Erosion is the term. Non-traditional and traditional methods of erosion treatment: effectiveness and validity. Plants as an erosion control factor
Types of erosion processes
The erosion processes that are studied during geological surveys include the following types:
- planar erosion;
- ravine;
- linear.
Plane erosion implies a washout of the upper soil layer on the slopes by streams of melt (rain) waters. The actions of this type of erosion processes do not significantly bring catastrophic consequences, since they have a small scale. Of course, when designing a building (house, cottage, structure) in an area prone to this kind erosion, it is worth considering this nuance and timely conduct protective measures(strengthening the slopes, for example). Since this threatens to undermine the foundation, as well as deformation of the entire structure. The consequences of planar erosion are partial washout of soil in a specific area, as well as its reclamation in another part of the area.
Gully erosion accompanied by temporary flows of water, which are concentrated in furrows and other depressions that have a linearly elongated shape (ravine, slope, etc.). Geological surveys study the territories prone to the formation of gully erosion processes in maximum detail, since the damage they cause can reach enormous proportions. With an intense flow of rainwater down the slope, the consequence is the formation of ravines up to 20 meters deep. Such situations can lead to global consequences during construction. The formation of ravines of such depth on a building site in some cases leads to a complete stop of construction.
Linear erosion acts mainly in small areas and leads to the dismemberment of the earth's surface. This process is also called "river erosion", since it operates mainly in river valleys. This leads to the destruction (washout) of the banks. This destroys the soil layer and its basic physical and mechanical properties. In areas for development located near rivers, a mandatory measure is to conduct hydrogeological studies, study the properties of soils, the geology of the site as a whole is studied in detail, as well as the geological conditions of the adjacent territory.
It is important to take into account the erosion-accumulative processes on the territory under construction, as well as during the operation of construction objects, because the consequences can be simply irreparable. Timely survey of the territory can significantly reduce the damage caused by erosion processes. The study of archival materials, determination of the strength characteristics of soils in laboratory conditions, field geological studies provide detailed information on a specific site and make it possible to predict changes in geological conditions, in particular, the occurrence of dangerous geological processes (erosion). If erosion is detected in the study area, design organizations, according to the geological report, will be able to establish protective safety measures or take special measures to prevent destructive erosional consequences.
- (from the Greek. erodo I eat away), destruction of rocks (weathering), soil and any other formations of the Earth's surface by natural agents (water, wind, glaciers). As a result of erosion, it collapses fertile layer soils, ravines, beams appear ... ... Ecological Dictionary
EROSION, a change in the shape of the landscape as a result of the gradual destruction of the surface of solid rocks and soil, accompanied by the removal of the resulting debris (as opposed to WEATHERING). It is created under the influence of winds, water, movement of glaciers and ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
- [lat. erosio erosion] gradual destruction, decay. Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev NG, 2006. erosion (lat. Erosio corrosion) 1) the process of destruction of rocks, consisting of mechanical erosion, grinding and abrasion of the channel ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
erosion- and, w. érosion f. lat. erodere to eat away. 1.special In geology, destruction (of the earth's surface) by flowing waters and ice. Glacial erosion. BAS 1. 2. In technology, the destruction of a metal surface by mechanical influences (impacts, friction, etc.) ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms
- (from the Latin erosio erosion) (medical), a superficial defect of the skin or mucous membrane, localized within the epidermis (epithelium) and healing without scarring. Erosion of the cervix is one of the forms of precancer ... Modern encyclopedia
The process of destruction of the city by a water flow, which, together with gravitational movements (displacements), leads to the formation of valleys and a decrease in the surface of the catchment basins. (see Pool). E.'s process consists of: 1) ... ... Geological encyclopedia
Deflation, destruction, damage, denudation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. erosion n., number of synonyms: 10 hydro-erosion (1) ... Synonym dictionary
- (erosion) See: soil erosion. Economy. Dictionary... M .: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. J. Black. General edition: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M .. 2000 ... Economic Dictionary
erosion- In geology, a set of physical and chemical processes that contribute to the destruction of rocks by water flows. [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] erosion The process of destruction of rocks by water ... ... Technical translator's guide
- (from Lat. erosio erosion) (in geology) the process of destruction of rocks and soils by a water channel. Distinguish between surface (smoothing the unevenness of the relief), linear (dissection of the relief), lateral (undermining of river banks) and deep (cutting the channel ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Uterine fibroids, endometriosis and cervical erosion: natural treatment, Pavlova Tatiana Vladimirovna. This book is about an independent and quite real cure for the three most common diseases of women. The importance of this topic lies in the fact that healthy person only a healthy one can give birth ...
- Uterine fibroids, endometriosis and cervical erosion. Treatment with natural remedies, Tatiana Pavlova. This book is about an independent and quite real cure for the three most common diseases of women. The importance of this topic lies in the fact that only a healthy person can give birth to a healthy person ...
Erosion
Erosion: the meaning of the term, types of erosion, the most common types in the human body. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of "erosion of the cervix", its types, the need for treatment and methods of therapy. Erosion of the stomach and intestines: causes, symptoms, treatment.
The term "erosion" comes from the Latin word for "erosion." The term "erosion" is used not only in medicine, there is, for example, the concept of "soil erosion", depletion of the surface soil layer under the influence of water and wind.
Contrary to popular belief, erosion in the human body is not limited to one organ and can affect all surfaces of the epithelium. So, the most common are erosion of the cervix, erosive changes in the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, erosion of the cornea of the eye, tooth enamel, etc.
The main difference between erosion and other types of damage is the limited depth of impact. Erosive changes do not affect the underlying layers, limited to the epithelium. With self-healing, erosion does not contribute to the formation of scar tissue, unlike, for example, an ulcer that affects the basement membrane and deeper layers by dystrophic and inflammatory processes.
The cause of erosive changes can be mechanical effects on the epithelium: scratches, abrasions, exposure to friction, local inflammation, dystrophy of the mucous surface, the effect of pathological secretions of the body (often with erosion of the cervix), infections, endocrine disorders, allergic reactions, taking some drugs, irritating mucous membranes, contact with chemicals, aggressive substances (for example, alcoholic erosive gastritis) and many others.
