Architecturally constructive transformation of buildings. Enterprise architecture transformation: reasons, actors and implementation paths. Enterprise architecture and ITIL

IT very often increases the efficiency of enterprise management, but at the same time their development is chaotic. A tool is needed that ensures the interconnection of the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, business processes and technologies, supporting them.

For many years it was believed that the introduction of IT is intended primarily to provide greater efficiency current management the whole organization, optimize the collection and accumulation of information and reduce the time for making decisions through better and faster access to data and the results of their processing. The impact of IT on the enterprise lies in the fact that the system begins to independently perform routine operations, and the person is left with the decision-making functions.

According to analysts at Gartner, IT is beginning to play not only the role of a "technological substrate" that ensures the automation of business processes, but also turns into an element of its strategy, which is necessary for the enterprise to move to a qualitatively new level of functioning. Information and IT components are becoming an integral part of a growing number of products and services.

The high cost of information systems has led to the need to assess economic efficiency their implementation. Many sophisticated techniques have emerged to quantify the results of system implementation. In the end, it turned out that the easiest way to prove the effectiveness of the implementation of inexpensive "out-of-the-box solutions". For each new task, a tender was held and a new software product was purchased. For some time, it became "not fashionable" to introduce "complex" information systems.

As a result, many enterprises became owners of a large number of various information systems that solve individual local problems. Some IT departments are trying to integrate them, while others are trying to deal with a large number of legacy applications, descriptions of which are lost after the departure of the service technician.

The state of IT business support in many modern large enterprises can be described as "automated chaos." Not only is there a lack of information on existing information services, but often not documented functionality information systems and their technical implementation. In such companies, there are disparate teams of architects and business analysts who are carriers of "intimate knowledge" about systems and technologies that ensure the integration of disparate solutions into a coherent whole.

The main problem of large companies is the lack of correct information about the existing IT support for the business and the strategy for its further development. A paradoxical situation arises: IT increases the efficiency of enterprise management, but at the same time their development is chaotic. We need a tool that provides the relationship between the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, business processes and technologies that support them. An enterprise architecture development is needed.

What is enterprise architecture?

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is commonly understood as Full description(model) of the structure of an enterprise as a system, including a description of the key elements of this system, the connections between them. IBM analysts believe that "the Enterprise Architecture discipline defines and maintains the architectural models, governance mechanisms, and transition initiatives (from current state to target) necessary to effectively coordinate semi-autonomous teams in solving business and / or IT problems."

Enterprise architecture defines the overall structure and function of systems (business and IT) throughout the organization (including partners and other organizations that form the so-called real-time enterprise) and creates a common framework, standards and guidelines for architecture at any level of management. The shared vision provided by the enterprise architecture provides the ability to design systems consistently that meet the needs of the organization and are capable of interoperability and integration where necessary.

Enterprise architecture develops cyclically. When developing a strategy for the development of an enterprise, changes in the business architecture of an enterprise are identified, which make it possible to optimize its business processes, and a change in the business processes of an enterprise entails a change in the IT architecture. The next steps are to develop a migration plan and transition from the current state to the planned one. The migration process is just the next step on the way of enterprise transformation, and its completion means the enterprise's transition to a new stage of development, again starting with the development of a strategy.

One of the traditional questions that arises in the development of enterprise architecture is the need to implement it. Most executives prefer to justify their enterprise architecture investments in terms of ROI, but analysts at Gartner said none of these justifications were plausible. “In ten years of working with thousands of companies, Gartner has never seen a single example of a robust ROI case for an EA build program,” said Brian Burke, one of Gartner's lead enterprise architecture analysts. "Conclusion: this cannot be done - and do not start."

Evaluating the effectiveness of an enterprise architecture is one of the important factors in the architectural process. But it is more correct to base it on qualitative rather than quantitative assessment methods.

To assess the need to build an enterprise architecture, you can select a set of metrics that reflect the impact of architecture on the costs and revenues of the company. These indicators should answer two basic questions:

• How does enterprise architecture affect IT?
• How does enterprise architecture directly affect the business?

Enterprise architecture: from theory to practice

In various architectural techniques, everything looks very simple and beautiful. You need to choose one of the methodologies you like (TOGAF, Zachman Framework, Gartner Enterprise Architecture Framework, Oracle Enterprise Architecture Framework), on its basis to develop your own version of the architecture, implement the architectural process and start drawing models using one of the architectural tools you like. This is in theory.

