting that they arise at the time of making a decision to create a business entity in the status of a legal entity LLC in order to obtain regular profit.

The violator of the order of business is likely to have problems regarding further cooperation with the founders as the founder of the company. The Criminal Code contains an article that takes into account the nuances of the founders' dishonesty without applying additional penalties to them. Violators of the order lose the status of the founder of the company, and their already invested part in the authorized capital is not subject to return and automatically becomes the property of the company and is distributed among the existing founders throughout the year, adding to them a percentage of ownership of capital shares.

It is impossible to conduct transactions with an unpaid share of capital, since even with proper legal registration, they will be considered invalid. Therefore, deciding to sell or buy a share, you should carefully check financial side a question regarding previous episodes of making payments to the capital fund.

Hello! In modern economic conditions, the authorized capital is one of the most important indicators that future partners and investors are guided by in order to assess the reality of cooperation with a particular company. Why this indicator is so important, we will analyze in this article!

The authorized capital of an LLC - what is it and what is the size

Authorized capital - this is the initial contribution made by the founders of the company.

In Russia, to get through, it is enough to have the minimum authorized capital - 10,000 rubles. The legislator fixed the minimum authorized capital of an LLC in the relevant law.

Many people ask a logical question: “What is the need for authorized capital if its size is so small "? Let us briefly dwell on why it is needed.

To start a company legally;
The presence of the authorized capital guarantees creditors that all obligations to them will be fulfilled;
Allows you to determine what is the share of each of the founders and the number of their votes in the process of making important decisions.

Formation of the authorized capital of LLC (deposits)

Usually, information about the size of the authorized capital is recorded in the charter of the organization. We can say that the authorized capital is a fund that is formed at the time of the creation of an enterprise. Accordingly, it consists of the value of the share of each founder.

The share of each participant is reflected in rubles, or as a percentage of the total capital.

The maximum size of each share, the procedure for changing the size of contributions, each organization regulates personally, and brings information to the Charter.

Half of the Criminal Code must be formed at the time when the state registration of the limited liability company is made.

Before an application for opening a company is submitted, half of the future Criminal Code must be deposited in a savings account or accepted at the cashier's office. After the registration documents are received, this amount will be transferred to the company's current account.

In the event that one of the founders did not contribute on time, penalties may be applied to him, if this is stipulated in the Charter. The part of the share that turned out to be unpaid can be alienated in favor of the LLC, distributed among the remaining founders, or sold to third parties.

The company can use these funds for the purposes necessary for itself:

pay wages;
pay rent for premises;
other.

The complete formation of the Criminal Code is confirmed by payment documents (for example: cash order).

Let's consider the formation process using a simple example: Let's say three people want to start an LLC. Since the size of the charter capital cannot be less than 10,000 rubles, each founder, wishing to have an equal share with all, must contribute 3,334 rubles. That is, the Criminal Code in this case increases to a size that is exactly divided into 3 parts.

How to deposit the authorized capital of an LLC

The introduction of the Criminal Code must be carried out in strict accordance with the legislation. The material below can be presented as step-by-step instructions.

You can make a contribution to the authorized capital in different ways:

Cash;
By transferring funds;
Stocks or other securities;
With the help of property, etc.

It should be borne in mind that if the Criminal Code is formed, say, by property, then an independent appraiser should participate in this procedure..

Most choose simple ways deposits, so as not to complicate anything (cash and non-cash funds). If the share is deposited in cash, a cash order is simply issued, as mentioned above. If the contribution is made by property, then it can immediately be used in the activities of society.

The worst option is to contribute a share rights on any property (right to use, etc.). The disadvantage of this method is that any rights can be challenged and questioned. Which will entail many legal problems.

Types of authorized capital

Let's represent the classification as a table:

Having considered all theoretical aspects the formation of the authorized capital, types, methods of its introduction, and also we will dwell on what innovations were introduced and are in effect in 2019.

The authorized capital of LLC in 2019

As before, the minimum authorized capital of an LLC in 2019 is

RUB 10,000.

And further important points worth knowing about:

All founders pay their share in person;
The size of the charter capital can be increased by financial resources, property or other assets;
It is possible to change the Criminal Code only with the participation of a notary.

Exceptions

For some enterprises, the minimum amount of the authorized capital is not the standard 10,000 rubles, but much more. This list includes commercial banks, Insurance companies, producers of alcoholic beverages, etc. Funds are already required here: 10 million rubles for producers and wholesalers of alcohol, 300 million rubles for insurers and owners of commercial banks.
If the entrepreneur doubts what to choose: LLC and, then it is important to remember that when registering an individual entrepreneur, no monetary contributions are required. Individual entrepreneur responds with all his property.

Where is the UK stored

Entrepreneurs often ask: where and how is the Criminal Code stored? The fact is that this amount of funds used directly in the process of entrepreneurial activity exists only in the documentation.

Funds contributed to the authorized capital are deposited into the company's current account. From there, they can be distributed to other needs of the organization.

Property (for example, real estate) contributed to the authorized capital must have documents confirming its real value (that's what appraisers are needed for).

The rights of the founders are regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. Therefore, the owner of a share in the authorized capital at any time can carry out the procedure for the alienation of his property, in any way that is convenient for him.

Selling a stake in a management company is not difficult if you follow simple recommendations. You can use the following methods:

To terminate the transaction step by step, paying only the state fee and notary services. But this option takes a lot of time, since you personally have to bypass more than one instance in order to draw up all the necessary documentation;
Use the services of a specialist who will arrange everything quickly and legally correct. The client only has to pay for the services and send the ready-made documents to the government agency that solves such issues.

If you still have to carry out the entire procedure yourself, you will have to carefully monitor compliance with all legal subtleties.

You can also sell not only a share, but also a part of it. To make a sale, you need to collect the following package of documentation:

A list of all members of the LLC and an application completed in a specific form;
Agreement, indicating the share of the seller;
Abandonment documents from the participants of the company, if the share is acquired not by them, but by a third party;
Phys. a person - a passport, a legal entity - registration documents.

