Monetary form of fixed assets. For a more complete description of the state of the means of labor, certification of each worker should be carried out. Depreciation of fixed assets

Plan:

1. Structure and valuation of fixed assets

2. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

3. Rent and lease of property

4. Indicators of the efficiency of using fixed assets

1. Structure and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets- it is a set of production, material and material values that act in the processproduction during long period time, while maintaining a natural-material form throughout the entire periodand transferring its value to products in parts as they are depreciated in the form of depreciation charges. According to the accounting system, fixed assets include labor instruments with a service life of more than 12 months and a value (at the date of acquisition) exceeding 100 times the minimum monthly wage per unit. Fixed assets are divided into fixed production and fixed non-production assets (Figure 10.1).

Rice. 10.1. Structure of fixed assets

TO fixed assets includes those fixed assets that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.) or create conditions for the production process (industrial buildings, structures, etc.). Fixed non-productive assets- these are objects of cultural and domestic purposes (clubs, canteens, etc.). Fixed assets are also called non-circulating, or low-speed,assets, as well as immobilized funds; in terms of value, they constitute a significant part of the authorized capital of the enterprise. Since 1996 introduced All-Russian classifierfixed assets(OKOF).

The typical composition of the fixed assets of industrial enterprises is as follows: buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, instruments, laboratory equipment, Computer Engineering, vehicles, tools and devices, production and household equipment, other fixed assets. Distinguish between active and passive parts of fixed assets. Those funds (machines, equipment, etc.) that are directly involved in production process, refer to active part fixed assets. Others (buildings, structures) that ensure the normal functioning of the production process are referred to as passive part fixed assets.

Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets are carried out in kind and in cash. The natural form of accounting for fixed assets is necessary to determine their technical condition, the production capacity of the enterprise, the degree of use of equipment and other purposes. Monetary (or value) assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total volume, dynamics, structure, value transferred to finished products, as well as to calculate the economic efficiency of capital investments. Fixed assets in their monetary terms are called fixed assets.

The monetary form of accounting for fixed assets is carried out in the following areas (Fig. 10.2).

Rice. 10.2. Monetary valuation of fixed assets

Initial cost fixed assets include the cost of purchasing equipment (buildings, buildings), transportation costs for delivery and installation costs. At their initial cost, funds are taken into account, their depreciation and other indicators are determined.

Replacement cost - these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions... It is installed, as a rule, during revaluation of fixed assets.

Residual value represents the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Liquidation value- the cost of selling worn-out or decommissioned individual objects of fixed assets.

Book value - this is the cost of objects, taking into account the revaluation, at which they are recorded on the balance sheet of the enterprise. It is a mixed assessment: for some objects, the replacement cost is used as the carrying amount, for others - the original.

Market value- the most probable selling price of fixed assets, taking into account their real state, supply and demand ratio.

Revaluation of fixed assets - this is the determination of the real value of fixed assets (fixed assets) of organizations at the present stage of the formation of a market economy and the creation of prerequisites for the normalization of investment processes in the country. Revaluation allows you to obtain objective data on fixed assets, their total volume, sectoral structure, territorial division and technical condition.

To determine the full replacement cost of fixed assets, two methods are used - index and direct valuation. Index method provides for the indexation of the book value of individual objects using indices of changes in the value of fixed assets, differentiated by types of buildings and structures, types of machinery and equipment, vehicles, etc. by regions, periods of manufacture (acquisition). The base is the full book value of individual items of fixed assets, which is determined by the results of their inventory as of January 1 of the corresponding year.

Direct assessment method the replacement cost of fixed assets is more accurate and allows you to eliminate all errors that have accumulated as a result of previously conducted revaluations using average group indices. The replacement cost of fixed assets under this method is determined by direct recalculation of the cost of individual objects at documented market prices for new objects prevailing on January 1 of the corresponding year. When revaluating equipment intended for installation and unfinished objects by the direct recalculation method, their physical and moral obsolescence is additionally taken into account. Land plots and natural resources are not subject to revaluation.

To calculate the economic efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the assessment of funds is used according to their average annual cost ... The value of the average annual value of fixed assets is determined by one of two methods.

Method one assumes that the entry and disposal of fixed assets is carried out in the middle of the month. Wherein average annual cost fixed assets is determined by the formula:

C avg = (0.5 x Cm.g + ∑ Cmi + 0.5 x Cm.g): 12

where SN.y, Sk.y - respectively, the cost of fixed assets at the beginning (on January 1) and at the end (December 31) of the reporting year;

∑ Cmi - the total cost of fixed assets on the first day of each month starting from

February (i = 2) and ending in December of the current year.

Method two assumes that the entry and disposal of fixed assets is carried out at the end of the analyzed period:

С Wed g = Сл.г + [∑ (Svvi x Ti): 12] - [∑ Cli (12 - Ti): 12],

where Svvi, Сli - respectively the cost of the input and output of the i –th fixed assets;

Тi is the duration of operation of the fixed assets introduced and liquidated;

n, m - the number of activities for the commissioning and liquidation of fixed assets.

