The concept, composition and factors of the location of the woodworking industry

The woodworking industry is a branch of the timber industry. It includes:

1. logging;
2. primary processing of wood;
3. sawmill (production of sleepers, sawn timber);
4. production of standard wooden houses;
5. production of building parts from wood and wood-based panels (doors, parquet, chipboard and other wooden structures);
6. plywood production;
7. production of matches;
8. furniture manufacture.

Conventionally, the woodworking industry is divided into two large groups:

• creation of lumber and furniture (mechanical processing);
• wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products (chemical processing).

The main task of the woodworking industry is deep processing of wood, as well as the maximum use of waste from logging and woodworking, the search for additional reserves of wood and its saving in all sectors of the economy.

Woodworking enterprises usually specialize in the production of certain types of wood products and products. Therefore, they distinguish: - woodworking. or furniture assembly plant, furniture factory, house-building plant or factory, ski factory, musical instrument factory, etc.

Remark 1

The woodworking industry is considered to be the most labor-intensive industry. The use of high-quality diverse raw materials and the implementation of high-quality wood processing are factors that affect the location of the industry.

For the placement of enterprises in this industry, other conditions are also taken into account:

• close location of the raw material base;
• availability of sources of water and energy supply;
• availability of transport infrastructure;
• proximity to potential and real consumers;
• job creation.

Development of the woodworking industry in Russia

One of the aging sectors of the Russian economy is the woodworking industry. The most common areas of this industry are:

1. production of lumber;
2. production of plates and furniture.

The history of the development of the woodworking industry began at the beginning of the 18th century, but reached intensity only by the middle of the 19th century. Combines and factories were created, which were engaged not only in sawing material, but also in the manufacture of furniture, matches and plywood. Production volumes were growing, but the industry was at a low level of technical development compared to foreign countries. Before the 1917 revolution, the main product of this industry was lumber. Before the First World War, large and equipped woodworking factories began to open in Arkhangelsk and Onega.

In the period from 1929 to 1940, there was an increase in capital construction, furniture and other production. Enterprises began to produce products for the mass consumer (windows, doors, etc.). Many mills and factories have automated their production processes.

The Second World War, financial and economic crises in the country negatively affected the development of the industry. Many businesses were closed due to losses. Workers became unemployed and were forced to look for a new job, not even in their specialty. There was also a decrease in exports of products, a decrease in production volumes and an accumulation of stocks of unclaimed products in warehouses.

Remark 2

Currently, the woodworking industry is actively developing. The share of Russia in the world forest reserves is ¼ part. The state pays special attention to the introduction of innovative technologies, the use of the latest equipment, which allows a comprehensive approach to the production process and minimizes costs.

The territory of Russia is rich in conifers, which are more valuable for the woodworking industry than hardwoods. Such forests are found in the Northern, Ural, Volgo-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian regions. The main enterprises of the industry are located in these and regions.

Woodworking industry of the world

Remark 3

Not all countries of the world are able to provide themselves with raw materials for the development of the woodworking industry. In this case, they import wood and manufacture various types of products from it.

Finland, which has significant timber reserves, uses its own resources to create sawn timber. This production does not require large financial investments; the result is a high-quality product that can be used for various purposes. Finland exports most of its products to the UK and Japan.

Wood from Finland has the following properties:

• low cost of raw materials, which attracts most countries;
• good quality wood;
• the possibility of further processing of wood;
• initial readiness of a natural resource for use;
• no production waste.

Other countries are guided by the production of furniture, up to the release of completely ready-made structures. Such production already requires significant investments, which pay off rather quickly after the successful sale of finished products.

Most of all production in other countries is occupied by the production of furniture, since it does not include the primary processing of wood. The manufacturer purchases the processed material from the domestic or foreign market and manufactures its products.

Unlike many countries in the world, Russia has a full production cycle, from timber extraction to wood processing and production of finished products. In the USA, as well as in the Russian Federation, the production of materials from wood is very developed, but it is inferior to Russia in terms of territory.

China has good forest areas, but the government of the country is not able to establish full-fledged wood processing activities due to natural factors. Germany prefers to buy timber in order to preserve the integrity of its own forests. She works mainly with Finland.

20.05.2016 12:18

Illustration:

The Russian Federation is the world leader in terms of forest reserves, it owns twenty-two percent of the world's forest reserves. Wood reserves in our country are more than eighty billion cubic meters, more than forty billion cubic meters are suitable for use.

Timber industry of the Russian Federation

The industrial sector, the enterprises of which are engaged in the harvesting and processing of wood, is called the forest industry or forestry complex. It is one of the oldest industrial sectors and has a complex structure. Each part of this structure is responsible for one of the stages in the processing of raw materials from wood.

The structure of the timber industry is as follows:

1. The logging industry, which includes timber harvesting, cutting of timber (extraction of resin and harvesting of pneumatic resin), rafting of logs, activities for transferring timber from one type of transport to another, the use of non-valuable wood species and waste (sawmill, sawing sleepers, making chips, boards for containers). It is the largest timber processing industry.
2. Woodworking industry.
3. The pulp and paper industry processes wood raw materials mechanically and chemically.
4. The wood chemical industry processes raw materials from wood in a dry way, is engaged in charcoal burning, the creation of rosin and turpentine. This industry includes the manufacture of varnish, ether, plastic, unnatural fibers, hydrolysis (the creation of ethyl, tar, turpentine from waste in the manufacture of pulp and paper products).

The timber and woodworking industry in Russia is conventionally divided into the following groups:

1. creation of lumber and furniture (mechanical processing);
2. wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products (chemical processing).

Industrial enterprises related to the forestry and woodworking industry are engaged in:

1. harvesting wood material;
2. processing of wood material;
3. wood chemical industrial processing of forest raw materials;
4. the release of pulp and paper products.

These factories and plants produce round timber, boards, various wooden objects, wood chemical products and paper.

Conditions for the distribution of enterprises that relate to the timber industry

To host forestry related businesses, the following conditions should be considered:

1. so that the raw material base is located close;
2. there must be power supplies and water sources near the enterprise;
3. there is a need for transport and transport roads;
4. it is better to create forest products in close proximity to its consumer;
5. create jobs.

On the territory of our state, conifers predominate; they are more valuable for industry than trees with leaves. Our forests grow unevenly geographically. Most of the forests are in several regions: in the Northern, Ural, Volgo-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian regions.

This industry consumes a lot of wood raw materials and a large volume of waste remains. Twenty percent of the waste comes from the timber harvesting stage, and between forty percent and seventy percent of the waste remains as a result of the processing of raw materials from wood.

