Formal communication: concept and general characteristics. "Masks", restrictions in context. Indicate the name of the communication zone, into which only close, well-known people are allowed What is the meaning of the concept of informal communication

Rezvina Evgeniya FL-882

Topic: “Formal and informal communication. Male and female communication styles "

Target: consider the differences in formal and informal communication, formulate an idea of the forms and methods of trusting communication, reveal the main differences between male and female communication styles in management "

1 . Functions of formal and informal communication

There are various forms interpersonal communication: contact and mediated, formal (role-based, business, functional) and informal. It seems more correct to use the terms "formal / informal communication", as opposed to the designations "official" and "unofficial", since the official relationship "manager-subordinate" can be carried out both at the formal and informal levels. Official, or official, communication takes place in the field of business, functional-role communication, regulated by the rules of the organization and official etiquette.

Functional (role-based, business, formal) communication proceeds according to the rules and regulations. For example, in business communication in the teaching environment there are standards of official etiquette that do not allow the teacher to address his colleague in the presence of students.

Informal interpersonal communication is divided into contact and mediated. Contact communication has its own specific features. In contrast to mediated communication, contact (direct) communication is characterized by active feedback, enriched by the context, communication situation, and is served by a wide range of verbal and non-verbal means, is playful in nature and mostly involves reflection mechanisms. Contact communication presupposes direct communication between individuals and is considered as a certain level of understanding, agreement, and the degree of psychological closeness.

In general, the mutual transition and mutual enrichment of formal and informal interpersonal communication, the richness of their forms determine the success of professional activity, provide a good climate in the team, contribute to good health and the preservation of neuropsychic health.

Functions of informal interpersonal communication (classification by B.F.Lomov):

Organization joint activities;

Cognition of each other by people;

Formation and development of interpersonal relationships.

2. Stages of trusting communication, its role

Gullibility -

Trustful communication plays an important role in determining relationships between people in almost all social situations and social institutions: in the family, at school, at work, in the clinic, etc.

It is of great importance in the formation of relationships between parents and children, in marriage, in the understanding of a teacher and a student, a doctor and a patient, a leader and a subordinate.

High level trust between group members will always have important consequences for its life and functioning; under these conditions, there are:

open exchange of views and opinions on significant issues;
more correct setting of goals and objectives;
Greater satisfaction from group participation and increased cohesion;
higher activity motivation.

The tactical goal of interpersonal confidential communication is to establish psychological contact, optimal psychological distance; strategic goal- the formation of friendly and trusting relationships. Confidential communication can be viewed as a process that has its own stages and patterns of development.

First stage - this is the establishment of the first contact and the formation of the image of another person; the goal is to form an adequate first impression. At this stage, the most important role is played by social perception, processing and interpretation of the information received; as a result, an attitude is formed that largely predetermines the nature of further interaction.

Contact interpersonal communication is impossible without the process of social perception, in the course of which the image of another person is formed, acquiring an orientation and regulatory character. This regulation has pronounced age features.

At the initial stage of contact interpersonal communication, a harmonious image of a perceived person is formed in the minds of communicating people, in which the elements of the physical appearance act as polysemantic and socially meaningful components of individuality with a deep personal subtext.

The information that people receive when they perceive the appearance of another person is not always realized by them and depends on many factors. Perceived elements of physical appearance, appearance or expressive behavior function as polysemantic social signals that explain who this person is by nationality, age, experience, what he feels at the moment, how he is, what is the level of his culture and aesthetic tastes, whether he is sociable, etc. p. This information plays an important role in determining the characteristics of a partner, his states, intentions, without it, understanding another person and the success of interaction are impracticable.

The second stage is the formation of interpersonal relationships; has the following substages, differing in goals and means:

a) reaching agreement, acceptance and separation of positions (cognitive stage);

b) receiving emotional support, approval (stage of emotional support);

c) the desire to achieve acceptance of oneself as a person (stage of self-disclosure, personality stage).

In individual contacts, these substages may have a different sequence, determined by the deep motivation of communication. What distinguishes them, first of all, is the intensity verbal communication, Search effective ways psychological influence and the activity of the processes of self-control, self-regulation, self-correction.

The third stage is the stabilization of interpersonal relations; the goal is to establish optimal psychological contact and efforts to maintain or transform it in the desired direction. As in the first stage, the role and significance of non-verbal means of communication and mechanisms of understanding again increase.

Trust-based communication is multifunctional here: it is an end in itself, and a means, and a psychological mechanism for the formation of relationships.

Interpersonal informal communication performs important functions that differ in the result, but in meaning and in their mechanisms are socio-psychological. Conventionally, they can be designated as follows: actually socio-psychological function - the formation of interpersonal relationships, the establishment and maintenance of psychological contact; psychological function - emotional support, meeting the need for recognition and acceptance; psychotherapeutic function- relaxation, restoration and preservation of mental balance.

There are specific difficulties in interpersonal confidential communication at different stages. At the stage of establishing the first contact, this is shyness. The inability to establish and maintain an optimal psychological distance is characteristic of the last stage - the stage of stabilization of interpersonal relations.

3. Describe the types of pseudo-confidence

Exist whole line relations between people, only superficially resembling a trusting relationship. Range pseudo-confidence wide enough.

Types of pseudo-trust:

but) Despair. Trusting from despair is choosing the lesser of two evils; freedom and spontaneity are at the core of true trust. Consequently, trust under the pressure of circumstances cannot be considered true trust.

b) Conformal Confidence. It manifests itself in relation to representatives of a certain social status (for example, to a doctor); it is based on the normative belief that certain people should be trusted in specific social situations. However, in this case, one should speak rather of pseudo-trust, since there is no free choice of the object of trust.

in) Naivety. True trust cannot be the result of naivety either. This kind of pseudo-confidence arises when the subject builds his attitude towards a partner without taking into account the possible negative consequences of the interaction. For example, a teacher may have confidence in a student who is cleverly deceiving him. The main feature of naivety is that there is no foreseeing the possible consequences of trusting behavior.

