What do you need to open money in loans. Business idea: how to start an MFI business. The procedure for creating a microfinance organization

The microcredit business has been developing in Russia not so long ago, but it has already become a leader among consumers. Many people seek services from such institutions. But to establish your own business, it is important to register it. How to open an MFI is described in the article.

Types of MFOs

Each country has its own type of MFI. According to the legislation, the form of their registration is determined. Main feature MFOs are considered to be a simplified lending system. These institutions are divided into the following types:

Financial group.
Entrepreneurship Support Fund.
Credit union.
Credit society.
Credit agency.
Credit cooperative.

Some MFIs are considered subsidiaries of banks. For the latter, such cooperation is beneficial. Banks are able to provide loans, the rates for which are significantly higher than those that it issues. But there is a risk of non-repayment of the issued loan. The activity of the MFO is controlled by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Any violations in the work of the institution lead to responsibility.

Differences between an organization and a bank

Both financial institutions are engaged in providing loans to citizens. How does an MFI differ from a bank? Their difference lies in the volume of loans provided. The differences are as follows:

The loan is issued only in national currency.
IFR cannot unilaterally make changes regarding the rate, the procedure for defining obligations under the contract, the time of their validity, commission.
The borrower does not have the right to impose fines on the borrower who has paid the microloan in whole or in part, ahead of schedule, if he has notified about it.
The MFI does not participate in the securities market.
The MFI has fewer demands on the client.

In many cities you can find such companies. They have bright advertising to attract customers. Although there are differences between organizations, in general, other regions work according to the same principle.

Why are such institutions in demand?

The first organizations began to open in 2011. Since then, their number has increased. This is due to the fact that the state has little control over the activities of firms in comparison with large banks. The benefits of MFIs include:

Simple registration of a legal entity from which the work will be carried out.
Optimal leverage and mild economic performance.
Insurance charges to funds are not required.
Required reserves are not required.
There are no requirements for the size of your capital.

Disadvantages of MFIs

This type of business has the following disadvantages:

There is a risk of defaults when issuing loans. This must be taken into account when planning costs and making a profit.
In case of violations during the activity, the imposition of sanctions and fines is expected.

Before opening a new MFI, you should familiarize yourself with the legal aspects of the activity and carefully study the information about the clients. Then the business will be really profitable.

Business founding options

How is it more profitable to open an MFO? There are 2 ways to start an activity:

Franchise work.
Independent activity - by opening an organization.

Both options are common in Russia. New MFOs are regularly opened on a franchise basis. it profitable option financially, so it is often chosen by aspiring entrepreneurs. A lot of work is done by the franchisor, who carries out accounting and legal support, provides funds.

Training of specialists is mandatory, which reduces the risks of non-return and increases the rate of return on the case. The disadvantages include high investment although the price of the franchise is different. It is important to take into account the amount of contributions, return on investment, the level of participation of the franchisor in the work.

Another option is to set up a company yourself. This method takes more time, moreover, you need knowledge of working with borrowers, including problem borrowers. But with the investment, there is the possibility of making a big profit, which remains with the owner. If there is no legal department and security service, work with problem debtors is transferred to collectors.

registration

How to open an MFI? The law states that such a company can be founded by a legal entity that is registered in the form of foundations, institutions, excluding budgetary, autonomous non-trading organizations, companies. It is not necessary to obtain an MFI license. This requirement applies to banks. You just need to have about the entry in the register of the MFO. This document confirms the legality of the actions. After registration, you can start a business.

To open LLC "MFO", you must have:

Of the company charter.
Decisions to establish a company.
Form 11001.
The order on the appointment of the general director with the duties of the chief accountant.
Taxation system statements.
State duty receipts.
Request for a copy of the charter.

Getting status

To register an MFO, the following documents are required:

Application for entering information into the MFO register.
Certificate of registration of a legal entity (copy).
The decision to create a legal entity and constituent papers (copies).
The decision of the election of the bodies of the legal entity (copy).
Information about the founders.
Actual address data.
List of documents.

The decision on the application is made 14 days in advance. After 10 days after the FFMS receives the documents, you can find your organization in the register.

Raising money

It is important to know not only how to open an MFI, but also how to raise money. Institutions can individuals: founders, participants, investors. At the same time, there is no limit on the amount of money attracted. If another person issues funds for a loan, subject to the conclusion of an agreement with one borrower, then the maximum amount is 1.5 million rubles.