In practice, building an enterprise architecture means many different types activities - from work related to solving current technological problems, to focused on the integration of business and IT. Usually, different types works are performed various groups specialists.

Gartner analysts have identified four groups of processes that are performed by different teams of specialists.

Tactical Architecture - includes the architecture of local projects executed in accordance with a specific plan for the development of information systems and business processes. The specialists involved in such projects are usually professionals in specific fields, they mainly deal with the solution current tasks and often cannot assess their impact on the enterprise as a whole.

Enterprise Tactical Architecture - coordinates all enterprise projects, provides integration various applications into a single whole. Analysts working in such a team have a broad understanding of existing problems and can influence the choice of a particular solution. At the same time, the development of architecture occurs only from the point of view of technology and does not affect the business.

Strategic Architecture - Provides enterprise-wide project planning and alignment between enterprise strategy and changes in its architecture. At the same time, work on strategic planning, as a rule, affect exclusively high-level tasks.

Mature Enterprise Architecture - Should integrate all of the core enterprise architecture activities into a coherent whole, planning and defining the future enterprise architecture. The architectural team becomes an integral part of the business, planning management financial activities and portfolio management activities, advises other working groups on further technology development and business strategy.

The main disadvantage of existing architectural techniques is, first of all, the lack of links with a really functioning organization. It is necessary to ensure control over the adoption of correct technical decisions and assess how these decisions correspond to the strategy for the development of information systems, technological standards existing in the company, and modern trends in the industry. An architectural process is needed that is inextricably linked to an existing and functioning IT organization.

The development of an architectural process is a prerequisite for an effective enterprise architecture and allows flexible approach to changes in business technology. The architectural process provides: rapid development and implementation of new information systems (while minimizing the likelihood of duplication of their functionality), monitoring the compliance of the enterprise development strategy with modern trends in the industry, the ability to constantly collect correct information describing the current situation in the company.

One of the main components of an architectural process development project is the creation of structures that provide management and control over the process itself.

An architectural committee headed by one of the top managers is a tool that provides management and control over the course of the architectural process. The functions of the architectural committee are to monitor and approve projects and initiatives existing in the company, and assess the feasibility of their implementation. It should be noted that, together with the architectural committee, another bureaucratic level is created at the enterprise, which allows you to activate and stop projects. The disadvantage may be the potential for delays in the committee's consideration of issues that need to be resolved quickly.

Enterprise architecture influences all stages associated with the development of a solution, and includes four main areas.

Learning New Technologies - Provides Analysis modern trends in the industry and an assessment of the feasibility of practical use innovative technologies that appeared on the market; affects the target architecture and ensures the selection of optimal technological solutions and their testing (conducting pilot projects). Ideally, these activities should be conducted in a separate laboratory (test area).

Solution architecture is the process of developing application systems, which includes the analysis of business requirements, the preparation of an architectural concept and an integration plan within the framework of a specific project.

Target architecture - describes the desired future state of the enterprise. The target architecture can be called an ideal enterprise model, which is based on: strategic requirements for business processes and IT, information on identified bottlenecks and ways to eliminate them, analysis of technological trends and the business environment of the enterprise.

The current architecture is the process of documenting and keeping up-to-date information about the state of the enterprise, which includes maintaining a database of architectural objects, management accounting and state accounting.

Enterprise architecture and ITIL

Currently, the most popular way to document the health of information systems and IT infrastructure is through the implementation of a Configuration Management process. The process is primarily focused on storing data on IT infrastructure objects in the form of configuration items and links between them, but it is often used to store any documentation for existing applications.

ITIL version 3 introduces the Service Knowledge Management System (SKMS) with which IT management processes interact. SKMS can store not only standard information about configuration items, but also “requests for providing access to services, incidents, problems, errors, changes, releases”.

A CMDB (Configuration Management Data Base) user needs to integrate IT services and their components to optimize operational changes. The goal of the configuration management process is to optimize IT performance for the business.

The mission of enterprise architecture is to support business strategy. To achieve it, it is necessary to integrate information and manage information related to business, technologies, applications. As part of building an enterprise architecture, it becomes necessary to link into a single whole such diverse elements as customer needs, competitor behavior, and technology trends in the industry. In doing so, it is necessary to understand how business, information and technology will work in a few years.