The most important condition for the location of industrial enterprises for wood processing is the availability of raw materials from wood. Therefore, all processes for the harvesting and subsequent processing of "business" wood are carried out in those regions of Russia where there are many natural forests. The northern, Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern territories of the country provide four-fifths of all industrial timber.

Sawmills and other wood processing (production of parts for construction needs, plywood, matches, pieces of furniture) can be located both in those places where timber is harvested, and in places where there are no forests (already cut trees are brought there). Most of the enterprises for sawing wood and its processing are located near rivers (lower reaches and estuaries) and places where rivers, along which logs are floated, cross railways.

Most sawn timber is produced in Siberia (its eastern and western parts, namely: in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Tomsk Region and Tyumen Region), the North (in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (in the Udmurt Republic, Sverdlovsk Region, Perm region), the Far East (Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory), in the Kirov region, in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Woodworking industry of the Russian Federation

This industrial branch carries out mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing of wood.

It includes several industries:

1. sawmill (creation of sleepers and lumber);
2. making houses from wood;
3. manufacturing of wooden parts for construction;
4. production of wood-based boards (blocks for doors and windows, parquet boards, wood fiber boards, wood shavings boards, joinery);
5. manufacturing of containers from wood;
6. production of plywood, including parts that are glued and bent, as well as veneer;
7. making matches;
8. furniture manufacturing;
9. manufacturing of other wood products (wood flour, skis, frames for greenhouses).

Timber industry problems

There is a crisis in the timber industry today. Although Russia is the first in the world in terms of forest resources, the woodworking, forestry and pulp and paper industries account for only slightly more than three percent of the total production. This is due to a decrease in demand for such products in the domestic market of Russia. The market of the Commonwealth of Independent States is also in decline, due to which the purchases of forest materials and pulp and paper products in the Russian Federation have decreased. This branch of the Russian industry has become dependent on the external market. But in recent years, we began to export more "business" wood, cardboard, paper, plywood to other countries. Seventy one percent of the Russian forest products are exported.

Forest resources are affected by excessive human activities and emergencies (fires). Unauthorized felling of trees is the main problem for the development of the forest industry in our country. There is currently no clear forest policy. To prevent such felling, it is necessary to eliminate the social disorder of the inhabitants of the regions where they are engaged in the harvesting and processing of wood (an increase in the number of jobs, the opening of new enterprises, the use of alternative energy sources).

Another challenge was to reduce the loss of raw materials during the procurement and processing of wood. Wood raw materials should be used rationally (reduce wood waste and losses due to untimely or improper transportation, effectively use wood waste).

It should be remembered that wood processing plants and factories pollute the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment (use treatment facilities, improve production technologies and upgrade equipment).

Directions in which you need to develop the forest industry

To save raw materials from wood and increase forest reserves, the forest industry must develop in several directions:

1. apply waste-free technologies;
2. to reduce the loss of raw materials from wood during its harvesting and alloying;
3. to reduce the consumption of wood for the manufacture of sleepers by replacing them with reinforced concrete sleepers and increasing the service life of wood sleepers;
4. replace wooden containers with plastic containers;
5. use coniferous raw materials exclusively for their intended purpose;
6. restore forest land;
7. protect the forest from fires and unauthorized logging;
8. develop an optimal model for managing wood resources;
9. improve legislation for the protection of forest lands.

Thus, it can be concluded that in the Russian Federation the timber and woodworking industry is mainly concentrated in Siberia, the Urals, the North and the Far East. We independently provide ourselves with sawmill materials, cardboard, paper and plywood. And in order to continue to meet our needs for products from wood raw materials, we need to restore forests and minimize environmental pollution from wood processing.

Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
Higher professional education
Lipetsk State University

Academy of Economics and Management

abstract
on regional studies on the topic:

« Timber and woodworking industry of the world»

Performed:
student of the 110th group
(Organisation management)
Timofeeva M.G.
Checked by: Sverdlovskaya A.A.

Lipetsk, 2011
Content
1. Introduction
2. The concept of forest resources, their classification
3. Placement of forest resources
4. Geography of the timber and woodworking industry
5. General characteristics of the forest complex
6. The largest exporting countries of timber and woodworking industry products
7. The structure of world trade in forest products
8. Structure, principles of placement of forestry facilities
9. Branches of the timber and woodworking industry

10. Technological features of timber processing

11. Timber and woodworking industry in Russia

a) Forest resources of Russia and their significance

b) Timber and woodworking industry in Russia
12. Conclusion
13. References

Introduction
The timber industry is rightfully called the most interesting topic for study, since it is complex, multifaceted, spread throughout the world and its products are essential for the economy of any country.
The products of the forest industry (round timber, sawlogs), production volumes, timber prices and other indicators are closely related to the environmental situation in the world, the position of the world's forests at a given time, and, as a result, to the foreign and domestic policy of a particular country on the issue of management woodlands.
Our country accounts for 22% of the world's forests. Wood reserves in Russia amount to 82 billion cubic meters, and this exceeds the reserves of the USA and Canada by 3.5 times.
Timber industryis the oldest construction materials industry. It consists of many complementary industries. Industries differ from each other in production technologies and the purpose of the products, although they use the same source material.

The concept of forest resources, their classification

Of all types of vegetation cover on the planet and all categories of natural resources, forests are the most valuable. According to modern research, the total reserves of plant mass in forests account for 82% of the total plant mass of the Earth, or approximately 1960 billion tons, and the total stock of wood in forests is more than 350 billion m3.
The official definition of forest resources is given by the industry standard OST 56-108-98, which reads as follows: "Forest resources mean stocks of wood and non-wood products of the forest fund, forests not included in the forest fund, and lands covered with woody and shrubby vegetation. include: forest products made of wood or wood itself, non-wood products - all other products of non-wood origin ... ".
Forest resources can be classified as follows:
a) forest resources - all the area occupied by trees or shrubs and used for forestry purposes (public and private forests, national parks and reserves, all forest crops and forest plantations, including those calculated for one cut, as well as the area under roads, streams, forest nurseries and small open areas that cannot be distinguished according to the shooting conditions). Forest resources do not include urban gardens, orchards and technical plantations (rubber, cinchona, etc.), forest pastures, and distant areas;
b) closed forests - forest areas used for forestry purposes, occupied by trees, the crown density of which is more than 20%. These include natural forest plantations (including young stands), as well as unclosed forest cultures, planted for timber, and protective forest belts, where forestry is conducted.
c) open spaces (light forests) - non-forest areas where the density of tree crowns is from 5 to 20% (for example, open spaces in Eurasia, savannas in the tropics).
In order to streamline the methods of forest management and prevent the depletion of wood stocks, forests were divided into three groups.
Forests of the first group are forests, the main purpose of which is to perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and recreational functions, as well as forests of specially protected natural areas (forests of state natural reserves, national and natural parks, natural monuments, etc.).
Forests of the second group - forests in regions with a high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests performing mainly water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic, health improvement and other functions of limited operational value.
Forests of the third group are forests of rich forest regions, which are mainly of operational importance while ensuring the preservation of ecological functions. Forests of the third group are subdivided into developed and reserved.