Distinguish between erosion and ectopia (pseudo-erosion) of the cervix. It is a mistake to call cervical erosion all cases of ectopia, the presence of a columnar epithelium lining the inner surface of the cervical canal, on a part of the vagina. Ectopia is a physiological phenomenon characteristic of the juvenile period, hormonal contraceptive therapy, which occurs in most women under the age of 40 and does not require treatment. Ectopia of the cervix also occurs as a response to local infections, physical, chemical effects. The International Classification of Diseases does not recognize ectopia as a disease or condition that threatens health and requires medical attention. Ectopia of the cervix, not caused by physiological growth and hormonal changes in the body, involves the following actions: regular monitoring of ectopic changes, response to the development of the process, identification and elimination of the causes that contribute to the activation of the growth of columnar epithelium (if possible).
In the vast majority of cases, the presence of erosion in the body indicates the effect of some unfavorable factor that provoked damage to the epithelial layer. It is necessary to know and distinguish between the types of erosion, since most often the elimination of the negative effect leads to self-healing of the surface. Knowing the symptoms different types erosions of the body allows them to be detected at early stages, preventing tissue degeneration, deepening the site of damage or dystrophy, and, as a result, contributes to a faster and more sustainable effect from the course of therapy.
Erosion of the cornea of the eye is a disease that most often occurs due to trauma, mechanical or chemical effects on the corneal epithelium. The following types of corneal erosion are distinguished according to the degree of its distribution: limited and diffuse, covering several areas of the surface, at the location: upper and lower.
Therapy for erosion of the cornea of the eye consists in the removal of an irritating factor (foreign body, chemical reagent), medicines to reduce inflammation (antibacterial agents, drugs to reduce edema, sensitivity) and surface regeneration, keratoplastic drugs that provide nutrition and hydration. In case of significant damage, surgical intervention may be required, in case of relapses of the disease, it is possible to carry out a keratectomy using a laser.
Types of erosion include erosive changes in the hard tissues of the tooth: layers of tooth enamel and dentin. Disease-provoking factors include mechanical stress (trauma, damage due to chewing with improper bite), improper cleaning of teeth, exposure to chemical compounds contained in oral hygiene products, occupational hazards, lack of fluoride in water, as well as endocrine disorders, for example, thyrotoxicosis ...
Most often, the disease occurs in middle-aged people, which may also be explained by the weakening of the remineralizing function of the oral fluid.
There are three stages of tooth enamel erosion:
- initial, accompanied by a loss of gloss of the tooth surface and an increase in enamel sensitivity;
- medium, with the formation of oval places of erosive lesions, characterized by a specific shine, the presence of pain when touched, exposure to cold, hot drinks, a stream of air, sour, sweet food;
- deep, with the transition of the lesion to dentin, which gives the lesion a yellowish tint, and with the accumulation of plaque - a dark brownish color.
Distinguish also active stage the process of erosion of dental tissues and the stage of stabilization.
Therapy for erosion of tooth enamel consists in remineralization, application of fluoride and calcium preparations on the enamel, elimination of the influencing factor. In case of significant lesions, dentin erosion, the lesion sites are sealed, covered with veneers, crowns.
Erosion of the skin is most often a symptom of diseases such as eczema, candidiasis, erythrasma and others. In the affected area, pain, redness, burning, weeping surface are noted. The factor that ensures recovery is the elimination of the disease or impact that lies in the etiology of the phenomenon. At the site of erosive lesions after healing, persistent skin pigmentation may persist.
Among the diseases, there are also such common types of erosion as erosion of the stomach, intestines, cervix, esophagus, etc. Depending on the affected organ and the stage of development of the process, each disease is accompanied by its own symptoms of erosion, etiology, methods of therapeutic or surgical impact.
Erosion symptoms, methods of diagnosing the disease
Depending on the organ, the surface of which is affected by erosion, the symptoms and diagnostic methods differ significantly. Some types of erosion, especially on superficial organs, are visible during routine examination, others require special equipment, tools, diagnostic tests, tests, and manipulations.
With lesions of different organs with a disease such as erosion, the symptoms vary significantly. So, cervical erosion can be asymptomatic, and if the intestines or stomach are affected by erosion, the symptoms must be differentiated from a number of diseases and dysfunctions accompanied by similar manifestations.
The indicators of the effectiveness of therapy for all types of erosion are considered to be the completed process of epithelialization of erosive defects.
The consequences of untreated cervical erosion can be varied both in manifestations and in the degree of impact on health. True erosion of the cervix, the presence of a defect in the epithelial layer with different etiology, is considered a favorable environment for the development of infectious processes, moreover, normally specific epithelial cells protect the cervical canal from the penetration of infectious agents into the uterus. With ectopia or ectropion, the cylindrical epithelial cells present in the vagina cope with this function much worse.
Erosion, or dysplasia of the cervix, characterized by the formation of epithelial cells atypical for this part of the organ, can progress and develop into a precancerous and cancerous state, a type of cancer that ranks second among deaths from cancer among women.
Erosion of the stomach, intestines is also dangerous transformation into cancer, and should be subject to mandatory therapy by specialists.
The consequences of erosion of dental tissues are the destruction of a tooth, and more often several, since enamel erosion in almost all cases is not limited to one tooth.
Cervical erosion
There are differences between the understanding of the term "cervical erosion", established in Russia and the CIS countries, and the interpretation of the WHO. The traditional, outdated interpretation of cervical erosion includes several different conditions of this organ, and not all of them, according to the global standards of the healthcare system at the moment, have the right to be called erosion.
So, according to modern classification, there are three conditions that were previously included in the general term "cervical erosion":
- true erosion of the cervix;
- pseudo-erosion or ectopia of the columnar epithelium of the neck;
- ectropion.
The external manifestations of these conditions can be quite similar, however, the physiological and pathological processes that provoked the appearance of such changes are significantly different. The approaches to the treatment of the disease are also different, moreover, those "erosions" that were considered a reason for treatment are currently diagnosed as a variant of the norm for a specific period of development, or the physiological characteristics of a woman's body do not require therapy.
True erosion of the cervix is a surface area with degeneration, damage or complete absence of the epithelial layer. When diagnosed with uterine erosion, the causes and etiology of the development of erosive changes on the cervix determine the type of disease. There are several factors that lead to the formation of true erosive changes:
- inflammatory processes of the genital organs caused by infectious diseases, in particular, chlamydia, human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis, etc.;
- trauma to the cervix (during intercourse, use of the uterine cap, medical research, etc.);
- chemical and thermal burns during douching, cauterization of the cervix for medical reasons;
- ulceration of the surface due to insufficient blood supply to this organ, trophic erosion;
- specific changes in the genital organs with infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis;
- tumor changes in the uterus and its parts.
