People's Commissariats. Non-embodied projects of Soviet architecture The People's Commissar of Heavy Industry in the 1930s was

DRUG OFFERS - central authorities government controlled in Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1917-1946.

The first People's Commissariats of the ob-ra-zo-va-ny are mainly in place of the former ministries of the Provisional Governor-tel-va. On the basis of the dec-re-ta of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the So-ve-tov "On the formation of the worker and the cross yang-sko-go-vi-tel-st-va "from 26.10 (8.11) .1917, uch-re-zh-de-no 12 commissions (na-zy-wa-were also ; term-min "People's Commissariat" window-cha-tel-but-for-cr-n-flax in the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918) in the head with the people's commissars: by internal affairs; land-le-de-lia; labor-yes; on de-lam trade-gov-li and industry (up-razd-nen in June-not 1920); folk education; fi-nan-owls; on foreign affairs lam; yus-tii; on de-lam pro-to-will-st-viya (since July-la 1918 Native com-mis-sa-ri-at pro-to-will-st-viya); post and tele-le-gra-fov; on de-lam na-tsio-nal-no-stey; on de-lams of iron-no-road-to-people (since December 1917 the People's Commissariat of Ways of the Community), as well as the Committee on Military and Naval Affairs (in in November 1917, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat for military affairs, at the beginning of 1918, separated into the People's Commissariat for military affairs and the People's Commissariat for maritime affairs) ... Nar-ko-we knew and were displaced by the All-Russian congress of the So-ve-tov, and in the period between the congress-da-mi - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The People's Commissar had the right-in-one-but-personally-but-to-shake any question, related to the ve-de-ny of the head of the People's Commissariat ... One-na-ko with ka-w-house nar-ko-me (and under his pre-se-da-tel-st-vom) ob-ra-zo-you-wa-las count-le-gia (in In 1934, up-division-not-us in the majority of the People's Commissariats with the aim of strengthening the principle of tsi-pa unified-no-na-cha-lia, in 1938 it was restored again nov-le-ny), members of which-swarm ut-ver-w-yes-were SNK. In the case of disagreement with this or that decision, the nar-ko-ma kol-le-giya, do not use it-half not-nia, could-la-la-lo-vat this decision in the Council of People's Commissars or the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the ho-de-re-construction-ki of the system-te-we of the state administration in co-response with the pro-voiced more-she-wi-ka-mi prince -tsi-pom so-chi-al-noy on-right-len-no-sti-theirs on-li-ti-ki, pro-in-di-my na-tsio-na-li-za-chi-her, as well as with the solution of other tasks of the formation of new People's Commissariats: state vis-à-vis (November 1917, from April 1918 - so-qi-al-no-go provision, in December 1919 - April 1920 - work and so-qi-al-no-go provision); by local-st-no-mu sa-mo-management (December 1917 - June 1918); state property (December 1917 - July 1918); state control (since May 1918, see in the article Go-su-dar-st-ven-ny control); health-in-protection-non-tion (since July 1918). On the rights of the People's Commissariat of the ob-ra-zo-van, the Highest Council of the native landlord of the RSFSR (VSNKh, December 1917; it was given mainly by industry, from June nya 1920 - and internal trade-gov-lei). In 1918, the not-to-the-eye People's Commissariats were-were-delivered-to-tav-le-us through-tea-full-but-mo-chii (for example, Nar-ko-ma-tu pro-do -vol-st-viya for implementation-st-v-le-niya pro-free dict-ta-tu-ry). In June-not 1920, ob-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat for external trade-gov-li. The people's commissariats, as the organs of the central state administration, were created as well in other Soviet republics.

With the formation of the USSR, the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 7/6/1923 was created by the People's Commissariats of the USSR: all-so-yuz-nye (governing-la-whether from-ras-la-mi, from-not-syon-ny-mi to the exclusive ve-de-ni Soyu-for the SSR) and vol-e-di-nen-ny (since 1936 - co- yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-skie; control-la-whether from-ras-la-mi, from-not-syon-ny-mi to co-together-st-no-mu ve-de- Niyu Soyu-za SSR and allied republics). The status of the general-all-co-yuz-nikh-li-chi-li People's Commissariats: Foreign Affairs (since 1944, the so-uz-no-res-pub-li-kan-skiy People's Commissariat), the People's Commissariat kom-miss-sa-ri-at in the military and naval affairs of the USSR (in 1934 pe-re-im-no-van in the Native kom-miss-sa-ri-at about-ro-us, in 1937 from no-go you-de-len N-native com-mis-sa-ri-at Vo-en-no-Sea Flo-ta USSR), external her trade-gov-li, the way of co-society (in 1931, the People's Commissariat of the water trans-port, who in 1939 divided into the People's Commissariat of the Navy and the People's Commissariat of the River Fleet), post offices and telegraphs (People's Commissariat of Communications since 1932). Ob-e-di-nen-nyye Narkomats: fi-n-sov, labor-da (in 1933, up-split, its functions are pe-re-da-ny in the ve-de-nie of prof-soy -zov), pro-to-will-st-vii (in 1924, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat of the internal trade-whether, in 1925, merged with the People's Commissariat of the external trade gov-whether in one-no-ve-house-st-in, in 1930, it was divided into the People's Commissariat for External Trade-whether and the People's Commissariat for Supply, which in 1934 was -ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat of Internal Trade-gov-li, in 1938, pe-re-im-no-van to the People's Commissariat of Trade-gov-li), work-bo-che-cross-st-yan- sky inspectorate (since 1934 the Commission of the Soviet control), VSNKh. According to the Constitution of the USSR in 1924, there were republic-pub-li-kan-sky People's Commissariats: land-le-de-lia (in 1929, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in co- yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky, in 1932 from not-de-len the People's Commissariat of grain and zh-that's-no-water-che-owls) ; internal affairs (since 1934, co-yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-skiy N-native kom-mis-sa-ri-at internal affairs); yus-ty-tion (since 1936 co-yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky); Native co-mis-sa-ri-at pro-illumination; health-in-protection-not-niya (since 1936 co-yuz-no-res-pub-li-kan-sky); so-qi-al-no-go provision of-chenie. One-named People's Commissars of the USSR in such a case did not form. Since the second half of the 1930s, the People's Commissariats had the right to nominate workers for their own enterprises -mi "Ot-personal-nickname so-cia-li-sti-che-ro-ro-no-va-nia" (from-go-tav-li-wa-lis from se zo-lo-che-no-em and enma-li-rov-coy), for-ka-zy-wa-whether them at the Leningrad may-no-dvor.

