Sectoral analytical system for heat supply control of the automated control system “Heat. Heating control Disturbance control system

Article 18. Distribution of heat load and management of heat supply systems

1. The distribution of the heat load of heat consumers in the heat supply system between those supplying heat in this heat supply system is carried out by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme by annually making changes to the heat supply scheme.

2. To distribute the heat load of heat consumers, all heat supply organizations that own sources of heat in this heat supply system are obliged to submit to the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme, an application containing information:

1) on the amount of heat energy that the heat supply organization undertakes to supply to consumers and heat supply organizations in this heat supply system;

2) on the volume of power sources of thermal energy, which the heat supply organization undertakes to maintain;

3) on the current tariffs in the field of heat supply and predicted specific variable costs for the production of heat energy, heat carrier and maintaining capacity.

3. The heat supply scheme must define the conditions under which there is a possibility of heat supply to consumers from various sources of heat energy while maintaining the reliability of heat supply. In the presence of such conditions, the distribution of the heat load between the sources of heat energy is carried out on competitive basis in accordance with the criterion of minimum specific variable costs for heat production by heat sources, determined in accordance with the procedure established by the basis of pricing in the field of heat supply, approved by the Government Russian Federation, on the basis of applications from organizations that own heat sources, and the standards taken into account when regulating tariffs in the field of heat supply for the corresponding period of regulation.

4. If the heat supply organization does not agree with the distribution of the heat load carried out in the heat supply scheme, it has the right to appeal the decision on such distribution, made by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme, to the authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation federal body executive power.

5. Heat supply organizations and heat network organizations operating in the same heat supply system are obliged to conclude an agreement between themselves on the management of the heat supply system in accordance with the rules for organizing heat supply approved by the Government of the Russian Federation before the start of the heating season.

6. The subject of the agreement specified in Part 5 of this Article is the procedure for mutual actions to ensure the functioning of the heat supply system in accordance with the requirements of this Federal Law. Mandatory conditions of the said agreement are:

1) determination of the subordination of dispatching services of heat supply organizations and heating network organizations, the procedure for their interaction;

3) the procedure for ensuring access of the parties to the agreement or, by mutual agreement of the parties to the agreement, another organization to the heating networks for setting up heating networks and regulating the operation of the heat supply system;

4) the procedure for interaction of heat supply organizations and heat network organizations in emergency situations and emergency situations.

7. In the event that heat supply organizations and heating network organizations have not concluded the agreement specified in this article, the procedure for managing the heat supply system is determined by the agreement concluded for the previous heating period, and if such an agreement was not concluded earlier, the specified procedure is established by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal law for the approval of the heat supply scheme.

1. The distribution of the heat load of heat consumers in the heat supply system between the heat energy sources supplying heat in this heat supply system is carried out by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme by annually making changes to the heat supply scheme.

1) on the amount of heat energy that the heat supply organization undertakes to supply to consumers and heat supply organizations in this heat supply system;

2) on the volume of power sources of thermal energy, which the heat supply organization undertakes to maintain;

3) on the current tariffs in the field of heat supply and predicted specific variable costs for the production of heat energy, heat carrier and maintaining capacity.

3. The heat supply scheme must define the conditions under which there is a possibility of heat supply to consumers from various sources of heat energy while maintaining the reliability of heat supply. In the presence of such conditions, the distribution of heat load between heat sources is carried out on a competitive basis in accordance with the criterion of minimum specific variable costs for the production of heat energy by heat sources, determined in the manner prescribed by the basis of pricing in the field of heat supply, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, based on applications organizations owning sources of heat energy, and standards taken into account when regulating tariffs in the field of heat supply for the corresponding period of regulation.

4. If the heat supply organization does not agree with the distribution of the heat load carried out in the heat supply scheme, it has the right to appeal the decision on such distribution made by the body authorized in accordance with this Federal Law to approve the heat supply scheme to the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

1) determination of the subordination of dispatch services of heat supply organizations and heating network organizations, the procedure for their interaction;

2) the procedure for organizing the adjustment of heating networks and regulating the operation of the heat supply system;

4) the procedure for interaction between heat supply organizations and heating network organizations in emergencies and emergencies.