The factors contributing to the sensitivity of the body in this disease include the early onset of sexual activity, a large number / frequent change of sexual partners, smoking, taking certain hormonal drugs, eating disorders, stress, decreased immunity - all those reasons that contribute to the weakening of the effectiveness of protective forces organism and the development of long-term persistent infections, dysfunctions, etc.
The elimination of the main factor provoking erosive changes makes it possible to assert the probable self-healing of cervical erosion within 2-3 weeks.
Symptoms of cervical erosion
Symptoms of cervical erosion are few, and quite often true erosion of the cervix, or cervical dysplasia is asymptomatic, without causing discomfort and is detected only during a routine examination by a gynecologist.
One of the most common symptoms of cervical erosion is vaginal spotting after intercourse and / or pain during the process. Also, an opaque, pungent-smelling discharge should be alarming, which may accompany infectious processes that provoke the development of dysplastic changes.
However, as a rule, cervical dysplasia, especially on initial stage, is not accompanied by a pronounced or external symptom complex, revealing itself only when examined by a specialist. Pain, discomfort in the lower abdomen, perineum are not included in the symptoms of cervical erosion and are the reason for a separate consultation with a specialist.
Erosion during pregnancy, erosive changes in the cervix themselves do not harm the child and are not a contraindication for conception and gestation. However, it is worth remembering that true erosion during pregnancy can be a factor in an increased risk of infection entering the uterus. At the same time, ectopia, pseudo-erosion of the cervix, often goes away on its own after childbirth, as a result of hormonal changes in the body of a pregnant woman.
The second negative point: erosion during pregnancy does not arise from the fact of conception, although the gestational period itself with its endocrinological changes in the body, hormonal fluctuations and suppression of immunity can somewhat contribute to the development of diseases that provoke erosion of the cervix. However, the presence of such a disease is an indicator of the dysfunction of the body, which can affect the child and the mother.
The third factor due to which doctors insist on curing erosion before pregnancy is the increased risk of cervical trauma during childbirth in places of erosive changes, which can threaten with bleeding, abrasions, cervical ruptures, and infection.
With dysplasia of the cervix of the third degree, this disease is an indication for delivery by cesarean section.
Bleeding as a symptom: when erosion bleeds
"Bleeding erosion" in the same situations when, for example, bleeding of an inflamed or traumatized skin surface is noticed: with careless contact, with an inflammatory process accompanied by bloody discharge. Most often it is said that "erosion" of the cervix after intercourse is "bleeding," bleeding during bowel movements with the diagnosis of intestinal erosion is observed, as a rule, if the diet is not followed, and when coarse, heavy food is consumed.
Treatment of cervical erosion can be carried out different methods... With dysplasia of the cervical canal, therapy is included as the use of topical or general action and surgical operations using various equipment.
Medical treatment of cervical erosion is based on two principles: elimination of the cause of erosive surface changes and regeneration of damage to the epithelial layer.
Without eliminating the factor underlying the etiology of the development of the disease, the use of local and / or surgical methods does not guarantee against recurrence of the disease. For diagnostics, microbiological, cytological studies, biopsy, colposcopy, blood test, vaginal smear are used to identify the stage of the disease, the infectious agent / agents and their sensitivity to different groups drugs. After the diagnosis is established, a course of therapy is carried out to cure diseases that provoked the appearance of erosive changes (most often these are diseases such as trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia).
Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hormonal, immunostimulating medications of general action are supplemented with appropriate topical preparations with the listed and / or regenerating functions (vaginal suppositories, creams, ointments, douching liquids) and are used as an adjunct to the main therapy. Treatment of cervical erosion is a complex measure, and the choice of medications is provided to a specialist. Independent attempts to cure can lead to a worsening of the situation, the development of dysplasia of the cervical canal of 2-3 degrees. Uncontrolled drug treatment is also ineffective and often leads to relapses.
Cauterization of cervical erosion: thermocoagulation
Cauterization of cervical erosion or diathermocoagulation is one of the first surgical methods of treatment for this disease. This procedure uses a point supply of low-power electric current to the affected area of the organ surface, providing cauterization of the erosion of the cervix.
Although the percentage of relapses for the disease of cervical erosion after cauterization is comparable to the use of other, more highly technological methods, this procedure, which is now less and less recommended by specialists, has a number of disadvantages. The use of electric current causes a rather long healing period, the erosion of the cervix after cauterization goes through the regeneration stage longer than with other methods of surgical treatment. Moreover, diathermocoagulation is capable of provoking the formation of scar tissue on the cervix, its shortening, and narrowing of the external os of the uterus.
It is for this reason that earlier experts did not recommend treating cervical erosion to nulliparous women. Scar tissue and shortening of the cervical canal complicate the process of gestation and childbirth.
Cryodestruction or cauterization of cervical erosion with liquid nitrogen - slightly more modern method with a shorter rehabilitation period, but also capable of causing negative consequences in the form of a shortening of the cervix or narrowing of the uterine pharynx.
In addition to cauterization of cervical erosion in these two ways, at the moment there is a sufficient selection of procedures that provide effective therapy without significant trauma and irreversible tissue changes.
Laser erosion treatment: laser surgical method
Treatment of erosion with a laser or laser coagulation of the cervical surface is considered one of the most effective methods surgical intervention, providing an accurate effect on the affected area and a short rehabilitation period.
Laser erosion treatment involves the use of a surgical laser with a minimum depth of impact on the epithelial layer (1-2 mm). The procedure is short in time, rarely accompanied by complications and does not involve the surrounding healthy tissues in the process of exposure.
Erosion: radio wave treatment
When true erosion is detected on the cervix, radio wave treatment involves the use of radio waves to influence the affected area. At the moment this surgical technique is considered the most modern and low-traumatic. The use of this type of wave radiation does not lead to burns, pressure on the tissue. In erosion, radio wave treatment, as the first choice method, provides the least surface damage and the fastest recovery period.
The disadvantages of this technique include the limited distribution of radio wave devices in the country's clinics, the relatively high cost of the procedure.
In advanced cases, the severity of the course of the disease, the size and structure of the lesion and the number of relapses affect the need to choose reconstructive plastic techniques that involve the removal of erosion of the cervix with adjacent tissues (conization of the cervix, removal of a part or a whole organ) or the removal of erosion together with the intestinal area.