With a complete list required documents can be found when contacting a notary.

After a notarial check, the documents are sent to the tax office, where they are reviewed and approved.

Donation of a share in the authorized capital of an LLC

The situation when a share in a management company is presented is not uncommon in business circles. The transfer procedure is governed by Russian civil law.

Before concluding a donation agreement, the donor must carefully study the constituent documents of the company, in particular the Charter. Usually it spelled out the specifics of the conclusion of this transaction. It is not a fact that other founders will want completely unnecessary people to enter the business.

There are two parties to the contract: donor and donee... The first party can donate its share to one of the participants in the company, and maybe to several.

It is possible to donate a share to a third party only if it does not prohibit it. In addition, the donation agreement must comply with all legal requirements and be properly executed from a legal point of view.

How is the procedure for donating authorized capital?

The Charter is carefully studied in terms of the alienation of shares;
A written notification is sent to other members of the company about the intention to donate a share in the authorized capital;
After a month after the consent was received, or there was no response, the donation contract can be concluded;
The contract is undergoing the procedure of notarization.

To conclude a donation agreement, you need to prepare the following list of documents:

Statutory documents;
The decision to create a society;
Available evidence;
Donor's passport and TIN;
Passport and TIN of the donee;
If the share belongs to two spouses by joint ownership, the other spouse must confirm his consent in writing.

The procedure for donating a share must be certified by a notary.

For the donee, receiving a share is income, which means that it entails the payment of tax. This is usually 13% of the market value of a share.

In the case when the donation occurs between two legal entities, both parties are obliged to pay the tax.

Authorized capital upon liquidation of the company

- quite difficult and affects many different aspects, primarily financial. What to do with the Criminal Code, property? There are many questions.

Liquidation of a limited liability company is a multi-stage and complex process. It must fully comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

As for the Criminal Code, it can be divided between the participants in the company who contributed it, but only after all debts to creditors have been repaid.

Settlement with members of the company is a part of the entire liquidation procedure.

The management body of the company appoints the composition liquidation commission, to which all management functions are transferred. Federal tax office the planned liquidation is notified, and all creditors are also notified.

Creditors have 2 months to present any claims against the company. There are times when this period increases, for example, if the company has a lot of debt obligations.

The whole procedure as a whole, until the payment of the Criminal Code can last several months, and maybe several years.

A queue is created according to which all debts of society are extinguished:

Citizens whose life or health has been harmed through the fault of society;
LLC employees;
Budget and off-budget payments;
Settlements with other groups of people.

Only after that the debts to the participants are repaid in proportion to the shares.

After all calculations, a liquidation balance sheet is drawn up. These are the latest reports from the company. If the company is bankrupt, then with the help of the Criminal Code all debts are paid off. The appointed bankruptcy commissioner is responsible for this.

Conclusion

The state of affairs that has developed in fact, namely a completely formal approach to the Criminal Code for LLC, does not suit many potential partners of companies at all. That is why there are more and more proposals to increase the minimum authorized capital. The numbers are voiced different, but on this moment it all ends at the talk stage, although this measure would help reduce the number of fly-by-night companies. But so far this initiative remains in words.

Perhaps in the future there will be some changes in this issue.

In order for information about the authorized capital of an LLC to form a complete picture, we advise you to watch the following video. The lawyer tells in detail all the subtleties of the formation of the authorized capital: how it is formed, where it is stored, what it is spent on, etc.

There is an authorized capital. Its presence in the company's property is a requirement of the legislation of the Russian Federation. The formation of the appropriate capital has quite a few nuances. When solving this problem, it is necessary to follow the norms of legislation and take into account the specifics of a particular economic entity. Why does a company need an authorized capital? How is it formed and corrected?

What is the authorized capital?

Before talking about how the formation of the authorized capital of the company is carried out, let us study in more detail the essence of this financial element. What are the most popular views of economists regarding its definition?

The authorized capital is traditionally understood as the amount of fixed assets and current assets owned by the enterprise and, as a rule, reflects the amount of money invested in the business.

It should be noted that the civil legislation of the Russian Federation prescribes to distinguish the authorized capital from other funds similar in purpose. Such as, for example, joint capital (formed in partnerships), mutual fund (used in cooperatives). Actually, the authorized capital characterizes the activities of business entities - JSCs and LLCs. The marked types of funds are distinguished by status and purpose. Thus, the contributed capital is generally similar to the authorized capital, but they differ significantly according to such a criterion as the responsibility of co-investors for the company's obligations.

The authorized capital is a part of the company's own funds, which can also be represented by borrowed cash receipts. Along with it, in the structure of the company's own funds, there are additional, reserve funds, as well as retained earnings of the organization. What are the financial elements included with the considered one in the organization's own funds?

Additional capital is a combination of:

monetary amounts reflecting the revaluation of fixed assets;
share proceeds of a business entity;
property received by the company free of charge;
monetary amounts reflecting budgetary allocations.

Reserve capital is money fund, the purpose of which is the urgent fulfillment of credit and other obligations of the company in the event of a shortage working capital, the imposition of penalties on it or the emergence of a difficult market situation. For some firms, the formation of a reserve fund is mandatory - for example, for joint-stock companies. The respective businesses must allocate at least 15% of the authorized capital to the reserve fund.

Retained earnings are part of the cash generated after the firm receives income and makes all necessary payments. This resource can be used to form various corporate funds, invest in business. Retained earnings can be cashed out at the request of the owner of the company.

Functions of the authorized capital

Another aspect that will be useful to consider before examining the procedure for the formation of the authorized capital is its functions. Experts identify the following list of them.

First, it is an investment function. The authorized capital ensures the turnover of funds allocated for the purchase of various resources necessary for the business.