The article is devoted to the use of the Trace Mode SCADA system for operational-remote control of the city's district heating facilities. The facility on which the described project was implemented is located in the south of the Arkhangelsk region (the city of Velsk). The project provides for the operational supervision and management of the process of preparation and distribution of heat for heating and supplying hot water to the city's vital activities.

CJSC "SpetsTeploStroy", Yaroslavl

Statement of the problem and required functions systems

The goal of our company was to build a backbone network to supply heat to most of the city using advanced construction methods, where pre-insulated pipes were used to build the network. For this, fifteen kilometers of main heating networks and seven central heating points (CHP) were built. The purpose of the central heating station is using overheated water from the GT-CHPP (according to the schedule 130/70 ° С), prepares the heat carrier for the intra-quarter heating networks (according to the schedule 95/70 ° С) and heats the water up to 60 ° С for the needs of hot water supply (hot water supply), The central heating station operates on an independent, closed circuit.

When setting the problem, many requirements were taken into account that ensure the energy-saving principle of the central heating station. Some of the most important ones are:

Carry out weather-dependent control of the heating system;

Maintain the DHW parameters at a given level (temperature t, pressure P, flow rate G);

Maintain the parameters of the heat carrier for heating at a given level (temperature t, pressure P, flow G);

Organize commercial metering of heat energy and heat carrier in accordance with applicable regulatory documents(ND);

Provide automatic transfer switch (automatic transfer of reserve) of pumps (network and hot water supply) with equalization of the motor resource;

Correct the main parameters according to the calendar and real time clock;

Perform periodic data transmission to the control room;

Diagnose measuring instruments and operating equipment;

Lack of staff on duty at the central heating station;

Track and report promptly service personnel about the occurrence of emergency situations.

As a result of these requirements, the functions of the created operational-remote control system were determined. The main and auxiliary means of automation and data transmission were selected. The choice of SCADA-system was made to ensure the operability of the system as a whole.

Necessary and sufficient system functions:

1_Information functions:

Measurement and control of technological parameters;

Signaling and registration of deviations of parameters from the established boundaries;

Formation and delivery of operational data to personnel;

Archiving and viewing the history of parameters.

2_Control functions:

Automatic regulation of important process parameters;

Remote control of peripheral devices (pumps);

Technological protection and blocking.

3_Service functions:

Self-diagnostics of the software and hardware complex in real time;

Data transmission to the control room according to the schedule, upon request and upon the occurrence of an emergency situation;

Testing the performance and correct functioning of computing devices and input / output channels.

What influenced the choice of automation tools

and software?

The choice of the main automation tools was mainly based on three factors - price, reliability and versatility of setup and programming. So, for independent work in the central heating station and for data transmission, free-programmable controllers of the PCD2-PCD3 series from Saia-Burgess were chosen. To create a control room, the domestic SCADA system Trace Mode 6 was chosen. For data transmission, it was decided to use ordinary cellular communication: use a regular voice channel for data transmission and SMS messages to promptly notify personnel about emergency situations.

What is the principle of the system

and features of the implementation of control in Trace Mode?

As with many similar systems, management functions for direct impact on regulatory mechanisms are given to the lower level, and already the management of the entire system as a whole - to the upper one. I deliberately omit the description of the work of the lower level (controllers) and the data transfer process and go directly to the description of the upper one.

For ease of use, the control room is equipped with a personal computer (PC) with two monitors. Data from all points are fed to the dispatching controller and transmitted via the RS-232 interface to the OPC server running on a PC. The project is implemented in Trace Mode version 6 and is designed for 2048 channels. This is the first stage in the implementation of the described system.