The duration of operation of the PFs being commissioned and liquidated is taken into account in months. For the commissioned OFs, Тi is equal to the total number of months starting from the 1st day of the month following their commissioning. For fixed assets being liquidated, this value is calculated in full months until the 1st day of the month following their retirement. According to the second method, the value of the average annual cost of fixed assets is somewhat underestimated.

In the process of using fixed assets, it is necessary to replace the funds. The process of replacing old, fully used or for other reasons that do not meet the production requirements of assets is called the process of reproduction of assets.

The circuit of the cost of fixed assets is shown in Fig. 10.3. There are two forms reproduction of fixed assets - simple and advanced. At simple reproduction replacement of obsolete equipment and overhaul of equipment is provided, while expanded reproduction- this is, first of all, new construction, as well as the reconstruction and modernization of existing enterprises. The restoration of fixed assets can be carried out by repair, modernization and reconstruction.

Rice. 10.3. Circulation of the value of fixed assets

In the course of operation, the main production assets (OPF) gradually wear out, and their cost is transferred to the manufactured products.

Classification

To classify OPF, two features are used - the degree of participation in the production process and the function being implemented.

As part of the implemented function, the OPF is divided into:

Building. Industrial premises, warehouses, offices, buildings, etc. Buildings allow to accommodate personnel and production equipment.
Structures. Objects to receive and store natural resources... For example, quarries, mines, raw material storage tanks, etc.
Equipment. Machine tools, units, measuring instruments and computers used to convert raw materials into finished products.
Tools. Inventory with a service life of more than one calendar year.
Transport. Cars and special equipment for the transportation of raw materials, materials and finished products.
Transfer devices. They deliver heat, electricity, gas or oil products.

All main production assets are reused during operation and retain their shape.

Grade

The structure and composition of the OPF affects:

the cost of finished products;
the possibility of introducing new production technologies;
expediency of privatization and lease of funds.

When evaluating an OPF, three cost calculation methods are used:

Initial. Calculation of the necessary costs for putting the fund into operation.
Restorative. Determination of the cost of the object, taking into account the current prices.
Residual. Cost calculation taking into account depreciation.

Wear types

The wear of the OPF can be moral and physical.

Obsolescence

Decrease in the cost of OPF the inexpediency of their use due to the emergence of new technologies and equipment samples.

Physical deterioration

Material wear and tear of assets and deterioration of their technical characteristics due to thermal, chemical and mechanical effects during operation.

The result of using

The result of using fixed assets reflects:

capital intensity;
return on assets.

Capital intensity - the ratio of the cost of the production fund to the cost of the volume of products produced. Return on assets is the ratio of the value of the volume of products produced to the value of the production fund. You can increase the return on the use of fixed assets by:

hiring qualified employees;
increasing the intensity of the use of OPF;
conducting quality operational planning;
increase in the share of equipment in the structure of OPF;
technical modernization.

After studying the materials in Chapter 6, the student should:

know

The essence of fixed assets and working capital as material resources of the company;

be able to

Analyze the structure of the firm's fixed assets and the factors affecting it;

own

Composition revolving funds and the working capital of the company and the factors influencing its changes.

Fixed assets of the company. The essence and value of fixed assets

The successful functioning of the company is possible with the effective use of all property and, first of all, fixed assets and working capital.

■ Fixed assets (OF)- these are material values used as means of labor, which operate in an invariable natural form for a long period of time and in parts transfer their value to the cost of products, works, services.

In the practice of accounting and statistics, fixed assets include labor instruments with a service life of at least one year and a cost not less than the established standard. Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the process of expanded reproduction, they are divided into production and non-production fixed assets.

Production fixed assets function in the sphere of material production, repeatedly participate in the production process, wear out gradually, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product in parts as it is used. They are replenished by capital investments.

Non-productive fixed assets - residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, other cultural and household facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike production fixed assets, they do not participate in the production process, their value disappears in consumption. They are reproduced at the expense of the company's net profit.

The role of fixed assets in the labor process is determined by the fact that, in their totality, they form the production and technical base and determine the enterprise's capabilities for the production of products, the level of technical equipment of labor. The accumulation of fixed assets and an increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, impart a creative character to labor, and raise the cultural and technical level of society.

The overwhelming and most important part of the material resources of society is embodied in fixed assets. They make up the main part national wealth countries.

Fixed production assets should be systematically updated. The growth of fixed assets, especially tools of labor, and the improvement of their quality on the basis of the latest technical and scientific achievements increase the technical equipment of labor, are the most important condition for the production of high-quality products with lower labor costs, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in production costs.

