What are the goals pursued by the asu. Purpose, purpose of creation, and functions of the ASUTP. Required functions of HR systems

Practical work No. 16

Topic: ACS for various purposes, examples of their use. Demonstration of use different types ACS in practice in technical sphere activities

Purpose of work: to get an idea of ​​automatic and automated control systems in the technical field of activity.

Theoretical information on practical work

Automated control system or ACS - a set of hardware and software tools, designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, and the like.

The creator of the first automated control systems in the USSR is Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, founder scientific school strategic planning Nikolai Ivanovich Veduta (1913-1998). In 1962-1967. in the position of director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the board of the USSR Ministry of Instrument Engineering, he led the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR-actions to introduce expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to improve the efficiency of production management.

The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of planning the management process.

Goals of control automation

The generalized goal of control automation is to increase the efficiency of using the potential capabilities of the control object. Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:

Providing the decision-maker (DM) with adequate data for decision-making.

Acceleration of the execution of certain operations for the collection and processing of data.

Reducing the number of decisions that must be made by the decision maker.

Increasing the level of control and performance discipline.

Improving management efficiency.

Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes.

Increasing the degree of validity of the decisions made.

The ACS includes the following types of support:

informational,

software,

technical,

organizational,

metrological,

legal,

linguistic.

Main classification signs

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:

the sphere of operation of the control object (industry, construction, transport, Agriculture, non-industrial sphere, and so on);

type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic, and so on);

system level government controlled, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes for industries (for industry: industry (ministry), all-Union association, all-Union industrial association, research and production association, enterprise (organization), production, shop, section, technological unit).

ACS functions

ACS functions generally include the following elements (actions):

planning and (or) forecasting;

accounting, control, analysis;

coordination and / or regulation.

Types of ACS

Automated control system technological process or APCS - solves problems operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport.

Automated production management system (ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, incoming and outgoing logistics. Implements short term planning production taking into account production capacity, product quality analysis, modeling production process.

Examples:

Automated control system for street lighting ("ACS UO") - designed to organize automation centralized management street lighting.

Automated control system for outdoor lighting ("ASUNO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.

Automated control system road traffic or ACS DD - designed to control Vehicle and pedestrian flows on the city road network or motorway

Automated enterprise management system or ACS - MRP, MRP II and ERP systems are used to solve these problems. If the company is educational institution, learning management systems are applied.

Automatic control system for hotels.

An automated operational risk management system is software containing a set of tools needed to solve problems. management operational risks enterprises: from data collection to reporting and forecasting.

Task number 1.

Use hyperlinks to go to web pages for examples of automated control systems.

Task number 2.

Answer the questions:

What is called an automated control system?

What is the task of automated control systems?

What are the goals of the ACS?

What functions do ACS perform?

Give examples of automated control systems.

Task number 3. Make a conclusion about the work done:

test questions:

What is ACS?

What is the idea of ​​management?

Give the definition of an automatic system.

Main equipment: PC

The main functions of the ACS include the following:

• - management of transport movements;
• - supervision over the entire production process;
• - data output for printing;
• - information output to the monitor;
• - signaling in case of an emergency;
• - technological preparation of production;
• - management of the technological process of production;
• - management of instrumental support;
• - operational planning.

ACS composition

ACS consists of means computing technology- control computers connected into a single complex with the help of interface devices and data transmission lines, and software designed to control individual units of automated equipment of all subsystems and the system as a whole. Program control is based on the use of a program that determines the order of actions in order to obtain the required result. Computing machines, devices for interfacing with objects and data transmission are the hardware of the flexible production system control system, operating under the control of software.

The functional part of the ACS

The functional part of the ACS consists of a set of interrelated programs for the implementation of specific management functions (planning, financial and accounting activities, etc.). All tasks of the functional part are based on information arrays common for a given ACS and on common technical means Oh. The inclusion of new tasks in the system does not affect the structure of the framework. The functional part of the ACS is conventionally divided into subsystems in accordance with the main functions of object control. Subsystems, in turn, are divided into complexes containing sets of programs for solving specific control problems in accordance with the general concept of the system. For example, in the automated control system, an enterprise often distinguishes the following subsystems: technical preparation of production; product quality management; technical and economic planning; operational production planning; logistics; sales of products; financial and accounting activities; planning and placement of personnel; transport management; management of support services. The division of the functional part of the ACS into subsystems is rather arbitrary, since the procedures of all subsystems are closely interrelated and in some cases it is impossible to draw a clear line between different management functions. The allocation of subsystems is used for the convenience of distributing work to create a system and for linking to the corresponding organizational links of the control object.