If a private person transfers money to an MFO, then a 13% tax is deducted from the organization's income. In this situation, institutions withhold the amount individually and settle with the state budget. The depositor is given income, except for personal income tax.

The organization creates rules for deposits:

Equity capital - not less than 5%.
Liquidity - from 70%.

TO own funds MFOs in Moscow and other regions include capital, reserves, loans. When a company goes bankrupt, loan claims are satisfied only after all debts are paid off. These conditions are considered unquestioning, binding and specified in all contracts. Quarterly calculations are carried out according to financial statements, which are submitted to the FSFM.

Investments and profit

To achieve a quick return on investment, it is necessary to draw up a business plan for the organization. To open a business, costs are required:

Capital investments.
The capital for issuing loans is 900 thousand rubles.
Purchase of equipment - 100 thousand rubles.
Purchase of inventory - 50 thousand rubles.

Current costs include:

Office rent - 20 thousand rubles.
The salary for 4 employees is 120 thousand rubles.
Advertising - 50 thousand rubles.
Expenses - 30 thousand rubles.

The amount of capital investment will amount to 1 million 50 thousand rubles, and current costs - 220 thousand rubles. The costs may be different, it all depends on the case, but according to this example it will turn out to calculate all the nuances. If you wish, you can organize an MFO under a franchise on favorable terms.

Business plan

When opening an MFO, one should take into account:

Expenses for the maintenance of the company, including office rent, repairs, salaries.
Initial investment.
Staffing table.
Advertising.
Losses.
Payback period.
Profitability.

MFI business is profitable, but at the same time it has a lot of competition. Therefore, the management of the company needs to stay ahead of rivals. This is achieved through advertisements that tell you about promotions and special offers. An important aspect is the high-quality work of employees, which automatically promotes the business.

Risk accounting and work with debtors

Lenders have always been successful. Now a lot of people apply to MFIs to get money, although the rates there are quite high. It is necessary to focus on people who are new to financial sector... You should offer urgent loans when a person needs funds here and now.

Almost all MFIs provide money with a passport. This loyalty increases the volume of profits, but also the risks grow, as clients may not return the debt. Therefore, the rates are quite high. To stay profitable, risk is included in the bet. It is determined when drawing up a business plan.

It is important to consider the following nuances:

If the borrower is carefully checked, then the budget will include about 10% for the risk of non-repayment.
When providing loans with credit history checks, the risk of non-repayment is 10-20%.
Urgent microcredits, issued with a passport, have a high percentage of risk - 30-40%.

Recoverability and profit is determined based on how the work with debtors will be carried out. Typically in small firms no personal security service and no lawyers. Therefore, it will be difficult to return funds. There will be no such questions regarding the franchise. At independent work debts are sold to collectors, but their value will be less than the entire amount of the debt.

Thus, when opening an MFI, it is important to think through the many nuances in order to establish profitable business, take into account all the risks. With a competent approach to business, it will turn out to be successful activity an institution that will only develop over time.

The domestic microcredit market is developing at a fairly rapid pace and its further prospects are very optimistic. In 2011, the issuance of microloans increased by 34%, in 2012 - by 50%. And at the beginning of 2013, the microloan market was estimated at as much as 36 billion rubles.

Almost any entrepreneur who has the necessary funds to open this type of business will be able to try himself in the microloan business.

Its attractiveness lies in the fact that it is very profitable business... You don't have to be a banking professional or a professional economist to calculate your benefits. Thus, the profitability per month is 60%, and per year it is already more than 700%.

To open your own organization for the issuance of microloans, you must first of all draw up a business plan.

The procedure for creating a microfinance organization

The activities of these organizations are regulated by the law of the Russian Federation "On Microfinance Organizations", according to which this business consists in issuing Money to the population on the basis of a signed loan agreement up to 1 million rubles. The loan agreement is governed by legal regulations Civil Code RF.

Setting up a microfinance organization is not that difficult. To do this, you first need to register the company as an LLC. Then you will need to register with the state register of microfinance organizations. Without this registration, the activities of the created microfinance organization will be recognized as illegal and in this case they will have to pay a fine of about 30 thousand rubles.

In order to register in the state register, the following documents must be submitted to the Ministry of Finance:

application for registration;
copies of the LLC registration certificate and copies constituent documents firms certified by a notary;
a copy of the minutes where the decision of the founders to create the organization was made;
a copy of the appointment decision general director as the head of the company;
information about the founders of the LLC;
information about the legal address of the organization and its actual location;
an extract from the register of foreign legal entities, if the founder is a legal entity from another country;
a receipt for the paid state duty in the amount of 1000 rubles.