Structural re-construction of the national economy in connection with the social-tsia-listik in-do-st-rya-li-za-tsi-ei (late 1920s - the beginning of the 1940s) arrived at the li-to-see-da-tion in 1932 by the All-Union Council of National Economy and the ob-ra-zo-va-nia on its os-no-ve system-te-we races of industrial People's Commissars: heavy industry, light industry, timber industry (all in 1932), food industry (1934).

In 1939, the development of industrial People's Commissariats was carried out at the base of the up-division-nen-th People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the People's Commissariats: black metal-lur-gii; colored metal-lur-gii; elec-tro-stations and elec-tro-industrial-len-no-sti (in 1940, it was divided into the People's Commissariat of Electro-stations and the People's Commissariat of Electro-industrial -no-sti); the chemical industry (in March 1941, the People's Commissariat of the Re-zi-new industry was removed from it); industry of construction materials; then-n-liv-noy industry (in the same year it was divided into the People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry and the People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry). At the base of the People's Commissariat of the defense industry ob-ra-zo-vain People's Commissariats: the aviation industry; sous-do-building industry; voo-ru-ze-niya; bo-e-pri-pa-sov (up-split in 1946). From the People's Commissariat of the Food Industry you are the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry and the People's Commissariat of the Fish Industry, and from the People's Commissariat of Light Industry - the People's Commissariat of the Tech-Style Industry. At the base of the People's Commissariat for machine-building, the People's Commissariat of the People's Commissariat for machine-building go vy-de-len People's Commissariat of the machine-building), middle machine-building (in 1946, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat of the auto-mo-bil-noy industry), general machine-shi-no-construction (in November 1941, pre-ob-ra-zo-van in the People's Commissariat of min-no-met-no-go voo-ru-zo niya). Also in 1939, the ob-ra-zo-van People's Commissariat for construction-tel-st-wu (in 1946, once-de-len to the People's Commissariat for construction-tel-st-wu of loy in-du-st-ry, People's Commissariat for the construction of pre-arrival of the industry, People's Commissariat for the construction of military and naval pre-arrival). In 1940, from the People's Commissariat of the Forestry Industry, the People's Commissariat of the Cellulose and Paper Industry was removed. Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the ob-ra-zo-va-ny People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry (1941; in 1945, pre-ob-ra-zo-van to the People's Commissariat of the trans-port go ma-shi-no-building), the People's Commissariat of State Security (1941; you-de-len from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs). After the windows of the war, some of the People's Commissariats of the defense complex, a number of People's Commissariats underwent a re-order. ha-ni-zatsii.

In March 1946, in the USSR, there were 29 general-union and 19 joint-union-res-pub-li-kan people's commissariats. With the acceptance of the zo-ko-na "On the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-nii of the So-ve-that of the Nation-relatives of the USSR in the So-vet Mi- ni-st-dv of the USSR and the So-ve-tos of the People of the Com-miss-sa-dov of the so-yuz and av-to-nom-of-the-republics-pub-lik in the So-ve-you Mi- ni-st-dvs of so-yuz-ny and av-to-nom-ny res-pub-liks "from 03/15/1946, all the People's Commissariats pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ny in one-named mi- no-ster-st-va. In addition to-me nar-ko-ma-tov until the mid-1940s, there were other organs of the central state administration (All-so-yuz-ny committee on de-lamas of higher school, All-co-yuz-ny committee for de-lam of arts, Main department of labor-do-o-zer-vov, etc.), later also pre-ob-ra-zo-van-nye in mini-ster-st-va.

Pe-re-chen nar-ko-ma-tov of the RSFSR and the USSR, see the appendix "Go-su-dar-st-ven-nye uch-re-zh-de-nia of Russia, USSR and RF "in that-me" Russia ".

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Chapter 14
DRUG HEAVY INDUSTRY

In 1937, after the death of our unforgettable comrade. Sergo Ordzhonikidze, I was approved by the people's commissar of heavy industry, in the first months with the release from the duties of the people's commissar of railways, but at the beginning of 1938, due to the newly arisen difficulties in railways, I was again appointed People's Commissar of Railways, leaving me People's Commissar of Heavy Industry. It was a hard part-time job!

During the years of the first and second five-year plans, our industry has grown enormously; it has exceeded the plan of the second five-year plan. The greatest growth was given by heavy industry, which the party and the government ensured priority development. However, with the overall fulfillment of the plan by heavy industry by 122%, the plan for pig iron, coal and oil was not fulfilled. Along with huge successes and outstripping growth rates of other countries, including pig iron, coal and oil, we were still lagging economically and had serious shortcomings in the use of capacities and the development of newly built enterprises.

Accordingly, the Central Committee decided organizational issues. So, for example, according to the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry in 1937, two new People's Commissariats were separated from the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry: the People's Commissariat for Mechanical Engineering and the People's Commissariat for the Defense Industry, which strengthened our positions both in the economic and in the field of the defense capability of our Motherland. In 1939, a number of People's Commissariats emerged from these People's Commissariats of Heavy Industry - one can imagine what a really "heavy" People's Commissariat it was when it was led by such outstanding leaders of our party as Dzerzhinsky, Kuibyshev and Ordzhonikidze.

In the second half of 1937, I was appointed People's Commissar of Heavy Industry Soviet Union... Heavy industry continued to grow at a rapid pace, while at the same time some industries lagged behind, in particular the development of new capacities and new technology... And here, in industry, sabotage affected and the struggle was still going on to eliminate the consequences of this sabotage.