A promising direction in the development of ACS is the creation of a National Automated Control System (OGAS), which provides for the interconnection of management of all administrative, industrial and other facilities of the country in order to ensure the optimal proportions of the development of the national economy of the USSR, the development of intense balanced planning targets and their unconditional fulfillment. The technical base of the OGAS will be the Unified State Network of Computer Centers, which will carry out information and functional coordination of the work of the country's centers.

ACS classification

ACS can be classified:

• 1. By level.
• - ACS Industries
• - Production ACS
• - ACS Workshop
• - ACS of the Site
• - Process control system
• 2. By the type of decision being made.
• 2.1 Information and reference systems that simply communicate information ("express", "siren", "09")
• 2.2 Information-advising (reference) system, represents options and assessments according to various criteria of these options.
• 2.3 Information and control system, the output is not advice, but a control action on the object
• 3. By type of production.
• 3.1 ACS for discrete-continuous production.
• 3.2 ACS discrete production.
• 3.3 ACS continuous production.
• 4. By appointment.
• 4.1 Military ACS.
• 4.2 Economic systems(enterprises, offices, managing power structures).
• 4.3 Information retrieval systems.
• 5. By areas of human activity.
• 5.1 Medical systems.
• 5.2 Environmental systems.
• 5.3 Telephone systems.
• 6. By the type of computers used.
• 6.1 Digital Computing Machines (TsVM) BVM, medium, minicomputer, RS
• 6.2 Analog Computing Machines
• 6.3 Hybrid

The required composition of elements is selected depending on the type of a specific ACS.

ACS functions can be combined into subsystems according to functional and other characteristics.

ACS structures characterize the internal structure of the system, describe stable connections between its elements.

When describing ACS, they use the following types of structures, differing in the types of elements and connections between them:

• - functional (elements - functions, tasks, operations; communications - informational);
• - technical (elements-devices; communications - communication lines);
• - organizational (elements - teams of people and individual performers; communications - information, subordination and interaction;
• - algorithmic (elements - algorithms; communications - information); software (elements - software modules; communications - information and control);
• - informational (elements - forms of existence and presentation of information in the system; communications - operations of transforming information in the system).

Classification of systems by scale of application

• - local (within one workplace);
• - local (within the same organization);
• - territorial (within a certain administrative territory);
• - industry-specific.

Classification by mode of use

• - batch processing systems (the first versions of organizational ACS, systems information service, educational systems);
• - inquiry-response systems (AIS ticket sales, information retrieval systems, library systems);
• - dialogue systems (CAD, ASNI, training systems);
• - real-time systems (control of technological processes, moving objects, robotic manipulators, test benches and others).

ACS structure

Automation of production is a process in the development of machine production, in which the functions of management and control, previously performed by humans, are transferred to instruments and automatic devices.

The purpose of production automation is to increase labor efficiency, improve the quality of products, and create conditions for the optimal use of all production resources.

One of the characteristic trends in the development of society is the emergence of extremely complex (large systems). The main reasons for this are: the continuously increasing complexity of technical means used in the national economy; the need to improve the quality of management, both technical and organizational systems(enterprise, industry, government, etc.); the expanding specialization and cooperation of enterprises are the main trends in the development of the national economy.

The introduction of an automated enterprise management system, like any major transformation in an enterprise, is a complex and often painful process. Nevertheless, some of the problems that arise during the implementation of the system are well studied, formalized and have effective solution methodologies. Studying these problems in advance and preparing for them greatly facilitates the implementation process and increases the effectiveness of the further use of the system.

ACS functions

The functions of the automated control system are set in terms of reference on the creation of a specific automated control system based on the analysis of management goals, assigned resources to achieve them, the expected effect of automation and in accordance with the standards applicable to given view ACS. Each function of the automated control system is implemented by a set of task complexes, individual tasks and operations. The functions of the automated control system in the general case include the following elements (actions):

• - planning and (or) forecasting;
• - accounting, control, analysis;
• - coordination and / or regulation.