Samples of filling out documents and forms are attached in the appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Finance dated 03.03.2011.

Within 14 days, the information of the organization is checked and entered into the unified state register, after which a corresponding certificate is issued, on the basis of which the created microfinance organization can begin to carry out its activities.

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Basic principles of a microfinance organization

In accordance with the law, a microfinance organization can attract deposits from the population only in the amount of up to 1.5 million rubles under an agreement.

A microfinance organization is not entitled to:

issue microloans to the population in foreign currency;
act as a surety;
carry out their activities in the securities market;
take interest on early loan repayment;
demand from the borrower more than one million rubles, taking into account all penalties and accrued interest.

For the above violations, the organization will have to pay a fine - 30 thousand rubles. In addition, claims against the borrower may be declared illegal, and the loan invalid, and then it will not be possible to collect interest on the loans issued.

In this business, there are certain risks that must be taken into account and included in the business plan. These risks include:

non-repayment of loans;
administrative responsibility for violation of legislative acts;
challenging interest for the issuance of a loan in court when the accrual of interest is recognized as unlawful.

Microloans are issued to citizens of the Russian Federation from 18 to 60 years old. When applying for a loan, you only need a passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. The maximum loan amount is usually 30 thousand rubles for 15 days. The rate is 2% per day.

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Further steps to open a microfinance organization

After registering the organization and registering it in the state register, you can start looking for a suitable premises. The office is best located in any large shopping or business center. You will need a room with an area of 30 sq. m.

You will also need to purchase the necessary office furniture and equipment - computers, copier, printer, telephones, expendable materials and stationery.

On initial stage work will need 2 employees for registration and issuance of loans and a security officer.

And the most important and necessary thing in this business is advertising. It is not worth saving on it, because the revenue of the organization depends on it. Therefore, a considerable part of the costs should be included in the advertising business plan. You can advertise a microfinance organization by placing ads in local newspapers and radio, distributing flyers. In addition to advertising, it is necessary to provide for the production of a seal and a sign.

Initial expenses include funds for issuing microloans to the population, minimum amount which is one million rubles. This amount is sufficient at the initial stage of work, without opening additional branches in the city.

Perhaps each of us has come across a situation when a certain amount of money is urgently needed. And these funds are needed right now, immediately. Someone had their only work computer broken, and now they need to quickly get a new one. Someone urgently needs to pay off an old debt, the due date of which has already come. Someone is looking for funds for an unplanned, but very important trip, which fell like snow on his head and which cannot be canceled. And you really need very little - 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 rubles. But the bank account is completely empty, since a large purchase was recently made, and there are still two whole weeks before the paycheck.

What to do in a similar situation?

In fact, there are several options. You can ask your relatives or friends for help. Perhaps they will borrow the required amount for the required period. The second way is to borrow money from a bank, as everyone does in similar situations. But your friends and relatives may not have the required amount, and in order to get a loan, you need to prepare a whole bunch of papers. Therefore, getting money at the right time can be very problematic.

Fortunately, there is a way out - to contact the office dealing with it. Similar organizations in recent times became quite popular. For the population, this is a convenient way to "intercept money before paycheck", and for entrepreneurs, it is a new promising area business.

How does the business of issuing microloans to the population work?

First you need to understand how this service works. The principle of operation resembles a credit institution. The main difference is that a client does not need to collect a whole package of documents to receive money. Just enough. In addition, money can be taken for short term- from one week to a year. Financial resources are provided to the client on the basis of a loan agreement, and the activities of such an office are regulated by the Federal Law "On Microfinance Organizations"

As for the entrepreneur providing such a service, he gets his benefit in the form of good interest. Each week of the loan costs the client 15-20%. That is, taking 10,000 rubles for a month, you will have to return 16,000 rubles. We receive a profit of 60% per month. Not bad, isn't it? But, of course, not everything is so simple and easy. Otherwise, such services could be provided (and make good money on it) every enterprising resident of our country.

How to open your own service for issuing microloans to the population?

The very scheme of work of such institutions is not difficult. But registering such an institution is not so easy. Only legal entities registered in the special state register of microfinance organizations can be engaged in issuing microloans. That is, first of all, you need to register a legal entity in tax office... And only after that proceed to the next step.