Secondly, it is a redundant function. It involves the formation of funds in the structure of the company's assets, due to which certain payments can be made in the event of a shortage of turnover - for example, on loans or preferred shares.

Thirdly, it is a structural and distribution function. It involves the distribution of the company's profits between investors based on their share, primarily in the authorized capital of the company.

What is included in the authorized capital?

Now let's study the way in which the formation of the authorized capital is carried out. The first question that will interest us: what is included in the corresponding enterprise fund, what resources can it consist of? The formation of the authorized capital is possible practically at the expense of any assets characterized by monetary value and liquidity. It can be cash, securities, property.

At the same time, the assessment of their value and, at the same time, the value of the contribution of a particular investor can be carried out both as a result of an agreement between him and his partners, and in accordance with the norms established by law. In the second case, the assessment of the value of assets that form the authorized capital can be carried out with the involvement of external experts.

In general, the sources of resources, due to which the main financial fund of the enterprise can be formed, can be classified into 2 main categories: own and borrowed. But it should be noted that this classification should be considered separately from the assets and liabilities of the firm. That is, outside the distribution of the entire capital of the organization to own and borrowed. The first is characterized by reserve, accumulative, target funds, retained earnings, rental income, depreciation compensation. Borrowed sources include credit funds - short-term or long-term. The authorized capital can be formed at the expense of only actually own (owned by the founder or investor) or borrowed (issued by the entrepreneur on credit) funds.

Thus, according to formal criteria, the authorized capital cannot be borrowed, since credit cash registered for the organization form it debentures... In turn, the authorized capital, as we noted above, is just the same source of repayment of the company's debts.

Requirements for the formation of statutory funds

In the legislation of the Russian Federation, there are a number of requirements that must be met by the formation of the authorized capital of an enterprise. First of all, financial. So, the minimum amount of the authorized capital must correspond to:

10 thousand rubles, if the company is an LLC or a non-public joint stock company;
100 thousand rubles, if the company is a public joint stock company.

If we are talking about the formation of the statutory fund of a state-owned enterprise, then its minimum value should be 5 thousand minimum wages. In municipal enterprises, the corresponding capital must be at least 1 thousand. minimum sizes wages. The formation of the authorized capital of the bank involves investing at least 300 million rubles in its structure.

As we noted above, the resources for the formation of the respective funds can be any assets with a monetary value. However, there are a number of nuances that characterize investment in the minimum authorized capital established for business entities. The sources of its formation, if we are talking about LLC, can only be presented in the form of funds.

The minimum capital of an LLC is 10 thousand rubles, and it must be deposited to the company's current account in rubles. In turn, if it is necessary to increase the authorized capital, the sources for the formation of its additional volume can be not only monetary, but also presented in the form of other resources - movable or immovable property.

It will be useful to study in more detail how their monetary equivalent is determined when it comes to the formation of the authorized capital of an LLC - as one of the most common legal forms business in the Russian Federation.

Assessment of the value of the property forming the authorized capital

In accordance with the current norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of the value of the property that is supposed to be included in the structure of the authorized capital of an LLC, an external expert must be involved in its assessment. It can be noted that earlier in the Russian legal acts there was a norm according to which an appeal to an appraiser was required only if the value of the property at the expense of which the formation of the authorized capital of the organization is supposed to exceed 20 thousand rubles.

Now the norms of the law have changed. It is worth noting that the founders of the LLC have no right to overstate the value of the property that is supposed to be included in the structure of the authorized capital, relative to the indicator determined by the assessment expert. In practice, the legislative innovation under consideration means that it is more profitable for many firms to increase their authorized capital, as in the case of ensuring its minimum value, at the expense of money - since the services of an appraiser are usually quite expensive.

It should also be noted that the Civil Code spells out liability mechanisms in case the founders of the LLC and the appraiser agree on an unjustified overstatement of the value of the property being valued.

The procedure for the formation of the initial authorized capital

Let us study some practical nuances that characterize the procedure for the formation of the authorized capital.

Again, it will be useful to consider them in the context of establishing an LLC as one of the most popular legal forms of doing business in Russia. Before the LLC is registered, it is not necessary to form the authorized capital. In principle, it will not be a violation of the law to pay it in advance - but it is better to make sure that the Federal Tax Service will correctly enter the data about the company in its registers, and only after that form an appropriate financial fund. Moreover, when forming the authorized capital, the founder of an LLC may not be in a hurry - he has 4 months from the date of its registration to deposit the required amount of funds to the organization's current account.

In general, the procedures for the formation of the financial fund under consideration are similar in JSCs. The formation of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company does not have to be carried out before state registration companies. But as soon as the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation enters information about the company in its registers, within 3 months the founders of the company need to deposit 50% of the required amount of funds in the account of the formation of the authorized capital into the current account, the rest - within the next 9 months.

Adjustment of the amount of the authorized capital

So, we have studied the essence of the authorized funds of firms, discussed how their formation is carried out. Changing the authorized capital is an aspect that may also be of interest to us. Let's consider it.

Changing the authorized capital by increasing or decreasing it can be carried out by the founders of the company upon studying the results of business development during the year. In order to make an adjustment to the amount of the corresponding capital, it is necessary to amend the constituent sources.

An important nuance: in the process of reducing the size of the authorized capital, the interests of creditors should not suffer. So, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the founders of the JSC must warn the creditors that the authorized capital of the company will be reduced in writing. At the same time, the latter have the right to demand that the company repay loans ahead of schedule or compensate for possible losses in connection with the adjustment of the size of the respective funds.

In this connection, it may be necessary to carry out the procedure in question? The fact is that the initial formation of the authorized capital of companies does not always reflect the specifics of the segment in which the business is to be developed. In some cases, it may be necessary to attract additional financing due to the lack of working capital. Potential creditors can assess the solvency of a business based on the amount of its authorized capital. If it turns out to be insufficient, the corresponding funds will have to be increased. In turn, a decrease in the authorized capital is possible if, for example, the volume of the firm's net assets is insufficient and is less than, in fact, the size of the financial funds under consideration.