Implementation methods

The purpose of creating an automated control system is not automation as such, but increasing the manageability of the enterprise and the efficiency of its activities by improving the quality of business processes, including the automation of their functions. Automation of business process functions allows management to quickly receive reliable information on the cost of production, the state of accounts receivable, production stocks and other necessary information, on the basis of which it is easy to make informed management decisions.

Work on the creation of an automated control system is carried out in accordance with state (GOST) and international (ISO) standards for design technology, which includes all stages life cycle automated system:

• - pre-design survey;
• - system and technical design;
• - design of the organizational and functional structure;
• - automation and reengineering of business processes;
• - training for users and administrators;
• - design and installation of local networks;
• - supply, installation, launch and maintenance of network equipment and servers;
• - implementation and commissioning of an automated system (implementation and commissioning, including transfer of data from other systems);
• - accompaniment of the AU.

The design teams also include specialists with experience in solving a wide range of tasks for automating accounting, financial and management accounting in industrial plants.

The creation of enterprise management systems is possible with the involvement on the basis of subcontracting of consulting companies and regional implementation partner firms of 1C, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of projects for the creation of automated control systems, reduce their cost and ensure high quality technical support and accompaniment.

The main problems and tasks requiring special attention when solving them:

• - Lack of setting the management task at the enterprise;
• - The need for partial or complete reorganization of the structure of the enterprise;
• - The need to change business technology in various aspects;
• - Resistance of employees of the enterprise;
• - Temporary increase in the workload on employees during the implementation of an automated enterprise management system;
• - The need to form a qualified team for the implementation and maintenance of the system, the selection of a strong team leader.

Building a unified information infrastructure industrial enterprises, ensuring the joint operation of software and hardware systems of ACS and ACS, is becoming an increasingly urgent task.

Technological barriers between different levels of automation, which have arisen as a result of the independent development of automated control systems and process control systems, stand in the way of sharply increasing information flows. According to experts, only data collection in real scale Time on various aspects of industrial processes will lead in the coming years to an almost thirtyfold increase in traffic in distributed industrial control systems, with a significant increase in the flow of information between sensors and programmable controllers. Therefore, one of the tasks integrated automation is enterprise-wide interworking based on standard scalable high-performance technology.

Modern standards-based CAM systems use Ethernet networks and TCP / IP protocols in communication infrastructures. IN information complexes enterprises are widely used Internet technologies. In the field of process control systems, the situation with standardization is much worse. There are more than fifty communication technologies belonging to the class of industrial networks or field buses, providing the ability to create distributed systems, which include programmable logic controllers, sensors and actuators. Much of these technologies are based on the proprietary protocols and hardware of the manufacturing companies. Naturally, interest in the unification of industrial networks, which makes it possible to build multi-vendor systems, is very high, although this is hindered by a rather narrow market segmentation by industry, as well as the commercial interests of the largest manufacturers (Fisher-Rosemount, Honeywell, Rockwell Automation, Siemens and a number of others) who have been producing their own communication products for a long time. In recent years, process automation equipment vendors have turned their attention to Ethernet. However, the question of the scale of Ethernet penetration into industrial process control systems and the possibility of replacing such widespread technologies as Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus or DeviceNet is still open.

Examples of using ACS

The St. Petersburg company "KORUS Consulting" has completed the implementation of the automated enterprise management system Navision AXAPTA in the German group of companies OSKO.