In order to successfully register in the register of microfinance organizations, it is necessary to collect and submit the following documents to the Ministry of Finance:

Photocopies of the certificate of registration of a legal entity, as well as all constituent documents. All papers must be certified by a notary.
Application for registration of your legal entity in the register.
All the necessary information about the organization - the address of the location, the data of the founders.
A photocopy of the founders' decision to create a microloan organization and to appoint the management of the future company.
Receipt for payment of the state fee in the amount of 1,000 rubles.

If the founder is a foreigner, then in addition to all other documents, an extract from the register of foreign legal entities will be required.

After the package of documents is collected and registered, the Ministry of Finance is given two weeks to think over the decision. If the decision is in favor of the client, then a certificate is issued to the legal entity and the status of a microfinance organization is assigned. From this moment, the organization receives the right to issue microloans to the population in the amount of up to one ruble.

Another way to organize such a business is franchising.

We live in an amazing time for business. Today, thanks to the development and popularization of franchising, almost everyone can become an entrepreneur. All that is required from an applicant for the title of a businessman is a desire and a certain amount of financial investment. All other issues of the company will be taken care of. This also applies to the services of issuing microloans of the population. Recently, many companies have appeared in this area that offer to organize their business on a franchise basis.

For example, Money to Payday and Money to Home can be a starting point for the development of your microfinance business. The advantage is that you get everything you need to get started - a marketing model, famous name, constant support.

Whatever way of organizing this business you have not chosen, it is important to remember the main thing. About the risks. After all, you have to work with people. With different people. And many of them may turn out to be dishonest. Therefore, immediately think about how you will "knock out" money from careless debtors. Otherwise, there is a risk of becoming bankrupt at the dawn of its activity.

Due to the high requirements of the bank to the borrowed persons, the demand for the services of microfinance organizations is quite high. Moreover, the owners similar organizations receive a stable profit, because the interest on deposits is very high.

A microfinance organization is commercial organization issuing and legal entities at interest in accordance with the Federal Law of 02.07.2010 No. 151-FZ "On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations".

Information about MFIs should be contained in the general register.

All microfinance organizations, according to Federal law dated December 29, 2015 N 407-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts Russian Federation and recognition as invalid of certain provisions of legislative acts of the Russian Federation ”, are divided into microfinance companies and microcredit companies.

The requirements for microfinance companies are much higher than for microcredit companies: it is necessary that the charter should amount to 70 million rubles, it is necessary to comply with the requirements for the formation of a reserve fund, an annual audit, etc.

At the same time, the possibilities of a microfinance company are much wider: there is the right to issue bonds, the loans issued are much larger - up to a million for citizens and up to three for organizations.

A microcredit organization has no right to issue loans over 500 thousand for individuals and no more than a million for legal entities.

Reasons for starting an MFI

The reasons for starting an MFI are as follows:

The crisis for a microfinance organization is a time for accumulating profits, since banks are actively reducing the provision of loans (especially to individuals), therefore, competition in this area is much lower.
Despite the fact that the population is not entirely reliable borrower, microfinance organizations in small towns still keep afloat.
Low competition - since the Central Bank adopted new rules, the number of microfinance organizations has decreased, as the "gray organizations" have gradually left the market.

What is the difference between an MFI and a bank

There are many differences between a microfinance organization and banks:

a microfinance organization can only issue short-term loans, while banks provide a full range of financial services;
it is much easier to get a loan from a microfinance organization - no documents are needed here, except for identity documents;
loan processing in a microfinance organization is much faster than in a bank;
the bank often imposes Additional services- execution of plastic cards, insurance.

How to open a microfinance organization is described in detail in this video:

How to start a microfinance organization on your own from scratch

There are two ways to start a microfinance organization:

the first implies;
the second is opening from scratch.

Franchising is the easiest way, since the main obligations for organizing a business, dealing with both accounting and the legal side of the issue, software.

In addition, specialists are trained, which reduces the risks associated with the inability to return the money issued. A significant disadvantage of this method is the high cost of the franchise, although there are quite advantageous offers.

To organize a company from a "blank slate", you need to have knowledge of working with borrowers. The easiest way for such a business to succeed former employee jar.

The advantage in this case is that all the profit from the issuance of microcredits goes to the owner of the organization. The downside is the need to independently bear the risk of non-refunds.