G) Impulsiveness. It is observed in cases where the subject attaches excessive importance to the consequences of interaction with a person who is only outwardly worthy of trust. Such an attitude is filled with inappropriate emotionality, unjustified hopes that all expectations will be fulfilled. The exploitation of this type of gullibility allows dexterous rogues to play on sympathy and mercy for their own selfish ends.

e) Blind faith in a person. Based on the fatalistic belief that circumstances dictate the course of events and that it is better to follow them than to make a conscious choice.

e) Excitement in a relationship. In this case, the person stubbornly hopes that there will be a shift towards greater trust, although objectively this should not be expected.

4. Give the concept of psychological closeness, attraction

The most important in understanding confidential communication is the concept of psychological closeness, which always arises as a result of complete psychological contact.

“Psychological closeness is a relationship based on complete trust in each other, mutual understanding; mutual respect, mutual assistance "

"Closeness with another person is a community of ideas, habits, norms, values, character, mentality."

“Psychological closeness is a difficult to explain phenomenon. Outwardly, this sometimes looks without excessive affectation, on the contrary, positive emotions are, as it were, obscured, since there is no need to demonstrate them (the object knows about them, you are confident in him and in his attitude towards you, and from others, maybe this relationship is worth several take care). Subjectively, this is some kind of mutual openness to each other, confidence in each other, attunement to each other, to the problems of the other, carried out without additional efforts. Sometimes close people look like conspirators, as they understand each other by hints and without words, exchange glances, gestures, pauses (many non-verbal means of communication). Verbal communication is curtailed, since there is no need, firstly, to explain your thought for a long time, and secondly, to camouflage it with words. Demonstration of close relationships accelerates the breakup, means their violation. "

The following components of psychological closeness were identified in the judgments:

1. Understanding(mutual understanding, understanding at a glance).

2. The trust(maximum frankness, free, comfortable, fearless communication).

3. Emotional closeness(sympathy, joy from communication; empathy and sympathy, heightened sense of the state of another person).

4. Adoption(tolerance for individual shortcomings of the other, recognition and acceptance of the other, perception of him as he is, the absence of conflicts and the desire to give in, the desire to help).

5. Unity, proximity of goals, ideals, points of view(coincidence of values).

Peer relationships are influenced by the degree of closeness between the child and the mother. It was found that psychological closeness of boys with their father leads to the development of sufficient self-control in them. Closeness with mother has different effects on the development of the personality of boys and girls. So, girls develop trust in people, endurance in a situation of frustration, self-confidence; in boys - great anxiety, emotional instability, a tendency to constant introspection; they are less frank with friends.

There are two levels of psychological closeness: one - primary in terms of the time of occurrence - does not require long acquaintance, mutual verification, is characterized by high spontaneity, unconsciousness; the other is rational, perceived, controlled by the subjects of communication, based on the awareness of the similarity of attitudes, values, norms, life experience. The primary, or initial, level that appears already at the first contact is stable, does not lend itself well to volitional regulation, it is characterized by lightness, unsaturation of informal communication, a high level of trust and understanding, a correct forecast of the partner's behavior in a given situation and, finally, acceptance on a sensual level, emotional closeness.

The feeling of psychological closeness is based on the identification mechanism. Primary level referents, therefore, should be ease of communication, trust, emotional closeness and acceptance of the other person. The referent of the secondary level that arises at a certain stage of the relationship is the idea of the similarity of attitudes, views, goals, understanding.

The formation of attachments is based not only on the need of the subject to have close trusting relationships with people. It is also important to understand why it is with this and not another person that we would like to get closer, make friends, entrust him with our innermost thoughts and feelings.

A special role in this process is played by the attractiveness and the force of attraction of another person, called attraction

The term "attraction" means "attraction, attraction". The phenomenon of attraction occurs when people interact and is a certain characteristic of the relationship in a couple.

Attraction is understood as attraction in the physical sense, which is at the same time a tendency to unite people. This is a multi-valued phenomenon based on feeling, that is, it necessarily includes a certain emotional background. Attraction is an attitude, that is, it belongs to the class of a person's psychological attitudes, and in this capacity it can differ in intensity and degree of personal involvement and interest. In addition, the attraction contains an assessment, that is, it is a component of interpersonal cognition. It differs from an extensive class of installations in that it is an installation on a single object, moreover, it is always different Human, not a group or social object, social institution, etc.

Attraction is associated with the implementation of interpersonal relationships; the process of attraction-repulsion, sympathy-antipathy logically ends with actions. Attraction is always included in the interpersonal context, it has a normative character, it relies on a specifically cultural "alphabet of feelings".

5. Describe the types of affection and love

Affection -

A person's attachments are ambiguous in their psychological content, are formed in childhood and leave their mark on a person's relationship with loved ones throughout life.

Attachments differ from companionship by a closer emotional distance; and from love - the absence of a sensual sexual component.

Attachment types are distinguished by the size of the emotional distance and by their strength (the intensity of the need for the object of attachment).

there are five types of attachments - careless, anxious and detached.

People who have developed a tendency to establish careless type attachments, it is easier to get in touch and it is not difficult to get out of it; they do not experience the pain of breaking attachment relationships on their own or someone else's. However, in stable long-term relationships, they get more satisfaction from sex as lovers.

People with anxiously conflicting attachments are jealous and possessive. The desire to single-handedly dispose of their property extends to the partner. They may repeatedly try to break off the relationship, testing it for strength and again returning to the object of their affection.