Such a decision is made most often when it comes to tissue degeneration, the development of precancerous formations.
Vaginal discharge after erosion treatment: the norm and complications
Discharge after erosion of the cervix, which has undergone therapy with one of the surgical methods, depends on the chosen method of treatment and the stage of the disease. With diathermocoagulation, 2-3 weeks of transparent discharge with bloody inclusions are considered the norm, with other methods (excluding reconstructive plastic) the terms of the rehabilitation period are shorter.
If the discharge after cervical erosion with any course of therapy becomes opaque, has a pungent odor, yellowish, serous inclusions - this is a sign of an associated infection or inflammatory process and a reason for an immediate visit to a gynecologist.
Erosion of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases diagnosed in every fifth patient during endoscopic examination. Most often, the location of this type of erosion is the stomach or duodenum.
Adults are most susceptible to this disease, however, in some cases, gastrointestinal erosion is also diagnosed in childhood... The symptomatology of the process is similar to the symptom complex of gastrointestinal ulcer disease and often gastric erosion is its precursor in the absence of the required therapy.
Erosion of the stomach
Erosion of the stomach is characterized by single or multiple lesions of the mucous surface, not affecting the basal layers. Various forms of lesions reach a size of up to 15 mm. With a significant spread of foci, a disease such as an erosive-hemorrhagic stomach is diagnosed.
The cause of erosion is considered to be a sharp, significant or prolonged Negative influence various factors on the mucous surface. The most common reasons include the introduction and development of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. In second place, there is the uncontrolled use of medicines that irritate the gastric mucosa.
Prolonged psycho-emotional stress, stress, rough, spicy, too hot food are also among the factors that negatively affect the gastric mucosa.
Factors concomitant with the development of gastric erosion also include the intake of alcoholic beverages, diseases that disrupt blood supply internal organs accompanied by an increase in blood pressure.
Depending on the stage of the disease, "gastric erosion" treatment can take from a couple of weeks (in the acute phase) to several years. In addition to the medications prescribed by a specialist, which differ depending on the cause of the development of erosion, an important factor is adherence to a gentle diet that does not allow sharp, rough, hot or any other irritating surface of the stomach of food and drinks.
When diagnosed with chronic erosion of the stomach, treatment with diet is the basis of therapy, without which healing and regeneration of the mucosal surface is impossible.
Prevention of the occurrence of erosion of the gastrointestinal tract includes compliance with dietary rules, daily regimen, prevention and treatment of other diseases, etc.
Bowel erosion: erosive changes in the epithelium
Erosion of the intestine, or, to use the correct term - intestine, is a precancerous disease and requires timely diagnosis and therapy.
The symptoms that accompany the erosion of the duodenum, colon and other parts of the intestine depend on the stage of the disease and the location of the lesion. Among the common manifestations, the following are noted:
- discomfort and pain in the lower and middle abdomen;
- problem stools: diarrhea, constipation, including the alternation of these manifestations;
- increased gas formation;
- impurities in the feces of mucous substances, the presence of blood inclusions;
- decreased appetite, general malaise, etc.
For the purpose of diagnosis, they resort to the following methods: coprographic examination, irrigoscopy, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy.
The therapy is complex, including diet, medication various groups drugs, exclusion of factors that provoked erosion. The effectiveness of therapy is assessed by means of endoscopic examination methods. If necessary, surgery may be recommended.
"Traditional erosion treatment" of almost all types, with the exception of corneal and tooth enamel erosion, recommends sea buckthorn oil and bee products for use. Tampons, vaginal suppositories with sea buckthorn oil, taking it orally with erosions of the gastrointestinal tract in calculated doses and in the absence of allergic reactions can become an additional measure in complex therapy that helps to regenerate the damaged surface.
However, it is worth remembering that only “ folk treatment erosion "will not be effective if the factor of its occurrence is not eliminated. Erosion can degenerate into a peptic ulcer, become the cause of the development of cancerous tumors, in connection with which a specialist should deal with diagnosis and treatment.
The destructive effect of water, wind and anthropogenic factors on the soil and underlying rocks, the demolition of the most fertile upper layer or erosion is called erosion. Erosion is very harmful.
As a result of its activity, the humus horizon is washed away, the reserves of energy and nutrients in the soil are depleted, and, consequently, the energy potential decreases, fertility decreases. Suffice it to say that each washed out centimeter of soil is a loss of about 167472 * 10 6 J of energy from 1 hectare of field. These factors lead to a violation of the stability of the ecosystem, and these changes can be profound and even irreversible.
Types of erosion. According to the rate of manifestation of erosion processes, normal, or geological, and accelerated, or anthropogenic, erosion are distinguished.
Normal erosion flows everywhere under forest and herbaceous vegetation. It manifests itself in a very weak degree, the soil is fully restored within a year due to soil-forming processes.
Accelerated erosion develops where natural vegetation is destroyed and the territory is used without taking into account its natural features, as a result of which the process of soil washout is not covered by the processes of its self-restoration. Distinguish between ancient and modern soil erosion. The ancient one is represented by a hydrographic network (hollow, hollow, ravine, valley). The ancient erosion has ceased to act. Modern erosion takes place against the background of the ancient, it is caused by both natural factors and human economic activity.
The most common types of soil erosion are: water plane (washout) and linear, or vertical (washout);
wind (deflation); irrigation; industrial (technogenic); abrasion (collapse of the banks of water bodies); pasture (destruction of soil by livestock); mechanical (soil destruction by agricultural machinery).
Planar erosion - it is the washout of the upper horizons of the soil on the slopes when rain or melt water flows down them in a continuous stream or streams. According to the degree of washout, soils are distinguished weakly, moderately and strongly washed away. Weakly washed out soils include soils in which the upper horizon A is washed away up to half of its thickness, moderately washed away - horizon A is washed away by more than half, heavily washed off - horizon B is partially washed away. - by 70%.
Linear erosion caused by melt and rainwater flowing down a significant mass, concentrated in the narrow limits of the slope. As a result, the soil is eroded into depth, deep gullies, gullies are formed, which gradually develop into ravines. Depending on the soil and climatic conditions, the growth and formation of the ravine proceeds at a rate of 1-3 to 8-25 m per year.