Placement of forest resources
The development of the world's forestry and woodworking industries is largely determined by the distribution of forest resources. Two belts of these types of processing industry have developed on Earth: the northern forest belt and the southern forest belt.
The northern belt is represented by coniferous (55%) and mixed forests (45% of Eurasia and North America), the southern one is the forests of the equatorial and tropical zones. Wet equatorial forests are more productive, but trees of the same species are very rare. The largest timber reserves of this belt are in Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, and Congo. In the regions of the northern belt, coniferous wood is harvested in Canada, Finland, Sweden, Russia (20%); for these countries the timber and woodworking industry is an internationally specialized industry. Logging is also carried out in Germany, Romania, China, Japan, France. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. There are 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country. The world's largest pulp and paper mill operates here.
In areas of the southern forest belt, deciduous wood is harvested. The timber industry is most developed here in Brazil and Colombia, in the countries of tropical Africa (Congo), in Southeast Asia. In this belt, bamboo (India), jute (Bangladesh), sesal (Brazil, Tanzania) are often used for making paper. Every year 3.5 billion m3 of timber is harvested in the world, the volume of harvesting increases annually by 50 million m3.
In the countries of the northern and southern belts, the use of forest resources is carried out irrationally. Currently, a reforestation program is working in North America, Europe, Brazil, Congo, Ethiopia, Australia.
Geography of the timber and woodworking industry
In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry, associated with the ratio of the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is growing (from 2 billion cubic meters in 1965 to 3.5 billion cubic meters in 19190). But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the I belt were much ahead of the countries of the II belt, now this gap is decreasing. The largest timber procurers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.
Of all harvested timber, commercial timber accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.
Mechanical processing of wood is primarily the production of lumber; largest manufacturers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan. Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.
In the chemical processing of wood, the leaders are: USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Finland. Of the countries of the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.
Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, Canada.
There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries.
On average, 45 kg of paper is produced per capita in the world. Finland takes the first place (1400 kg), the figures are also high in Sweden (670 kg). Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg); in Europe the figures are higher than the world average, and in Russia they are lower (35 kg). The level of per capita is very low in developing countries (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).
General characteristics of the forest complex

The products of the forestry complex, the volume of their production, the situation in this market, prices and other indicators are directly related to the position of the world's forests at a particular point in time, the ecological situation and, accordingly, the world and domestic policies of specific countries on the issue of forest management.
Economic, political, demographic and social trends guide forest management and influence national policy formulation and institutions. Demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, the demand for forest products, and the ability of forests to fulfill important ecological functions have a major impact on forest area and number.
A large number of governmental and international organizations currently monitor forest-related issues and therefore influence the forest industry and the pricing of the industry. Such organizations include the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), established in April 1995 by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. , UNCED). The tasks of the IPF are to follow the UNCED recommendations on the management of the world's forests, to influence the world community in matters related to forests. IPF works in partnership with international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, which has a major impact on the state of forests and the forest industry.
Other organizations include the World's Forests Authority (SOFO), which regularly provides briefings. You can also say about the UN Commission on Agriculture (FAO). Decisions made by many other organizations are based on FAO's Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) program.
The world's forest area, including natural forests and plantations, was approximately 3.454 million hectares in 1995, with just over half in developing countries. The total loss of forests in the world in 1990-1995 was estimated at 56.3 million hectares, which translates into a decrease in forest area by 65.1 million hectares, mainly in developing countries, and an increase in their territories there by 8.8 million hectares. In general, the decrease in forest areas is most noticeable in developing countries, although the volumes of their decrease were less than projected for 1980-1990, and at the moment they continue to go down.
Research into the causes of forest change shows that the main drivers are agricultural development in Africa, Asia and major economic development programs accompanied by resettlement, infrastructure and agricultural development in Latin America and Asia. Although timber harvesting is not the main reason for the decline in forest area directly, it is indirectly an important factor. logging in many areas was accompanied by road construction, which made formerly remote areas easily accessible for agricultural colonization.
Although the total area of ​​forest cover is steadily decreasing, the demand for forest products is steadily growing. FAO forest products statistics show that global consumption of forest products increased by 36% in 1994 compared to 1970.
Fuelwood consumption, which is the main or only source of energy for two-fifths of the world's population, continues to grow at 1.2% per year. Approximately 90% of woodfuel is produced and used in developing countries. Industrialized countries account for about 70% of the production and consumption of industrial forest products.
Many countries rely mainly on plantations and forestry farms to meet their forest needs. The amount of forest produced on plantations in Asia, Oceania and South America has skyrocketed. In developing countries alone, planted forest area has grown from 40 million hectares in 1980 to over 80 million hectares in 1995.
One of the most important trends has been the development of more efficient processing technologies that allow for significant growth in the final product while reducing the consumption of raw materials. The transition to more environmentally friendly technologies is also important.

The largest exporting countries of forestry and woodworking products
The largest exporting countries of timber industry products are: Russia, USA, Malaysia, Canada, Indonesia, Finland, Sweden, Austria, France, Germany, South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia), China, Japan. Thus, Russia, the USA and Malaysia supply mainly timber and lumber; Finland, Austria, Sweden - paper, building materials, furniture; South America - pulp, lumber, cardboard. Recently, the share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Cameroon) has been increasing.
The largest companies in this industry are Kimberly-Clark, International Paper, Weyerhaeuser, Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene, SCA.
The turnover of world trade in forest products exceeds US $ 140,000 million, and this figure is growing steadily from year to year. The global forest industry was significantly affected by the financial crisis that began in 2008, which significantly reduced the growth rates of this and other industries.