KORUS Consulting is the official partner of one of the world's largest manufacturers of ERP systems - the Danish company Navision A / S. The implementation of this project was carried out by KORUS Consulting specialists together with the employees of the OSKO group. The implementation of the system took 6 months. The total cost of the project is over $ 100,000. Through the implementation of Navision AXAPTA, OSKO expects to significantly speed up the order processing and optimize supply chains. It is the policy of the group companies to maintain open business involving the maintenance accounting according to requirements like Russian legislation and c international standards- this task is also solved by means of Navision AXAPTA. In addition, the system carries out operational accounting and control of a large number of items of goods. The OSKO group of companies has a geographically distributed structure, therefore Navision AXAPTA provides a complete and timely exchange of data between branches and warehouses remote from each other. Moreover, the system initially provides for the possibility of increasing the number of functions in the process of developing a group of companies. The OSKO group of companies has been operating in the Russian and Belarusian markets since the early 90s. It represents the products of a number of leading German manufacturers of engineering equipment, actively invests in the repair and improvement of Moscow, St. Petersburg and other Russian cities. The main tasks of the company in the near future are to improve the quality of customer service, expand the territory and develop new regional markets, increase dealer network, as well as an increase in the range of products distributed. The company "KORUS Consulting" is the official representative in the CIS and Baltic countries of one of the world's largest manufacturers of budgeting and management analysis- American corporation Comshare Inc. KORUS Consulting is also the Navision Solution Center - the official representative of the Danish corporation Navision A / S for sales in Russia of the Navision AXAPTA integrated business management system. The company operates on Russian market since the beginning of 2000. The list of clients of KORUS Consulting includes such large Russian enterprises as Akrikhin, Chaikovsky Textile, Solikamsk Magnesium Plant, KomiArktikOil, Pervouralsky Novotrubny Plant, KMB-Bank, a trading company "OSKO" and others.

automated production management business

Practical lesson number 8


Hardware: PC

Theoretical information
An automated control system or ACS is a set of hardware and software tools designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, or enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, and the like.
The creator of the first automated control systems in the USSR is Nikolai Ivanovich Veduta (1913-1998), Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, founder of the scientific school of strategic planning. In 1962-1967. in the position of director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the board of the USSR Ministry of Instrument Engineering, he led the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR-actions to introduce expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to improve the efficiency of production management.
The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of planning the management process.
Goals of control automation
The generalized goal of control automation is to increase the efficiency of using the potential capabilities of the control object. Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:
Providing the decision-maker (DM) with adequate data for decision-making.
Acceleration of the execution of certain operations for the collection and processing of data.
Reducing the number of decisions that must be made by the decision maker.
Increasing the level of control and performance discipline.
Improving management efficiency.
Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes.
Increasing the degree of validity of the decisions made.
The ACS includes the following types of support:
informational,
software,
technical,
organizational,
metrological,
legal,
linguistic.
Main classification signs
The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:
the sphere of operation of the object of management (industry, construction, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, and so on);
type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic, and so on);
the level in the system of public administration, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes for sectors (for industry: industry (ministry), all-Union association, all-Union industrial association, research and production association, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit).
ACS functions
ACS functions generally include the following elements (actions):
planning and (or) forecasting;
accounting, control, analysis;
coordination and / or regulation.
Types of ACS
An automated process control system or ACS TP - solves the problems of operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport.
Automated production management system (ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, incoming and outgoing logistics. Carries out short-term planning of production, taking into account production capacity, analysis of product quality, modeling of the production process.
Examples:
Automated control system for street lighting ("ACS UO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of street lighting.
Automated control system for outdoor lighting ("ASUNO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.
Automated traffic control system or ACS DD - designed to control vehicles and pedestrian flows on the road network of a city or highway
Automated enterprise management system or ACS - MRP, MRP II and ERP systems are used to solve these problems. In the event that the enterprise is an educational institution, learning management systems are applied.
Automatic control system for hotels.
Automated control system for polyclinics.
This ACS is designed to organize the work of polyclinics, organize medical appointments, and simplify the appointment with a doctor in the selected polyclinic. URL http://www.kmivc.ru/zapis-na-priem-cherez-interent/Automated operational risk management system is software that contains a set of tools necessary to solve the problems of enterprise operational risk management: from data collection to reporting and making forecasts.