Composition, structure, types and valuation of fixed assets

Despite its economic homogeneity, fixed assets differ in their intended purpose and service life. Fixed production assets are classified according to the following criteria:

- by types (groups): land plots and natural resources belonging to the enterprise on the basis of property rights; building; structures; transmission devices; cars and equipment; measuring and control devices, devices and laboratory equipment; Computer Engineering; vehicles; tools and devices with a service life of more than 12 months; production and household equipment; on-farm roads; capital investments in land improvement and in rented buildings, premises, equipment and other objects related to fixed assets, etc .;
- according to the degree of activity in the production process: active and passive;
- by belonging: own and rented;
- for participation in the production process: cash, installed, working according to plan and actually working, reserve and spare, mothballed.

The enterprise distinguishes between the production (species) and age structure of fixed assets.

Production (specific) structure of fixed assets Is the share certain types fixed assets in their total value (percentage).

The most important factors affecting the specific structure of fixed assets are:

- the scope of the enterprise;
- the nature of products, works, services;
- the level of mechanization and automation of production;
- the level of specialization of production;
- the volume of production;
- the territorial location of the enterprise.

The higher the share of the active part of fixed assets, the higher the output, other things being equal, the higher the rate of return on assets. Therefore, improving the structure of fixed assets is seen as a condition for the growth of production, reducing the cost of production, increasing the firm's cash savings.

The ratio of individual age groups of active fixed assets (in percent) represents the age structure of fixed assets. In practice industrial enterprises active fixed assets are divided into the following age groups: equipment with a service life of up to 5 years, from 5 to 10 years, from 10 to 15 years, from 15 to 20 years, over 20 years.

Factors affecting the age structure of fixed assets:

- the age of the enterprise;
- progressiveness of products;
- enterprise development strategy;
- innovation and investment policy of the enterprise;
– financial condition enterprises.

The structure of fixed assets can be improved by:

- equipment renewal and modernization;
- improving the structure of equipment by increasing the share of progressive types of machine tools and machines, especially machines for performing finishing operations, automatic and semi-automatic machines, universal modular machines, automatic lines, machine tools with numerical control;
- optimal use of buildings and structures, installation of additional equipment in free areas;
- Correct development of construction projects and high-quality implementation of construction plans for enterprises;
- elimination of excess and little-used equipment and installation of equipment that provides more correct proportions between its individual groups.

For effective management fixed assets are of great importance for their objective assessment. In the practice of accounting and analysis of fixed assets, natural and monetary forms are used. When evaluating fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, the size of production areas and other quantitative values are established. This data is used to calculate the production capacity of an enterprise, plan a production program, etc.

Monetary, or value, assessment of fixed assets is necessary for planning the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and tear and the amount of depreciation, indicators of the use of fixed assets, calculating their structure, compiling the balance sheet of the enterprise.

There are the following types of valuation of fixed assets.

Full initial cost fixed assets - this is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or acquiring funds, their delivery, intermediary and consulting services, installation work, etc. It is used to determine the depreciation rate and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use. At this cost, the newly acquired funds are credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Replacement cost- these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; it is established during the revaluation of funds. Enterprises have the right not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) to revalue fixed assets at replacement cost by indexation or direct recalculation with the attribution of the arising differences to the additional capital of the company, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude from them the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be residual value fixed assets, which is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Liquidation value fixed assets - this is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Under physical wear and tear understand the gradual loss of fixed assets of their initial use value, which occurs not only during their functioning, but also during their inactivity (destruction from external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion). The physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on the quality of fixed assets, their technical improvement (design, type and quality of materials, the quality of the construction of buildings and installation of machines), features technological process(the value of the speed and force of cutting, feed, etc.), their duration (the number of days of work per year, shifts per day, hours of work per shift), the degree of protection of fixed assets from external conditions, the quality of maintenance of fixed assets and their service, from the qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear occurs unevenly even for the same elements of fixed assets. Distinguish between full and partial depreciation of fixed assets. At complete depreciation, existing funds are liquidated and replaced with new ones ( capital construction or current replacement of worn-out fixed assets), partial wear and tear is reimbursed by repair. The physical depreciation of fixed assets can be calculated by the ratio of the actual service life to the standard, multiplied by 100. Most correct method- This is an examination of the state of an object in nature.

Obsolescence Is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment under the influence of a reduction in social necessary costs on their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form) or a decrease in their value as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machines and equipment (obsolescence of the second form). Under the influence of these forms of obsolescence, fixed assets become backward in their technical characteristics and cost effectiveness.

Obsolescence of the second form can be considered as partial and complete wear and tear, as well as its latent form. With partial obsolescence, there is a partial loss of the use value and value of the machine. Its gradually increasing size in individual operations eventually reaches such values when it becomes expedient to use it in other operations, in other production conditions, where it will still be quite effective. Full obsolescence means complete depreciation of the machine, when its further operation becomes unprofitable. An outdated car is either disassembled for spare parts, or written off as scrap metal. The latent form of obsolescence implies the threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that there is a task to develop new, more productive and economical equipment.