The structure of world trade in forest products
The timber and paper industry currently accounts for about a tenth of all industrial production in countries with developed market economies.
Wood retains its place in the modern world as the most important type of natural raw material used by civilization. Over the past two decades, wood has represented about 10% of the world's labor. According to this indicator, the timber and paper industry is approximately equal to the chemical industry, slightly exceeds the food industry and is almost twice as significant as the light industry or metallurgy.
Semi-finished products and raw materials predominate in the structure of world timber exports, and no more than a quarter of the world trade in timber and paper products can be attributed to finished products.
In Finland, out of $ 9 billion in timber exports, about 7 are for pulp and paper products, 1 for sawn timber, while wood products account for only 2% of revenue, paper products for 5%, and furniture for 2%.
In Sweden, out of $ 10 billion earned in the timber market, 7 falls on pulp and paper products, $ 1.5 billion - on sawn timber; wood products give only 4%, paper - 5%, furniture - 9%.
The timber industry complex of Canada provides $ 20 billion of all export earnings, incl. from sales of pulp and paper products - 13 billion, sawn timber - 5 billion, products and furniture bring 1.5 billion.
The US earns $ 15 billion in this market, of which 3 provide sales of raw materials, 2 - lumber, almost 7 billion - pulp and paper products, and one each - products and furniture.
Only a few large exporters with an average forest supply make products and furniture together account for a significant part of the proceeds: in Germany - about 50%, in France - 40%, in Austria - about 30%.
Structure, principles of placement of forestry facilities

The timber industry consists of several interconnected industries. The products of one production are used as raw materials for another. This scheme allows, along with the sequential processing of wood, to carry out complete processing of waste.
Scheme 1

Forest industry enterprises, which are located close to each other and have close production ties based on the joint use of raw materials, energy, transport and complete waste treatment, form timber industry complexes. The structure of the timber industry is shown in Table 2.
table 2

Branches of the timber and woodworking industry
The timber industry is one of the oldest industries that produces structural materials and consists of the following interconnected industries, which differ from one another in production technology, the purpose of the products, but using the same raw materials:

logging, felling, trail (delivery to the consumer)
machining - includes sawmilling, plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
wood chemistry includes the production of cellulose, paper, and other products.
The pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, and fodder yeast.

Technological features of timber processing

The timber industry group deals with lumber and other wood-based materials. The list of wood products is very extensive. According to the US classification, the main branches of this industry include:

logging
sawmills
shredding and manufacturing of plywood veneer
manufacture of wooden containers
construction of wooden buildings
other wood products.

In order to be used in the future, wood must be processed into some basic types of material. The first three mentioned branches of the forest industry are aimed at this.
In these industries, about 20 technological processes are used, including: sawing, shredding, compression molding, molding, abrasive processing, drilling, chemical processing, etc.

Forest resources of Russia and their significance.

Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 770 million hectares - 45% of the entire territory of the country. Wood reserves are 82 billion cubic meters, which exceeds the total reserves of the USA and Canada by 3.5 times. Forests are distributed unevenly throughout the country. In the western zone (European north), 30% of the area covered by forest is concentrated. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East) - 70% of the territory is covered with forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest-tundra. Ripe wood is 50%.
In some areas, forest cover (the share of the area occupied by forest vegetation in relation to the entire area) is 2/3 of the territory - this is the Irkutsk region, the Komi Republic, the Primorsky Territory, the Arkhangelsk region. But there are also completely treeless areas - the Astrakhan region.
The density of forest resources is inversely proportional to population density.
In the eastern regions, conifers predominate (cedar, fir, larch, less spruce and pine). In the European part - spruce, pine, which are of the greatest value for construction, as well as deciduous forests (more than in the east).
Areas of the European part of the country are intensively exploited. In the future, the exploitation of the eastern part will increase more and more.
Timber is used in many sectors of the economy: in construction (in the form of fastening timber, for finishing), in the mining industry (in the form of mining racks), in furniture production, in the chemical industry, when receiving cellulose, paper, cardboard, goes for the production of containers. The forest is a recreation center, a hunting ground, a source of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs.

Timber and woodworking industry in Russia

The timber industry in Russia has turned from a seasonal industry into a branch of industrial production with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the extractive industry. The main completeness of logging falls on the surplus regions of the European north, the northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. But the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and northeastern Russia are far from the consumer - there is no timber harvesting there. In Krasnoyarsk, the exception is the zones along the rivers and in the south.
The main forest-forming species is larch, the processing of which is always difficult. The greatest load falls on the European north, the south of Siberia and the Far East.
The first place in timber harvesting is occupied by the European north (the Republic of Komi and Karelia, the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions) - 20%. There is an extensive network of rivers, logging roads, timber export port - Arkhangelsk.
The second place is taken by the East Siberian region (south of the Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region). Part of the forest is rafted along the Yenisei to the port of Igarka, and most of it along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the European part.
The third place is occupied by the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions) - 18%.
These 3 regions harvest 60% of Russia's timber. Recently, there has been a noticeable shift to the east in the location of logging, which increases the haulage range, which has increased from 750 to 1700 km and is the highest among the bulk transportation by rail in the world.
Sawmilling is the main consumer of commercial timber at the logging stage. Sawmill centers are located not only in logging areas (Arkhangelsk, Lesosibirsk on the Yenisei), but also in the sparsely wooded Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). A huge mass of round timber is transported by rail.
Sawmilling serves as a base for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. Enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood have historically been concentrated in the center of Russia (Central Black Earth Region, Volga Region), which now produce most of the sawn timber using imported raw materials.

Conclusion
The timber and woodworking industry originated a long time ago. The forest has been one of the main objects of human activity since antiquity. The forest provided wood, food, and shelter. With the development of production, the demand for forest products has steadily increased. Now the timber industry supplies: timber, lumber, wood-based panels, raw materials for various industries, transport, construction, agriculture.
The development of the global forest industry is directly related to the location of the largest forest tracts. The main forests of the planet are located in South and North America, Siberia, and East Asia. The estimated area of ​​the world's forests is 3454 million hectares.
A characteristic feature of this industry is that the number of forests on Earth is constantly decreasing, and the demand for forest products is growing steadily. The decrease in the number of forests is associated with excessive deforestation, the expansion of agricultural land, the deterioration of the ecological situation, and climate change. The world community, concerned about this situation, is taking various measures to protect and protect forests: uncontrolled felling of trees is prohibited in many countries, reforestation programs have been adopted, industrial forests growing on special plantations, and measures are being introduced to improve the environmental situation. Humanity has come to understand that natural resources must be protected, conserved and, if possible, renewed. What a predatory deforestationdrilling of the wellsfor the extraction of oil and gas, the construction of mines for the extraction of minerals should be carried out under the strict control of the state and the world community.