Specificity of mutual funds and budgetary authorized funds

Having studied what constitutes a commercial authorized capital and its formation, we can consider the specifics of funds of a similar purpose, but characterizing the activities of enterprises with a different status. For example, production cooperatives, as well as state and municipal structures.

As for the first, mutual funds are formed in them. The main source of their education is the contributions of the members of the cooperative. It can be noted that part of the mutual funds must be formed by the time of state registration of an economic entity. The remaining amount of contributions must be paid to the structure of the corresponding cooperative fund within a year after entering the information about the cooperative in the state registers.

When establishing state and municipal enterprises, the formation of the corresponding statutory fund is carried out. Its structure is determined by the owner of the business entity. The authorized capital of a budget enterprise is paid before its state registration. If it is unitary, then the corresponding capital of an economic entity cannot be distributed among any shares. The size of the statutory fund of a budgetary enterprise is fixed in the charter of the organization. As we noted above, its minimum value cannot exceed 5 thousand minimum wages - if a state-owned enterprise is established, or 1 thousand if we are talking about a municipal structure.

If there is a need to increase or decrease the size of the authorized capital of an enterprise, this procedure must be agreed with the competent authority. The change in the size of the corresponding capital can be carried out at the expense of various sources, for example, by including any new resources in the structure of its property, or by using the profit received by the state-owned enterprise.

As in the case of a change in the amount of the authorized capital of a business entity, creditors of the budgetary structure should be warned about adjusting the size of the respective fund. It can also be noted that the volume of net assets of a state-owned enterprise should not be inferior to the size of its authorized capital.

Accounting for authorized capital

Another important aspect characterizing the use of such financial resource, as the authorized capital - accounting for the formation of the authorized capital in the accounting department of the organization. It is carried out through the following algorithm.

So, if we need to carry out accounting for such a procedure as the formation of the authorized capital, accounting applies postings mainly using accounts 75 and 80. How? Account 80 is used to reflect data on the state and cash flow related to the authorized capital or its analogues, such as a reserve fund. Score 80 is passive. It is assumed that its balance will correspond to the value of the financial resource under consideration, established after such a procedure as the initial formation of the authorized capital. The documents, which record information about the establishment of the company, must contain data on the amount of the corresponding capital.

Entries using account 80 are made not only during the formation of the statutory fund, but also when adjusting it - by increasing or decreasing. At the same time, for the legitimate change of such a resource as the authorized capital, accounting for the formation of the authorized capital and the adjustments made presupposes the preliminary introduction of the necessary amendments to the constituent documents of the company. Only if they are made, the accountant starts working with account 80. Information on it can be used by the founders of the company in order to track the dynamics of the formation of the Criminal Code.

As we noted above, the payment of the authorized capital of the company is carried out upon the fact of the state registration of the latter. As soon as this procedure is carried out, and also provided that the constituent documents are in order, the accountant needs to apply the entries to the credit of account 80 and the debit of account 75 (when using subaccount 75-1). The fact that the founders' contributions were at the disposal of the firm is also recorded on the credit of account 75 and the debit of those accounts that are related to the accounting of values.

These are the main nuances that characterize the accounting for the formation of the authorized capital. It must be carried out correctly, since it involves fixing data on the most important financial transactions in terms of making management decisions the management of the enterprise.

Summary

The authorized capital is one of the key financial indicators firms. It is part of the structure own funds organizations. But it is actually formed earlier than the others - by investing the founders' funds in the capital structure of the company after state registration, and in cases provided for by law - before it in established volumes.

The authorized capital can be important in terms of assessing the company's solvency by the lender, the prospects for investing in the business by the investor, and establishing partnerships between the company's management and other market participants. The rules for its formation depend on the specific type of business entity. The formation of the authorized capital of a bank may differ significantly from the corresponding procedure, which characterizes the formation of the corresponding fund of an LLC, partnership, cooperative, state or municipal enterprise.

For different types firms have established special requirements for the size of the authorized capital, the time of its desired payment. It is important to carry out correct accounting of the movement of funds on accounts reflecting transactions with the authorized capital. The formation and change of the relevant funds must be accompanied by the timely entry of the necessary information into the constituent documents of the company. In cases determined by law, the adjustment of the amount of the authorized capital should be carried out taking into account the interests of the firm's creditors.

Represents the initial funds invested by all founders in order to ensure the functioning of the enterprise. Such funds can be securities, property rights, expressed in monetary terms.

emission arising from the sale of previously contributed shares at a price exceeding their par value;
and the capabilities of the company, which entailed an additional issue of shares;
an increase in the capitalization of an enterprise after its revaluation, for example, due to an increase in the value of basic non-monetary investments;
the occurrence of exchange rate differences, which may appear in the authorized capital from funds generated by the currency of another state.

The resulting additional capital is usually used to cover losses. The minimum or maximum amount of additional capital is not regulated in any way by law.

Revaluation of fixed assets and additional capital - the topic of the video below:

Statutory fold

The authorized share capital is formed by organizations that regulate their activities only by constituent documents. In terms of the form of business organization, it can be or. The amount of the contributed capital is formed by the shares of the founders of the enterprise.

The authorized capital is called the real capital required for the operation of the enterprise. The contributed capital is part of the total assets of the enterprise and often differs from its actual value.

The difference is that the authorized share capital is formed only by the funds of the participants of the enterprise - the object public relations, and its amount not only passes through the balance sheet of the enterprise, but is also reflected in the constituent documents. The monetary equivalent of the contributed capital is not separately held. They are depersonalized and stored in correspondent accounts along with other receipts.

The main one is ensuring the functioning of the enterprise during its formation and protecting the rights of creditors. The pooled capital performs a kind of guarantee function. When the founders of the enterprise are required to notify the creditors, and they, in turn, have the right to demand early repayment of credit funds.
And one more function of the contributed capital is legal. According to the share of participation, the right to manage the enterprise of each of its participants is determined and according to it.