In modern conditions, accounting for obsolescence is becoming increasingly important. The emergence of new, more advanced types of equipment with increased productivity, better conditions maintenance and operation often makes it economically feasible to replace old fixed assets even before they are physically worn out. Untimely replacement of obsolete equipment leads to the fact that they produce more expensive and worse quality products in comparison with those manufactured on more advanced machines and equipment, and this is absolutely unacceptable in conditions of market competition.

It is possible to eliminate wear by renewing fixed assets.

Depreciation- this is the transfer in parts of the value of fixed assets during the standard service life or standard operating time for manufactured products and the subsequent use of this value to reimburse the consumed fixed assets. The transferred value of fixed assets in the composition of products leaves the sphere of production and enters the sphere of circulation. After the sale of products, part sum of money, corresponding to the transferred value of fixed assets, goes to sinking fund, in which it accumulates to a value corresponding to the original cost. The amortization fund is used to purchase new fixed assets to replace worn-out ones.

Depreciable property is divided into depreciation groups in accordance with the period of its normative (useful) use. The enterprise determines the normative period of use independently on the date of commissioning of this facility based on the classification of fixed assets.

The useful life of an item is determined based on the expected life of the item, taking into account its productivity and capacity; expected physical wear and tear, depending on the mode and operating conditions and other factors; regulatory and other restrictions on the period of use (for example, use under a lease).

Fixed assets are combined into the following depreciation groups: Group I - with a period of use from 1 to 2 years inclusive; II - over 2 to 3 years inclusive; III - over 3 to 5 years inclusive; IV - over 5 to 7 years inclusive; V - over 7 to 10 years inclusive; VI - over 10 to 15 years inclusive; VII - over 15 to 20 years inclusive; VIII - over 20 to 25 years inclusive; IX - over 25 to 30 years inclusive; X - useful life over 30 years.

Depreciation is calculated using one of the following methods:

- uniform method (linear);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the standard volume of products, works (method of units of production);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the useful life of the object (method of the sum of numbers);
- diminishing balance method (double residual method). Application of any of the depreciation methods for

a group of homogeneous objects of fixed assets is produced during the entire standard period of use of objects. During the reporting year, depreciation deductions, regardless of the method used, are accrued in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.

1. Uniform method is the most common. Its essence is in the uniform accrual of the annual depreciation amount during the entire standard service life of the object. With this method, depreciation is calculated based on the initial cost of the fixed assets object and the depreciation rate calculated from the standard service life of this object.

By linear method annual rate depreciation for each object of depreciable property is determined by the formula

where is the annual depreciation rate to the original (replacement) value of the depreciable property (in percent); - the standard service life of the given object.

where is the amount of depreciation charges for the year; - the full initial cost of the object.

Example 6.1. An object worth 630 thousand rubles was purchased. with a standard service life of 5 years. The annual depreciation rate will be

The disadvantage of this method is that during the life of the equipment there are downtime, breakdowns and incomplete loading. This leads to the fact that in real production equipment wears out unevenly over time. In addition, this method does not take into account the obsolescence of fixed assets.

2. Product unit method it is recommended to apply for those fixed assets, the wear of which is most influenced by the number of goods, works, services produced with their help (for example, for Vehicle). With this method, the depreciation rate per unit of production (work, services) is determined by the formula

where is the depreciation rate per unit of production; - the normative quantity of products for a given object.

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

where is the actual or planned volume of production.

Example 6.2. The initial cost of the object is 840,000 rubles. The standard volume of production in value terms -

1,000,000 tons. Actual output in the billing period is 45,000 tons.

The depreciation rate per unit of production will be

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be

Methods 3 and 4 are accelerated depreciation methods, since they make it possible to write off most of its value in the early years of the facility's service. These methods are recommended for those objects that quickly become obsolete and with an increase in their service life, the costs of their maintenance increase, the cost of their services (computers, communications, etc.) decreases.

3 Method of the sum of numbers. The essence of this method is that the annual depreciation rate decreases with an increase in the standard service life of the object.

The annual depreciation rate is determined by the formula

where is the next year of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order); - the sum of the numbers of years of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order).

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

Example 6.3. The initial cost of the object is 300,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years.

The sum of the numbers of years of the standard service life of the object required to calculate depreciation with this method is determined as 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 (years).

The annual depreciation rate will be: in the 1st year:

in the 2nd year:

in the 3rd year:

in the 4th year:

in the 5th year:

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be: for the 1st year

for the 2nd year

for the 3rd year

for the 4th year

for the 5th year

4. Double residual method

Differences compared to the linear method.

1. The annual depreciation rate calculated in the 1st way is multiplied by the rate increase factor, which is equal to or close to 2:

where is the rate of increase in the norm.

2. The annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined not from the full initial cost of the object, but from its residual value at the beginning of each reporting year:

where is the residual value of the object.

Example 6.4. An object worth 50,000 rubles was purchased. standard service life of 4 years. The rate of acceleration of the norm is 2.