Practical lesson number 8
Topic: ACS for various purposes, examples of their use.
Section: Information and information processes
Objectives of the lesson: to get an idea of ​​automatic and automated control systems in the socio-economic sphere of activity.
Hardware: PC
Software: MicrosoftOffice 2010: MS Point, Internet Explorer
The content of the work:
Task number 1.
Watch the presentation “ Automated systems management "(located on a network drive of the computer), which presents the types of ACS. Use hyperlinks to go to web pages for examples of automated control systems.
Watch a few videos for an example of automation in manufacturing.
Task number 2. Answer the questions:
1) What is called an automated control system? 2) What is the task of automated control systems? 3) What are the goals pursued by the ACS? 4) What functions do ACS perform? 5) Give examples of automated control systems. Task number 3. Make a conclusion about the practical work done:

Attached files

By measuring the values ​​of technological parameters, their processing, visual presentation, and the issuance of control actions in real time to the actuators, as in automatic mode, and as a result of the actions of the technologist-operator;

Analysis of the state of the technological process, identification of pre-emergency situations and prevention of accidents by switching technological units to a safe state, both in automatic mode and at the initiative of operating personnel;

Providing the administrative and technical personnel of the plant with the necessary information from the technological process to solve the problems of control, accounting, analysis, planning and production activities.

The goals of creating an automated process control system are:

• Ensuring reliable and trouble-free operation of production;
• Stabilization of operational indicators of technological and operating parameters of the technological process;
• Increase in the output of marketable products;
• Reducing material and energy costs;
• Reduction of unproductive losses of human, material - technical and fuel and energy resources, reduction of operating costs;
• The choice of rational technological modes, taking into account the readings of industrial analyzers installed on the streams, and the prompt adjustment of the control strategy according to the data of laboratory analyzes;
• Improving the quality indicators of the final product;
• Prevention of accidents;
• Automatic and automated diagnostics of APCS equipment.

Technological process control functions are implemented through distributed control (). Emergency protection functions are implemented through a specialized emergency protection system -.

The composition of the software and hardware complex.
As a software and hardware complex of the automated process control system, specialized controls and emergency protection are used, certified by the State Standard as a measuring instrument, and allowed Federal Service on environmental, technological and nuclear supervision (Rostekhnadzor) for use in explosive industries.

The list of documents on the basis of which the System is created.
The system is created on the basis of the following documents:

1. Terms of reference for the creation of an automated process control system;
2. Agreement YNF-1234/01 for the supply of automated process control equipment;
3. Contract YNF-1234/02 for the development of the Process Control System Engineering Project;
4. Agreement YNF-1234/03 for the development and implementation of the process control system ("engineering").

.
divided into the following categories:

• Distributed control system (hereinafter DCS), based on specialized microprocessor technology, designed to control the technological process in real time and provide information to the plant LAN (plant director, dispatcher, chief plant specialists).
• Emergency protection system (hereinafter) based on specialized microprocessor technology of increased reliability, designed to automatically transfer the technological process to a safe state in the event of emergency situations.
• Peripheral equipment - a concept that combines sensors, analyzers, and actuators, as well as electrical and other drives installed both directly on technological equipment, and in special rooms, and connected to the DCS and ESD.

The upper level of the process control system is represented by the automated workstations of the operator-technologist. The following functions are implemented at the top level:

• Visualization of the state of technological objects of control in real time;
• Setting the required modes of the technological process and data entry;
• Signaling of deviations of the technological process from the standard values;
• Visualization of data on the history of the process;
• Printing of messages about violations and technological modes;
• Registration in the database of the history of the values ​​of technological variables in time;
• Registration in the database of messages about system and technological violations;
• Registration in the database of actions of operating personnel;
• Formation and printing of accounting documents. Requirements to .

The DCS should provide:

1. Automated collection and primary processing of technological information.
2. Automatic monitoring of the state of the technological process, warning and pre-alarm signaling when technological parameters go beyond the established boundaries.
3. Real-time process control.
4. Presentation of information in a form convenient for perception and analysis at operator stations in the form of graphs, mnemonic diagrams, histograms, tables.
5. Automatic processing, registration and storage of incoming production information, calculation of averaged and integral indicators.
6. Automatic generation of reports and work (regime) sheets according to the approved form for certain period time, and print them on schedule and on demand.
7. Receiving information from and registering a trigger.
8. Control over the operable state of technical means of DCS and ESD.
9. Automated data transfer to the plant wide network.
10. Protection of databases and software from unauthorized access.
11. Diagnostics and issuance of messages on all elements of the complex of technical means with an accuracy of the module.