Especially dangerous is planar erosion, which gives an impetus for the development of ravines, primarily because its manifestation is poorly noticeable. If a soil layer with a thickness of only 1 mm per year is washed away from a plowed area of 1 hectare, i.e. about 10 tons, this goes unnoticed, although in many cases the natural regeneration of the soil is much lower. Another example is even more illustrative. If a ravine 100 m long, 5 m wide and 2 m deep is formed on a field of 100 hectares, the loss of soil and subsoil is 600-800 m 3. Losses from the washout of the most fertile top layer 1 cm thick from the same area (100 hectares) are equivalent to the loss of about 10,000 m 3 of soil. In order to more clearly understand the magnitude of the damage, it should be borne in mind that the permissible level of erosion for powerful chernozems is 3 t / ha, ordinary and southern soils - 2.5, dark chestnut soils - 2 t / ha. However, real soil losses often exceed the indicated limits of its natural recovery.
With the increase in the plowing of land, the fight against this phenomenon is becoming more and more important. Therefore, the widespread protection of forests and all vegetation cover, especially in mountainous hilly areas, should be given constant attention to their correct exploitation.
Wind erosion, or deflation, observed on both light and heavy calcareous soils at high wind speeds, low soil moisture and low relative air humidity. Therefore, it mainly occurs in the arid steppe regions of the country. Plowing light soils and loosening them is especially dangerous in spring, when they are deprived of the protective green cover, which makes them vulnerable to deflation. Wind erosion manifests itself in the form of daily or local deflation and in the form of dust or black storms.
Dust storms, like winter blizzards, wave a loose layer, lift light and small particles and transport them to a certain distance. The lightest soil particles rise high in the air and are carried far beyond their location, while the heavier ones jump or roll over to the first obstacle. The greatest danger is posed by jumping soil particles. They, hitting the soil, destroy it, increase the blowing, and when they meet with immature crops or perennial grasses, they spot and fill them up. In large open spaces, jumping soil particles, like a physical-chemical chain reaction with a hurricane moving forward, cause more and more destruction in the soil. Dust storms on their way partially or completely destroy crops in large areas, fill up roads, irrigation canals, various buildings, irrevocably demolish the upper, most fertile soil layer. Dust storms, polluting environment, water, air, adversely affect human health, domestic and wild animals.
Wind erosion in connection with deforestation and plowing of new lands covers all new areas up to the forest-steppe and even taiga ^ Ulyanovsk region, Kazan Trans-Volga region, the Lena River basin.
Irrigation erosion often observed in areas of irrigated agriculture, permanent and temporary reclamation networks are put out of action in the area of its activity. The main reasons for its erosion are weak fixing of the bottom and slopes of the canals, an insufficient number of connecting structures when reinforcing them, an increase in slopes, a weak infiltration capacity of the soil, subsidence of soils leading to a violation of the normal profile of canals, their clogging, increased water consumption in irrigation furrows or strips. During the operation of irrigation systems in some areas, for various reasons, up to 20-45% of water is lost due to filtration and leakage, which also contributes to soil erosion. Irrigation erosion manifests itself even in conditions of small slopes with an increase in the irrigation stream. Irrigation without taking into account irrigation norms and weather conditions of the growing season leads to the accumulation of salts in the arable soil layer, which sometimes not only reduces soil fertility, but also completely removes such areas from agricultural use.
Industrial erosion arises as a result of the development of minerals, especially open-pit mining, the construction of residential and industrial buildings, the laying of highways, gas and oil pipelines.
With erosion called abrasion(collapse of the banks of rivers and other reservoirs), the area of arable land and pastures is reduced, reservoirs are silted up.
Due to the overloading of pastures with livestock, significant areas are exposed to pasture (tropical) erosion. It manifests itself when grazing norms are violated, when it is carried out without taking into account the number of livestock, the capacity of pastures and meadows, when the cattle are driven through the same areas, without irrigation of the driving places with sprinkling in hot weather.
Erosion is the enemy of fertility. It is estimated that 44 hectares of land are out of agricultural use every minute of the world. More than 3 thousand hectares are irretrievably lost every day from erosion, and more than 50 million hectares of fertile land have already been lost. The yield of all agricultural crops is reduced by an average of 20-40% from washing away, erosion and blowing out of the soil. However, the damage caused by erosion is not limited to this. The formation of gullies, hollows and ravines on the soil surface makes it difficult to cultivate land and reduces the productivity of soil cultivation and harvesting equipment. Soil erosion and, consequently, the destruction of habitats of plants and animals in biogeocenoses lead to a violation of the existing biological balance in natural complexes.
It should be noted, however, that accelerated erosion is not an inevitable process. The high level of agricultural technology ensures the timely implementation of comprehensive protection against erosion.
Factors of manifestation of erosion processes
relief. The alternation of flat plains and uplands as a result of glacier activity. Novogrudok -330 m, Minsk - 350 m, Grodno region. 200-250m
climate... 3 climatic zones (North, Central and South)
Soil cover and soil-forming rocks(flat on loam, wind on peat bogs) Northern and Central parts - water erosion, South - wind erosion
vegetation,
Fight against soil erosion.
Erosion occurs as a result of irrational economic activity, improper use of land, low agricultural technology in some farms. Grazing animals without observing the rate of grazing and loading of livestock on the slopes of ravines and ravines, plowing the soil and inter-row cultivation along the slopes, ill-conceived road construction, etc. against the background of ancient erosion, contribute to the emergence and rapid growth of its new foci.
Washing and erosion of lands leads to silting of reservoirs, shallowing of rivers, and clogging of the irrigation network. Losses are also incurred by fisheries, transport, and energy. Damage in agriculture from drought, plant and animal diseases, etc. much less than from soil erosion.
The fight against this phenomenon is one of the leading links in the high culture of agriculture. Farming systems have been developed for each natural zone in accordance with its physical and geographical conditions (soil, climate, relief). The success of erosion protection largely depends on compliance with the basic rules of agricultural technology applied in a particular area, and on the nature of land use.
In areas where wind erosion is spread, soil-protective crop rotations with strip placement of crops and fallows, backstage, tinning of heavily eroded lands, buffer strips of perennial grasses, fertilization, snow retention, consolidation and afforestation of sands and other unsuitable for agricultural use lands, regulation of livestock grazing, cultivation of field-protective forest belts as well
non-moldboard tillage leaving stubble on its surface.