Along with the improvement and acceleration of the progress of new construction and the commissioning of new capacities for cast iron, steel and rolled products, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry launched a great deal of work on the development and implementation of technical innovations and scientifically prepared and developed rationalization proposals that intensify production and increase capacities for operating enterprises... For example, in 1938, the construction of a blast furnace and an oxygen plant began, then it was already calculated that the productivity of blast furnaces when operating on oxygen blast could be doubled; At the same time, surface hardening of the metal was developed (Professor Vologdin and Geveling), which interested me especially in connection with the fact that the use, for example, of such hardening of rail joints will dramatically reduce the wear of rails on the way. On this issue, Vologdin was a frequent visitor to me. The question of the use of cast-free rolling was being worked out, which should increase the productivity of rolling mills, etc. etc.

An important place was taken by such a progressive issue as the revision of the existing specialization of mills to provide the national economy with rolled products of high-quality profiled and popular grades of metal. This business has further attracted the attention of metallurgists, and even now it is unfinished and there are major shortcomings. With the specialization of the mills, it was necessary to prevent this from leading to an aggravation of the oncoming and long-distance transportation of metal. All these and other measures were closely connected with the Third Five-Year Plan in the field of ferrous metallurgy.

A special place was occupied by concern for the development of the non-ferrous metallurgy industry (copper, lead, tin, aluminum, gold, rare metals, etc.), which had not only economic, but also the most important defense significance. With the permission of the Central Committee, I went to the Urals, got acquainted with the state of the enterprises of heavy industry, especially diligently studied the copper and gold industry, which I knew little, and in conclusion I participated and spoke at the said meeting.

I must say that if in the metallurgical and coal industry I was more prepared in all my previous work in Ukraine, in Yekaterinoslav, in the Donetsk basin and later in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, I had to deal with them more, then in chemistry, geology, power plants, non-ferrous metals, on oil I had to "gnaw the granite of this science" with a special strain. But, as always, the Party worker is helped by studying the matter directly on the spot, at factories, in conversations and at conferences with workers, with engineers and leaders, with communists, although this was not enough - he had to take lessons from prominent specialists and from textbooks. Particularly helpful was the meticulous analysis of issues at meetings, assets, meetings of communists and workers, when it was possible to stir up, shake up criticism and self-criticism, revealing the insides of the issue.

Particular attention was paid to geology, and a wide meeting of geologists was convened. At the head of the geologists was such a remarkable prominent scientist, deeply party man like Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin. I personally have frequent communication with Comrade. Gubkin and a visit to his office especially helped to learn, to understand the importance of geology, which I have always tried to help in every way, while maintaining my deep respect for geologists.

In the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry and place of honor occupied the fuel industry: coal, oil and peat - these were the most difficult branches of the heavy industry. In my work, they took a particularly large place when I was appointed People's Commissar of the Fuel Industry (again in combination with the work of People's Commissar of Railways).

I must emphasize that I came into close contact with miner's hard work even in pre-revolutionary times and was imbued with deep respect and love for miners and an understanding of the peculiarities of the coal industry. In addition, working in Ukraine as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks), then as the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), on behalf of the Central Committee, I was directly involved in the coal industry, often traveled to Donbass, Kuzbass and other basins, and especially to the Basin near Moscow, where I worked as a secretary of the Central Committee. Beginning in 1930, the Central Committee and, on its instructions, the MC were especially concerned with the development of the Moscow Region coal basin. Although its coals are lower in quality than those of Donetsk, they are closer to the place of consumption and, with the correct heat engineering regime, they, as subsequent practice showed, give a good effect. It was necessary to overcome the conservatism and resistance of Moscow consumers and, most importantly, to radically reconstruct the backward semi-handicraft basin near Moscow.

In 1937, the coal industry did not fulfill the plan for coal mining in the Donbass, and immediately after being appointed as the people's commissar-heavy industry, I left for the Donetsk Basin. Together with the regional party committee, its secretary Shcherbakov, organizational and economic measures were taken to improve the work of mines and mining administrations; were convened by the party, trade union and business organizations rallies of advanced miners, which covered about fifteen thousand people throughout the Donbass.

Through the efforts of miners and party organizations, we subsequently received an increase in coal production in the Donbass and in other basins. The organization of cyclicality has improved. We studied the situation for each trust in Donbassugol and took specific measures taking into account the peculiarities of the trusts. As a result, we achieved that most of the trusts fulfilled the plan and even exceeded it.

In June 1938, an asset of the coal industry workers was convened in the Donbass. As a result of this asset and the analysis of the situation for each trust separately, and in the trust for large mines, specific measures were developed, which were considered and adopted by the Board of the People's Commissariat for Industry and Trade. For the stability of the leading cadres of the mines and to strengthen their confidence, after the meeting, for several days, I received all the heads of the mines of the Donetsk basin and gave each a document signed by the People's Commissar on the approval of each of them as the head of the mine, who can only be released by the People's Commissar. We extended this practice of meetings and analysis for each trust to all other basins with a summons to the Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Tyazhprom and then the People's Commissariat for Coal Trust leaders, sometimes with the participation of some mine managers and Stakhanovites - we listened to their reports and developed specific measures for each of them.