A feature of the implementation of the task in Trace Mode is an attempt to create a multi-window interface with the ability to monitor the heat supply process in on-line mode, both on the city map and on mnemonic diagrams of heat points. The use of a multi-window interface allows solving the problem of displaying a large amount of information on the dispatcher's display, which must be sufficient and at the same time non-redundant. The principle of a multi-window interface allows access to any process parameters in accordance with the hierarchical structure of windows. It also simplifies the implementation of the system at the facility, since such an interface is appearance is very similar to the widespread products of the Microsoft family and has similar menu and toolbar hardware familiar to any personal computer user.

In fig. 1 shows the main screen of the system. It schematically shows the main heating network with an indication of the heat source (CHP) and central heating points (from the first to the seventh). The screen displays information about the occurrence of emergency situations at the facilities, the current outside air temperature, the date and time of the last data transfer from each point. Heating objects are provided with pop-up tips. In the event of an abnormal situation, the object on the diagram starts "blinking", and an event record and a red blinking indicator appear in the alarm report next to the date and time of data transmission. It is possible to view the enlarged thermal parameters for the central heating station and throughout the heating network as a whole. To do this, it is necessary to disable the display of the list of alarms and warnings report ("O&P" button).

Rice. one. System main screen. Layout of heat supply facilities in Velsk

The transition to the mnemonic diagram of the substation is possible in two ways - you need to click on the icon on the city map or on the button with the inscription of the substation.

The mnemonic diagram of the substation opens on the second screen. This is done both for the convenience of observing a specific situation at the central heating station, and for monitoring the general state of the system. All monitored and adjustable parameters, including those read from heat meters, are visualized on these screens in real time. Everything technological equipment and measuring instruments are provided with pop-up tips in accordance with the technical documentation.

The image of equipment and automation equipment on the mnemonic diagram is as close as possible to the real view.

At the next level of the multi-window interface, direct control of the heat transfer process, changing settings, viewing the characteristics of operating equipment, monitoring parameters in real time with a history of changes is carried out.

In fig. 2 shows the screen interface for viewing and managing the main automation equipment (control controller and heat calculator). On the controller control screen, it is possible to change the phone numbers for sending SMS messages, prohibit or allow the transmission of emergency and information messages, control the frequency and amount of data transmission, set parameters for self-diagnostics of measuring instruments. On the heat meter screen, you can view all the settings, change the available settings and control the mode of communication with the controller.

Rice. 2. Control screens for the "Take-off ТСРВ" heat meter and the PCD253 controller

In fig. 3 shows pop-up panels for control equipment (control valve and pump groups). Shown here Current state of this equipment, error information and some parameters necessary for self-diagnosis and verification. So, for pumps, very important parameters are dry running pressure, MTBF and turn-on delay.

Rice. 3. Control panel for pump groups and control valve

In fig. 4 shows screens for monitoring parameters and control loops in a graphical form with the ability to view the history of changes. All monitored parameters of the substation are displayed on the parameter screen. They are grouped according to their physical meaning (temperature, pressure, flow rate, amount of heat, heat output, lighting). The control loops screen displays all the parameter control loops and displays the current value of the parameter set taking into account the dead zone, valve position and the selected control law. All of this data on the screens is paginated, similar to the common design in Windows applications.

Rice. 4. Screens for graphical display of parameters and control loops

All screens can be moved around the space of two monitors, performing multiple tasks at the same time. All the necessary parameters for trouble-free operation of the heat distribution system are available in real time.

How long has the system been developedhow many developers were there?

The basic part of the dispatching and control system in Trace Mode was developed within one month by the author of this article and launched in the city of Velsk. In fig. a photograph is presented from the temporary control room where the system is installed and is undergoing trial operation. At the moment, by the forces of our organization, another heating point and an emergency heat source are being put into operation. It is at these facilities that a special control room is being designed. After its commissioning, all eight heating points will be included in the system.

Rice. five. Temporary workplace dispatcher

During the operation of the automated process control system, various comments and suggestions from the dispatching service arise. Thus, the process of updating the system is constantly underway to improve the operational properties and convenience of the dispatcher.