According to the legislation Russian Federation the end of the second year and subsequent financial reporting periods must give amounts not less than those indicated in the authorized capital. Otherwise, society is obliged to start.

Equity composition

Ratio of UK and RK

Traditionally, it is believed that the reserve capital must be formed by enterprises planning to conduct the most risky species activities. For example, these are joint-stock companies, especially those operating in the foreign economic sphere. Contributions to the reserve fund are made from profit.

The minimum amount of reserve capital for an LLC must be 5% of the amount of the authorized capital, deductions must continue until the ratio of 25% of the authorized capital is reached.

The authorized capital is a complex of material and financial resources that provides a starting base for the foundation and development of an organization. From a legal point of view, the authorized capital of an organization is the monetary equivalent of the company's property, which will be used to repay the loan when debt appears.

In this article, you will read:

What is the authorized capital of an organization
When it forms
What the authorized capital consists of
How to properly divide capital into shares
Subtleties in accounting for the authorized capital of an organization
Why it is necessary to conduct an audit and analysis of the authorized capital

What is the authorized capital of an organization

The authorized capital is the sum of all assets that the founders invest in the creation of an enterprise, for example, a partnership or joint stock company. Authorized capital commercial organization is needed to start an activity and further return funds to its lenders as the enterprise develops and becomes. It follows from this that over time, this asset of the company does not disappear, but remains, moreover, the size of the authorized capital of the organization in the future will increase, in the best case scenario, several times.

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It can be concluded that the main function of the authorized capital of the organization is the insurance of partners and creditors, in relation to which the company has a number of obligations. Unlike other types of capital, the amount of the authorized capital of an organization has a certain and fixed amount established when a legal entity is created. In this regard, the company is responsible for maintaining the amount of the authorized capital at the required level in accordance with the statutory documents.

It often happens that at the time of the closure of the organization, the amount of the authorized capital does not satisfy the reimbursement of all costs to the persons to whom the organization had obligations. The size of the authorized capital of an organization is the difference between the obligations of a legal entity and its property.

What is part of the authorized capital of the organization

The composition of the authorized capital of the organization is represented by shares, the number of which is determined by the charter. Formation of the authorized capital of the organization in accordance with Civil Code RF occurs at the expense of: the par value of the shares redeemed by the shareholders and the value of the property that was transferred by the company to its founders. This includes various buildings, structures, equipment, cash and securities in any currency. A contribution to the authorized capital of an organization can be made by transferring use rights to natural resources, land and water, as well as intellectual property. On the basis of the prices prevailing in the market and the collective decision of the members of the company, it is possible to evaluate the contributions in the form of property and property rights. Based on the results of this decision, the share of participation of all contributions in the authorized capital is revealed, and its value is distributed among all the founders of the company. At the time of the creation of the organization, shares must not be publicly traded.

How share capital is divided into shares

The authorized capital of commercial organizations is divided into shares when the number of partners in them is more than one. The value of the partner's share is expressed as a fraction or as a percentage, for example, 50% or ½. The real value of the partner's share is actually correlated with the value of the company's assets, i.e. they are directly proportional. This means that if the value of the company's net assets is 100 thousand rubles, and the share of the participant is 25%, then the actual value of the share will be 25 thousand rubles.

The charter of the company may limit the size of the partner's share and the right to change the ratio of the participants' shares. These provisions of the Charter are envisaged at the stage of the organization's creation or are subsequently changed or completely removed from the Charter. Any changes to the Charter are discussed by all members of the company at a general meeting.

What functions does the authorized capital perform?

1. The starting function expresses the ability of shareholders to have the right to private entrepreneurial activity. Profit received after a certain period of time, provided successful activities organization may significantly exceed the size of the authorized capital of the organization. Despite this, the authorized capital will still be the most reliable liability item.

2. Guarantee function. The authorized capital of a commercial organization is a guaranteed minimum and a certain component of society, which is necessary to return funds to creditors. Therefore, it is extremely important to induce the members of the company to organize the capital by installation in fact and keep it at the level that is determined by the Charter. Achievement of these goals takes place in accordance with the following provisions of the Civil Code:

clause 3 of Art. 99 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which prohibits subscription to shares until the completion of the entire payment of the authorized capital;
clause 3 of Art. 102 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in accordance with which it makes it impossible for shareholders to receive dividends even in the case of fully paid authorized capital.

3. The function that determines the share of participation in the authorized capital of the organization of each founder in the company. The share capital is divided into parts, and each part has its own nominal price. The share and position of a shareholder in the company is determined by the ratio of the sum of one share price to the amount of capital. The lowest par share price helps to successfully attract a wide range of people to participate in the organization. This, in turn, will allow you to accumulate funds. It is worth noting that if the number of shareholders exceeds 50 people, this organization must change into a closed joint-stock company.

How the authorized capital is formed

The formation of the authorized capital of the organization is carried out different ways and depends on the chosen organizational and legal form of the enterprise. There are two main types of forms of organization for legal entities:

Partnerships;

Joint stock companies.

The difference between these forms is as follows: by purchasing shares that provide the right to own part of the enterprise, the participant becomes a co-owner of the joint-stock company. To become a co-owner in a partnership, you must be among the founders, make a contribution to the authorized capital or buy out the share of one or more partners.

It can be concluded that the formation of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company is carried out through the sale of shares, and a partnership - thanks to the contributions of the founders, due to which they have the opportunity to get a share in the ownership of the enterprise. Another distinguishing feature between these types of organizations is that there are many more owners in joint-stock companies, and their composition changes faster and much easier. However, this does not apply to closed joint stock companies.

It is important to note that the management of a joint stock company is carried out general meeting shareholders, and the management of the partnership is carried out by all its members together. This difference between these forms of organization indicates that for small businesses it is more convenient to organize a partnership, and for larger ones - a joint-stock company.