On behalf of the Central Committee, a commission chaired by L.M. Kaganovich, who considered and finally reported to the Politburo projects on other basins. In October 1938, the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted resolutions on the work of the combines and trusts Kuzbassugol, Moskvaugol, Ural-coal, Karagandaugol, Vostsibugol, Sredazugol, Tkvibulugol and Tkvarchelugol. These regulations had great importance for all further development of coal basins. In May 1939, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decision that put the coal industry in better position for material and technical support. The people's commissariats were ordered to fulfill orders from the coal industry on a par with military orders. The resolution adopted by the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee increased the attention and assistance of the regional committees, the Central Committee of the National Communist Parties and all local organizations of the coal industry. In November 1939, the Central Committee, in its resolution on improving party political work among the masses in the mines of Donbass, established the institute of party organizers of the Central Committee at large mines(about 100 mines). The third five-year plan for the coal industry provided for a gradual change in the geography of coal mining and the elimination of its unevenness, when the Donbass, which had 5.4% of the coal reserves in the USSR, produced in 1938 58.9% of all coal production in the Union. The planned plan to increase coal production in new regions, central and distant, including in open fields and, moreover, brown coal, began already in 1938 and 1939. This found its expression in specific digital tasks for each basin separately and in their implementation. Accordingly, it was planned to build 573 mines with a capacity of 166 million tons - two times more than in the Second Five-Year Plan. It was planned to build mines in areas that were not previously known, for example, in the Chkalov area - 10 mines, Mangyshlak, etc. The construction of mines was accelerated - the task was set to build a mine not for 5-6 years, but for 10 months, and in 1939 in the Donbass several mines were already built in 10 months. In this regard, the acceleration of shaft sinking and the introduction of a new machine, already constructed, were of great importance. Work began to eliminate the one-sidedness of the mechanization of coal mining, for comprehensive mechanization and the introduction of new, modern machines, especially combine harvesters that produce both cutting and cutting of coal.

In the Third Five-Year Plan (1939), work was expanded to spread the cyclical method of work, which is the most advanced collective Stakhanov method of work. The struggle for cyclicality was not easy, but with the improvement of organization and comprehensive mechanization, it pushed its way wider and deeper. Of great importance were the cadres of workers, their stability, qualifications, as well as engineering and technical and managerial personnel, their training, the correct selection and use and creation of necessary conditions... In 1939, by decision of the Central Committee, the Government awarded a large group of miners and workers in the coal industry.

Following the Bolshevik rule to support everything new, positive, the People's Commissariat of Industry was engaged in such a new matter as underground gasification of coal, which, in Lenin's words, means "a revolution in industry." The gas industry was just beginning to be created on the basis of the commissioning of the first natural gas fields. We could not then develop it widely due to the lack of large-diameter pipes and, in general, the lack of pipes even for oil industry.

I will also mention that type of fuel, which, perhaps, does not sound so "honorable", but which is still of great importance in the life of the country - this is the peat industry. Nar-komtyazhprom worked hard on it and supported it both materially and morally, and especially in its mechanization and the elimination of seasonality, the introduction of artificial dehydration of peat and the facilitation of the work of humble, selfless peat bogs. The exceptional importance of the oil industry is well known - I especially felt the acuteness of this matter, dealing with issues in the Central Committee Agriculture... Every day I was convinced that there can be no mechanized agriculture, tractors, combines, cars without oil products, as well as the whole modern industry in general. But I was not very familiar with the production and production of oil, therefore, having come to the People's Commissariat for Tyazhprom, after a trip to Donbass, I, on the advice of Comrade Stalin, went to Baku to undergo the first course of training on the spot with workers, engineers and leading Baku oil workers.

Baku is the largest and main center of the oil industry, rich in glorious revolutionary traditions. I studied the oil industry, visited all the fields and factories in Baku, talking with workers, engineers and holding field and plant asset meetings, at which deficiencies in operation and drilling were self-critical. Together with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, business meetings were held in Azneft, at which the results of the inspection and claims against the People's Commissariat were considered. The conclusions and measures developed jointly with the party bodies to improve the work of Azneft and the oil industry's implementation of the plan for oil production and refinery processing were very valuable.

I got acquainted with cadres, among whom there were many talented young engineers, who later moved to major leadership positions in the newly created People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry, of which I was appointed People's Commissar - Kalamkarov, Baybakov, Evseenko, Popovia, Belenky and others. On the spot, measures were developed to improve living conditions and increase the wages of oil workers. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the Zakraikom Party decided to improve and strengthen party-political and trade union work in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

I must especially emphasize the great help that was provided by the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party and the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the Party (in particular, Bagirov and Beria), which then became actively involved in the development of the Baku oil industry.

My concrete study of reality in Baku seriously helped me in holding the All-Union meeting of oil workers convened by the People's Commissariat in Baku, which was of great importance for further work and the development of the oil industry. Opening the meeting, I explained why we convened the All-Union Conference not in Moscow, but in Baku. “First,” I said, “I personally strove to be on the spot, in Baku, in order, as they say, to touch and see living people working on oil, as well as equipment, fields, factories. To lead, I have to learn, and I learn from anyone, everyone, from big to small. I study, of course, not in order to remain a student all the time; I study in order to combine what I have taken in the oil industry (as well as in metal, coal, copper, gold, etc.) with my knowledge in other areas and to teach my teachers something. I hope that the workers of all the oil regions of the country gathered here will be able to honestly reveal the shortcomings, without self-flagellation, in a business-like manner; confidently, deeply and thoughtfully will help us all to understand our weaknesses and shortcomings, in the consequences of sabotage and to outline practical measures for the complete recovery of the oil industry. " I must say that Comrade Stalin, as a person who has long known the oil industry and its main center - Baku. When I left for Baku for the All-Union Conference, he gave me a number of advice not only on general, but also on technical and economic issues. At this All-Union meeting, which brought together the flower of oil workers, important and major issues and measures were developed to improve the operation of oil wells, to implement a strict technological regime of wells.

Of great importance was the development of the issue of introducing the method of secondary exploitation of oil wells instead of abandoning and writing them off as allegedly having exhausted their oil potential. It was also important to quickly introduce in drilling a large-scale (for that, and even nowadays) invention that gives a great effect - the turbodrill.

For oil refineries, the urgent task was to increase the yields of gasoline and other light oil products, to improve the quality of oil products, especially high-quality gasoline, to introduce new types of cracking, and to complete the construction of oil refineries as soon as possible: Orsk, Ufa, Moscow and Saratov. Equally important was the improvement of geological work in the oil industry, on which there was a lot of controversy at the meeting, since some geologists, speaking in a railway language, showed "limitlessness" in their arguments and calculations of the capacity of wells and the possibility of pumping oil.