What is the effect of introducing such a management system?

Advantages and disadvantages

In this article, the author does not set the task of assessing the economic effect of the implementation of the management system in numbers. However, the savings are obvious due to the reduction of personnel involved in the maintenance of the system, a significant reduction in the number of accidents. In addition, the environmental impact is evident. It should also be noted that the introduction of such a system allows you to quickly respond and eliminate situations that may lead to unforeseen consequences. The payback period for the entire complex of works (construction of a heating main and heating points, installation and commissioning, automation and dispatching) for the customer will be 5-6 years.

The advantages of a working control system can be cited:

Visual presentation of information on a graphical image of an object;

As for the animation elements, they were specially added to the project to improve the visual effect of viewing the program.

System development prospects

An important utility service in modern cities is heat supply. The heat supply system serves to meet the needs of the population for heating services for residential and public buildings, hot water supply (water heating) and ventilation.

The modern heat supply system of cities includes the following main elements: a heat source, heat transmission networks and devices, as well as heat-consuming equipment and devices - heating, ventilation and hot water supply systems.

Urban heating systems are classified according to the following criteria:

- the degree of centralization;
- type of coolant;
- method of generating heat energy;
- method of water supply for hot water supply and heating;
- the number of pipelines of heating networks;
- a way to provide consumers with heat energy, etc.

By degree of centralization heat supply is distinguished two main types:

1) centralized systems heat supply, which have been developed in cities and areas with predominantly multi-storey buildings. Among them are: highly organized centralized heat supply based on combined heat and power generation at CHP plants - heating and centralized heat supply from district heating and industrial heating boilers;
2) decentralized heat supply from small adjoining boiler installations (attached, basement, roof), individual heating devices, etc .; there are no heating network and associated heat losses.

By kind of coolant distinguish between steam and water heating systems. In steam heating systems, superheated steam acts as a heat carrier. These systems are mainly used for technological purposes in industry, power generation. They are practically not used for the needs of communal heat supply of the population due to the increased danger during their operation.

In water heating systems, the heat carrier is hot water. These systems are mainly used to supply heat energy to urban consumers, for hot water supply and heating, and in some cases - for technological processes... In our country, water heat supply systems account for more than half of all heating networks.

By method of generating heat distinguish between:

- combined heat and power generation at combined heat and power plants. In this case, the heat of the working heat-water steam is used to generate electricity when expanding steam in turbines, and then the remaining heat of the waste steam is used to heat water in heat exchangers that make up the heating equipment of the CHPP. Hot water is used to supply heat to urban consumers. Thus, at a CHP plant, high-potential heat is used to generate electricity, and low-potential heat is used for heat supply. This is the energy sense of combined heat and power generation, which provides a significant reduction in specific fuel consumption when receiving heat and electricity;
- separate generation of thermal energy, when the heating of water in boiler plants (thermal stations) is separated from the generation of electrical energy.

By water supply method for hot water supply, water heat supply systems are divided into open and closed. In open water heating systems, hot water is supplied to the water-folding devices of the local hot water supply system directly from the heating networks. In closed water heat supply systems, water from heating networks is used only as a heating medium for heating in water heaters - heat exchangers (boilers) of tap water, which then enters local system hot water supply.

By number of pipelines distinguish between one-pipe, two-pipe and multi-pipe heat supply systems.

By way of providing consumers with thermal energy, one-stage and multi-stage heat supply systems are distinguished - depending on the schemes for connecting subscribers (consumers) to heating networks. The nodes for connecting heat consumers to heating networks are called subscriber inputs. At the subscriber input of each building, hot water supply heaters, elevators, pumps, fittings, instrumentation are installed to regulate the parameters and flow rate of the coolant by local heating and water-folding devices. Therefore, the subscriber input is often called a local heating point (MTP). If the subscriber input is constructed for a separate facility, then it is called an individual heating point (ITP).