People whose attachments are worn closed-detached character, fear losing their freedom due to what they believe is excessive attachment. They are more prone to casual sex, which can do without love; they do not like when they are told about their love or expect confessions from them.

Attachment dependent type characterized by the fact that all thoughts of a person are occupied by the object of attachment. Addicted people are acutely worried about the absence of a partner, they feel insecure. They cannot decide to break up, even if it is bad together. They concede to a partner in everything, do not quarrel in case of disagreement. In such a relationship, there is coercion and direct pressure, there is no affection and sincerity. People experiencing true (mature) affection, they value it, but they will not forcibly keep a partner. They experience the joy of the presence of a partner, feel his mood, deeply understand the other, respect his freedom. Relationships are characterized by complete trust. Partners are attached to each other, do not look for adventure on the side, are confident in each other's feelings, often talk about love, feel tenderness.

In terms of intensity and emotional distance, they can be divided into two groups: strong and weak attachments.

Strong, short-range, emotionally charged - these are addictive and anxious-contradictory attachments; weak, with a great emotional distance - careless and aloof-withdrawn. In carefree attachment, as opposed to detached attachment, greater emotional distance and less need for another person is little recognized.

As I.S.Kon notes, historically friendship can be assessed as an artificial kinship, similar to twinning and other relatively ritualized relationships that involve mutual obligations (Cohn, 1980).

V. A. Losenkov, speaking about the value of friendly relations and mutual assistance that holds them together, emphasizes that friendship is a totally personal relationship based on mutual sympathy and voluntary choice; by its psychological nature, it is intimate and presupposes inner closeness, trust and frankness (Losenkov, 1974).

The level of understanding on the part of the mother, father, teacher and other adults was assessed lower than on the part of a peer, closest friend. A friend turned out to be the only person from whom they expected higher ratings of their qualities, exceeding own estimates, that is, friendship performed both the function of emotional support and a psychotherapeutic function.

Love- this is a feeling in which there is passion, devotion, self-sacrifice, deeper and more sincere human closeness. On the basis of ancient literature and philosophy, three main components of love feelings can be distinguished - intimacy, passion and devotion.

Psychologists identify such types of love as disinterested and possessive, optimistic and pessimistic.

Selfless love focused on the well-being of a loved one, does not seek to tie him to herself, gives him the freedom to choose a path in life and companions. It is a love that regrets and forgives, sympathizes and supports. There is no egocentrism or jealousy in her.

Possessive love- this is the same feeling, strong and all-consuming, but in the object of love a person sees, first of all, his own property, which he wants to own alone. He is jealous and competes with others for the attention of his beloved, knows better than him what he needs, expects and tacitly demands compensation for his attention and care. He also seeks to bind to himself with indissoluble bonds, not disdaining even mental violence in the form of constant reproaches for ingratitude and cultivating a sense of guilt, which makes a person even more dependent.

Pessimistic love differs in that a person is looking for confirmation of his attitudes, sexual needs in her; fear of loss dominates. In pessimistic love, there is an unconscious expectation of collapse, an attitude that love is a defeat, a deprivation of true freedom of choice. Such love is often an ambivalent feeling.

Pessimistic love is filled with suffering and fear. It is to this kind of love that the terms rivalry, struggle, and duel are often used.

Optimistic love relieves anxiety, gives a feeling of security. Psychological comfort, psychological and sexual aspects of relations are more perfect in such a marriage, there are no elements of idealizing each other, there is a sober assessment, complete acceptance of a partner, there are no double standards. Partners value sex highly, but are not frustrated about temporary abstinence in the absence of a loved one. Love is a very strong feeling that borders on affect. The results of research by D. R. Pavlova show that different attitudes towards love rest on different foundations in the form of special personal properties, attitudes towards the world and oneself, and are a stable orientation in the world of human relations.

There are gender differences in the manifestations and dynamics of love. Men turned out to be more amorous, they leave the state of falling in love much longer than women, the physical and play side of the relationship is also more important for them.

Women are more involved in love relationships, we can say about them that they "soar in the clouds", are prone to lofty and romantic feelings, trust in relationships and the ability to take care of a partner are more important for them, to take care of him.

D. A. Lee, K. and S. Hendrick identified three love styles - "passion", "play" and "friendship", various combinations of which form secondary love styles - "colors." The proposed typology of love, empirically tested on two large samples of about one and a half thousand people, is 6 types (Cohn, 1988):

Eros - passionate love-infatuation;
Modus is a hedonistic love-game that allows betrayal and does not differ in a special depth of feelings;
Strogge - warm and reliable, calm love-friendship;
Pragma - rational love, easily amenable to control and calculation (synthesis of modus and strictge);
Mania - love-obsession, irrational, insecure and full of dependence (synthesis of eros and modus);
Agape - selfless love-self-giving (synthesis of eros and stroge).

In a long-term love relationship, the attractiveness of the partner is supported by such personal factors as mental health, self-activity, and competence. A person who, through his own or someone else's fault, has come to a breakdown and disintegration of relations, temporarily loses self-esteem, his self-esteem goes down, and, as a result, he becomes unattractive just when he needs it most. The experience of love and loving relationships is necessary condition for high personal development and self-realization.

6. Differences between male and female communication in management

According to the stereotypical view, men are more suitable than women for leadership positions due to their inherent leadership styles. It is believed that men tend to be more directive and task-oriented autocratic styles, while women tend to be more democratic and participatory.

In selection for a leadership position, a woman is presented with a higher standard than a man; here the rule is "A woman should be twice as good as a man." Women are more likely to be assigned to mid-level leadership roles (due to good social skills), while men are more likely to be assigned to first-level positions.