During the two weeks that I spent in Baku, I learned a lot, I not only learned, but, so to speak, processed it in my mind and soul.

Having understood the general position affairs, we found that the oil industry for 10 years - from 1928 to 1937 - gave an average annual growth of 15% per year, which ensured mechanization in the national economy, and especially in collectivized agriculture.

But at the same time, a disproportion was felt, expressed in the lag of the oil industry behind the development of mechanization in the country, especially in agriculture, which had a serious impact during the sowing and harvesting campaigns.

The development of new oil regions of the country in the East, especially such promising ones as Bashneft and others, set the task of their comprehensive development and maximum development. But at the same time, it was necessary all the time to help the main center of supplying the country with oil products, which remains today, in 1938, Baku, which has 29% of oil reserves, but gives 75% of oil production and refining in the Union. Specific tasks and measures for raising and developing production and processing were developed for each oil region: Grozny, Maikop, Embaneft, Dagneft, Bashneft, Prikamneft, Vostokneft, Turkmenneft, Uzbekneft, Gruzneft. In addition, it was necessary to speed up geological exploration work on the Volga, where, according to geologists, there was large oil, in Siberia, Ukhta, etc.

But while we were creating a "second Baku" in the East, the main measures remained to increase oil production and refining in our wonderful breadwinner - in glorious revolutionary Baku, from which the Central Committee and the Government demanded, first of all, the fulfillment of the 1938 plan. Measures were developed to fulfill the 1938 plan, which are at the same time measures to ensure the fulfillment of the Third Five-Year Plan and a powerful new rise in the oil industry. In my speech at a meeting in Baku, I said: “We must clearly establish what, in fact, underlies the instability of production and what kind of foundation, what bricks we must lay so that we not only break out (you can break out for a month, but then lag behind again) - we do not need this, we need a stable implementation of the plan. I must tell you that I always approach the development of events with great tension. It seems to some that the People's Commissar, he has been given power, and besides, he is also the secretary of the Central Committee, and in general, in a word, he is not one of the shy ones, so he, therefore, will begin to press. This is a misconception, comrades. Oil is a very serious and deep business. In general, any business, if you honestly want to approach it, not on a piece of paper, not in a clerical fashion, any business is a complex labyrinth, which must first of all be dealt with. As far as I could, I tried to figure it out. I am putting before you those questions that I am sure I have figured out. The same questions that I have not figured out, I will not put before you now. I am not speaking as a propagandist, not as a debater. I am speaking to you as a People's Commissar, whose directives will then, after discussion, become binding on you, and therefore I say only what I am sure of, that these issues can and should be raised at this meeting and resolved. The first and decisive condition that creates stability or instability in production is the relationship between gushing and artificial lift. Either we will work like snatchers - today they snatched it, and at least the grass won't grow there, as many people work, or we will work like serious state people who understand where things are going - how to organize production so that it does not depend only on the "God-sent" fountain, gushing with oil, without any help from the mechanism. Fountain production is unstable, today the fountain beats, and tomorrow it may stop, but meanwhile the fountain production is growing, and the specific gravity mechanized mining decreases. This does not mean that the fountains need to be artificially held, but it does mean avoiding a frivolous attitude towards mechanized, sustainable mining. Not to follow the line of least resistance when people are looking for easy bread - a fountain has appeared, why should I, they say, bother with maintaining the work of an old well, and even giving only two or three tons? Wouldn't it be better to “write it off” at all - and off your shoulders. But the whole point is that it often gives only two or three tons due to the fact that the "owner" does not wash it, does not raise it, does not repair it, here it is, the "ladybug", and milk is not oil gives. Hence the criminally frivolous practice of mass “write-off” and liquidation of many operating wells. Therefore, the first thing we demand is really, in fact, and not with verbal greetings, to put 2,300 wells into operation, draw up a commissioning schedule, provide equipment, primarily by repairing the old, provide people and put them into operation. I understand that this case is complex, it is connected with construction works, new calculations for labor, but this is all doable business. And you have a responsibility to act, not just "welcome." So far, it does not even smell like determination, willpower, organization of the case, but keep in mind that we will strictly check the implementation.

I know that many of those listening to me think: "You eat well, Comrade People's Commissar, but you do not give equipment." I will not bypass this question, but I will tell you: what. 164 and awaiting "inspection" - this is the pseudonym of "death sentence" - 584 wells. As you can see, the main thing here is not equipment, but mismanagement. Eliminate it, and you will revive many wells, create a large mustache. sustainability in production and change the ratio between gushing and mechanized production.

But this is where the main work in operation begins. " The question of increasing the oil output from the well was sharply raised. When in Grozny geologists and engineers told me that this was supposedly the technological regime, I answered them that you had a bad regime, if we destroyed the tsarist regime, then we could improve your backward technological regime. At the meeting, measures were developed to improve this technological regime. Although the oil industry is different from the coal industry, the meeting focused on introducing cyclicality into the oil industry. Considerable space and attention was paid to the work of geologists both in the production line and especially in drilling. Drilling has emerged as the most important issue that solves the expanded reproduction of oil production. Among the drillers there were remarkable examples of Stakhanov's work. The most important task was the wider introduction of Stakhanov methods of work, and especially the reduction of accidents, of which there were many. Often there were such accidents when, after having drilled 1,500 meters in depth, 50 or even 10 meters remained and suddenly an accident - and not only work, but also pipes disappeared. In 1937, 65 thousand meters of pipes were lost in the wells. And here, as well as in railway transport, I faced the "ultimate" opposition between the quality of drilling and its speed, while the Stakhanovites-drillers proved in practice a complete combination of quality and trouble-free operation with the new Stakhanovite speed. Naturally, all these and other issues, including those about the cyclicity of drilling, were sharpened at the meeting, including in my speech, especially about the introduction of new technology in drilling and about a wonderful invention - about the turbodrill, the question was discussed and raised. about offshore production, and about deepening wells.