Bibliography
1.Vavilova E.R. Economic geography and regional studies. Study guide - Gardariki, 2003.
2. Publisher: LLC "Editorial office of the journal" Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard ", 2000

3. Internet resources: Electronic journal timber industry. No. 4-7, 2007.

Starting to consider the forestry and woodworking industry, we must first of all recall everything that we already know about the world's forest resources - about the total timber reserves, indicators of forest cover of countries, the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth, etc. It is these resources that serve as the natural basis for the formation of a whole complex of branches of the timber and woodworking industry. The composition of this complex is rather complex and includes several sequential production and technological stages. Firstly, it is timber harvesting (removal). Secondly, it is its mechanical processing into lumber, plywood, chipboard and fiberboard, etc. Thirdly, it is its chemical (and chemical-mechanical) processing, including the production of cellulose, and then paper and cardboard. We will consider all these three stages further.
To one degree or another, almost all countries of the world are harvesting timber, so its total volume is gradually increasing and in 2005 already exceeded 3.4 billion cubic meters (Fig. 58). But we, as usual, are primarily interested in the leading countries, which you can get acquainted with from Table. thirty.
Table 30
Top five countries by size of timber harvested, 2005

the years
Rice. 58. World logging

It turns out that only the five leading countries account for 45.6% of all timber harvested in the world. As for the set of these countries itself, on the whole it is quite expected, since it more or less corresponds to the ranking of countries in terms of the size of forest area. A certain exception is only Russia, which, as you already know, ranks first in the world in terms of forest (and wooded) area, but nevertheless remained “overboard” in Table 30. In terms of timber harvesting, it ranks sixth in the world ( 105 million cubic meters) Of course, this is also a very high figure, but still it is 4.4 times lower than that of the United States and 3.1 times lower than that of India.
You have probably already paid attention to the fact that in table. 30 represent countries belonging to both the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth. But the data in this table do not yet give a complete picture of the relationship between these two zones in the world timber harvesting. The fact is that in the last two or three decades, the share of the southern belt has been increasing all the time. The number of fairly large logging countries included India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand - in foreign Asia; Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, South Africa, Tanzania - in Africa; Mexico

The textile industry of the world of Kai Chile is in Latin America. As for the main logging countries of the northern belt, this group has practically not changed. It still includes the USA, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Germany.
But this is only the most general view of timber harvesting. The fact is that it is customary to subdivide it into industrial wood, which goes into further mechanical and chemical processing, and firewood, which is used as fuel. The ratio between them is approximately 50:50. But it is precisely on this issue that there is a great qualitative difference between the countries of the two forest belts. In the countries of the northern forest belt, the harvesting of commercial timber sharply prevails, and in most countries of the southern belt, wood-fired.
To prove this thesis, we will give several examples. So, in Canada the share of firewood in logging is only 1.5%, in Sweden, Finland and Germany -8-9%, in the USA -10%, in Russia - 22%. In the countries of the southern forest belt, this indicator looks completely different. For example, in Brazil the share of firewood is 58%, in China - 67%, in Indonesia and Thailand - 71%. Moreover, in Nigeria and Myanmar, it rises to 88%, in Pakistan - up to 90, in Uganda - up to 92, in India - 94, in the DRC - up to 96, and in Ethiopia - up to 97%. The performance of the latter two countries is generally typical for most countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
The omechanical processing of wood is most often judged by the production of lumber, which has already reached 410 million cubic meters worldwide. The leading countries in this case include the United States (110 million cubic meters), Canada (65), China, Japan, Russia (22), Brazil, India, Germany, Sweden. Basically, the same countries stand out for the production of plywood and chipboard.
Now let's turn to the chemical (chemical-mechanical) processing of wood, which is needed for the production of cellulose, paper and cardboard. Pulp is produced mainly in the countries of the northern forest belt, where coniferous wood predominates, and half of all world production comes from only two countries - the United States and Canada. However, China and Brazil are already in the top ten pulp-producing countries. Even more important for us is data on paper products, 30% of which is writing and printing paper, 13 - newsprint and 57% others.

Topic 3. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
grades of paper and cardboard used for packaging, technical, sanitary needs, etc. Note that the world production of paper and cardboard has grown from 130 million tons in 1970 to 360 million tons in 2005, and about 1/2 of it is obtained from waste paper. (According to forecasts, by 2015 this production should increase to 440 million tons.) And you can get acquainted with the main producers of paper products from Table. 31.
Table 31
Top five countries in the world by size of paper and paperboard production, 2005

In addition to them, the top ten countries in the world also include Finland, Sweden, the Republic of Korea, France and Italy. As far as Russia is concerned, its positions appear to be greatly weakened. In 2006, the country produced 7.5 million tons of paper and cardboard (2% of the world), approximately at the level of Indonesia. If we compare the large regions of the world, then the leap made by the countries of foreign Asia is striking. Back in 1980, this region accounted for less than 4% of the world production of paper and cardboard, and now (from 30%) it took the second place, overtaking foreign Europe and second only to North America.
In the literature, along with data on paper production, you will find information on its consumption. In the context of the globalization of the world economy, they are probably even more indicative. Moreover, they reflect to some extent not only the level of economic development, but also the level of civilization. This is especially clearly indicated by the data not so much about the general as about the per capita consumption of paper and cardboard (Fig. 59). His analysis shows that the deepest difference between the countries of the North and the South still persists. Thus, a resident of the United States consumes 7.4 times more paper than a resident of China and almost 45 times more than a resident of India.

Rice. 59. Consumption of paper and paperboard per capita,
2005 year

In conclusion, we note that the products of the forestry and woodworking industries occupy an important place in world trade. From the countries located in the northern forest belt, wood and paper products are an important export item for Canada, Sweden, Finland, Russia, as well as for the United States, which ranks first in the export of unprocessed timber and sawn timber, but is also the largest importer of roundwood. paper and plywood. Within the southern forest belt, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia specialize in the export of forest products. You can see how the main "forest bridges" pass in Fig. 60.
Canada is best cited as a large-scale example of a country where the timber and timber industry is an internationally specialized industry.