Now there is a separate class of tools that provide not only modeling of the enterprise architecture, but also the automation of the architectural process (Enterprise Architecture Management). Architectural tools have their own repository where the necessary information is stored. This information is generally divided into four main groups:

• business architecture (strategy, goals, objectives, requirements, plans, processes, products, services, organizational structure, budgets);
• information architecture (data, information flows, interfaces);
• application architecture (applications, versions, components, services);
• technological architecture (application instances, platforms, databases, servers).

Architectural tools include information stored in the CMDB and, accordingly, must be integrated with them. Some manufacturers software believe that a system that provides automation of the architectural process should provide automation and other processes of the IT department (portfolio management, releases, compliance best practices and standards). In addition, some architectural tools allow you to automate the creation of models according to the information stored in the repository.

Many modern companies begin their enterprise architecture development by implementing architectural tools and building models. According to analysts at Gartner, this is one of the most common mistakes, as modeling provides only detailing and documentation of information collected in the previous stages of the architectural process.

The focus should be primarily on building an effective architectural process. And how the enterprise architecture will be documented and modeled is irrelevant, provided that the information is easily accessible and stored in a visual form.

Alexey Sizov - expert in system architecture VimpelCom company;

Adaptive architecture receives information from the context and the person, unlike traditional architecture, it analyzes data and makes a decision about transformation. Adaptability can work in cycles (short - hour, day; long - season, year) at different levels: from dynamic elements of the facade to probabilistic urban planning models. By reacting and being in continuous interaction with the user, nature and surrounding parameters, architecture begins to correspond to time. The concept of "adaptive architecture" is key in SA lab practice. Working at the intersection of programming with other disciplines, a team of young architects forms modern approach in design, corresponding to the fast pace of life.

The world is changing rapidly.

Immediately, continuously, daily.

Pegging architecture

The city is a complex dynamic developing system in which micro and macro changes constantly occur, cultural and information layers are layered. People's needs, principles of movement, methods of organizing space - everything changes. Except architecture.

For many centuries, architecture has remained static and has minimal potential for transformation. Such an architecture is isolated from the end user, without entering into a dialogue with him. With the passage of time, traditionally there are only two ways left: renovation or destruction.

But there are other options as well.

Change architecture

Architecture now embraces many disciplines. It became possible to operate with huge layers of information, discarding unnecessary and revealing unexpected patterns. We cannot accurately predict the future, but we also cannot afford to work in a modern city using outdated methods.

The answer to the ever-changing demands of time and people can be adaptive solutions in architecture and urban planning, which build a mutual connection between man, city and nature, push them towards more beneficial interaction and create opportunities for their further coexistence and evolution.

Dynamic models of urban processes based on BIG DATA, new technologies and construction methods will allow the architecture to analyze information at different levels and "rebuild" online. The city will become an autonomous self-organizing structure.

Adaptation can occur at different levels and on different scales, be spatial and temporal, taking into account urban planning, social, economic, climatic, environmental and other parameters.

City level

According to the UN, more than 70% of the world's inhabitants in 2050 will live in cities. How can cities, old and new, adapt to growing populations and the impact of these changes?

The transformation at the urban planning level is based on probabilistic models built taking into account dynamic geoinformation data and, for example, cellular automata as a way of processing them.

Cellular automata are mathematical systems that allow you to simulate complex natural processes using a set simple rules... Using them, it is possible to combine artificial and natural methods of organizing urban space.

We have developed a unified algorithm that, in each specific situation, will take into account the priority parameters and contextually integrate into the urban fabric. Taking into account the cultural and urban planning features, a structural grid with certain dimensions is being developed, which is gradually filled in depending on emerging needs.

The algorithm is not a complete system, but can be supplemented if necessary.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a mixed city block. 2017

Neural networks can be an alternative to cellular automata in data analysis. So the control of urban processes can be carried out in conjunction with artificial intelligence.

In the future, architecture will become more mobile. The constant movement of people over short or long distances will occur at the expense of moving elements of buildings or entire blocks. In this case, people will no longer be hostages of this or that place, because mobile clusters will appear that can change location.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a mixed city block. 2017

The use of such algorithms to adapt to changing conditions will lead to the emergence of safer and more attractive cities and will allow transforming individual static city blocks into self-organizing multifunctional autonomous systems.