Annual depreciation rate

The annual rates of the depreciation amount are as follows:

for the 1st year: ; residual value - 300,000 (rubles);

for the 2nd year: ; residual value - 120,000 (rubles).

Forms of reproduction of fixed assets

With this method, depreciation is charged in two stages. At the first stage - using the double residual method until 80% of the total initial cost of the object is written off. At the second stage, when the residual value of the object reaches 20% of its full initial cost, depreciation is charged on it in the following order:

- the residual value of the object is fixed as its base value for further calculations;
- the amount of depreciation deductions for a month is determined by dividing the base cost by the number of months remaining until the end of the standard period of use of the object.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a complex process that includes the following interrelated stages: creation, consumption, depreciation, restoration and replacement.

The reproduction of fixed assets can be extended and simple.

Forms of extended reproduction of fixed assets:

- construction of new enterprises. The advantages of this form are that the enterprise is equipped with new technology, can produce new types of products, new jobs are created. The disadvantage is that large investments are required, their payback period is long, and the period for mastering production capacities is long;
- expansion of production is an increase in the volume of production by operating enterprise due to the construction and commissioning of new workshops, buildings. Advantages: less investment is required per unit of production, capacities are quickly mastered. Disadvantage: a significant proportion of investment goes to passive funds;
- reconstruction of the enterprise - involves not only rebuilding and redeveloping workshops, but also re-equipping them with new equipment. Benefits: Most of the investment goes to active funds, less investment is required per unit of output. Disadvantage: stoppage of production for the period of reconstruction;
- technical re-equipment is the replacement of active fixed assets without changing passive ones. Benefits: Almost all investments go to active funds. Disadvantage: outdated passive funds;
- modernization of equipment is the improvement of existing equipment by replacing individual outdated parts of it with more progressive ones and (or) installing various devices that make it possible to increase labor productivity and product quality. Benefits: minimal investment. Disadvantage: The technique remains outdated.

Forms of simple reproduction of fixed assets:

- replacement of physically worn-out equipment with exactly the same or similar new one;
- equipment repair: a) routine (minor), which is carried out without stopping the production process, without disassembling equipment (elimination of minor breakdowns); b) medium (partial disassembly of equipment, replacement of individual worn parts); c) overhaul (complete disassembly of equipment with the replacement of all worn out parts). As a rule, modernization is carried out simultaneously with a major overhaul.

Indicators of the use of fixed assets

All indicators of the use of fixed assets are divided into private and generalizing.

Private indicators characterize the efficiency of using only certain types of fixed assets. For example, the efficiency of using a blast furnace is characterized by the indicator: iron removal from 1 m2 of the blast furnace hearth. This indicator cannot characterize the efficiency of using any other types of fixed assets.

Generalizing indicators characterize the efficiency of use different types basic production assets. Among these indicators, the following are most common.

Return on assets. The result of the better use of fixed assets is, first of all, an increase in the volume of production. Therefore, a generalizing indicator of the efficiency of fixed assets should be based on the principle of commensuration of the produced product with the entire set of fixed assets used in its production. This will be the indicator of output per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets (return on assets). To calculate the value of return on assets, the formula is used

where is the return on assets, rubles; - annual production volume marketable products, rub.; - the average annual cost of fixed assets:

where is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year; - the cost of the introduced fixed assets during the year; - the cost of retired fixed assets; NS - the number of months from the date of commissioning of fixed assets to the end of the calendar year; T - the number of months from the date of disposal of fixed assets until the end of the calendar year.

Capital intensity production - the reciprocal of the return on assets. It shows the share of the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of manufactured products. If capital productivity should tend to increase, then capital intensity - to decrease.

Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets characterize their use over time.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Ke) is determined by the ratio of the actual or planned number of hours of equipment operation to the effective fund of equipment operation time on average per year

where is the actual (planned) time fund of a piece of equipment on average per year, h; - effective (useful) fund of time for a piece of equipment on average per year, h.

The effective (useful) life of a piece of equipment is calculated as follows:

where is the number of calendar and non-working (weekends and holidays) in year; - the number of work shifts; - duration of the shift, h; % pr is the percentage of regulated downtime for equipment repairs.

Extensive use of equipment is also characterized by shift ratio its work, which is defined as the ratio of the total number of equipment worked out during the estimated period of machine-tool shifts to the total number of machines:

where is the number of worked-out machine shifts; M - total amount machines.

Enterprises should strive to increase the shift factor of the equipment, which leads to an increase in output with the same available funds.

The main directions of increasing the shift in the work of equipment:

- increasing the level of specialization of workplaces, which ensures an increase in the serial production and loading of equipment;
- increasing the rhythm of work;
- reduction of downtime associated with shortcomings in the organization of maintenance of workplaces, providing machine operators with workpieces, tools;
- the best organization of repair work, the use of advanced methods of organizing repair work;
- mechanization and automation of labor of basic and especially auxiliary workers. This will free up labor and transfer it from heavy auxiliary work to basic work in the second and third shifts.