When organizing one-stage heat supply systems, heat consumers are connected directly to heat networks. Such direct connection of heating devices limits the limits of permissible pressure in heating networks, since high pressure, necessary for the transport of the coolant to the end users, is dangerous for heating radiators. Because of this, single-stage systems are used to supply heat to a limited number of consumers from boiler houses with a short heating network length.

In multistage systems, central heating (CHP) or control and distribution points (CRP) are placed between the heat source and consumers, in which the parameters of the coolant can be changed at the request of local consumers. They are equipped with a central heating station and a central heating station with pumping and water heating installations, control and safety valves, instrumentation designed to provide a group of consumers in a block or district with heat energy of the required parameters. With the help of pumping or water heating installations, the main pipelines (first stage) are partially or completely hydraulically isolated from the distribution networks (second stage). From the central heating station or KRP, the coolant with permissible or established parameters is supplied through the general or separate pipelines of the second stage to the MTP of each building for local consumers. At the same time, only elevator mixing of return water from local heating installations, local regulation of water consumption for hot water supply and metering of heat consumption are carried out in the MTP.

Organization of complete hydraulic isolation of heating networks of the first and second stages is the most important event increasing the reliability of heat supply and increasing the range of heat transport. Multistage heat supply systems with a central heating station and KRP allow tens of times to reduce the number of local hot water heaters, circulation pumps and temperature controllers installed in the MTP in a single-stage system. In the central heating station, it is possible to organize the treatment of local tap water to prevent corrosion of hot water supply systems. Finally, during the construction of the central heating station and the control center, the unit operating costs and the cost of maintaining personnel for the maintenance of equipment in the MTP are significantly reduced.

Thermal energy in the form of hot water or steam is transported from the CHP or boiler house to consumers (to residential buildings, public buildings and industrial enterprises) through special pipelines - heating networks. The route of heating networks in cities and other settlements should be provided in the technical strips allocated for engineering networks.

Modern heating networks of urban systems are complex engineering structures. Their length from the source to consumers is tens of kilometers, and the diameter of the mains reaches 1400 mm. Heating networks include heat pipelines; expansion joints taking thermal elongations; disconnecting, regulating and safety equipment installed in special chambers or pavilions; pumping stations; district heating points (RTP) and heat points (TP).

Heating networks are divided into main ones, laid in the main directions settlement, distribution - within the block, microdistrict - and branches to individual buildings and subscribers.

Heating network diagrams are used, as a rule, beam. In order to avoid interruptions in the supply of heat to the consumer, it is envisaged to connect separate trunk networks to each other, as well as to arrange jumpers between the branches. In large cities, in the presence of several large heat sources, more complex heating networks are constructed in a ring pattern.

To ensure the reliable functioning of such systems, their hierarchical structure is necessary, in which the entire system is divided into a number of levels, each of which has its own task, decreasing in value from the upper level to the lower one. Upper hierarchical level are heat sources, the next level is main heating networks with RTP, the lower level is distribution networks with subscriber inputs of consumers. Heat sources supply hot water of a given temperature and a given pressure to heating networks, ensure the circulation of water in the system and maintain the proper hydrodynamic and static pressure in it. They have special water treatment plants where chemical purification and deaeration of water is carried out. The main heat carrier flows are transported along the main heating networks to the heat consumption units. In the RTP, the coolant is distributed among the districts, in the networks of the districts, autonomous hydraulic and thermal modes are maintained. The organization of a hierarchical construction of heat supply systems ensures their controllability during operation.

To control the hydraulic and thermal modes of the heat supply system, it is automated, and the amount of supplied heat is regulated in accordance with consumption rates and customer requirements. The largest amount of heat is consumed for heating buildings. The heating load changes with the outside temperature. To maintain compliance with the heat supply to consumers, it uses central regulation on heat sources. It is not possible to achieve a high quality of heat supply using only central regulation, therefore additional automatic regulation is used at heat points and at consumers. The water consumption for hot water supply is constantly changing, and in order to maintain a stable heat supply, the hydraulic regime of heating networks is automatically regulated, and the temperature of hot water is kept constant and equal to 65 ° C.