Stereotypical thinking influences not only the enrollment and selection of women for certain positions, but also the promotion and evaluation of the results of work in the firm. The advancement of a woman up the career ladder is slower; to take the same position as a man, she needs more movements. With the same skill level as men, women are always lower in the career ladder. Since there are more externalities among women, those around them tend to attribute their success to factors such as luck or diligence, but not to ability or skill. For men, the opposite is true.

The head of the organization is more inclined to act as a patron and to protect men, rather than women, since in the latter case this is always associated with a number of difficulties (suspicions of sexual interest are possible, the risk of undermining his own professional reputation and slowing down his job growth increases). Even when a woman manages to advance to the leadership of the company, men look at her as an outsider. It is difficult for a woman to become part of a man's company. In addition, women, due to their socialization, lack self-confidence, independence, high self-esteem... As a result, they tend to underestimate their own skills and intelligence, just as others underestimate them.

As a rule, women do not consider themselves capable of fulfilling the functions of senior managers and agree with the view that achievement and femininity are incompatible. Therefore, out of guilt, anxiety and insecurity, they do not try to attain high positions.

The female leadership style is more flexible, female leaders are more open and sociable, and are rated as warmer in interpersonal relationships at the first contact with subordinates. They tend to share power with others, involve subordinates in common work, and maintain a sense of their own worth.

Male leaders are more formal in relations with subordinates and are more concerned with subordination; they are often fired from leadership positions due to lack of sensitivity in relations with subordinates. Women leaders are praised for better interaction with staff, they are more sociable, they are better understood due to the clarity of their position. Women in high positions are no more likely than men to leave work and re-enter it; this can be explained by the fact that, compared to other women, they attach more importance to their careers.

Of course, these are only general tendencies, behind which are diverse age, social and individual variations.

1. So, formal and informal communication differs in the degree of involvement of interpersonal relations, taking into account the individual characteristics of a partner, using methods of psychological influence.

2. Contact informal interpersonal communication has its own specific features. Unlike mediated interpersonal communication, it has an active feedback, enriched with context and subtext, a communication situation, and is served by a wide range of verbal and non-verbal communication means, is playful in nature and includes mechanisms of reflection.

3. Interpersonal confidential communication has as its tactical goal the establishment of psychological contact, optimal psychological distance, its strategic goal is the formation of friendly and trusting relationships. It can be viewed as a process that has its own stages and patterns of optimal psychological contact.

4. Confidential communication brings psychological relief, improves feedback in the process of self-discovery and provides psychological convergence, deepening relationships.

5. True trust requires mutual and accurate assessments of the subjects of communication regarding their capabilities, intentions, and competence. It is fundamentally different from gullibility and pseudo-trust.

6. Gullibility - a constant general expectation of a person that it is possible to believe a word, an oath, said or written by a person and a group; often coexists with suspicion, naivety and other forms of pseudo-trust.

7. Confidence in communication, understanding of the interlocutor's motives, subjective ease of communication serve to establish psychological closeness between people.

8. There are two levels of psychological closeness: one - primary in terms of the time of occurrence, unconscious - does not require long acquaintance, mutual verification, is characterized by high spontaneity; the other is rational, governed by the subjects of communication, based on an awareness of the similarity of attitudes, values, norms, life experience.

9. Different attitudes towards friendship and love are based on different personal properties, value and emotional relationships of a person to the world and himself and are a stable orientation in the world of human relationships and attachments.

2. Key concepts on this topic and their definitions:

Attraction - means attractiveness, attractiveness.

Love- this is a feeling in which there is passion, devotion, self-sacrifice, deeper and more sincere human closeness.

Affection – it is a long-term, stable, positively colored relationship, emotionally filled and based on a great need for each other.

Credulity - it is the constant willingness of a person to believe the word, promise of another person or group.

Psychological closeness- this is a relationship based on complete trust in each other, mutual understanding; mutual respect, mutual assistance "

Friendship - relationships between people based on mutual affection, spiritual closeness, community of interests.

The very concept of communication has several definitions, which is associated with different views of scientists and specialists on this problem. Each of the specialists in this field offers his own vision and interpretation. We'll just try to reduce everything to a common denominator.

According to the short psychological dictionary, the concept of communication is a complex multidimensional process aimed at establishing and developing contacts and connections, including the exchange of information, interaction, perception and understanding of the interlocutor.

The meaning of the word "communication" can change. As mentioned above, this is due to different points of view characteristic of different scientists and different times. However, in general, the essence of communication remains unchanged - it is the exchange of information using various means of communication.

Characteristic properties and traits of communication

The concept of interpersonal communication has three characteristics - these are content, functions and means. The content includes the transfer of information, understanding and perception, the interaction of interlocutors, the influence on each other, mutual assessment and mutual management of activities. The main functions of communication follow from the content, which are divided into communicative, informational, cognitive, emotive, contative and creative. In the absence or violation of at least one function of communication, it suffers.

The nature of the emergence of communication and the need for it

A sociable person boldly strides towards something new - new knowledge, new information, new people. Open and inquisitive individuals, without noticing it, provide themselves with a lot of interesting meetings, events, acquaintances, new goals, but the essence of communication, like communication itself, is not only this. For each person, the opportunity to communicate with their own kind is a guarantee of constant replenishment of life baggage, intellectual and psychological development. The main goals of communication are also manifested in this. The trait bestowed by nature helped humans survive and establish themselves among other, more powerful species.

Do you think you would have discovered in yourself a craving for the exact sciences or music if you did not go to school and did not attend these subjects, no matter how boring they may seem to you initially? No, because communication plays an extremely important role, and the teacher, teaching us a subject during school years, talking with us, the students, not only reveals certain abilities, but also helps to develop them, at the same time instilling the basic rules of communication.