SA lab. SwarmScraper. Responsive megastructure. 2015

SA lab. SwarmScraper. Responsive megastructure. Modular element. 2015

Environment level

Architecture Shouldn't Become a Cause of Disappearance natural environment habitat for representatives of flora and fauna. On the contrary, it should be a stimulus and impetus for their maintenance, regeneration and development.

The ability to respond to weather, climatic, environmental parameters depending on the time of day, year, level of illumination or pollution and other factors gives architecture the opportunity to build a dialogue with the environment, embedding human activity in it in the most natural way.

Modular design solutions represent a special potential for the development of adaptability at this level.

For example, you can seasonally increase the area and length of the coastline by placing modular pontoons.

Maintain the landscape as much as possible by “raising” public spaces above it.

You can investigate nature in various approximations without harming it.

Or use dynamic structures that respond to environmental parameters. Such modules solve several problems at once: they collect rainwater, accumulate solar energy, "open up" and create a shady space during the day and varied in the evening. If necessary, the number of modules can be increased or decreased.

At the levels "environment" and "building" of particular interest are materials that can change their physical characteristics based on the parameters of the environment. For example, bimetals, which transform upon heating / cooling, allow the formation of kinetic structures.

SA lab. Responsive design of public spaces. 2018

Thus, using simple design principles, it is possible to provide sufficient flexibility for the entire system.

The creation of adaptive elements of the environment will increase the level of the territory and provide a connection between the new and the existing environment.

Building level

We spend most of our lives indoors. The planning structure of buildings should be as open as possible in order to ensure the possibility of adapting the object in the event of a change in its function.

SA lab. O-HOUSE. Comfortable living units. 2017

Transformable planning solutions make it possible to adapt the geometry of the room, dividing a single space into separate rooms, or combining separate parts into a large open space. Thus, the architecture adapts to the person, even at the interior level.

The ability to autonomously complete or re-print building blocks and structural elements, change external and internal solutions will significantly increase the service life of structures, their environmental friendliness, efficiency and attractiveness.

SA lab. Responsive design. 2018

Interaction architecture

Adaptive architecture is a non-style approach that works successfully at different levels and is characterized by continuous development.

The architecture of interaction is a way of connecting people, cities and nature, which is based on the concept of interaction as a key aspect of development. It unites processes occurring at different levels into a single flexible system, taking into account the necessary parameters.

This approach allows us to solve existing problems, develop and respond to the challenges of the time. Thanks to adaptability, the quality of human life improves on a psychological and physical level.

Interacting with the city, nature, man.

• Graphic arts:SA lab

Housing should be a transformable system, corresponding to the dynamics of the very way of life of the family. It is necessary to find such a system of planning the organization of the apartment, which would allow in the future to carry out the transformation of internal spaces and obtain new options that also meet the functional and aesthetic requirements. For example, in multi-room apartments of modern construction, a free layout of rooms is laid, implemented in agreement with the owner.

IN general view transformation of the interior space of an apartment can be subdivided into:

Daily allowance (transformation of children's and sleeping rooms);

Short-term (transformation of common rooms when receiving guests, celebrations, etc.);

Seasonal (for example, the inclusion of summer premises in the living or utility area);

Demographic (in connection with the entry of the family into a new period of formation).

At the same time, the planning decisions of the reconstructed buildings are influenced by its constructive scheme, i.e. location in space of walls, pillars, columns. Moreover, the presence of an already existing skeleton forces us to take a sequence of planning decisions opposite to new construction during reconstruction, including the following stages:

Dividing the wall frame into separate sections with existing or newly constructed staircases;

Distribution of sections into apartment cells (located on one or two levels);

Allocation of a residential and auxiliary zone in each apartment cell (while simultaneously linking with the placement of engineering equipment and newly organized or existing sanitary and technical communications).

The choice of the layout of apartments (linear, double-sided, corner and end), the number, size and proportions of rooms, as well as the provision of ventilation and insolation are determined by the size and ratio of the width of the body and the distance between staircases. The solution of the kitchen and sanitary block deserves special attention, which largely determines the level of comfort of the reconstructed housing.

1. For small-room apartments, it is convenient to have a kitchen and sanitary block in a compact group at the entrance to the apartment. At the same time, a sufficient level of isolation of living rooms is ensured, and it is also possible to avoid the need for a corridor.