In zones of development of water erosion, soil cultivation and sowing of agricultural crops should be carried out across the slope, apply contour and ridge plowing, deepening the arable layer, crevice and other processing methods that reduce the runoff of surface water; soil-protective crop rotations, strip placement of agricultural crops, tinning of steep slopes, application of fertilizers, cultivation of field-protective and anti-erosion forest belts, afforestation of ravines, gullies, sands, river banks and reservoirs, construction of anti-erosion hydraulic structures (drops, ponds, terracing, embankment and etc.).
In mountainous areas anti-mudflow structures, terracing, afforestation and tinning of slopes, fanning cones, regulation of livestock grazing, conservation of mountain forests are needed.
All of these activities are usually divided into groups: organizational and economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical.
For the practical implementation of anti-erosion work, first of all, a number of organizational and economic measures are required. These include the correct organization of the territory. In collective and state farms, areas are distinguished, to varying degrees, subject to water and wind erosion, soil erosion plans are drawn up, on which categories of lands subject to water and wind erosion are applied for the differentiated application of anti-erosion measures.
In the United States, in the fight against water erosion, soil cultivation along contour lines or contour farming is widely and successfully used, which made it possible to increase the productivity of the leading crops - corn, cotton, potatoes, etc. her fertility. In this case, some deviation from the horizontal lines is allowed in the case of their strong tortuosity.
Deepening of the arable layer contributes to the retention of precipitation and the transfer of surface runoff to the subsoil runoff. As a result of this technique, the surface runoff in our country was reduced by about 25%, which reduced the destructive effect of melt and rainwater.
Vegetation plays an especially important role in protecting the soil from both slope runoff and rainfall.
The high density of vegetation also ensures an even distribution of snow in the fields. The root system of plants determines anti-erosion resistance, soil structuring. Dead plant parts, their litter also contribute to a decrease in runoff and, in addition, to an improvement in the vital activity of microflora and mesofauna, an increase in the biological activity of the soil.
The most reliable soil fixation is perennial legume-cereal grass mixtures. They improve the physical properties of the soil, as well as enrich it with nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium. Nodule bacteria developing on the roots of leguminous herbs increase the nitrogen content in the soil by fixing it from the air. At the same time, the importance of annual crops in the fight against erosion cannot be denied, although they are less resistant to it and have a lower ability to restore the fertility of eroded lands.
All crops can be divided into three groups according to their anti-erosion properties. The first group, which best protects the soil from erosion, includes perennial ladders, the second - annual crops, which are significantly inferior to them in this respect. The weakest protective effect is provided by row crops, and in certain cases, if they are placed along the slope, they can contribute to increased runoff and, thereby, erosion.
It is generally accepted that, compared to soil washout under perennial grasses, soil washout under grain crops is 4-5 times higher, and under cultivated crops - 25 times higher. Of the annual crops, winter crops protect the soil relatively well, since in spring and autumn they form a vegetation cover that is resistant to erosion. However, row crops in the second half of summer and early autumn provide a high projective cover and at this time reliably protect the soil from erosion. On slopes, it is effective to create buffer strips across the slope from the same crop, but with an increased dose of fertilizers and an increased seeding rate, regulation of snow melting by strip rolling, etc.
Other methods are also related to erosion control: non-moldboard tillage with stubble preservation, embankment and furrowing of autumn plows, rolling, slitting, mulching with straw at the rate of 1-2 t / ha. For every ton of straw, 10 kg of nitrogen should be applied. Mulching the soil on slopes with substandard straw at a dose of 1-3 t / ha reduces erosion by 3-5 times. Mulch also reduces the depth of soil freezing, which means it contributes to early spring absorption of runoff, weakening runoff and increasing crop yields.
On eroded soils, it is important to create a wind-resistant surface layer. For this, special stubble seeders are used, strip placement of crops and grasses is used.
The use of anti-erosion tools ensures the preservation of stubble on the soil surface, contributes to the retention of snow in the fields, improvement of the soil structure and a sharp decrease in wind erosion. The soil, which is resistant to blowing, has 60% of particles larger than 1 mm in the upper 5-cm layer and remains even at a wind speed of 12.5 m / s at a height of 0.5 m.
On soils prone to deflation (blowing out), soil-protective crop rotations with the sowing of buffer strips of perennial grasses have especially justified themselves. On sandy soils, the area under perennial grasses should be increased to 50%. On less deflated soils, it is advisable to occupy 30% of the arable land with them.
Creation of wings from tall plants (sunflower, corn) improves snow distribution in the fields, reduces the eroding energy of individual water jets, i.e. reduces soil erosion in general.
On the plowing lands, to reduce erosion processes, it is necessary to create snow banks across the slope.
It should also be noted that fertilization is more efficient on eroded lands, since as a result of the use of the entire complex of anti-erosion measures, soil washout and, consequently, nutrients introduced into it are sharply reduced.
In the fight against water and irrigation erosion, crevice is effective, contributing to an increase in the permeability of heavy soils. Another way is to use sprinklers with low to medium rainfall rates (up to 0.3 mm / min). This makes it possible to increase the irrigation rate to 700-800m 3 of water per 1 ha without the formation of surface runoff, save water, avoid salinization and reduce soil fertility.
Forest melioration is also an important link in the anti-erosion complex.
PROTECTION OF SOILS AGAINST SALINATION, ACIDIZATION AND MILLING
These processes contribute to a sharp disruption in the normal functioning of the soil - plant system.
Soil salinization - accumulation of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium in concentrations that are not permissible for the normal growth and development of plants. Among saline soils, there are saline soils with a high concentration of soluble salts; solonetzic, containing more than 5-10% of exchangeable sodium; salt marshes and salt licks. Even with low salinity, the yield of corn, for example, decreases by 40-50%, wheat - by 50-60%.
Every year, 200-300 thousand hectares of irrigated land are out of use on the globe due to salinization. Saline lands need to be flushed with fresh water, but this raises another problem - the discharge of saline flushing waters, which form huge saline sore swamps. The discharged waters are saturated with fertilizers, pesticides and defoliants that are toxic to humans and animals.
One of the salinity factors is wind. It captures salt dust and transports it long distances inland. A similar phenomenon is observed in the Aral Sea region, where the wind increases the removal of salts and dust from the dried seabed and their transfer to the territory of the region.
Salinization of the soil is possible with improper agricultural practices, turning up saline layers to the surface, excessive load on livestock in pastures. The cause of soil salinity can be the irrigation water itself, if it contains increased concentrations of soluble salts.