Formation of personality

At the stage of the formation of a person as a person, that is, since school years, communication with parents plays a particularly important role. Ideally, you should try to talk to them as much and often as possible, share news and events. It is extremely important in conversations with parents not to deceive them, to be frank, sincere and honest. These are the goals of communication and their basic rules at this stage.

What students find incomprehensible, for example, parental prohibition, in most cases turns out to be the right decision. Just imagine if in our youth we were allowed absolutely everything. Probably, troubles would follow us at every step, and we, as children, would have no idea how to get out of them.

The period of adolescence is especially important in the development of a person and his communication skills, in parallel with which the psyche develops. A person learns the essence of communication while he grows up, studies at school, university. During this time, vital baggage is replenished not only scientific knowledge, but also with ordinary life skills, experience, both someone else's and your own. At this stage, for the most part, you have to contact with peers, but this is incredibly helpful. True, if only at the same time adhere to the basic rules of human communication.

How did it all start?

Have you ever thought about why a person needs communication? Try to imagine that in the course of evolution, the speech apparatus would never begin to develop, and people themselves would not show any desire to somehow contact each other. What do you think, if the desire for communication and obtaining new information from a person were absent, which means that all the functions of communication would be absent, there would be evolution in the form in which we see it now and have seen it since humanity became interested in development all living things? If we had at least slightest concept about what it is - evolution? The answer is unequivocal - none of this would have happened. Communication has played a role, in fact, it is the basis for the survival of all complex species, which is developed in many living organisms. And even if they have it not presented in the form to which we are accustomed, nevertheless ...

Communication is the key to the development of civilization, the indestructible foundation of society. However, it should be understood that this means not only the sounds that we are able to reproduce with our speech apparatus. Deaf people, after all, also "talk" to each other, however, for this they use not words, but gestures.

Communication in any of its forms is the exchange of information, the only possible way to transfer new knowledge, skills, experience to other people, because this is the only way to help each other, help the human species survive and develop further, but this is not the only function of communication.

What role does communication play in human life?

The question of why a person needs communication is answered by the history of primitive society. Human speech is the “first child” of communication, which in primitive people took place through gestures. It was then that the first rules of communication were formed, general concepts, the designation of objects were born, and then writing was already formed. This is how society and society as a whole was born, the rules of interpersonal communication were established, which are still valid to this day.

Normal, full-fledged formation of the psyche, as well as its further development, cannot be imagined without communication. Consequently, the role of communication in human life is extremely high. After all, this is the only way to exchange information, perceive and understand the world around us. Communication is what distinguishes the human species from other species on Earth.

It is impossible to underestimate the role of communication in a person's professional activity. This is a specific type of interpersonal interaction, since professional activity has its own rules of communication, limited by generally accepted rules of behavior and interpersonal relations within one organization (company). This is also called corporate ethics.

Why does a person need communication?

It is not so important whether you are a sociable person or closed in yourself, accustomed to loneliness, communication is necessary for everyone. The social need to talk to one's own kind is a natural need, and without its satisfaction it is impossible to feel full.

Communication plays a vital role in human life. The difference may lie only in its quantity and frequency. So, it will be enough for someone to go out with friends once or twice a week and talk with them to cheer up and improve their well-being, and all the remaining days such a person may well be alone. And for someone, communication plays a more important role - such a person cannot spend 20 minutes alone with himself, begins to suffer from boredom and experience an irresistible desire to contact someone. By the way, such a desire is more aimed at the process itself, and not at its final result.

What generates the desire to communicate?

People crave to communicate, you can call it a banal desire, but a more correct term is need.

So, with a high probability it can be said that communication in children is a non-innate need. It is formed under the influence of the activity that the adults present nearby, and it often arises by about two months.

But teenagers are convinced that they have an irresistible desire to communicate. They are also convinced that they can do this as much as they see fit. That is why most adolescents protest against adults' attempts to control their need to spend time with friends, and therefore in friendly conversations. At this stage, one should not forget about the basic functions of communication, which play a role in the formulation of communication skills.

In adults, the need for communication also manifests itself quite strongly. Many men and women, contacting with someone less than they themselves want it, begin to plunge into negativity.

Lack of interpersonal contact and its consequences

The degree to which a person needs to contact and interact with his own kind determines his life in general and his location (place) in society. This can be a family, a work collective, friends, a school, a group at a university. A person who is deprived of the opportunity to talk and contact with other people, which means that he is unable to perform all the functions of communication, can never become a social person, join society and develop culturally. He will resemble a person only externally.

"Mowgli children", deprived of the opportunity to contact and interact with representatives of their own species immediately after birth or in early childhood, prove this fact, and therefore how important the role of communication in human life is. Being isolated from human speech, they naturally do not even know what it is like to have a conversation with someone. The body of such individuals develops in a natural way, but the development of the psyche is delayed, or even does not occur at all. The main reason for this lies in the lack of communicative experience with other people, and therefore in the absence of all communication functions. Actually, such cases, like nothing else, prove how important it is for a person to contact and talk with other people.

The versatility of communication for purposes

For the sake of what and why a person, like any other living being, exhibits this kind of activity as communication and the need for it - these are the main goals of communication. So, animals communicate to induce their own kind to certain actions or to warn about refraining from any action. This process is subject exclusively to animal instincts, which, in fact, are guided by the representatives of the fauna.

But the goals of human communication are much greater - in addition to satisfying natural, characteristic of animals, human interaction is also added to the satisfaction of cultural, social, creative, cognitive, aesthetic, intellectual, moral and other needs. Why does a person need communication? To satisfy all these needs.
Speech interaction between people can be safely called multipurpose, and the goals for which it is directed give more than an extensive answer to the question of why a person needs communication and what is it?

Styles and classification

Based on some features, communication in a person's life can be divided into direct (direct) and indirect (mediated). In the first case, the interlocutors communicate directly, they communicate with each other, using the appropriate facial expressions, gestures, intonation and tone.