2. In case of high complexity or impossibility of transferring the existing sanitary and technical communications, the kitchen and sanitary block can be located in the depth of the apartment. In this case, communication with the hallway and rooms is carried out through the corridor.

3. In large multi-room apartments, the greatest convenience is provided by the separation of the kitchen and sanitary block (and, possibly, duplication of its elements). For example, a kitchen and a toilet with a sink are located at the entrance to the apartment, while a bathroom and a second toilet are located at the back of the apartment, next to the bedrooms.

Ticket number 6

Historical ethnocultural evolution of types of residential and public buildings and structures

Culture of the state of Kok-Orda and Ak-Orda. Moghulistan.

The mobile and transformable architecture of our time.

1. In the sources, the settlement system is understood as a territorial combination of settlements, between which there is a more or less clear distribution of functions, production and social connections... In addition, when analyzing the settlements of sedentary agricultural peoples, regardless of the time and place of their functioning, it is customary to single out such basic elements as: settlement, outbuildings, center, cultural and welfare institutions, places of worship, defensive structures, etc. In nomadic settlements, due to historical and socio-economic reasons, many of these elements were absent. In particular, there were no defensive structures and cultural and social institutions, mosques appeared mainly only during the transition to a settled way of life. The basis of temporary settlements was made up of residential buildings, with the appearance of seasonal stationary settlements, economic and memorial and cult structures were added to them. Nevertheless, the entire complex of architectural objects is characterized by the interaction of morphology (structure, structure, form) and axiology (content, meaning, value), which actually allows us to consider the system of a pastoral settlement as a model of an integral structured object included in a hypersystem - the environment. ...

Thus, Kazakh settlement system defined by us as spatial locus including all the necessary conditions and the means to support the livelihoods of people engaged in livestock raising. In this case, the spatial locus is understood as the territory economically developed by the clan (family): winter, spring, summer and autumn pastures together with functioning seasonal settlements and a complex of buildings.

End of the 19th century characterized by intensive industrial development of Kazakhstan. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1892-1905) contributed to the acceleration of this process. A new factor that actively stimulated the development of trade and, as a result, architecture commercial buildings and structures, was the active construction of railways9. Railway stations were large architectural complexes, some of which were given over to commercial premises and buildings. Thus, in the studied region, following features: 1. Features of the development of the architecture of ancient and early medieval Kazakhstan as a whole are conditioned by the ideology of a nomadic society, closely interacting with the settled agricultural economy of the peoples of neighboring states; as the main building materials clay, stone and wood protrude. 2. A positive influence on the development of commercial buildings and structures was exerted by the Great Silk Road, the main direction of which in the VI-XVI centuries. moved to the territory of the studied region. He stimulated the emergence of a number of urban centers, and in the south of Kazakhstan contributed to the rapid growth of settlements and their transformation into cities; 3.After the foundation of outposts and fortresses Russian Empire gradually transforming into cities, the active penetration of commercial capital was facilitated by the growth of industry and the construction of railways. Thanks to economic and political transformations, stationary types of trade have gradually established themselves: shops, shops, wholesalers, etc. All considered types of commercial buildings of the XIX - early. XX centuries. can be divided into 4 interrelated groups in terms of functional and spatial content: 1) buildings intended only for trade; 2) trade and warehouse premises with a predominance warehouse functions; 3) buildings that combine residential and commercial premises equally; 4) commercial and business and commercial and public buildings. These 4 groups include the following 6 types of commercial buildings intended for retail and wholesale trade finished products: 1) free-standing shop; 2) shops organized into trade rows; 3) living rooms; 4) shops at residential buildings; 5) shops; 6) trading houses.