The world's textile industry The main natural prerequisite for the development of this industry in Canada is its vast forest resources. The belt of coniferous forests stretches here for several thousand kilometers from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and covers an area of ​​450 million hectares; timber stock in it reaches 22 billion cubic meters. Although these figures are quite impressive in themselves, the specific indicators for sparsely populated Canada look even more convincing: both in terms of forest area (10 hectares) and timber reserves (more than 700 cubic meters) per capita it occupies first place in the world. On this basis, a powerful forestry and woodworking industry has been created in Canada, which employs more than 800 thousand people. In terms of industrial wood production, Canada ranks second in the world after the United States, and per capita (6.2 cubic meters) - ‘first. Today we have already talked about the fact that Canada is in the top five countries in the production of sawn timber, pulp, paper and cardboard, and on a per capita basis for sawn timber and pulp, it ranks first in the world, and is inferior in paper only Finland and Sweden. It should be especially noted that Canada accounts for 1/4 of the world's newsprint, which also serves as an important article of its export. In the United States, many newspapers are printed on Canadian paper, and in fact they often have up to 100 pages.
For Russia, the timber and woodworking industry also serves as one of the branches of its international specialization. For a long time, Russia, which possesses the world's largest timber base, was one of the main producers and suppliers of various timber and paper products. However, in the 90s, this industry experienced a strong recession: in 2000, compared to 1988, timber harvesting decreased by almost 4 times, production of sawn timber - by 4.3 times, cellulose - by 2.6, paper - by 2. ,4 times. As a result, Russia's rating has dropped noticeably: according to some indicators, it dropped out not only from the top five, but from the top ten countries. The main problems of the domestic timber and paper industry now include: 1) inconsistency of wood processing with the possibilities of the timber resource base; 2) territorial disproportion between the areas of the main forest resources (Siberia, the Far East) and the main areas of consumption of wood products; 3) export of round timber, not wood products.
Now let's move on to considering the textile industry - as the main branch of light industry, which gives about half of its output, and also ranks first in it in terms of the number of employees. The development of the textile industry is determined by all economic development, on which the consumer demand of the population depends.

Topic 8. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
The main products of this industry - fabrics and knitwear - belong to the category of mass and relatively inexpensive products, which can be produced by workers of medium and low qualifications. As B.N. Zimin, the textile industry is characterized by a rapid change of assortment associated with a change in fashion. So it comes to mind, I don't remember whose aphorism: "In all languages ​​of the world, the word" fashion "is feminine, so she has her own whims ..."
The textile industry is a typical old industry. You were taught in high school in history and geography that the industrial revolution in England in the 18th century. started with her. Although spinning and weaving have remained at the heart of the industry's production process since then, the scientific and technological revolution certainly influenced it greatly. Spinning equipment was enriched by spinning machines. And in the weaving industry, traditional shuttle looms began to be replaced by more productive shuttleless ones. In addition, a knitwear industry has emerged, which has recently been moving to electronically controlled equipment. Nonwovens have appeared. All this means expanding the range, widespread use of labor-saving technologies. And nevertheless, the rate of development of the textile industry in the second half of XX - early XXI century. turn out to be significantly lower than in other industries. As a result, the global production of all types of fabrics has recently remained at a stable level of about 100-110 billion square meters.
But in the raw material balance of the textile industry and, accordingly, the structure of fabric production over the past decades, there have been very large changes. The main one is the constant increase in the consumption of chemical fibers, the share of which in the total consumption in 1950 was 16%, and in 2005 it rose to 62% (Fig. 61). In addition, in the composition of chemical fibers, the predominance of synthetic fibers (the most common of which is polyester) over cellulose ones has sharply increased. As we noted in the last lecture, now the ratio between them is 93: 7. Each of us clearly feels these structural shifts on himself.

Rice. 61. Change in the world structure of textile fibers,%
(1950-2005)

I remember how in the post-war period, when synthetic fabrics began to spread, men tried to acquire nylon shirts, and women - nylon stockings; both of them wore bologna raincoats - it was then very fashionable. Then the fashion for natural fibers returned again, and now, when buying underwear or clothes, you probably ask how much cotton or wool is in this fabric. But to answer this question for the most part is rather difficult, since natural fabrics without admixture of chemical fiber are now almost never produced. Such fabrics are called blended fabrics. Or, as N.V. Alisov, statistics unites them in the category "cotton fabrics and fabrics like cotton."
We should be even more interested in the shifts taking place in the location of the global textile industry.
You know well that in the 19th century. and in the first half of the XX century. the leading positions in the textile industry of the world were occupied by Europe (in a broad sense, that is, including the European part of Russia) '. Capitalist industrialization has led to the fact that it was here that such large-scale emerged (lectures 39-50)
and world famous areas of this industry, like Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Alsace in France, Flanders in Belgium, Saxony in Germany, Tuscany and Lombardy in Italy, Central region in Russia. And this is not to mention such centers as Lyons, Lille, Lodz, Ivanovsky and others. If we bear in mind the countries of the North, then a large textile industry also emerged in the USA and Japan. Already in the XX century. it has experienced crises and recessions in production more than once. Currently, the main task is considered to increase the efficiency of labor and product quality, which allows to achieve higher sales prices and, consequently, an increase in turnover per employee.
Unlike the countries of the North, from the countries of the South, perhaps only China and India had a large textile industry. No wonder the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called his country “Lancashire of Asia”. But after the collapse of the colonial system, many liberated countries embarked on the path of industrialization, starting with the textile industry.
The provision of raw materials and cheap labor has led to the fact that in the countries of the South this industry began to develop at a very high rate. As a result, at the beginning of the XXI century. their share in the world production of fabrics has reached 2/3. And the main center for the production of textile fibers and fabrics moved from Europe and the United States to Asia.
More specifically, this territorial shift from developed to developing countries can be illustrated by the example of the main branch of the textile industry - cotton, which produces 75 billion square meters. m per year. Back in the middle of the XX century. the top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics included five countries of Western Europe, the USA, Japan, the USSR, China and India. It now includes the United States, Russia, the Republic of Korea and seven developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In more detail, you can familiarize yourself with the location of the global cotton industry using rice. 62. It follows from it that today there are 21 countries in the world producing more than 100 million square meters. m and incl. 6 - more than 1 billion sq. m of cotton fabrics per year. Pay attention to the fact that two developing countries - China and India - occupy a non-competitive place in the production of such fabrics. Moreover, both of them are already significantly

Topic 8. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
exceeded the world average production of cotton fabrics based on the per capita rate of the population (11-12 sq. m.). And now, in order to preserve the tradition, I will introduce you to the top five countries (Table 32).
Table 32
Top five countries in the world for the production of cotton fabrics, 2005

Next, we will briefly consider other sectors (sub-sectors) of the textile industry. The first is the wool industry, which produces much more expensive woolen fabrics. These fabrics are produced many times less than cotton - 9.5 billion square meters. m per year. Traditionally, their main producers are the countries of foreign Europe, Russia, Japan, but recently some countries of East Asia have been added to them. So the top five countries for the production of such fabrics now include China, Italy, Japan, India and France. And Russia (along with Turkey, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) is only in the second five.
Secondly, it is the silk industry, which for centuries was based on expensive natural silk and had a relatively small scale. But after the invention of artificial silk, the pace of its development began to increase rapidly and now, in terms of the size of the annual production of fabrics, it surpasses the woolen industry by about 10 times. The geography of this industry is also not quite usual: almost 1/2 of the world's production of silk fabrics comes from the USA, and the rest comes from Asian countries, especially China and Japan, India, and the Republic of Korea.
Thirdly, this is the linen industry, which has received the greatest development in Russia, Belarus, and some countries of foreign Europe.