The ESD system should provide:

1. Automated collection of analog and discrete information from sensors of technological parameters and parameters of the state of actuators, as well as discrete parameters of the DCC, MPC, the state of emergency ventilation.
2. Highlighting valid input information.
3. Analysis and processing of input information.
4. Automatic delivery of control signals to actuators.
5. Remote ("manual") control of actuators subject to authorized access.
6. Determination of the root cause of the protection system operation and the shutdown of the technological process.
7. Transmission of operational information from the ESD system to the DCS for signaling, registration and archiving (parameter deviations, actuation of ESD actuators, response to personnel actions, etc.).
8. Operational and autonomous diagnostics of technical means of the ESD system, and identification of faults with an accuracy of the module (block).

Automated control systems of ACS ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. in the position of director of the Central Research Institute of Technical Management of TsNIITU, being also a member of the collegium of the USSR Ministry of Instrumentation, he led the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR actions to introduce expensive computers instead of creating real automated control systems to increase ...

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AUTOMATED AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS

Automated control system (ACS) and automatic system and control (ACS) - a set of hardware and software tools designed to control various processes within the framework of technical O logical process, production, enterprise.

Automated control systems (ACS)

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic e Skye emphasizes the preservation of some functions for the human operator, l and more general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automatic a tization. ACS with Decision support system(DSS), are the basis in a new tool for increasing the validity of management decisions.

The creator of the first automated control systems in the USSR is Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, O the founder of the scientific schoolstrategic planningNikolay Ivanovich Veduta(1913-1998). In 1962-1967. in the position of director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the collegium of the USSR Ministry of Instrument Engineering, he led the implementation and the first in the country automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR-actions to introduce expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to improve the efficiency of production management.

The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of the plan and ration of the management process. Distinguish ACS objects (technological pr O cessami-ACS, enterprise-ACS, industry-OASU) and functional aut O matized systems, for example, the design of planned calculations, mat e real technical supply, etc.

Goals of control automation

In general, the control system can be considered in the form of owls O a collection of interconnected management processes and objects. The generalized goal of control automation is to improve the efficiency of using O potential opportunitiesobject of management... Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:

1. Providing the decision maker ( Decision maker) relevant yes n to make decisions
2. Acceleration of individual collection and processing operations yes nnyh
3. Reducing the number of decisions that the decision maker must make
4. Increasing the level of control and performance discipline
5. Improving management responsiveness
6. Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes
7. Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made

ACS composition

The ACS includes the following types of support: information, etc. O grammar, technical, organizational, metrological, legal and linguistic and static.

Main classification signs

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:

• the sphere of operation of the control object (industry, construction and government, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, etc.)
• type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic o micical, etc.);
• level in the public administration system, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes about T branches (for industry: industry (ministry), all-union association e nie, all-union industrial association, research and production association and nenie, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit).

ACS functions

The functions of the ACS are set in the terms of reference for the creation of a concrete T ACS based on the analysis of management objectives, specified resources for their and the expected effect of automation and in accordance with the standards applicable to this type of ACS. Each function of the ACS is implemented with O the availability of complexes of tasks, individual tasks and operations. ACS functions in o b In any case, they include the following elements (actions):

• planning and (or) forecasting;
• accounting, control, analysis;
• coordination and / or regulation.

The required composition of elements is selected depending on the type of concretion T noah ACS. ACS functions can be combined into subsystems according to functional and other characteristics.

Functions in the formation of control actions

• Information processing functions (computational functions) - implement in accounting, control, storage, search, display, replication, transformation O formation of the form of information;
• Functions of exchange (transfer) of information - associated with bringing the exp but botanized control actions to the OS and exchange of information with the decision maker;
• The group of decision-making functions (transformation of the content of the information R mation) - creation new information in the course of analysis, forecasting or op e efficient facility management

Classes of ACS structures

In the sphere industrial production from the control position, you can e pour the following main classes of structures of management systems: decentralization O bathroom, centralized, centralized dispersed and hierarchical eskuyu.

Decentralized structure

Building a system with such a structure is effective when automating technologically independent control objects for material, energy e skim, information and other resources. Such a system is a collection of several independent systems with its own information and algorithms. O rhythmic base.

To develop a control action on each control object, information about the state of only this object is required.