2. The states of Kok Orda and Ak Orda. Until the beginning of the XIV century, the territory of the Golden Horde coincided with those lands that Muslim sources understood under the term "Ulus Jochi". However, from the beginning of the XIV century, Ulus Jochi split into two states - Kok Orda and Ak Orda, of which the latter was in vassal dependence on the former. Ak Orda included the above-mentioned lands in the Syrdarya basin, as well as steppes and cities in the northeast of the Aral Sea and up to the Ishim and Sary-Su rivers. After the separation of the Ak Orda, the term Golden Horde was applied mainly to the lands of the Kok Horde. So, Ulus Jochi split into Kok Orda and Ak Orda, each of which had its own dynasty from the descendants of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi. From the first years of the formation of Ulus Jochi and after the disintegration into the two indicated hordes, according to Persian authors of the 15th-17th centuries, the Kok Horde constituted the right wing (baraunkar, onkol) of the Ulus of the Jochi troops, i.e. supplied from among its nomadic population all the tumens included in it, and Ak Orda constituted the left wing (dzhaunkar, solkol), i.e. supplied all the tumens of the left wing. As a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, several feudal possessions also appeared on the territory of Kazakhstan. In the middle of the XIV century, Ak Orda actually separated from the Golden Horde. Some sources confuse the location data of the White and Blue Hordes. In particular, this concerns "Anonymous Iskander" Muin ad-din Natanzi, who erroneously changed places of the White and Blue Hordes on 24.12.15. The discussion about the whereabouts of the Hordes, which lasted from the beginning of the study of the history of the Golden Horde in Russia and in the West, ended with the conclusion that the Blue Horde was in the east, and the White - in the west. The opinion of I. Mingulov stands apart, who considers the White Horde a state that existed in the east from the middle of the 13th to the first quarter of the 15th century. inclusive. In the Ulus Zhoshi itself, the concepts of "Ak Orda" and "Kok Orda" meant only political centers, the headquarters of the khans, and the state itself was called Ulug Ulus.

Moghulistan... As a result of the collapse of the Shagatay ulus (Chagatai) in the middle of the XIV century on the territory Southeast A new nomadic state arose in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Political history of Moghulistan in the second half of the XIV century. remains little known, especially his inner life. There is no reliable information in the sources about the events in the northern regions, in Zhetysu and in the Tien Shan. The most detailed information is given by Muhammad Haydar Dulati. After the death of the descendant of Shagatay Kazan Khan, who was an opponent of nomadic life, the tribal elite of the Zhetysu clans decided to form a state independent of the Shagataids. However, in all Mongolian states, according to tradition, only Chingizid could be the supreme ruler. Therefore, Emir Puladchi, a representative of the clan nobility of the Dulat tribe, came out with the intention of creating an independent khanate with the help of a protege - the khan from the Chingizids. 18-year-old Togluk-Timur turned out to be Chingizid, who was chosen by the Dulats. Having made their protege khan, the Dulat emirs strengthened their power as the leading political force of the country. With the support of the clan elite of the Dulats, it was possible to somewhat stabilize the situation in the country, unite the entire vast territory of Moghulistan under their rule, and subjugate the tribes inhabiting it. The Togluk-Timur headquarters was located in Almalyk. The struggle for the unification of all regions under the auspices of the central government was the main content of the internal political life of the state. The nomadic nobility of individual tribes stubbornly resisted the attempts on the part of the khan to limit its independence. Togluk-Timur made an attempt to reform the administrative and political structure of his state. Several measures have been taken to streamline the tax system. The fact of the active implantation of Islam among the subject population is known. Togluk-Timur decided to back his power with a tested ideological support, following the example of the khans of Maverannahr. These are some of the facts of the internal life of the new state in the first decades of its existence. Under the successor of Togluk-Timur, Ilyas Khoja, internecine wars began, which ended in the division of Moghulistan into several parts. For the most part of Zhetysu, power passed to the emir Kamar-ad-Din Dulat, and the territory from Ili to Tarbagatay was subordinated to Ente tora. In fact, the Bulgach tribes that inhabited the Issykul region, the Kangly tribes, Kereits, Arkenuts, etc. were independent. At this time, the invasion of the territory of the Great Ulus and Moghulistan by Emir Maverannahr - Timur begins. The absence of a unified centralized government made it difficult to organize resistance to the aggressive policy of Timur. Under these conditions, the emir Kamar-ad-Din and the khan of the Great Ulus, Orys, decided to collectively oppose Timur. Timur's campaigns to Moghulistan. Timur's first campaign to Moghulistan took place in 1371-1372. However, it was a "reconnaissance" campaign aimed at demonstrating forces and capturing prisoners and booty. More serious campaigns began in 1375 and were directed against the emir Kamar ad-Din. The campaign of 1375 ended with a complete victory for Timur, but Kamar-ad-Din managed to retain power on 24.12.15. In 1376, a new army of Timur marched on Moghulistan, but the Kypchak military leaders rebelled and went over to the side of Orys Khan. The next campaign was undertaken in 1377, when Sygnak was captured, where Toktamys became the khan. The troops of Moghulistan were defeated twice, but Kamar-ad-Din again managed to escape. In the 80s. Kamar-ad-Din made an alliance with Toktamys, Yeng Tore and Khizir Khoja Khan against Timur. In 1389, Emir Timur undertook another campaign to Zhetisu. The Mughal rulers could not organize a rebuff, and Timur's troops marched across the country, devastating nomads and cities. Another campaign in 1390 ended again with the defeat of Moghulistan. In 1404 Timur decided to finally conquer Zhetisu and set out on a campaign at the head of a huge army. Only the death of the shaker of the universe "in Otrar at the beginning of 1405 averted this threat. In the first half of the 15th century, the political situation in Moghulistan is characterized not only by the internecine struggle between the sons and grandsons of Khizir Khoja, but also by the war with the Timurids, Oirat tribes. Turkestan from Moghulistan Uais Khan (1418-1428) was forced to move the capital from East Turkestan to Zhetis.After the death of Uais Khan, a long and bloody struggle began between his two sons, which led to a split in the feudal nobility of Mogulistan. In the 15th century, power passed into the hands of one of the sons of Uais Khan - Sultan Esen-Buga.Displeased with this, another son, Yunus, left Moghulistan, taking with him about 30 thousand families. For a time it remained a politically fragmented country.In the middle of the 15th century, many tribes migrated from the borders of the state.In fact, the power of Esen-Bugi extended only to st of Kashgaria. A long internecine struggle between the ruling groups of the nomadic nobility led at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. to the collapse of Moghulistan. Attempts of the Mogul khans to restore the political domination of the Shagataids in former territory Moghulistan ended in failure. In the middle of the XVI century. Moghulistan ceased to exist as an independent state. Thus, objective reasons led at the beginning of the 15th century to the disintegration of the Ulug (Great) Ulus and the formation of a number of independent national states on its territory.