The main systemic problems complicating the organization of an effective mechanism for the functioning of heat supply in modern cities include the following:

- significant physical and moral deterioration of the equipment of heat supply systems;
- high level losses in heating networks;
- Massive lack of heat energy metering devices and heat supply regulators among residents;
- overestimated heat loads from consumers;
- imperfection of the legal and regulatory framework.

The equipment of enterprises of heat power engineering and heating networks has, on average, a high degree of wear in Russia, reaching 70%. In the total number of heating boiler houses, small, ineffective ones prevail; the process of their reconstruction and liquidation is proceeding very slowly. The increase in heating capacity lags behind the increasing loads by 2 times or more every year. Due to systematic interruptions in the supply of boiler houses with fuel in many cities, serious difficulties arise every year in the heat supply of residential areas and houses. The start-up of heating systems in the fall takes several months; winter period have become the norm, not the exception; the rate of equipment replacement is decreasing, the number of equipment in emergency condition is increasing. This predetermined in recent years a sharp increase in the accident rate of heat supply systems.

The peculiarities of heat supply are the strict mutual influence of heat supply and heat consumption modes, as well as the multiplicity of supply points for several goods (heat energy, power, heat carrier, hot water). The purpose of heat supply is not to ensure generation and transport, but to maintain the quality of these goods for each consumer.

This goal was achieved relatively effectively with stable flow rates of the coolant in all elements of the system. The “high-quality” regulation used in our country, by its very nature, implies a change only in the temperature of the coolant. The advent of demand controlled buildings has ensured unpredictability of hydraulic regimes in networks while maintaining constant costs in the buildings themselves. Complaints in neighboring houses had to be eliminated by increased circulation and corresponding massive overheating.

The hydraulic design models used today, despite their periodic calibration, cannot ensure that the deviations in the costs of building commissions are taken into account due to changes in internal heat generation and hot water consumption, as well as the influence of the sun, wind and rain. With actual qualitative and quantitative regulation, it is necessary to “see” the system in real time and ensure:

control of the maximum number of delivery points;
reduction of the current balances of supply, losses and consumption;
control action in case of unacceptable violation of modes.

Management should be as automated as possible, otherwise it simply cannot be implemented. The challenge was to achieve this without the excessive cost of equipping checkpoints.

Today, when a large number of buildings have measuring systems with flow meters, temperature and pressure sensors, it is unreasonable to use them only for financial calculations. ACS "Heat" is built, basically, on the generalization and analysis of information "from the consumer".

When creating the ACS, the typical problems of outdated systems were overcome:

dependence on the correctness of calculations of metering devices and the reliability of data in untrusted archives;
the impossibility of converting operational balances due to inconsistencies in the measurement time;
impossibility to control rapidly changing processes;
non-compliance with new requirements information security federal law"On the security of the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation."

Effects of system implementation:

Consumer Services:

determination of real balances for all types of goods and commercial losses:
determination of possible off-balance sheet income;
control of the actual power consumption and compliance with its technical specifications for connection;
introduction of restrictions corresponding to the level of payments;
transition to a two-part tariff;
monitoring KPIs for all services working with consumers and assessing the quality of their work.

Exploitation:

determination of technological losses and balances in heating networks;
dispatching and emergency control according to actual modes;
maintaining optimal temperature schedules;
monitoring the state of networks;
adjustment of heat supply modes;
control of outages and violations of modes.

Development and investment:

reliable assessment of the results of implementation of improvement projects;
assessment of the effects of investment costs;
development of heat supply schemes in real electronic models;
optimization of diameters and network configuration;
reduction in connection costs while taking into account the real reserves of bandwidth and energy savings from consumers;
repair planning
organization of joint work of CHP and boiler houses.