Centralized structure

The centralized structure implements all the processes of managing objects in a single management body, which collects and processes information about the managed objects and, based on their analysis, T In accordance with the criteria of the system, it generates control signals. The emergence of this class of structures is associated with an increase in the number of controlled, regulated e parameters and, as a rule, from a territorial distribution O the property of the control object.

The advantages of a centralized structure are the relatively simple implementation of processes communication; principled in s the possibility of optimal control of the system as a whole; fairly easy corre To operation of quickly changeable input parameters; opportunity to achieve ma To maximum operational efficiency with minimal redundancy of technical controls.

The disadvantages of a centralized structure are as follows: the need for high O the reliability and performance of technical controls for O achieving an acceptable quality of management; high total length of communication channels in the presence of territorial dispersion of control facilities.

Centralized dispersed structure

The main feature of this structure is the preservation of the principle of the center but lized management, i.e. development of control actions on each control object based on information about the states of the entire set of volume To comrade management. Some functional devices of the control system I in They are common for all channels of the system and, using switches, are connected to individual devices of the channel, forming a closed control loop.

The control algorithm in this case consists of a set of interconnection n control algorithms for objects, which are implemented by a set of but directly related controls. In the course of operation, each governing body receives and processes the relevant information, as well as issues control signals to subordinate objects. For real and zation of management functions, each local body, as necessary, enters into the process of information interaction with other governing bodies in laziness. The advantages of such a structure: reduced requirements for the productivity and reliability of each processing and control center without compromising the quality of management; reduction in the total length of communication channels.

The disadvantages of the system are as follows: complication of information processes with owls in the control system due to the need to exchange data between processing and control centers, as well as adjusting the stored information; surplus h ness of technical means intended for information processing; layer f synchronization of information exchange processes.

Hierarchical structure

With an increase in the number of control problems in complex systems, the and the volume of processed information increases and the complexity of the algorithm increases T mov management. As a result, it is not possible to carry out centralized control. s possible, since there is a discrepancy between the complexity of the controlled object and the ability of any controlling body to receive and process NS to post information.

In addition, in such systems, the following groups of tasks can be distinguished, each of which is characterized by the corresponding requirements for the response time to events occurring in the controlled process:

tasks of collecting data from the control object and direct digital control(reaction time, seconds, fractions of a second);

extreme control tasks related to the calculation of the desired parameters of the controlled process and the required values ​​of the regulator settings, with the logical tasks of starting and stopping the units, etc. (reaction time - seconds, minutes);

optimization and adaptive process control problems, technical and economic problems (reaction time - a few seconds);

informational tasks for administrative management, dispatching and coordination tasks on the scale of a shop, an enterprise, planning tasks, etc. (reaction time - hours).

Obviously, the hierarchy of management tasks leads to the need to create hierarchical system controls. Such separation, allowing to cope with information difficulties for everyone local authority management, gives rise to the need to coordinate the decisions taken by these bodies, that is, to create a new governing body over them. At each level, the maximum correspondence of the characteristics of technical means to a given class of tasks must be ensured.

In addition, many production systems have their own hierarchy, arising under the influence of objective trends in scientific and technological progress, concentration and specialization of production, contributing to increased efficiency social production... Most often, the hierarchical structure of the control object does not coincide with the hierarchy of the control system. Consequently, as the complexity of systems grows, a hierarchical management pyramid is built. Controlled processes in a complex control object require timely formation of correct decisions that would lead to the set goals, be taken in a timely manner, and would be mutually agreed upon. Each such solution requires the formulation of a corresponding control problem. Their combination forms a hierarchy of management tasks, which in some cases is much more complicated than the hierarchy of the management object.

Types of ACS

• Automated process control system or ACS TP - solves the problems of operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport.
• Automated production control system(ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, inbound and outbound logistics.Carries out short-term planning of production, taking into account production capacity, analysis of product quality, modeling of the production process. To solve these problems, use MIS and MES -systems as well LIMS systems.

Examples:

• Automated street lighting control system("ACS UO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of street lighting.
  • Automated outdoor lighting control system("ASUNO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.
  • Automated traffic control system or ACS DD - designed to control vehicles and pedestrian flows on the road network of a city or motorway
• Automated enterprise management system or ACS - to solve these problems are used MRP, MRP II and ERP systems. In the event that the enterprise is an educational institution, applylearning management systems.