3. In modern day-to-day life, we increasingly use the term "mobility"... With the development of new technologies and human needs, the time has come to take a fresh look at the architecture we are used to. The concept of "mobility" is interpreted differently: in one case it is mobile home on wheels, otherwise it is a collapsible structure, thirdly, it is a reinforced concrete building with a small building area. In the 50-60s of the XX century, the first manifestations of mobile architecture appeared in the world. This concept boiled down to the fact that it served as a mobile housing for temporary residence in one place, but gradually acquired a more individual character. Lightweight houses, mobile or in the form of hotel rooms do not require significant material costs, as well as time to spend installation works so they are cost effective. A characteristic of the mobile architecture is "internal mobility". This refers to the adaptation of the object to new conditions: social or economic status, change in the composition of the family, change of generations, or simply change of housing "in the mood", without changing the general volume-structural parameters, by transforming the internal space of the object of the object, its interior. And it is these parameters that characterize the mobile architecture.

Transformative architecture- the type of architectural objects, capable, depending on the goals and objectives, to change the volume, composition, internal structure of construction, planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of daily regular and periodic changes, transformation of the layout and space of buildings and structures within a certain time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.

In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-colored and interactive.

Spatial transformation techniques- "qualitative" change of an architectural object by transforming internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, the processes of internal adaptation of an architectural object take place within its outer shell.

E.I. Pankova

Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Hromada

TRANSFORMABLE MODULAR GRIDS IN ARCHITECTURE

Dynamics modern life often requires the creation of transformable, multifunctional architectural forms and spaces. To solve these problems, you can use transformable modular grids that can be easily applied to any surfaces, such as a facade, plan and other elements of buildings and structures.

The modern approach to architecture involves not only creating favorable conditions for human needs, but also solving environmental problems. Therefore, transformable modular grids can be based on the use of the idea of ​​reversible plant transformations and their response to the impact of the external environment. The embodiment of the principles of natural expediency in architecture leads to the convergence and unification of the natural and artificial environment.

Grids, like plants, react to changes in various environmental factors, for example, illumination, air temperature, humidity, etc. In architecture, this is the movement of structural elements: enclosing surfaces, roofs, shutter systems, which is used to maintain the microclimate of a room.