I reported on all the measures and the conference to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the party, which approved them. Subsequently, the People's Commissariat was divided into the coal and oil industries, an independent People's Commissariat for the Oil Industry was created, the People's Commissar of which I was again appointed concurrently with the NKPS.

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Although history does not know the subjunctive moods, it is still quite possible to imagine what Moscow would look like, if everything went a little differently. But I wonder which of the buildings listed below would Muscovites like to have now in Moscow?

The master plan provided for the development of the city center as unified system highways, squares and embankments with unique buildings that embody the ideas and achievements of socialism.

The architecture of Moscow in the 1930s and early 1950s undoubtedly occupies a central place in the Russian architecture of the socialist era. In terms of its originality and scope, it is the most striking embodiment of socialist utopia in architecture. The peculiarity of the architectural process of this period was that it was entirely determined by ambitious state tasks. For their implementation, large-scale architectural competitions were organized, to which architects of various orientations and creative schools were invited.

A. Vesnin, V. Vesnin,

In 1934, a competition was announced for the building of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (Narkomtyazhprom) on Red Square. The construction of this grandiose complex of 110 thousand m3 on an area of ​​4 hectares would lead to a radical reconstruction of Red Square, the adjacent streets and squares of Kitay-gorod. 12 projects were submitted for the first stage of the competition. The impressive projects of the brothers A. and V. Vesnin, the leaders of the constructivist movement, were not noted by the jury, as well as the projects of other participants, although outstanding architectural solutions were presented to the competition, which were among the most interesting design ideas of our century.

When deciding the layout of the Kitaygorodsky district, the authors set the task of solving an ensemble of a number of squares (Red Square, Sverdlov, Dzerzhinsky, etc.) as the main nucleus of the entire city, which includes all the main thoroughfares, and creating a new architectural center of the proletarian capital.

Leaving the existing ring of squares, the authors identified the north-south highway and punched the Maroseyka highway to Manezhnaya Square. At the intersection of these highways, a square was formed that serves as an outpost in front of Red Square and provides it from transit traffic. A new Kirovskaya street with an orientation to the axis of the mausoleum is also brought here.

Sketch perspective

Master plan and basement floor plan

Lengthwise cut

2nd and 3rd floor plan

Layout

Fragment of the facade

The entire central part of Kitai-gorod is being transformed into a park that opens up the perspective of both Red Square and the Kremlin, and the House of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.
In solving the general plan of the site, the features of the terrain are used: terraces descending to the Moskva River at the same time serve as a stylobate for the entire building.

Above the main lobby, a floor for demonstration shops and product exhibitions is being designed. The upper part of the square base houses the governing bodies of the People's Commissariat and a large conference room for 500 people.
All rooms of the People's Commissariat are located on 32 floors of a star-shaped tower with vertical transport in the center. The total number of rooms in the tower is 3780.

The public part, located between the buildings of the People's Commissariat and design organizations, has a connection with the People's Commissariat through four passages. In the public part of the building, a club is designed, located from the 5th to the 9th floor and includes a large auditorium for 1,500 people.

The construction of the buildings is adopted in the form of an iron frame filled with lightweight materials. The cladding is mainly light gray marble with partial use of non-ferrous and stainless metals. The cubic capacity of the building: the first stage - 1,273,000 m3, the second - 287,000 m3 and the third - 500,000 m3, and in total - 2,060,000 m3.

More projects ..

The building of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.(I. Fomin, P. Abrosimov, M. Minkus. 1934)

I. Fomin is the largest representative of the St. Petersburg school of the neoclassical direction in Russian architecture, who developed as a master even in pre-revolutionary times. Even in the 1920s, during the period of complete domination of constructivism, Fomin managed to remain faithful to classical principles in architecture and even developed the so-called "proletarian order". “The two main verticals of the main facade are given in order to create a gap through which it would be nice to look at the mausoleum. In Sverdlov Square, the building ends with a straight end of the building. A silhouette solution is chosen here. We break this end with a very ceremonial arch, which corresponds to the character of the old architecture of the square. The building is a closed ring in the plan. Since the composition is closed, we did not want to rise above 12-13 floors in general, and only the towers will reach 24 floors. " From the explanatory note to the project.

On the stylobate, corresponding to the Kremlin wall, there are four towers, reaching a height of 160 meters. The rhythmic construction, expressed in four vertical elements and the colonnade of the stylobate, creates the visual extension necessary for the longitudinal framing of the square, and corresponds to the construction of the Kremlin wall. The vertical division corresponds to the four divisions of the Kremlin tower, which is necessary for the building to be included in the general ensemble. A single lobby has been designed along Red Square. " From the explanatory note to the project.

Project "People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry". Competition project of Ivan Leonidov

That's how myself Leonidov described his project: (from the explanatory note)

“I believe that the architecture of the Kremlin and St. Basil the Blessed should be subordinate to the architecture of the House of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry, and the building of the People's Commissariat for Transport itself should take a central place in the city.
Historical motives should be compositionally subordinated to the principle of artistic contrast to this leading object ...

In the project, the center of the composition is high-rise towers, the choice of which is due to functional and architectural considerations (the requirement of harmony, composition, movement, spatiality, size). The lower parts of the building (hall, stands, exhibitions, rear building) correspond in height to the surrounding architecture and are compositionally constructed in a limited contrast of the lower plan.
There are three towers. The first is rectangular in plan, with a light spatial top, facing the Red Square. The top of the tower is glass, with suspended metal terraces (stainless steel).

The round tower is conceived as contrasting with the first, picturesque in form and processing. The tower is treated with terraced tribunes. The material is glass bricks, which makes it possible to preserve the integrity of the form using the textured effects of the extraordinary material ... At night, the tower will stand out for its light silhouette with a barely noticeable mesh structure and dark spots on the terraces-stands.

The third tower is conceived to be spatial in its plan, simple and strict in its facades.