World textile industry
Fourth, this is the hemp-jute industry, which processes jute stalks into technical and furniture fabrics, carpets, and ropes. The main production area in the world is located in the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas, in India and Bangladesh.
As a special sub-sector of the textile industry, we can name the production of knitwear, which has become of paramount importance in Western countries. Suffice it to say that the cost of knitwear production has already exceeded the production of fabrics. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in the knitwear industry is several times higher than, for example, in the weaving industry. But the production of nonwovens, which are increasingly used for technical purposes, is developing at an even faster pace.
It remains to add that textiles are one of the most traditional commodities in international trade. Not so long ago, economically developed countries of Western Europe, the USA, and Japan were the main exporters and importers of fabrics. But then developing countries also actively intervened in this trade, in most of which the textile industry is strongly export-oriented. Nowadays, in the export of textiles, the non-competitive first place is taken by China (all the more so, together with Hong Kong), followed by Italy, Germany, the USA, the Republic of Korea, Fr. Taiwan, France. And the main importers of textiles are the United States, Japan and the European countries of the G7.
For Russia, the textile industry has always been one of the most traditional industries, which played an important role in both the gross domestic product and the international geographical division of labor. Back in 1991, Russia produced 7.5 billion square meters. m of fabrics, which put it in one of the leading places in the world. But with the beginning of economic reform and its transfer to a market basis in the Russian textile industry, there was an unprecedented drop in production volumes.
As a result of the landslide recession in 1991-1996. the total volume of tissue release decreased by more than 5 times. Accordingly, the share of Russia in world production has sharply decreased: for cotton fabrics from 5.2 to 1.4%, for woolen fabrics from 12.2 to 2.2%. In 1997 in the magazine "Textile Industry" one could read an article entitled "The death of the oldest branch of industry in Russia." As for the reasons for such a deep crisis, you must understand that these include:
(lectures 39-50)
1) strong technological backwardness of production and, as a result, low product quality; 2) lack of working capital; 3) intense competition from imported goods; 4) loss of domestic sources of cotton and wool; 5) a decrease in the paying capacity of the country's population.
At the beginning of the XXI century. the situation in the Russian textile industry has improved, the decline in production has stopped. But it has not yet reached the level of 1991: for example, the share of the Russian Federation in the world output of cotton fabrics is 3.5-4%, woolen - 2-2.5%.
Test questions Describe the main components of the forest complex of the world. Describe the main features of the location of the global timber and paper industry. Explain the dynamics of the development of the global textile industry and changes in its sectoral structure. Describe the major shifts in the placement of the world's textile industry.
Literature
The main Maksakovsky V.P. Geographic picture of the world. Textbook for universities. Book. 1. General characteristics of the world. Ed. 4th. - M .: Bustard, 2008. Topic 5. Maksakovsky V.P. Economic and social geography of the world. Textbook for grade 10. Ed. 16th. - M .: Education, 2008. Rodionova I.A. World economy: industrial sphere. Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2005. Section 2.
Additional Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview). Textbook for universities. - M .: Gardariki, 2000. Section VIII. Geography. Textbook / Ed. E.V. Baranchikov. - M .: Academia, 2005. Chapter 5.

Textile industry of the world Lyubimov I.M. General political, economic and social geography. Textbook for universities. - M .: Helios ARV, 2001. Chapters 5,6,7. Rodionova I.A. Macrogeography of the world's industry. Textbook for universities. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2000. Rodionova I.A. Industry of the World: Territorial Shifts in the Second Half of the 20th Century. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2002. Russia and the countries of the world. Official edition. - M .: Rosstat, 2008. Section "Industrial production". Smirnov EN. Introduction to the course of the world economy (economic geography of foreign countries). Textbook for universities. - M .: KNORIS, 2008. Chapter 5. Socio-economic geography of the world. Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V. Volsky. - M .: Bustard, 2001. Part II, chapter 3. Kholina V.N., Naumov A.S., Rodionova I.A. Socio-economic geography of the world. Reference manual. - M .: Drofa-DiK, 2006.

The current state and prospects for the development of forestry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries

The Republic of Belarus has a developed forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The structure of the timber industry complex is represented by the following industries: logging (13.5% of the total output), woodworking (69.5%), pulp and paper (16.4%) and wood chemical industry (0.6%). It creates 3.8% of the value of manufactured industrial products, employs 11.6% of the total number of industrial and production personnel in the country (2007). The sector is managed by the Ministry of Forestry.

The timber industry produces approximately 13.5% of the gross output of the timber industry. More than 7.5 million m3 of timber is harvested in the republic annually. The main areas of timber harvesting are located in the Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Brest regions.

The total area of ​​the forest fund of the Republic of Belarus is 9.4 million hectares, 8.04 million hectares of which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forestry.

As a result of a purposeful policy of reforestation and afforestation, the area of ​​forested land increases, the formational structure and species diversity of forests are preserved, and their sustainability and productivity increase.

In the forest fund of Belarus over the past 20 years, there have been significant quantitative and qualitative changes for the better. They are caused both by the economic activities of organizations conducting forestry, and by natural processes of forest growth.

Due to the creation of new forests on unproductive agricultural lands, the total area of ​​the republic's forest fund during this period increased by 1 million 350 thousand hectares.

Simultaneously with the increase in the total area of ​​the forest fund, due to the purposeful activity of foresters, a qualitative improvement in the state of the forest fund of the republic is taking place. The area of ​​forest-covered land has grown by 927 thousand hectares. The forest cover of the republic's territory increased from 33.9% to 38.3%.

In addition, in the Republic of Belarus there is a steady increase in the areas of ripening, ripe and overripe plantings. Over a twenty-year period, the area of ​​mature stands has more than doubled.

As a result of the planned regulation of the volume of forest felling, first of all, final felling, the total stock of stands increased 1.6 times and as of 1.01.2010 already exceeded 1.5 billion cubic meters. m, and stocks of ripe timber amounted to 188 million cubic meters. m.