There are other, less popular forms of organization - these are municipal enterprises and cooperatives. The formation of a municipal company is carried out at the expense of the local and national budget. Such creation of the authorized capital of a commercial organization does not mean the foundation of a new institution, it is a renaming and reorganization of an existing institution.

Contribution to the authorized capital of another organization occurs at the expense of the shares of its participants. Cooperatives are mainly composed of people who are both the owners of the enterprise and its employees. The difference between cooperatives and partnerships lies in the fact that they usually have a significantly larger number of participants and there is no dependence of the size of an investment in a company on the right to participate in its management and receive significant dividends. The liability of the owners of cooperatives is much higher than that of the members of the bulk of the partnerships. It can only be compared with the responsibility of the members of a partnership with full responsibility... Most of the partnerships are partially liable. The size of the authorized capital of such an organization, as a rule, is insufficient to reimburse all costs in the event of a company's bankruptcy.

What can be done in this situation? In accordance with the law, persons in relation to whom the partnership with partial liability there are any obligations, must be known to be ready for a decision possible problems based on the authorized capital fund. The personal property of the participants in the partnership or their income from participation in other partnerships cannot be used to pay off debts in the event of bankruptcy.

How capital changes

The size of the authorized capital of the organization in favor of the increase occurs when the following conditions are met:

Raising funds from the founders of the enterprise in excess of those already invested, attracting new founders, as well as additional issue of shares or increasing their actual value;

The desire to increase the reserve and additional capital, net profit by overfulfilling the plan, as well as dividends, i.e. foundation income;

Acquisition by state unitary enterprises of additional sources of financing in the form of subsidies from municipal and state bodies.

A decrease in the authorized capital of an organization is possible with the following options:

Purchase of shares by a joint stock company, and the prospect of their further cancellation, as well as the loss of one or more founders of the organization;

Achievement of the amount of the authorized capital of the organization to the amount of net assets, elimination of the unreimbursed loss and its repayment by lowering the value of shares and repayment of the loss by reducing the contributions of the company's participants;

Confiscation of a certain share of the authorized capital from a unitary enterprise.

Does the owner need to pay taxes due to a change in the authorized capital

Elena Muratova, Head of Tax Practice at Russian Consulting Club in Moscow:

Increase the authorized capital. If in the process of revaluation of fixed assets there is an increase in the composition of the authorized capital of the organization, and, as a result, the acquisition by shareholders of a share in participation or shares in excess of the existing ones, then this cannot be considered taxable income, and personal income tax should not be paid (according to clause 19 Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). As for retained earnings and an increase in the authorized capital due to this, the Ministry of Finance and the Federal Tax Service of Russia, Article 217 of the Tax Code does not explain in any way. It can be concluded that this profit in the form of receiving a share and securities is the income of shareholders.

With this option, it will be necessary to pay personal income tax (letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 12, 2010 No. 03-04-06 / 2-30, dated April 28, 2007 No. 03-04-06-01 / 133, dated January 26, 2007 No. 03-03 -06/1/33, dated 19.12.2006 No. 03-05-01-04 / 336 and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation dated 15.06.2006 No. 04-1-03 / 318). but arbitrage practice testifies otherwise. As an example, consider the resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West District of 23.04.2008 in case No. A26-3819 / 2007. Only one founder of LLC "Meridian", using retained earnings, increased the size of the authorized capital of the organization. However, the tax committee concluded that in this case the head of the LLC must pay personal income tax, but the court ruled that the process of increasing the size of the authorized capital was recorded in the company's accounting accounts, and no deductions were made to the owner of Meridian. A similar position of the court can be found in other decisions: FAS of the North-West District of 02.04.2009 No. A56-9244 / 2008, FAS of the Ural District of 28.05.2007 in case No. F09-3942 / 07-C2, FAS of the East Siberian District of 25.07 .2006 in case No. A33-18719 / 05-F02-3629 / 06-C1. Therefore, I strongly advise you to go to court if you are a member or shareholder of an LLC, the Tax Committee charged a penalty or a fine after increasing the authorized capital.

Let's analyze the option in which a member of an organization is a legal entity. Is income tax paid after an increase in the authorized capital and property of the organization in this case? The answer is this: it all depends on the organizational and legal form of the company - LLC or CJSC (OJSC). According to Tax Code and subparagraph 15 of paragraph 1 of Article 251, it is established that the profit from the difference between the price of new shares and the cost of starting shares is not taken into account, as well as shares received additionally in the process of increasing the authorized capital of a commercial organization (in the event that the share of a shareholder in the company does not change) ... Officials believe that in this situation, the founders of the LLC, acting as legal entities, generate non-operating income, which must be taken into account when calculating income tax (see the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 18.02.2009 No. 03-03-06 / 2 / 23). I recommend listening to the advice of tax inspectors because the court practice did not work out on such issues. If your company is at the same time a member of another LLC and nevertheless decides to file a complaint about the accrual of income tax in the process of increasing the size of the authorized capital of the organization, then you can apply the following justifications: the first is the lack of economic benefits (clause 3 of Art. 3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), secondly, the principle of non-discrimination collapses because different approaches are used to JSCs and LLCs in similar situations (clause 2 of Article 3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Reduction of the authorized capital. With a decrease in the authorized capital of an organization, two questions are brewing:

Should the company itself pay taxes if its capital has decreased by its installation?
Should the shareholders of the company pay taxes, and if so, what taxes?

The first question can be answered by determining whether the payments to shareholders of the funds freed up in the course of the decrease in the authorized capital have been made. If there is a non-payment, the company generates unrealized income equal to the released amount. From this income, the company will need to pay income tax (clause 16 of article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the FAS of the Central District of 02.07.2009 No. A35-3805 / 08-C21, FAS of the North Caucasus District of 07.04.2008 No. F08-1417 / 08-503A). The exceptions are the moments when the reduction of the authorized capital of the organization is carried out in cases predetermined by legislation, and not at the initiative of the founders or shareholders. For example, the size of the authorized capital of the organization is higher than the value of net assets (clause 3 of article 20 of the Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies"). When a company, closed or limited liability, transfers to shareholders the funds that will appear after the reduction of the authorized capital, you will not have to pay income tax, because in this situation, the company does not receive income.