Red Square is divided into two terraces located at different levels, which makes it possible to achieve new effects during military parades (for example, let tanks in one plane, cavalry in another ...)
The terraced principle of solving the area will provide good visibility of the Mausoleum. "
Three towers of different heights and silhouette, interconnected at different heights by passages, were to be visible from all over Moscow and its outskirts. In the evenings, one of the towers, with an all-glass façade, would create a cosmic spectacle.

House of People's Commissariat for Industry Leonidov created during the period when they were already fighting with him. They fought not just with Leonidov, but with the "Leonidovism", which became a terrible curse in the 30s. It meant, as the magazine "Art to the masses" wrote, "blind imitation of Western models, fetishism of architectural forms, developing independently of the class struggle, and ignoring the issues of the economy of buildings."

Vesnin brothers

Melnikov

Shchusev in collaboration with Friedman

However, very quickly the construction of the House of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry on Red Square was abandoned.

But according to the General Plan for the reconstruction of Moscow, approved in 1935, a place was allocated for it nearby - the territory of Zaryadye.

Engineer Shumilin drew up a design project for the central part of Moscow, according to which Red Square was to be renamed into Mausoleum Avenue with the destruction of the Iversk Gate, as well as with the demolition of buildings on the territory of Kitay-gorod and Zaryadye.

Deprived of architectural restrictions, Red Square turned into an immense space, into which the grandiose composition of the House of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry was revealed in its entirety

Here is a photomontage illustrating a similar project by Mordvinov

Not a single pre-war project satisfied the customer (i.e. the state in fact), and during the Second World War there was no time for construction.

Is one of the largest and most representative architectural competitions of our century. The idea of ​​constructing a building in the capital of the world's first state of workers and peasants that could become a symbol of the "coming triumph of communism" appeared already in the 1920s. It was decided to build the Palace of Soviets on the site of the destroyed Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The competition for the project of the Palace of Soviets was announced in 1931, and it took place in several stages.

A total of 160 projects were submitted for the competition, including 12 commissioned and 24 out-of-competition, as well as 112 project proposals, 24 proposals came from foreign participants, among whom were world-famous architects: Le Corbusier, V. Gropius, E. Mendelssohn. The turn of Soviet architecture towards the legacy of the past, which was clearly visible by this time, also determined the choice of the winners. The highest prizes were awarded to architects: I. Zholtovsky, B. Iofan, G. Hamilton (USA). Later, the Council of Builders of the Palace of Soviets (which at one time included Stalin himself) took as a basis the project of B. Iofan, which, after numerous modifications, was accepted for implementation.

The competition for the design of the Palace of Technology was announced in 1933. The design object itself was a complex of scientific and technical institutions, he was supposed to become in the capital of a country in an active process of industrialization, a center designed to "arm the masses with the achievements of Soviet technology in the field of industry, agriculture, transport and communications." The site on the bank of the Moskva River was chosen as the site for the construction of the Palace. The industrialism of the solution to the project of A. Samoilov and B. Efimovich is not a tribute to constructivism that has already passed into the past, but rather an illustration of the "technocratic" nature of the design object itself. The palace of technology was not built.

The building of the military commissariat. (L. Rudnev. 1933)

The buildings of the architect L. Rudnev are among the most notable in Moscow. He is the head of the team of authors for the project of the High-rise building of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills (1953). In the 30s, a number of buildings of the People's Commissariat of Defense were built according to Rudnev's projects: the Military Academy of the Red Army named after V.I. Frunze on the Devichye Pole (1932), the building of the People's Commissariat of Defense on the Frunzenskaya Embankment (1936) and on the street. Shaposhnikov (1933). For the buildings of this department, the architect developed a special style with motifs of formidable inaccessibility and overwhelming power, corresponding to the official image of the Red Army. The design of the building on Arbat Square, which was only partially implemented, reflects the architect's transition from the gloomy grandeur of the buildings of the defense commissariats of the 30s to the major pomp that became characteristic of the architecture of the 40s - early 50s.

The buildings of the architect L. Rudnev are among the most notable in Moscow. He is the head of the team of authors for the project of the High-rise building of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills (1953). In the 30s, a number of buildings of the People's Commissariat of Defense were built according to Rudnev's projects: the Military Academy of the Red Army named after V.I. Frunze on the Devichye Pole (1932), the building of the People's Commissariat of Defense on the Frunzenskaya Embankment (1936) and on the street. Shaposhnikov (1933). The design of the building on Arbat Square, which was only partially implemented, reflects the architect's transition from the gloomy grandeur of the buildings of the defense commissariats of the 30s to the major pomp that became characteristic of the architecture of the 40s - early 50s. (with)

Here is what we see now on Frunzenskaya:

In 1934, the whole world followed the dramatic fate of the crew of the Chelyuskin icebreaker, which was drifting on an ice floe after the sinking of a ship in the Chukchi Sea. In the summer of the same year, Moscow met the courageous Chelyuskinites and the pilots who rescued them, who were the first to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The new traditions of socialist life demanded the perpetuation of the glorious feat of the Soviet people in monumental forms.

The Aeroflot building, which was planned to be erected on the square near the Belorussky railway station, was conceived by the architect D. Chechulin as a monument to the heroic Soviet aviation... Hence the sharp silhouette solution, the "aerodynamic" form of the high-rise building and the sculptural figures of the heroes-pilots: A. Lyapidevsky, S. Levanevsky, V. Molokov, N. Kamanin, I. Slepnev, I. Vodopyanov, I. Doronin, - crowning seven openwork arches , turned perpendicular to the main facade and constituting a kind of its portal. The sculptor I. Shadr, who sculpted the figures of the pilots, took part in the work on the project.

The project in its original form and purpose was not implemented. Almost half a century later, the general ideas of the project were embodied in the complex of the House of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment (now the House of Government).

The project of the House of Books is an example of the typical design of the building as an "architectural monument" in the early 1930s. Trapezoidal, sky-high silhouette, simplified architectural forms and an abundance of sculpture on all parts of the building. Architect I. Golosov in the 1920s clearly showed himself in the mainstream of constructivism (he is the author of the well-known Zuev Club), and in subsequent years he created interesting solutions in the spirit of the new Soviet classics. Participated in competitions for the project of the Palace of Soviets and the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry, where he proposed original projects. Golosov's works are distinguished by features that are defined as "symbolic romanticism." “An architect must be free from style, in the old, historical sense of the word, and must create the style himself ...