Equipment intensive use ratio is determined by the ratio of the actual (planned) volume of production on the main technological equipment to its power. To calculate this indicator, use the formula

where Uf (p) is the actual (planned) volume of production.

Integral equipment utilization factor characterizes its use in terms of time and power at the same time and is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment.

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets

The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully extensive and intensive factors of improving their use are realized. Extensive improving the use of funds implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of the existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the proportion of operating equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.

The most important areas for increasing the operating time of equipment:

- reduction and elimination of in-shift equipment downtime by improving the quality of equipment repair service, timely provision of main production with labor force, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products;
- reduction of all-day equipment downtime, increase of the shift ratio of its work.

An important way to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is to reduce the amount of unnecessary equipment and the rapid involvement of unidentified equipment in production. The death of a large number of means of labor reduces the possibility of an increase in production, leads to direct losses of materialized labor due to their physical wear and tear, because after long-term storage equipment often becomes unusable. Other equipment in good physical condition turns out to be morally obsolete and is written off as physically worn out. Although the extensive way to improve the use of fixed assets has not yet been fully mastered, it has its limits.

Intensive improving the use of fixed assets presupposes an increase in the degree of equipment utilization per unit of time. An increase in the intensive load of equipment can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation. Work under the optimal mode of the technological process ensures an increase in production without changing the composition of fixed assets, without increasing the number of employees and with a decrease in the consumption of material resources per unit of production.

The intensity of the use of fixed assets is also increasing through the technical improvement of tools of labor and the improvement of production technology, through the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process; reducing the time to achieve the design productivity of equipment, improving scientific organization labor, production and management, the use of high-speed methods, advanced training and professional excellence workers.

The development of technology and the related intensification of processes are not limited. Therefore, the possibilities of intensively increasing the use of fixed assets are not limited either.

An essential direction of increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets is to improve their structure. Since the increase in output is achieved only in the leading shops, it is important to increase their share in the total value of fixed assets. An increase in fixed assets of auxiliary production leads to an increase in the capital intensity of production, since there is no direct increase in output in this case. But without the proportional development of auxiliary production, the main workshops cannot function with full dedication. Therefore, the establishment of the optimal production structure of fixed assets at the enterprise is the most important direction for improving their use.

In a set of measures to improve the use of fixed assets, it is essential correct application economic levers and incentives. The improvement of operational planning, automated accounting of work and a comprehensive analysis of the use of labor instruments are aimed at the same. The increase in capital productivity is facilitated by the improvement of the qualifications of employees, as well as material and moral encouragement of employees for the careful and efficient use of equipment.

Fixed assets (hereinafter PF) are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

The production fixed assets include those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), create conditions for its normal implementation (industrial buildings, structures, power grids, etc.) and serve to store and move objects labor.

Depending on the degree of impact on the subject of labor, fixed assets are divided into active and passive. The active ones include those types of PFs that are directly involved in the production process, affect the objects of labor and cause changes in their form or qualitative parameters.

In the geodetic industry, the active part

fixed assets is about 60%. Buildings, structures, inventory belong to the passive part of fixed assets. The composition and structure of the fixed assets of the geodetic industry are generally similar to the composition and structure of the funds of other industries, but there are differences, for example, in the fixed assets of the geodetic industry, more than 30% (in value) are measuring and adjusting devices,

Accounting and planning of fixed assets are carried out in kind and in cash.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation in the production process, changes during this period in the conditions of reproduction in terms of initial, replacement and residual values.

The initial cost is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of the company's assets, indicators of their use:

Fperv = Fpriobr + Fdost + Fust,

where F acquired - the cost of acquiring fixed assets; F dost - the cost of delivery of funds F mouth - the cost of installation, installation and commissioning. The replacement cost is the cost of reproducing fixed assets in modern conditions, as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of assets.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be the residual value of fixed assets, which is the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

where Ф к.р - the cost of capital repairs for the entire period of use of fixed assets, rubles;

Na - depreciation rate,%;

Тф - term of actual use of funds, years. This method provides a more accurate estimate of the value of fixed assets, since it allows you to take into account the degree of their actual wear and tear.

An important accounting indicator is the average annual cost of fixed assets, since during the year it changes due to the introduction of new and disposal of worn-out fixed assets.

Fperv. early year - the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise for

the beginning of the year;

Фвв - the cost of the fixed assets introduced;

Fvyv - the cost of the OF withdrawn during the year; k - the number of months of using the funds in a given year.

Basic production assets wear out during operation. There are two types of wear - physical and moral.

Wear and tear is understood as the loss of their original qualities by means of labor.

A number of indicators are used to characterize the physical deterioration of fixed assets.

Physical depreciation rate of fixed assets, in%

If = (I / Fperv) 100%, where

And - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (accrued depreciation) for the entire period of their operation;

Fperv - the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets. Or

If = (Tf / Tn) 100%, where

Tf is the actual service life of this OB object;

Тн is the standard service life of this OB object. The OP usability factor (%) characterizes their physical condition in a larger way as of a certain date (%),

K gf = 100% -K i.phys.