The solution to the second question is always controversial. Legislators believe that the funds arising from a decrease in the authorized capital of the organization should be paid towards personal income tax and accounted for in profit (UFTS, Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 10.11.2006 No. 03-03-04 / 1/749). However, the court does not agree with this opinion of the legislators. In their opinion, shareholders in such a situation do not have economic benefits because they return back the funds that were previously invested in the authorized capital. That is why this capital cannot be considered profit (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District dated 09/08/2009 No. KA-A41 / 8762-09). This means that if you, as a participant or shareholder of the organization, are charged with the payment of personal income tax, you can go to court and appeal against it. In the event that a member of the enterprise is legal entity, there is no unequivocal answer whether he will have to pay tax on income from the amount of funds acquired from a decrease in the authorized capital of the organization. There is no judicial practice on this topic, but it will still be necessary to fight for the conclusion on the abolition of tax payment in court. The reason for this is very vague. legal basis in this question: there seems to be no economic benefit, there is no need to pay tax, but in accordance with Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, there is no clear answer whether it is possible to ignore this capital in taxable profit.

How to make capital accounting

The accounting of the authorized capital of the organization is carried out on the stock passive account 85 "Authorized capital", the credit balance in this situation is the amount declared, i.e. registered capital. The debit of this account indicates a decrease in the authorized capital of the organization due to compensation for losses, the elimination of one or more shareholders, or the complete completion of the enterprise. The increase in the authorized capital is expressed in credit score 85.

After the company has registered and received a certificate of registration, the following entry is drawn up in the accounting of the authorized capital of the organization:

"D-t count. 75-1 "Settlements with founders on contributions to the authorized (pooled) capital" - the amount of registered capital,

Kit count. 85 "Authorized capital" - the amount of registered capital "

The posting determines the fact of the existence of the authorized capital of a commercial organization and debts of shareholders on contributions that participate in the formation of the authorized capital of this organization.

To analyze the authorized capital of the organization, active sub-account 1 "Settlements with founders on contributions to the authorized (pooled) capital" and account 75 of the active-passive "Settlements with founders" are used.

The company will receive a permanent registration certificate instead of a temporary one after crediting funds equal to at least 50% of the registered authorized capital to the current account organizations D-t count. 51, K-t count. 75-1.

The formation of the authorized capital of the organization takes place at the expense of deposits of a different nature: intangible assets, fixed assets, in the form of materials or other valuables, in monetary funds of various currencies. In parallel with making contributions, shareholders write off their debt from the credit of account 75-1:

D-t count. 01, 04, 10, 50, 51, etc.,

Kit count. 75-1.

Accounts that can be debited:

- account 01 "Fixed assets" - displays the received fixed assets;

- account 04 "Intangible assets", if any are part of the authorized capital of the organization;

- account 10 "Materials", if the materials are included in the authorized capital;

- account 12 “Low-value and wearing out items”, if the shareholder has credited them;

- accounts 50 "Cashier", 51 "Current account", 52 "Currency account" in the event that funds are a deposit;

- account 41 "Goods", goods subject to future resale and which are the participant's contribution.

Members of the organization have the right to change the size of the authorized capital. After the legal registration of all the amendments made regarding the size of the authorized capital of the organization, the necessary entries are formed that adjust the value of the capital on account 85:

D-t count. 75 - the amount of decrease in the authorized capital,

Kit count. 85 - the amount of the decrease in the authorized capital;

D-t count. 85 - the amount of increase in the authorized capital, K-t count. 75 - the amount of increase in the authorized capital.

The cost of intangible assets and tangible assets acting as contributions to the authorized capital is agreed upon between the founders. According to the same principle, an analysis of the authorized capital of an organization for deposits and the determination of the value of securities and other monetary assets is formed.

Currency and currency values are evaluated at the official rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time these values are entered.

The appraisal of property and currency, which are made to the account of contributions participating in the authorized capital of the organization, may differ from the appraisal in the constituent documents. In this case, the difference will be debited to account 87 "Additional capital". This account will display a positive difference in debit valuations of currency, currency values and property accounts. A negative difference is indicated by a reverse ledger entry. Such a scheme for writing off the difference in the exchange rate and prices makes it possible not to change the share of the shareholder in the authorized capital, which is indicated in the constituent documents.

The ownership of the property transferred to the management and use of the organization belongs to shareholders and investors. It is assessed by the amount of rent for this property, calculated for the full period of its use in the company, however, not for a period exceeding the time of its existence.

Why do you need an audit of the organization's capital

An audit is an audit of an organization against its accounting, i.e. financial statements in order to determine an opinion on its reliability. The result of the audit is the receipt of an audit report. It is often customary to refer to audits as inspections in various non-financial areas of activity, for example, a fire audit. The official meaning of audit is applicable in particular to financial audits and is described in the Law "On Auditing".

Who conducts the audit. Individual auditors and audit companies carry out audit activities. An auditor can be a person who has received the relevant knowledge and an auditor's certificate. The staff of the audit company must consist of at least three auditors. Auditing companies and auditors should be members of self-regulatory organization(SRO) auditors.

What are auditors guided by? Audits are carried out in accordance with Federal law dated 30.12.2008 N 307-FZ "On auditing" and Federal standards of auditing. Also, there is a Code professional ethics auditors, which defines his relationship with the client and the main ways of behavior of auditors.

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Who needs an audit. There are two types of audit: proactive - on on their own client and mandatory - legislation obliges the client to certify his accounting statements... According to the law, all large and socially significant organizations must be audited.