In the second case, information between interlocutors is not transmitted directly, but indirectly (letters, documentation, media, etc.). It should be noted that direct communication has better performance and impact on the interlocutor than indirect communication. However, the first type can be more exposed to emotions, since such communication in the life of each person takes place in real time, and the second - to common sense, since there is time to comprehend the situation, to analyze it.

There are also formal and informal types of communication, from which it follows that relationships between people are business and personal. Consequently, the rules of communication for each of the two types will be different. In the first case, sympathy or antipathy towards each other, respect or lack thereof, or distrust is expressed. But - this is the relationship that develops between people who are in certain social groups, organizations. It is based on the rights and responsibilities in a particular group (organization). Consequently, the role of communication in a person's professional activity and the role of such in everyday, everyday life are significantly different. If in the first case a person is limited by certain frameworks and rules dictated by the organization (company), then in the second he is limited only by his own opinion, desires and character traits. What is common here is perhaps the role of upbringing, but not the role of communication in general.

The art of interpersonal communication

Communication is a natural process. Under ideal circumstances, all people should have unhindered contact with each other. That's just in fact, in real life some individuals have a fear of communication, which is called social phobia. The need for contact with other people in this case is almost absent or completely absent. Often, this fear arises even in adolescence, which is the most difficult stage in the life of any person.

In the case when the first experience of conscious entry into society, the first communication with someone has a negative character, then in the future such a person will experience problems with interpersonal relationships. This minimizes the need for conversations and conversations with their own kind, often leads to isolation or generates a desire to avoid such "irritants", that is, society as a whole.
The importance of communication in human life cannot be overemphasized. It is an art and skill that is acquired over the years. It is quite natural that a person's communication skills depend not only on his personal characteristics, but also from the environment in which he was (is) at different stages of his life.

However, observing the rules of interpersonal communication, you can avoid many troubles:

talk to another person as you yourself think is the best and only true;
show respect for the person you are talking to;
Express trust and understanding with whom you are speaking.

Following simple rules

As a rule, conversations with family, relatives and friends do not cause any difficulties for us. We feel the strongest craving for conversations with such people, especially since we are well aware of their reactions to certain statements, remarks, news. The desire to communicate with strangers is not so high, but often it is forced, necessary. Talking to strangers should only be done in a positive way, showing only by being benevolent. It is better to do this with a smile on your face, observing the existing rules of communication. It is even more important that the phrases you say are appropriate.

Finally, we bring to your attention several effective recommendations for the competent construction of interpersonal relationships and interaction with others:

be sensitive and attentive to inner peace interlocutor;
remember, everyone is worthy of respect;
show interest in the interlocutor, find positive qualities in him;
do not pay attention to small flaws, they are in everyone; perfect people don't exist;
develop your own sense of humor and self-irony.

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary;

d) unstable.

69. Directly under the influence of the peculiarities of the perceived object ... attention arises.

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary.

d) There is no correct answer.

70. Arbitrary attention is not conditioned ...

a) awareness of duty and obligation;

b) by volitional efforts;

c) the requirements of the activity;

d) the attractiveness of the object.

e) All answers are correct.

f) All answers are wrong.

71. The cause of post-spontaneous attention is ...

a) lack of purpose of activity;

b) setting the goal of the activity;

c) interest as a manifestation of the orientation of the personality;

d) interest due to the identified features of the object.

e) All answers are correct

72. Orientation reflex is seen as a mechanism
... attention.

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary.

d) There is no correct answer.

73. The values of attention parameters make it possible to judge ...

a) only about the state of a person;

b) only about the degree of fatigue;

c) only about the level of wakefulness.

d) All answers are correct.

e) All answers are wrong.

74. The ability of a person to focus attention simultaneously on several objects is defined as ... attention.

a) concentration;

b) distribution;

c) stability;

d) switching.

e) There is no correct answer.

75. The degree of concentration of consciousness on an object is ...
attention.

b) concentration;

c) stability;

d) switching.

76. The ability to hold attention for a long time
the same object is defined as ... attention.

b) selectivity;

c) stability;

d) concentration.

77. Attracting attention is promoted by ...

a) only the strength of the stimuli;

b) only the connection of irritants with the needs, interests of a person;

c) All answers are correct.

d) All answers are wrong.

78. Attention, which is conditioned by the interests of a person, and is also characterized by purposefulness and the absence of the need for volitional efforts is called ...

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary;

d) idealistic.

79. Attention is ...

a) mental process;

b) mental state;

c) mental education;

d) mental property.

80. Human attention ...

a) has a social nature;

b) is determined by natural factors;

c) has a physiological basis.

d) All answers are correct.

81. The main characteristics of post-spontaneous attention are ...

a) involuntariness, ease of occurrence and switching;

b) purposefulness, interest, stress relief;

c) focus, determined by the task, volitional effort, fatigue.

d) the answers are incorrect.

82. The condition for the occurrence of involuntary attention is ...

a) the decision taken;

b) the task at hand;

c) the action of a strong, significant, contrasting or causing an emotional reaction of the stimulus;

d) "entry" into the activity and the resulting
interest.

83. Attention is closely related to ...

a) perception;

b) thinking;

c) memory;

d) presentation;

f) All answers are correct.

g) All answers are wrong.

Topic: Motivational-needs sphere of personality

1. Active interaction of a person with the surrounding reality, in which he achieves a consciously set goal - this is ...

a) activity;

b) operation;

c) activity;

e) action.

2. An element of the structure of activity is ...

a) activity;

b) movement, gesture;

c) behavior;

e) action.

3. The image of the desired future, the perceived result, the achievement of which the action is directed, is ...

a) need;

d) task;

e) operation.