The algorithm for registering a microfinance organization is as follows:

to register a company with limited liability it is necessary to prepare the entire package: these are constituent documents, an order on the appointment of a director, a corresponding statement, a receipt for payment of a state fee, a lease agreement or a letter of guarantee for its conclusion;
then the status of a microfinance organization should be formalized - for this it is necessary to send documents to the FFMS on entering information into the system - the application is considered within a two-week period; the list of documents is approximately as follows: an application for entering information, copies of registration and constituent documents, information about the founders, receipts for payment of state fees, information about the actual mailing address, etc.
office space rental - it is better to choose a passable place;
purchase of equipment, appliances and furniture;
hiring employees;
conducting an advertising campaign.

The payback of such a business is quite large, it takes place within a year.

How to register an individual entrepreneur with the IFTS - see.

Features of raising funds

Attraction of funds to a microfinance organization is carried out by organizing advertising company... However, recently, lead generation has become popular - an Internet marketing tool, a large role in the implementation of which is played by contextual advertising, direct marketing.

Registration certificate.

However, the very process of attracting funds to a microfinance organization is subject to a number of rules:

funds are raised through loan agreements;
the transfer of funds to a microfinance organization is voluntary;
all employees must comply with the secrecy of issuing loans (by analogy with banking);
Clients must also keep information about their investments confidential;
at the same time, such organizations are not entitled to attract funds from individuals, with the exception of the director or founder, and also if the amount of funds raised does not exceed 1.5 million;
the interest rate can change unilaterally;
the issue of interest on the funds raised can be in cash and non-cash form;
the client can manage the funds independently and through an authorized representative;
the arrest and confiscation of the client's funds can be carried out only by a court decision;

Business plan with calculations

Before proceeding, it is necessary to draw up an approximate financial plan taking into account expenses and income.

How to draw up a business plan yourself - read on.

Here's how business expenses will be roughly calculated:

initial costs include:
1. registration of a limited liability company - about 20 thousand;
2. furniture - about 50 thousand rubles;
3. purchase of several computers and programs for them - about 80 thousand;
4. advertising campaign - about 80 thousand rubles;
5. fund for issuing loans - about 1 million rubles.
running costs- these are the funds that are needed monthly for the normal functioning of the business:
1. rental of premises - about 60 thousand;
2. employees' salaries - about 100 thousand monthly;
3. promotions and so on - about 100 thousand monthly.

Such financial expenses will be characteristic for the start in locality, where the population does not exceed 1 million people. With such monthly expenses, it is necessary to issue loans in the amount of more than half a million, only in this way the business will gradually begin to pay off.

How much can you earn and for what period

So, for the calculation, we took a small city with a population of less than a million people. Consider how profits will grow over five years.

Currently, the microloan rate should not exceed three times the amount. Such a high indicator is due to the fact that the risk of default on loans exceeds the risk of issuing bank loans.

If you set a rate of about 250%, then the capital can increase 30 times over a five-year period. Of course, we are not talking about net profit - it will depend on the effectiveness of the advertising campaign and the percentage of return on loans.

How to open a microfinance organization for a franchise, watch the video:

In five years, the monthly income from microfinance activities can grow up to 5 million, excluding taxes and personnel costs. For such income, it is necessary to run the reserve fund annually.

This calculation is approximate in order to demonstrate the dynamics of profit growth.

It is worth building up the pace gradually. It is worth starting to issue loans with small amounts - up to 50 thousand, without "bullying" the interest rate.

There is an unspoken rule - the larger the loan amount, the higher the percentage. This is due to the fact that even in the case of the most malicious evasion, a microcredit organization can help out at least a quarter of the profit.

It will be useful to make acquaintances with the police or other departments, since in case of non-return it will be necessary to obtain information about the borrower.

MFI - what is it?

When creating a microfinance organization, the following should be considered:

the name must contain the phrase "microfinance company";
the condition on the prohibition of accruing interest to the borrower, if the amount of interest accrued under the agreement and other payments reaches three times the amount of the loan, should be indicated on the first page of the loan agreement;
a novice businessman should hire a good lawyer who will help to understand the jungle of legislation and develop standard forms, as well as represent the interests of the organization if enforcement is necessary;
according to recent information in the media, it became known that the Central Bank is ready to allow microfinance organizations to acquire the status of a bank with disabilities, thanks to which they will be able to receive financing from household deposits, engage in money transfers, exchange currency and issue guarantees; these changes are due to the fact that the Bank of Russia revoked the licenses of many banks, and now this niche needs to be closed.

Thus, microcredit is a promising direction for financing.

IP status can also be obtained through the Gosportal - see details in.

Although start-up capital a microfinance organization requires serious investments, the costs will pay off within a short period.