Examples:

• « Hotel management system". Along with this name, PMS Property Management System is used
  • « Automated operational risk management system"Is a software that contains a set of tools necessary to solve the problems of managing operational risks of enterprises: from collecting data to providing reports and making forecasts.

Automatic control systems (ACS)

Types of automatic control systems

An automatic control system, as a rule, consists of two main elements - a control object and a control device.

ACS can be divided:

1. By the purpose of management

Control object- change in the state of the object in accordance with a given control law. This change occurs as a result external factors, for example, due to control or disturbing influences.

A) Automatic control systems

• Automatic stabilization systems... The output value is kept constant (the setpoint is constant ). Deviations occur due to disturbances and when switched on.
• Software control systems... The setpoint changes according to the predefined program law f. Along with the errors encountered in automatic control systems, there are also errors from inertia. regulator.
• Tracking systems... The input action is unknown. It is determined only during the functioning of the system. Errors are very species dependent function f (t).

B) Extreme regulation systems

Able to supportextreme valuesome criterion (for example, minimum or maximum) characterizing quality the functioning of the object. The quality criterion, which is usually calledtarget function, an indicator of an extremum or extreme performance, can be either directly measuredphysical quantity(for example, temperature, current, voltage, humidity, pressure), or efficiency, performance and etc.

Allocate:

• Systems with extreme relay action controller. A universal extreme regulator must be a highly scalable device capable of performing a large number of computations according to various methods.
  • Signum regulator is used as an analog quality analyzer that uniquely characterizes only one adjustable parameter of the systems. It consists of two devices connected in series: Signum relay ( D-trigger ) and an executive motor ( integrator).
  • Extreme systems with a non-inertial object
  • Extreme systems with an inertial object
  • Extreme systems with a floating characteristic. Used when extremum changes in an unpredictable or difficult-to-identify manner.
• Systems with a synchronous detector (extreme continuous systems). The direct channel hasdifferentiating linkthat does not pass the constant component. It is impossible or inapplicable to remove or bridged this link for some reason. To ensure the operability of the system, modulation of the reference action and coding of the signal in the forward channel are used, and after the differentiating link,synchronous phase detector.

C) Adaptive automatic control systems

They serve to ensure the desired quality of the process with a wide range of changes in the characteristics of control objects and disturbances.

1. By the type of information in the control device

A) Closed ACS

In closed automatic control systems, the control action is formed in direct dependence on the controlled value. The connection of the system input to its output is called feedback ... The feedback signal is subtracted from the reference. This feedback is called negative.

B) Open-loop self-propelled guns

The essence of the open-loop control principle is hard a given control program. That is, control is carried out "blindly", without control of the result, based only on the model of the controlled object embedded in the ACS. Examples of such systems: timer , traffic light control unit, automatic system lawn watering, automatic washing machine, etc.

In turn, they are distinguished:

• Opened by reference action
• Opened by disturbing effect

ACS characteristics

Depending on the description of the variables, the systems are divided into linear and non-linear ... Linear systems include systems consisting of description elements that are specified by linear algebraic ordifferential equations.

If all the parameters of the equation of motion of the system do not change in time, then such a system is called stationary ... If at least one parameter of the equation of motion of the system changes in time , then the system is called non-stationary or with variable parameters.

Systems in which external (driving) influences are defined and described by continuous or discrete functions in time belong to the classdeterministic systems.

Systems in which random signal or parametric actions take place and are described by stochastic differential or difference equations belong to the class stochastic systems.

If the system has at least one element, the description of which is given by the equationpartial derivatives, then the system belongs to the class of systemswith distributed variables.

Systems in which continuous dynamics generated at each moment of time is interspersed with discrete commands sent from the outside are calledhybrid systems.

Examples of automatic control systems

Depending on naturemanaged objectsbiological, ecological, economic and technical control systems can be distinguished. Examples of technical management include:

• Discrete-acting systems or machines (vending, gaming, music).
• Stabilization systems sound, picture or magnetic recording... These can be controlled complexes.aircraftincluding automatic control systems engine, steering mechanisms, autopilots and navigation systems.

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