Cases of accumulation of readily soluble salts (up to 500 kg per 1 ha) under the influence of halophytic vegetation have been noted.
Most often, salinization occurs due to the enrichment of the soil with salts that are contained in the groundwater. Simultaneously with an increase in their level, moisture rises through the capillaries to the zone of the rhizosphere, where salts accumulate as the water evaporates in it. The drier the climate and the heavier the soil in terms of particle size distribution, the more pronounced this process, the more pronounced the toxicity of salts in relation to plants. The increased salt content in the soil causes an increase in the osmotic pressure of the soil solution, which complicates the water supply to plants, they are chronically starving, and their growth is weakened. This primarily affects the root system, which loses its turgor and dies. Sodium carbonate is especially dangerous for plants. If the soil of exchangeable sodium contains 10-15% of the absorption capacity, the state of the plants turns out to be inhibited, with its content in the range of 20-35%, the inhibition is very strong.
With increased irrigation rates, losses of irrigation water from canals, the level of groundwater also rises. The process when salt accumulation in the soil occurs as a result of a violation of the irrigation regime and water filtration in irrigation canals is called secondary salinization.
As a preventive measure to combat secondary salinization, drainage of the territory using pottery, plastic and other pipes, laid to a depth of 1.0-1.8 m with a distance between drains from 5 to 15 m, is required. Sprinkler irrigation with low to medium rainfall rates (up to 0.3 mm / min) is also safe in this regard. Subsoil, drip, fine-dispersed and impulse irrigation are promising. The common advantage of these methods is water saving. So, with intra-soil irrigation, the irrigation rate can be reduced to 100-300 m 3 / ha. Impulse sprinkler water consumption is only 0.01 mm / min. Due to low irrigation rates, the likelihood of salinization and waterlogging decreases. An important advantage of the new methods of irrigation is a decrease in evaporation from the soil surface, and with finely dispersed watering - and transpiration. With drip irrigation, water in the form of a drop is supplied directly to the roots. The use of these irrigation methods prevents irrigation erosion, so they can be used on slopes.
The creation of forest belts along the canals also ensures the consistency of the groundwater level, as the trees intercept and transpire the filtered water, acting as biological drainage. Fresh water washing is used to remove salts from the soil.
With an increase in soil acidity (pH below 7), its productivity also decreases: the concentration of mobile aluminum increases and at the same time the content of nutrients decreases. Acidification depends on the absorption capacity, particle size distribution, water permeability, biological activity of the soil and the humus content in it. Physiologically acidic nitrogen fertilizers increase the acidity of the soil. Therefore, liming and the application of calcium-rich fertilizers are recommended on such lands. Without the use of lime, the effectiveness of fertilizers is reduced.
Waterlogging of the soil, leading to waterlogging, is widespread in a number of areas of the Non-Chernozem Zone, and is also observed in other areas near canals, reservoirs and unsealed artesian wells. On the globe, about 8% of the land is subject to waterlogging and flooding.
To drain wetlands, slot drains are arranged, cut in the ground. On heavy lands, drains are created using mole plows. In the Far East, complex drainage is used, which is a combination of tubular drains with a network of molehills. Of other preventive measures, the optimal method of irrigation and strict adherence to the irrigation regime for agricultural crops are effective. A closed drainage has an advantage over an open drainage network, since in this case the usable area is not lost.
However, dehumidification should be carried out within reasonable limits. A decrease in the level of groundwater during the drainage of bogs by more than 1.5 m from the soil surface contributes to the rapid oxidation of peat and the removal of nutrients into drainage ditches. With a further decrease in their level, the root-inhabited horizon is detached from the capillary border, which leads to the death of forests.
The development of new lands must be carried out taking into account the protection of nature. Sometimes there is still an opinion that swamps cause great harm, therefore it is necessary to drain them. However, it should be remembered that swamps perform an important water management function, feeding rivers and groundwater, cleaning polluted atmospheric precipitation.
Reclamation of wetlands should be carried out taking into account the protection of natural resources from depletion and undesirable impacts on the nature of the Non-Black Earth Zone. In this regard, great attention should be paid to environmental control and broad discussion of projects.
Soil is the surface layer of land, consisting of sequentially located layers (horizons) formed as a result of the transformation of rocks under the influence of a number of factors, namely: flora and fauna, microorganisms, relief, climate and, of course, time. There is also such a thing as "soil erosion". We invite you to get to know him in more detail.
Fertility is a unique property of soil
This natural body has such valuable quality as fertility (the ability to ensure the growth and formation of plants), depending on the supply of nutrients and water. Exactly this unique property Soil has been successfully used by man for tens of thousands of years, and increasingly to the detriment of both interacting parties. Careless and irresponsible activity leads to the occurrence of erosion.
The concept of "erosion"
What is erosion? Translated from Latin, this word means - "eat away", "gnaw out".
Erosion (a photo of some of the consequences of which are presented in our article) is the destruction of the surface soil layer. Of course, this process is natural, but it is the human factor that provokes and accelerates it by 60 - 80%. Erosion is a terrible phenomenon, in which entire regions can be lost, adapted to the management of Agriculture... Therefore, its prevention is one of the most important tasks facing modern mankind.
Types of anthropogenic erosion
Erosion, the causes of which are mostly triggered by human activity, is called anthropogenic and includes the following types of soil destruction:
- Mechanical. It consists in the depletion of the fertile layer as a result of repeated mechanical treatment of the soil (plowing, harrowing, cultivation).
- Building. The violation of the grass cover occurs as a result of construction work, including the preparation of sites for building and mechanical impact on the soil cover with specialized equipment.
- Transport. In this case, there is a constant impact of vehicles on the surface layer.
- Pasture. Massive grazing of livestock causes weakening of the grass cover due to its trampling and eating; the grass is destroyed at a rapid pace and does not have time to recover. As a result, its dying off, soil exposure and erosion occur. This negative phenomenon has withdrawn from circulation 10 million square kilometers of pasture land with a total area of 46 million, making them unusable.
- Chemical. It is caused by the accumulation of certain chemical components (fertilizers, mineral elements) that destroy the structure of the soil.
Types of natural erosion
Ruthless irrational human activity able in a limited time to destroy a complex and vulnerable system that has been formed over long period... The above types of erosion are far from full list methods of human impact on the soil cover, provoking and intensifying erosion under the influence of natural factors (rain and wind). Let's consider other types of this process.