As a result of economic activity and natural growth of forests, the productivity of forests has significantly increased: the average stock of plantations per hectare of forested land during this period increased from 135 to 193 cubic meters. m, including mature and overmature stands - from 216 to 242.8 cubic meters. m. The average age of plantings increased by 12 years and reached 51 years.

The area of ​​specially protected natural areas and especially protected areas is almost 2.3 million hectares, or 24.2% of the total area of ​​the forest fund.

The enterprises of the industry are engaged in primary processing and export of timber. The main types of products of the enterprises of the timber industry complex are sawn timber, chipboard and fibreboard, plywood and furniture.

Starting from 2008, it is planned to sell standing timber through exchange trading. The mechanism of exchange trading will allow balancing the price of such raw materials for consumers based on supply and demand.

The efficiency of the development of forest resources depends on the transport accessibility of the logging fund and the availability of forestry roads.

The main indicator of meeting transport needs in forestry is the density of the road network, expressed by the linear length of roads per 100 hectares of forest area.

In 2006, the Program for the transport development of the forest fund and the construction of forest roads in the forests of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2010 was approved.

In accordance with the instruction of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Industry, together with the Ministry of Forestry and the Bellesbumprom concern, has developed a "Program for the production of logging and forestry machinery and equipment for 2006 - 2010".

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated January 12, 2007 No. No. 22 "On approval of the Program for the production of forestry and logging equipment for 2006 - 2010" and the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2006 No. 1760 "On approval of the Forestry Development Program of the Republic of Belarus for 2007 - 2011" provides for an increase in the current level technical equipment of the industry, the introduction of modern methods of thinning and final felling in forests on the basis of advanced technologies, which will comprehensively mechanize logging operations by replacing manual labor with machines as much as possible.

The export of timber products and services in 2006 was carried out to 25 countries of the world, of which 13.6% accounted for the CIS countries (mainly to Russia - 13.5%) and 86.4% - to non-CIS countries (of which Poland accounts for - 29%, Latvia - 18.8%, Germany - 10.6%) of the export volume by the Ministry of Forestry. Based on the results of work in January-August 2010, organizations of the Ministry of Forestry supplied timber products for export and rendered services in the amount of US $ 65.5 million. The export growth rate compared to the same period last year amounted to 264.5%.

The woodworking industry is divided into sawmill, production of standard houses and building parts made of wood, plywood, furniture, production of matches. Its share in the structure of the complex is 65%. The woodworking industry is engaged in the processing and processing of wood, mainly specializing in the production of sawmilling materials, furniture, fiberboard (fiberboard) and chipboard (chipboard), matches, door and window blocks, parquet, plywood, sports equipment, etc.

Almost 70% of the industry is occupied by the furniture industry. There are 11 furniture production associations in Belarus. The largest - "Bobruiskdrev", "Minskmebel", "Gomeldrev", "Vitebskdrev", "Mostovdrev", "Pinskdrev" - produce furniture of various designs. In the structure of export goods of the industry, the share of the furniture industry is currently about 45-50%. Belarus also has a large plywood industry, which began to develop at the beginning of the 20th century.

Plywood production is an important part of the timber industry complex. Now in Belarus there are six plywood factories with a total capacity of 183.5 thousand m3 of plywood per year. They are part of the woodworking associations and enterprises of Borisov, Mostov, Pinsk, Rechitsa, Gomel and Bobruisk.

The production of chipboard and fibreboard (chipboard and fiberboard) is concentrated at enterprises located in Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Borisov, Pinsk, Mostakh, Rechitsa, Ivatsevichi. About 55% of particleboard and 26% of fiberboard is used in the domestic market, the rest is exported (to Russia, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, etc.).

The production of matches is carried out at three enterprises: PA Borisovdrev, PA Gomeldrev and PA Pinskdrev.

The Republic of Belarus has a developed container production. Up to 100 thousand m3 of box sets are produced annually, of which up to 60% falls on forestry enterprises.

The pulp and paper industry produces about 20% of the gross output of the timber industry. In the Republic of Belarus, there are 12 specialized enterprises that produce mass and special types of paper and cardboard. The leading enterprises of the industry in the Republic of Belarus include: OJSC Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Mill, OJSC Belorusskiye Oboi, OJSC Gomeloboi, OJSC Dobrush Paper Factory "Hero of Labor", OJSC Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant Albertin, JSC "Paper Mill" Krasnaya Zvezda ", Unitary Enterprise" Paper Mill "of Goznak of the Republic of Belarus JSC" Paper Mill "Spartak", JSC "Molodechno Cardboard Factory" Raevka ", JSC" Cardboard Factory "Olkhovka", JSC "Krovlya" and others.

Taking into account the fact that in the republic the imbalance in the production of paper and cardboard is 5: 1, it is planned to build the second stage of the association specializing in the production of bleached pulp. Wood from thinning, woodworking waste and hardwood can be used as raw materials.

Paper and cardboard are produced in small factories in Dobrush, Shklov, Chashniki, Slonim, Pukhovichi, Borisov and other cities and towns. Expansion of the production of paper and cardboard at domestic enterprises will allow in the future to reduce the volume of imports. For this purpose, technical re-equipment of the industry is carried out.

The wood-chemical industry produces about 1% of the gross output of the timber industry complex. It is based on the chemical processing of wood. It includes: dry distillation of wood, charcoal burning and various types of rosin-turpentine production.

It is represented by the open joint stock company Lesohimik, a manufacturer of turpentine and rosin.

There are two hydrolysis plants in the republic in Bobruisk and Rechitsa, which produce fodder yeast, ethyl alcohol, furfural and tannic extract from wood raw materials.

There are 12 resin plants in Belarus, which are focused on the production of charcoal.

Further development of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the Republic of Belarus will be carried out in accordance with the Program for the rational and integrated use of wood resources for 2002-2010, approved by the government.

Literature

1. http://www.mlh.by/ru/forestry/resources.html

2. Ecology and life. - 2010. No. 1. P.72

3. Economy. Finance. Control. - 2010. No. 4. P.34

4. Bektobekov, G.V. Improvement of the technogenic risk management system at furniture and woodworking enterprises / G.V. Bektobekov, N.E. Garnagina, A.S. Verbitsky // Woodworking industry. - 2010.-№3.-С.25-26

5. Gubanaў, Y. Zamest problem - prybytak / Yўgen Gubanaў // Belarus. Belarus. - 2010.- No. 7. - P. 26