These formulas assume uniform physical wear of the OF, which does not always coincide with reality, this is their main drawback.

Obsolescence - a decrease in the cost of equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form); reduction of their cost as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machinery and equipment (obsolescence of the second form).

The main source of covering the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets in the transition to market relations are own funds enterprises. They accumulate during the entire service life of fixed assets in the form of depreciation deductions -:

Depreciation is a gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to manufactured products. The amount of depreciation depends on the value of the fixed assets, the time of their operation, and the cost of modernization.

The ratio of the annual amount of depreciation to the cost of fixed assets, expressed in%, is called the depreciation rate (Na),

where the values are FL - the liquidation value of the OF; Ta - standard service life (depreciation period of fixed assets), years. The amount of depreciation deductions is determined different methods: uniform, uniformly accelerated and accelerated. For a long time, the Belarusian economy has been (and is still using) a uniform (linear) depreciation method, i.e. each year, the cost of production includes the same part of the cost of the production facility. Example 1.

If At = 10%, Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, then A year = 10 * 10000/100% = 1000 rubles.

That is, with a uniform method, 1000 rubles will be transferred every year. and the entire cost will be carried over for 10 years

The relativity of carrying cost accounting is due to a number of circumstances.

First, the straight-line method assumes that the residual value at end-of-life is 0.

Secondly, this method provides for the uniform wear of the OFs over their entire service life.

But during the service life there are equipment downtime, its breakdown and incomplete loading per shift, i.e. in real production, equipment wears out unevenly and the cost of the production plant is transferred to finished products unevenly.

Another disadvantage of the uniform method is the lack of accounting for the obsolescence of the processing plant, which reduces the cost of manufactured machines or reduces the consumer value due to the commissioning of new, more efficient machines and equipment. This leads to the early retirement of obsolete equipment and leads to its under-depreciation, the value of which is determined by the formula

HA = (Fostat + Rl) - Fl,

where HA is the under-depreciated part of the value of fixed assets retired before the expiration of the depreciation period, rubles; Fost - residual value, rubles;

Rl - expenses associated with the liquidation of the specified PF, rubles; Fl - the liquidation value of the fixed assets, rubles

In addition to the straight-line method, accelerated depreciation methods are used in world practice.

Among the methods of accelerated depreciation, the double rate method and the cumulative method ("the method of the sum of numbers"), which uses an arithmetic progression, are most often used abroad. Consider the double depreciation method.

Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, At = 20%. Annual depreciation will be:

Consequently, the entire initial cost of the fixed assets will be transferred to the finished product in 5, not 10 years (at Ha = 10%).

Cumulative method. It is calculated by dividing the number of years remaining until the end of the depreciation period) by the cumulative number, which is the sum of the numbers of the members of the arithmetic progression (from 1 to 10 with a service life of 10 years). The cumulative number will be:

(1 + 10)10 / 2=55.

The depreciation rates will be equal: in the first year (when there are 10 years of PF service)

10 * 100% / 55 = 18.18%; in the second year 9 * 100% / 55 = 16.36%;

1*100% / 55=1.82% .

When using this method, in the first five years, the depreciation fund will accumulate about 73% of the cost of cars, and after 8 years, about 95%, while with a uniform one - only 80%. This method is more cost-effective, especially when considering obsolescence.

Currently, the method of uneven depreciation has become widespread, in which most of the cost of equipment is included in production costs in the first years of operation.

For example, in the first year - 50%, in the second - 30%, in the third - 20%. This allows the enterprise in conditions of inflation to recoup its costs faster and direct them to further renewal of the equipment park.

Conducted in volume and value terms.

Natural units are used to measure the volume of a certain type of fixed assets (number of pieces of equipment, total capacity of equipment, residential buildings are measured in square meters of area, etc.).
Value accounting in a comparable form allows you to determine the volume, structure, dynamics and degree of use of fixed assets.

The following types of valuation of fixed assets are distinguished:

full initial cost (PPP);
PPP less depreciation;
full replacement cost (PVS);
PVS minus depreciation;
book value (BC);
market value (RS).

Initial cost

Initial cost of fixed assets- This is the actual amount of costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The cost is expressed in terms of prices in effect at the time of purchase of the item. At the initial cost, fixed assets are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise, it remains unchanged throughout the entire service life and is revised when revaluating the fixed assets of the enterprise or is specified during modernization or overhaul... also accrued at historical cost.

Recovered value

Full replacement cost fixed assets are determined by revaluation of existing fixed assets, taking into account their physical and moral deterioration.

The differences between the initial and replacement value of fixed assets depend on changes in prices for their individual elements. At the same time, the replacement cost can be either more or less than the initial cost, which depends on the direction of changes in prices for materials, the cost of production of construction and installation works, transport tariffs, labor productivity levels, etc.

Assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is comparable and allows unification of fixed assets put into operation in different periods. It is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments and to analyze the reproduction of fixed assets. Fixed assets are valued exclusively at replacement cost.

In conditions of revaluation of fixed assets at the enterprise allows:

objectively assess the true value of fixed assets;
more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products;
more accurately determine the amount of depreciation deductions sufficient for simple reproduction of fixed assets;
to establish objectively the selling prices for the fixed assets being sold and the rent (in the case of their leasing).

Replacement cost less depreciation is determined by multiplying the full replacement cost obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets by the factor of their depreciation.

Residual value

Residual value is the difference between the original or replacement value and the depreciation amount, i.e. this is the part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.

Assessment of fixed assets at their residual value is necessary, first of all, in order to know their qualitative condition, in particular, to determine the coefficients of validity and physical wear and tear.

Other types of valuation of fixed assets

Liquidation value Is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Book value of fixed assets- the cost of fixed assets, according to which they are accounted for in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Fixed assets held by enterprises and organizations until the last revaluation are accounted for at their full replacement cost, and that part of fixed assets that was put into operation after the revaluation is accounted for at their full original cost. Thus, BS is a mixed assessment.

Market value- this is the most probable estimate of the sale of fixed assets, taking into account their real condition, physical and moral depreciation, levels of actual and expected use, expected profitability from operation, the ratio of purchasing demand and supply.

Periodic revaluations of fixed assets make it possible to eliminate the mixed nature of their valuation. In conditions of relative price stability that existed before the transition to market economy, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out approximately once every ten years.

During the transition to, which was accompanied by a significant increase in prices, it became necessary to conduct more frequent revaluation of fixed assets. In recent years, revaluations of fixed assets have been carried out as of July 1, 1992, January 1, 1994, January 1, 1995, January 1, 1996 and January 1, 1997.

As a result of revaluations of 1991-1997. the cost of fixed assets increased 4.3 thousand times, including production fixed assets - 4.0 thousand times.

Indicators of the condition of fixed assets

Indicators of the state of fixed assets are represented by the wear rate and the expiration rate.

Wear factor

The depreciation (amortization) ratio of fixed assets is the sum of the accrued depreciation of fixed assets divided by the initial cost of fixed assets.

To wear.n.y. = (Fixed Assets n.a. - Fixed Assets n.a. (at residual value)) / Fixed Assets n.a.

Expiry factor

Fixed assets usability ratio can be defined in two ways:

The usefulness ratio of fixed assets is the residual value of fixed assets divided by the original value of fixed assets

Method II:

The usability factor of fixed assets is 1 minus the depreciation factor.

By the year of the present year. = OF n.y. (at residual value) / OF n.y.

To wear + To usefulness = 1 or 100%

These ratios are moment indicators, that is, they characterize the degree of the physical condition of the assets at a certain date.

A task

According to accounting, at the enterprise as of January 1, the full book value of fixed capital was 8000 million rubles, and the residual value was 6400 million rubles. In the reporting year, fixed capital was received at full initial cost for 910 million rubles, including new fixed assets for 810 million rubles were put into operation, and the rest of the amount was received as a gratuitous transfer from other enterprises (with a total depreciation of 10 %). Amount of depreciation charges accrued for the year - 900 million rubles. Fixed capital in the amount of 400 million rubles was disposed of, of which 110 million rubles were liquidated due to complete depreciation, and the rest of the amount was transferred to other enterprises. Depreciation of the transferred funds amounted to 20 million rubles.

Define:

full and residual value at the end of the year;
wear and tear rates at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
coefficients of receipt, renewal, disposal and liquidation for the reporting year.

We calculate the full cost at the end of the year

1. Availability at the beginning of the year at full cost 8000
2. Received in the reporting year 910
3. Disposed of in the reporting year at full cost 400

Availability at the end of the year at full cost: 8000 + 910-400 = 8510

We calculate the residual value at the end of the year

1. Availability at the beginning of the year at a residual value of 6400
2. Commissioning at residual value 810 + 90

Total received at residual value 900

3. Disposal at residual value (400-110-20) = 270
4. Depreciation 900

Availability at the end of the year at residual value: 6400 + (810 + 90) - 270 - 900 = 6130

Coefficients of shelf life and wear

To the suitability of n.y. = cost of fixed assets minus depreciation / total cost of fixed assets = 6400/8000 = 0.8
By the expiration date. = 6130/8510 = 0.72
To wear n.y. = depreciation amount / total cost of fixed assets = (8000-6400) / 8000 = 0.2
To the wear of the c.g. = (8510 - 6130) / 8510 = 0.28

The coefficient of renewal, disposal, receipt, liquidation

To receipts (updates) = OF entered / OF at the end of the year = 910/8510 = 0.1
By disposal = fixed assets disposed of / fixed assets at the beginning of the year = 400/8000 = 0.5
To liquidation = PF liquidated / PF at the beginning of the year = 110/8000 = 0.01375