A.O. Shilkova

Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Hromada

METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE

(on the example of the architecture of a multifunctional residential complex)

A distinctive feature of our time is the ever-increasing dynamism of society. The world around us is changing, and a modern person, without noticing this, is daily faced with the transformations of the environment. The architecture must meet all the requirements of a person and also dynamically change with him.

Considering architecture as a living organism, responsive to the needs of people, an understanding of architecture is formed as a changing artificial environment adapted to the dynamic processes of reality and meeting the requirements of society.

In this regard, it becomes necessary to transform the space of human life.

The main idea of ​​research work is the development of flexible transformable variable space-planning and structural systems of the structure of a multifunctional residential complex that can meet the needs of people.

Among the tasks and features of the application of transformation in the structure of residential buildings, the following can be distinguished:

1. Multifunctional use of space.With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimization of static elements and parameters of buildings is solved, the transformable space creates an environment “without borders”.The structures formed using transformation must combine the maximum number of functions: "home-rest", "home-communication", "home-work", "home-study", while simultaneously ensuring the dynamic development of the residential unit itself;

2. Microclimate regulationdue to reversible movements of structural elements. Transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the parameters of the microclimate in the room, constantly changing under the influence of the environment: sun, wind, precipitation, etc .;

3. Changing the spatial characteristics of an object:openness / closeness in relation to the environment, change in the level of natural light, etc., which contributes to the creation of a more comfortable environment for a person's stay.

4. Aesthetic aspect. AND The action of a changing space, complex conceptual structures of a mobile form, the possibility of its modification, depending on specific conditions, acquire unexpected effects and create expressive architectural solutions.

V.S. Berdnikov

Leaders: NIRS - prof. NS. Akchurin,
arch. project - prof. NS. Akchurin, prof. A.A. Raevsky

MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AS A METHOD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

The state of the human environment on the planet is determined by environmental indicators. And the influence of architecture, as one of the most important spheres of human life, is very significant in this area.

Everything is interconnected in the world, just like in nature. The abundance of opportunities and resources is inexhaustible when used correctly.

MOBILE architecture is a solution to the issue of the interaction of global elements - ARCHITECTURE and ENVIRONMENT.

Consider several principles for the implementation of nanotechnology that ensure maximum interaction between architecture and the natural environment:

The principle of conservation of energy,

The principle of "cooperation" with the sun,

The principle of respect for the inhabitant,

The principle of respect for the place,

Integrity principle.

I.S. Popova

Leaders: NIRS - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsky,
arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa

TRANSFORMABLE FACADES AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

Transformable architecture is the next step in the evolution of architecture. In the century high tech and innovative materials, the idea of ​​architecture as static, solid and heavy begins to fade into the background. The need of our environment for the ability to change, due to the fact that change is a constant process of our time, leads to the emergence of the ability of architecture to acquire the ability to physically adapt to human needs.

For a kinetic object, movement is the most essential part of design. Even if a structure can exist in a static state, it is only in motion that the idea of ​​its creator is fully revealed. When designing buildings with transformable facades, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between utilitarian and decorative functions in kinetic buildings, as well as the influence of transformable facades on the perception of architecture by a person, and identifying the means of expressiveness of such facades. The technical elements of kinetic architecture need an architectural rethinking and the identification of their role in the creation of an artistic-figurative solution of architectural objects. Based on the materials studied, a number of criteria have been developed that make it possible to structure the problem of applying transformable architecture in local conditions. What matters is the urban planning aspect, the variability of the setting of the building with elements of transformation (setting as a dominant in the composition of the building or fitting into the existing static building). The artistic-figurative solution of kinetic buildings reveals the degree of participation of the transformed element in the general compositional solution, its independence or subordination to the general compositional structure. Structural types of building dynamics include the transformation of façade systems, roof dynamics, floor rotation, and the movement of the entire building. The most common goal of all types of transformation of an architectural structure is the need to create the necessary microclimatic characteristics inside the object, as well as the reasons for saving energy. In addition to the environmental aspect, the dynamics of buildings endows them with certain aesthetic properties. The type of building dynamics determines its space-planning structure, in which the complexity of the volume, the nature of the construction of the planning composition, as well as the functional content are manifested. The specificity of the structural arrangement of the dynamics of the building also determines its artistic and figurative solution.