Water erosion
This process is due to the action of raindrops, which are only an indirect cause of the washing off of the upper layer. The main impact is due to the fact that small particles carried away by water flows clog the pores of larger ones, and this reduces the moisture absorption capacity of the soil, increasing its susceptibility to erosion. The fertile layer is either washed away into a nearby reservoir, or settles in a low-lying place, where the flow rate decreases. If many small streams are formed during leaching, then erosion is called jet erosion, if large channels appear - ravine. Especially active water erosion with the formation of ravines is manifested during the period of snow melting, and slope pastures with thinned grass stand are most exposed to this. Fanning out from the center rod, beams, the length of which can reach tens of kilometers, ravines destroy meadows and fields, cut through roads. A destructive phenomenon not stopped in a timely manner increases in size in width and depth, capturing more and more land, which consequently loses fertility and turns into a desert.
Wind erosion
This type of destruction of the surface layer of the earth is associated with the terrain and can be observed even on flat areas.
Wind erosion is caused by dust storms, most often covering light soils. The upper fertile layer up to 25 cm thick rises up to 3 km by the wind and is carried away, settling in a thick layer far in other areas. The height of the sediments can reach 2-3 meters.
Consequences
Deforestation in mountainous areas provokes the appearance of wind erosion, leading to the fact that the unprotected topsoil is carried away with the first heavy rains. Agricultural practices not adapted to certain climatic conditions also contribute to the destruction of the surface layer. A striking example of this is the use by settlers from Europe of the usual methods of cultivating land in arid regions or the tropics, which provoked negative consequences. Erosion has resulted in a significant loss of large fertile areas. Dust storms began to arise in China, the Kazakh steppe and the North American prairies, carrying away huge amounts of fertile soil layers. It was these natural phenomena that were recorded in the 30s of the 20th century in North America during the development of the West with the help of mechanization of agriculture and railways, which provided the possibility of processing vast territories. Wind erosion triggered the movement of thousands of tons of soil that reached Boston, Chicago, New York. In New England, red snow and black storms were recorded during this period, completely blocking the sun. Many farmers, due to the large loss of the fertile soil layer, have felt what erosion is, as they were doomed to a miserable existence and seek happiness in other regions.
The Mediterranean and the tropics, in addition to the strongest winds, experienced powerful downpours, washing away the soil. Erosion, the consequences of which were dire, forced the local population to adapt to the renewed conditions and to cultivate land in the mountains. Although in those places the top layer of the earth was carried away or washed away under the influence of natural factors.
During the Second World War, erosion, the reasons for which were large-scale hostilities, affected 17% of the entire surface of the Earth covered with vegetation. To this day, this figure is growing, steadily approaching 23%.
Impact of erosion on water pollution
Erosion spreads at a rate exceeding the rate of natural formation and restoration of the surface layer. The annual growth of damaged soils is up to 1.5 million hectares. A decrease in yields due to a decrease in the amount of humus (about 0.62 tons / ha) reaches 50%. In addition to the tangible harm on land, erosion has a detrimental effect on water bodies, silting up and polluting them with soil destruction products, which is tantamount to the impact of the discharge of hazardous industrial waste. In some cases, water bodies are completely silted up over a decade. And this, in addition to the turbidity of the water, has a detrimental effect on the operation of water supply systems, power plants, and water transport. The amount of sediment transported by the river depends on the strength of soil erosion and can be enormous. The Yangtze and Yellow He rivers are the most turbid (up to 40 kg / m3), the cleaning of which requires significant investment. When water flows from arable land, up to a third of the applied fertilizers are washed off, which are not only irretrievably lost, but also cause enormous environmental damage, affecting the quality of water. In the United States, about $ 1 million is spent daily on water purification.
Plants as an erosion control factor
Plants have a positive effect on the inhibition of erosion processes, the small roots of which strengthen the soil structure, give it water resistance. They also change the hydrological and biological regime of soils.
The aboveground part of the flora reduces soil washout by tens, or even hundreds of times. The developed vegetation protects the surface layer of land from the impact of raindrops. It increases the water impermeability of the soil and creates an optimal surface roughness, which reduces the rate of slope runoff. Leaves and stems trap about 20 to 53% of the rainfall that falls annually. Several millimeters of water flows are trapped by forest floor and moss.
The greatest influence of plants on anti-erosion resistance is manifested during their maximum development, namely in the summer-autumn period.
How to resist soil destruction?
Erosion control includes the following activities:
- Conservation crop rotations, implying correct application agrotechnical methods and competent alternation of cultivated crops. For example, after harvesting row crops, which weakly protect the surface layer from washout, it is required to sow perennial grasses that protect the soil and enrich it with necessary microelements.
- Agrotechnical measures with which erosion can be successfully defeated. This is the regulation of melt water flows aimed at protecting the surface layer, which is carried out by plowing, cultivating and sowing across the slope of the crops, preferably parallel to the direction of the horizontal rows. Also, on slope lands, moldboard plowing is replaced by soil cultivation without seam rotation.
- Forest reclamation activities, the main of which is the creation of water-regulating forest belts in areas with a small number of plantations, as well as around water bodies and on strongly eroded steep lands, rejected for use in agriculture.
- Anti-ovulation measures aimed at stopping the growth and consolidation of existing ravines, transferring surface runoffs to subsoil and strengthening the soil.
- Hydraulic structures, with the help of which the retention, removal and discharge of that part of the precipitation that cannot be retained by forest plantations and agricultural practices is carried out.
Everyone can do it
Almost everyone is able to keep the soil in perfect condition, preventing erosion from appearing on it. This provides for the use of such methods as high-quality loosening, which prevents the formation of a surface crust and contributes to an increase in water absorption capacity, enrichment with humus, providing the necessary moisture, good ventilation. An effective mulching method is aimed at anti-erosion protection and consists in leaving mulch on the soil surface - plant residues that soften the impact of raindrops, increasing the seepage of water under the soil, which reduces its surface runoff.
It is important to use gentle methods of mechanical processing, which do not compact the soil and give it optimal looseness with small numerous passes for ventilation and quick drainage of water after heavy rainfall. Gentle mechanical treatment helps the soil to absorb large amounts of moisture and remove excess moisture, which protects the soil from leaching and weathering. For tractors - quite heavy equipment - special tires have been developed low pressure minimally traumatizing the surface.
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