For this, guidelines and laws should be given to make it easier for the architect in each individual case to choose the right way to the solution of the problem of artistic creation ... It is necessary to establish only immutable provisions that are inevitable, true and irreplaceable. There are a lot of such provisions, and these provisions, undoubtedly, carrying in themselves absolute value, are equally acceptable both to classical architecture and to the architecture of our time. " I. Golosov. From the lecture "New ways in architecture".

Since October 1942, in the midst of the Great Patriotic War, the Literatura and Art newspaper reported: “The competition for monuments to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War is coming to an end. About 90 works were received from Moscow sculptors and architects. Information was received about the expulsion of projects from Leningrad, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent and other cities of the USSR. Over 140 projects are expected to arrive ”. In order to familiarize the public with the materials of the competition, in the winter and spring of 1943, three exhibitions were organized in Moscow, at which the presented projects were exhibited. The conditions of the competition, among other topics, provided for the creation of a monument to the Heroic Defenders of Moscow. The choice of the site for the monument was at the discretion of the contestants. The author of the "Arch of Heroes" architect L. Pavlov proposed to place his monument on Red Square. The monument was not built.

Architect V. Oltarzhevsky, together with A. Mordvinov, the author of the High-rise building of the hotel "Ukraine" on Kutuzovsky Prospect. V. Oltarzhevsky studied architectural theory and methods of erecting high-rise buildings a lot. In 1953, his book "Construction of high-rise buildings in Moscow" was published, in which he tried to find a connection between this architecture and the traditions of Russian architecture. V. Oltarzhevsky paid special attention to structures and various types of engineering and technical equipment for high-rise buildings. Oltarzhevsky's project was not implemented. High-rise building on pl. The uprising was built by architects M. Posokhin and A. Mndoyants.

And only in 1947, after a resolution was adopted on the construction of high-rise buildings designed to revive the lost expressiveness of Moscow's silhouette, a 32-storey administrative building was designed in Zaryadye according to Chechulin's project. This building became the main vertical dominant of Moscow, the center of a whole necklace of high-rise buildings.

Initial project

Which, after some minor transformations, began to look like this:

In 1947, the Soviet government adopted a decree on the construction of high-rise buildings in Moscow. By the beginning of the 50s High-rise buildings on Lenin Hills (Moscow State University), on Smolenskaya Square (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), on Lermontovskaya Square (administrative building), on Komsomolskaya Square and on Kutuzovsky Prospekt (Leningradskaya and Ukraine hotels), on Kotelnicheskaya the embankment and on Vosstaniya Square (residential buildings) were built. And only the construction of a 32-storey administrative building in Zaryadye, which was to become one of the main dominants in the silhouette of the center of the capital, was not completed. Its construction was interrupted after the well-known resolution of 1955, which condemned "excesses and embellishments in architecture" and marked the beginning of a new era in Soviet architecture. The already erected structures were dismantled, and on the foundations of the High-rise building according to the project of the same D. Chechulin in 1967 the hotel "Russia" was built.

Here is what was recorded in the decree of the Moscow City Council of 1935: "Red Square should be doubled, and the central squares - named after Nogin, named after Dzerzhinsky, named after Sverdlov and Revolution - should be reconstructed and architecturally decorated within 3 years. and instead of them to build several monumental buildings of national importance.

The high hilly bank (Zaryadye) shall be freed from small buildings with the construction of a monumental building of the House of Industry on this site and with the design of descents to the river. "

Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR (1930 - 1932)
People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR (1932-1937)

Born in western Georgia, into an impoverished noble family. In 1898 he graduated from a two-year school in the village of Kharagauli, in 1905 - a medical assistant school at the city Mikhailovskaya hospital.

He worked as a paramedic in the oil fields. He took part in the October Revolution of 1917. During the years of the Civil War, he was in a leading position in the army, one of the organizers of the defeat of Denikin.

From 1922 he was the 1st secretary of the Transcaucasian, from 1926 the North Caucasian regional committees of the RCP (b).

In 1926-1930. Chairman of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), People's Commissar of the RCI and Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

G.K. Ordzhonikidze played a key role in the industrialization of the USSR. The creation of the first giants of the industry - Magnitka and Kuznetsk, Balkhash and Uralmash, the Gorky Automobile Plant and the Volgograd Tractor Plant - is associated with his name.

The People's Commissar oversaw the construction of the country's largest machine-building plant Sibkombine (later Sibselmash), a mining equipment plant (Aviation Plant named after Chkalov), a mining and chemical plant Apatit, Voskresensk chemical plant, Rostselmash plant, Moscow machine-tool plant, which later received the name of Ordzhonikidze and many other enterprises.

At the end of 1931, the overall growth of the national economy amounted to 21% against the level of 1930. A number of industries have fulfilled the task of the first five-year plan, and a number have been exceeded. Against the planned indicators, the production of cars was doubled, the production of tractors increased by 1.3 times, there was an increase in the electrical industry, and the planned target for oil production was exceeded.

However, in the second five-year plan, the average annual growth rate of industrial production declined. Ordzhonikidze tried to take into account the miscalculations, he intended to expand the output of consumer goods. But on the People's Commissariat of Heavy Engineering, which he headed, there were defense orders, it was necessary to load the factories of "civil" engineering with orders from the military department.

Often, the People's Commissar was forced to solve purely production problems in conditions of general suspicion, the growth of political tension, personnel purges, which concerned, first of all, the economic commissariats. A large number of employees of his department were under attack.

In 1936, Ordzhonikidze's older brother was arrested. At the February-March (1937) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), a report by G.K. Ordzhonikizhze. Five days before the plenum on February 18, 1937, he died of a heart attack (according to the official version).

He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor, the Red Banner, and the Red Banner of the Georgian SSR.