What happens to the evasion of a statutory audit. IN Russian legislation There are currently no penalties for evading a mandatory audit.

The quality of audits. There is an external and internal control quality. External control is when the quality of the work of an auditor or an audit company is checked by the SRO, and at certain points by Rosfinnadzor. And internal quality control in each organization is carried out by its own internal audit system.

Why do you need an audit of the authorized capital. The task of controlling the formation of the authorized capital of an organization is to determine compliance constituent documents organization to the functioning legislation on the correct formation and change of its authorized capital. The methods of obtaining data for the audit are the same as for the audit of statutory documentation. These two subjects are formally tested in parallel. To audit the authorized capital of an organization, it is necessary to carry out a thorough analysis of the documents that confirm the rights to land plots and real estate objects made by shareholders as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization.

Verification plan and program. The purpose of the audit is to determine who are the shareholders of the company, to find out the amount of the authorized capital and the size of the share of each participant, the methods of distributing net profit and the deduction of dividends. In order to achieve these audit goals in the formation of the authorized capital of the organization, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) Check the procedure for the formation of the authorized capital;

2) Study the structure of the authorized capital.

During the audit, it is imperative to focus on the ratio of the authorized capital of a commercial organization to the value of net assets. Auditors can give recommendations on reducing the authorized capital of the organization to the amount of assets in the event that the net assets are lower than the authorized capital. In the event that at the end of the second and each subsequent reporting year, the value of net assets is still lower than the amount of the minimum authorized capital determined by law, the audit organization has no right to use the principle of a going concern in relation to such an enterprise.

The generalization of the audit results is carried out based on the tasks and objectives for the audit of this section in the working documents. The results include the following information:

1) Compliance of the credit balance on account 80 with the amount of the authorized capital specified in the constituent documents;

2) Whether the auctioneers' shares have been entered in full;

3) The decrease or increase in the authorized capital has occurred, is it justified or not;

4) Are there any documents confirming financial and business transactions;

5) Does the enterprise operate without a license, etc.

The auditors pay special attention to the accounting and payment of dividends, as well as the accuracy of the calculation and payment of taxes and other mandatory payments on this profit on time.

What does the analysis of the authorized capital of the organization give

In the course of analyzing the authorized capital of an organization, the main task is to monitor the formation of invested capital, a significant component of which is the authorized capital. By applying the analysis of the invested capital, it is possible to estimate the ratios, for the calculation of which data from the constituent documents of the organization are needed.

1. Ratio between announced and outstanding shares. Reflects the potential likelihood of additional placement of shares to those already placed earlier. The company does not have the right to additionally place shares if there is no provision on authorized shares in the company's Articles of Association.

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2. The ratio between paid and unpaid outstanding shares. The company negatively characterizes the presence of unpaid shares, i.e. debts of shareholders on contributions to the authorized capital of a commercial organization. The value of shares that have not been paid will decrease equity organizations.

3. The ratio between treasury shares purchased from shareholders and shares in circulation. On the company's balance sheet, own shares may be formed as a result of these circumstances: the exercise of the right of shareholders under certain conditions to call on the company to buy them; receipt of previously placed shares as a result of a decision made by the board of directors or the general meeting of the company. The authorized capital for analytical purposes can be reduced by the amount of own shares purchased from shareholders.

4. The ratio between the par price of the outstanding shares and the share premium. Reflects the level of overestimation of the value of the outstanding shares in relation to the par value.

All of the above ratios are applicable to joint stock companies.

A significant function of the authorized capital is the share function. In relation to this function, the control scheme in the organization determines the structure of the authorized capital or the share of shareholders in the authorized capital. The financial and economic condition of the enterprise mainly depends on who manages the organization. That is why, in the process of analysis, it is paramount to assess the structure of control of changes in this structure, as well as to formulate a conclusion about the “effectiveness” of the owners of the organization. Find out the degree of their competence and level of interest in the future development of the company.

The most common ways to increase control in joint stock companies are:

1. Purchase of shares by members of the enterprise or by third parties who benefit from the consolidation of control;

2. Purchase by a joint stock company of shares with their subsequent transfer interested parties or even their full repayment. The above actions will result in an increase in the share of each remaining shareholder.

3. Issue of additional shares by closed subscription and redemption of re-issued shares by interested parties.

4. Education subsidiary through restructuring. The subsidiary's shares are used to cover the costs associated with the purchase of shares in the parent company, or other models of restructuring with the creation of a subsidiary.

5. Reorganization in the form of a spin-off of a new company, the shares of which are acquired by the joint-stock company itself. Further, these shares, which are on the balance sheet of the joint-stock company, are redeemed by interested parties.

Current assets of the enterprise: concept, management and analysis

By law, the amount of net assets owned joint stock company, cannot be lower than the size of the authorized capital. Therefore, it is extremely important to analyze the value of net assets and their proportion to the authorized capital. Analyzing the value of net assets, you should identify and evaluate the factors that affect its size.

The essence of factor analysis is to calculate changes in the following balance sheet items. Items marked with "*" have an effect on the value of net assets from the opposite, i.e. their decrease will lead to an increase in the value of net assets and vice versa:

Authorized capital;
- own shares purchased from shareholders *;
- Extra capital;
- Reserve capital;
- retained earnings;
- uncovered loss *;
- debts of shareholders on contributions to the authorized capital *;
- deferred profit.

Data calculated on the basis of the value of net assets have great analytical value because it is up to them to make decisions that are important for the founders of the company.

Information about the author and company

Elena Muratova, Head of Tax Practice, Russian Consulting Club, Moscow. Russian Consulting Club. Field of activity: legal consulting(corporate, tax, international), legal protection of assets. Organization form: LLC.
Location: Moscow. Headcount: 26. Main clients: 1st Processing Bank, Profi Center Invest group of companies, Art Building, Razgulyay, RBC, B. Tween Invest, Eastway Capital, Energoplan, Kapsch TrafficCom, Vantage Club ...