4. A relatively complete element of the structure of activities aimed at achieving the goal is ...

a) operation;

b) action;

c) activity;

5. What prompts a person to activity is ...

a) activity;

b) behavior;

e) desire.

Topic: "Psychology of Communication"

Determine the match: 2a3w1b

Determine in what kind of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing:

a) short-term;

b) direct;

c) personal and group;

d) mediated;

e) long-term.

Determine what the group of funds is called non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughter, sighing, coughing in speech:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of the norms of spatial and temporary organization communication:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics;

c) kinesics;

d) prosody.

Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood:

a) parent;

b) a child;

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

Define the name of the communication side, meaning the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

Define what social psychology studies:

a) psyche as a property of the brain to reflect objective reality;

b) mental development of the personality in the process of life;

c) patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves;

d) social norms that determine how an individual, a group or an entire cultural community reacts to gender differences.

Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "novelty effect" is manifested:

b) in their own relation to the communication partner;

Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the most recent information has on the person:

a) halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

Define what is the meaning of the concept of "informal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

d) there is not a single correct answer.

Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is ranked, called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

Define the name of the communication party, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "secondary effect" is manifested:

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner;

b) in their own relation to the communication partner;

c) at the first impression about the communication partner;

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner.

Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual learns the emotional state of another person:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the first information received at the time of receipt:

a) halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

Determine what is the meaning of the concept of "formal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

d) there is not a single correct answer.

The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

Determine the match:

Practical work No. 1

Topic: “Formal and informal communication. Male and female communication styles "

1 . Functions of formal and informal communication

There are various forms of interpersonal communication: contact and mediated, formal (role, business, functional) and informal. It seems more correct to use the terms "formal / informal communication", as opposed to the designations "official" and "unofficial", since the official relationship "manager-subordinate" can be carried out both at the formal and informal levels. Official, or official, communication takes place in the field of business, functional-role communication, regulated by the rules of the organization and official etiquette.

Functional (role-based, business, formal) communication proceeds according to the rules and regulations. For example, in business communication in the teacher's environment, there are rules of official etiquette that do not allow the teacher in the presence of students to turn to his colleague on the "you".

Functions of informal interpersonal communication (classification by B.F.Lomov):

Organization of joint activities;

Cognition of each other by people;

Formation and development of interpersonal relationships.

2. Stages of trusting communication, its role

Gullibility - it is the constant willingness of a person to believe the word, promise of another person or group.

A high level of trust between group members will always have important consequences for its life and functioning; under these conditions, there are:

open exchange of views and opinions on significant issues;
more correct setting of goals and objectives;
Greater satisfaction from group participation and increased cohesion;
higher activity motivation.

The tactical goal of interpersonal confidential communication is to establish psychological contact, optimal psychological distance; the strategic goal is the formation of friendly and trusting relationships. Confidential communication can be viewed as a process that has its own stages and patterns of development.

The second stage is the formation of interpersonal relationships; has the following substages, differing in goals and means:

a) reaching agreement, acceptance and separation of positions (cognitive stage);

b) receiving emotional support, approval (stage of emotional support);

c) the desire to achieve acceptance of oneself as a person (stage of self-disclosure, personality stage).

In individual contacts, these substages may have a different sequence, determined by the deep motivation of communication. They are distinguished, first of all, by the intensity of verbal communication, the search for effective methods of psychological influence and the activity of the processes of self-control, self-regulation, and self-correction.

Trust-based communication is multifunctional here: it is an end in itself, and a means, and a psychological mechanism for the formation of relationships.

3. Describe the types of pseudo-confidence

There are a number of relationships between people that only superficially resemble a trusting relationship. Range pseudo-confidence wide enough.

Types of pseudo-trust:

e) Blind faith in a person. Based on the fatalistic belief that circumstances dictate the course of events and that it is better to follow them than to make a conscious choice.

e) Excitement in a relationship. In this case, the person stubbornly hopes that there will be a shift towards greater trust, although objectively this should not be expected.

4. Give the concept of psychological closeness, attraction

The most important in understanding confidential communication is the concept of psychological closeness, which always arises as a result of complete psychological contact.

“Psychological closeness is a relationship based on complete trust in each other, mutual understanding; mutual respect, mutual assistance "

"Closeness with another person is a community of ideas, habits, norms, values, character, mentality."

1. The active interaction of a person with the surrounding reality, in which he achieves a consciously set goal, is ... activity (in)

2. An element of the structure of activity is ... action. (e)

3. The image of the desired future, the perceived result, the achievement of which the action is directed, is ... target (in)

4. A relatively complete element of the structure of activities aimed at achieving the goal is ... action (b)

5. What prompts a person to act is ... motive (g)

Section Social Psychology

Topic: Psychology of communication

1. Determine the match: Answer: ( a2 b1 d3)

2. Determine in what kind of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing: mediated; (d)

3. Define the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughter, sighing, coughing in speech: extralinguistics; (a)

4. Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication: proxemics; (b)

5. Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood: child (b)

6. Define the name of the communication side, meaning the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding: perceptual; (b)

7. Define what social psychology studies:

patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves; (in)

8. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the effect of novelty is manifested: according to the latest information received about the communication partner; (but)

9. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner: identification; (but)

10. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the last information received at the time of receipt: novelty; (b)

11. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of informal communication: subjective personal; (but)

12. Indicate the name of the way in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is ranked, called: socially typical; (b)

13. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing: takeshika. (G)

14. Define the name of the communication party, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions: interactive; (but)

15. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the secondary effect is manifested:

A) according to the latest information received about the communication partner; novelty

b) in their own relation to the communication partner; Feedback

c) at the first impression about the communication partner ; primacy

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner. Nothing written

16. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual learns the emotional state of another person: empathy; (in)

17. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the first information received at the time of receipt: primacy; (in)

18. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of formal communication: due to social functions; (b)

19. The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called: analytical; (but)

20. Determine the match: Answer: (a3 b2 c1 d4)

21. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, studying the range, tone, timbre and quality of the voice: paralinguistics; (in)

22. Determine with the help of which the message is transmitted according to the model of the communicative process: channel; (in)

23. Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of facial expressions, gestures, body movements: kinesics; (in)

24. Indicate the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces social assessments that take care of and control the processes and actions from the point of view of their expediency for a person:

parent; (but)

25. Define the name of the party to communication, meaning the process of exchange of information between partners: communicative; (in)

26. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the boomerang effect is manifested: in their own relation to the communication partner; (b)

27. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual analyzes the impact of the information provided on the partner, and corrects on this basis the further communication strategy: feedback mechanism. (G)

28. Determine, as a result of what effect of perception, the attitude towards the communication partner is formed, and certain qualities are attributed to him: halo; (G)

29. Indicate the name of the process of attributing to each other, both the reasons and the patterns of behavior themselves are called: causal attribution; (b)

30. Determine the name of the way in which a person is judged on the basis of his emotional attractiveness or unattractiveness : emotional; (in)

31. Indicate the name of the communication zone, in which only close, well-known people are allowed : intimate; (in)

32. Determine what the interlocutor is called, who is compliant and easily lost, does not allow himself to interrupt a communication partner, but patiently endures when he is interrupted: non-dominant; (in)

33. Determine what the interlocutor is called, who is not inclined to external communication and is burdened by contacts. introvert; (b)

34. Determine the name of the interlocutor who takes some time to get involved in the conversation, even if he is quite decisive, self-confident person.

regular. (G)

35. Indicate the name of the process as a result of which partners exchange information, emotions, develop a general strategy of perception, interaction and understanding of each other. communication; (in)

36. Indicate a form of communication in which people say not what they think, but what is supposed to say in such cases ... secular; (in)

37. Indicate a form of communication in which the interests of the case are more important than possible personal differences. business; (b)

38. Indicate the form of communication in which communication is aimed at deriving benefits from the interlocutor using different techniques depending on the personality of the partner. manipulative; (but)

39. Indicate the form of communication, in which all kinds of personal contacts of people outside of official relations. informal. (G)

Topic: Group Psychology

1. Define the name of the small community of people who are in direct personal contact and interaction with each other: small group. (G)

2. List examples of small group: a team of workers; (but)

3. What is the main feature that distinguishes the team from any other group: social and socially useful significance of goals and objectives; (in)

4. Arrange the stages of development of the work collective in the correct sequence. (C - a - b - d)

5. Determine the type of group whose attitudes and norms serve as a model for the individual:

reference. (G)

6. Determine in what style of team management the leader is characterized by tough single-handed decision-making. authoritarian. (G)

7. Determine in what style of team leadership management decisions are made based on the discussion of the problem, taking into account the opinions and initiatives of employees. democratic; (in)

8. Indicate the name of the style of team management, characterized, on the one hand, the maximum democracy, and on the other - the minimum control. liberal-anarchist; (in)

9. Name the style of team management, in which an unpredictable transition of a leader from one style to another is manifested, which causes poor performance. inconsistent or illogical; (in)

10. Determine the phenomenon under which people tend to agree with the opinion of the group, even if there is internal disagreement: conformism; (b)

11. Indicate what is the name of the phenomenon of acceleration or increase in the productivity of an individual in the presence of other people. facilitation. (G)

12. What is the name of the phenomenon of deterioration in performance in the presence of other people. inhibition; (in)

13. Determine compliance: (1.D 2.D 3.B)

14. The phenomenon of the influence of an individual ... is called ___ (leadership)

15. The opportunity of each member ... and is called ___ (contact)

16. The social and psychological community of individuals ... and is called ___ ( integrity)

17. List the name of the group in which membership and relationships are predominantly formal. formal; (b)

18. Identify the name of the lowest level of development of the group, which is a random gathering of people united by time and location. diffuse group; (but)

19. Arrange the steps for forming a small group in the correct sequence. (B - a - c)

Topic: Conflicts

1. Determine the match: (1G, 2V, 3A, 4B)

2. Determine the match: (1B, 2E, 3G)

3. Define the name of the conflict resulting from the mismatch: intrapersonal; (but)

4. Indicate the name of the conflict, the occurrence of which is associated with the personal characteristics of the conflicting. subjective; (in)

5. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which, first of all, partners satisfy their own interests to the detriment of the interests of others. competition; (but)

6. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which one of the parties to the conflict sacrifices his own interests for the sake of another ... adaptation. (G)

7. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which the parties to the conflict come to an alternative that fully satisfies the interests of both parties. cooperation. (G)

8. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which agreement between the parties to the conflict is achieved through mutual concessions. compromise; (b)

9. Arrange in the correct sequence the main stages of the conflict. (B - d - a - c)

Topic: Pedagogy

1. Pedagogy studies and solves problems. education; learning, education (d)

2. Pedagogy is a science that studies facts and patterns ... education. (d)

3. Pedagogical branch of knowledge ... c is one of the most ancient, it is practically inseparable and has always accompanied the development of society; (in)

4. The object of knowledge in pedagogy is ... the process of education and upbringing (c)

5.The subject of pedagogy is ... educational relationships that ensure the development of a person (a)

6. Does not apply to the main tasks of pedagogy ... Exploring the causes of individual differences between people. (B)

7. The tasks of pedagogy are not ... creation of a model of an ideal person. (f)

8.Pedagogy is a purely theoretical science No, pedagogy is science and art. (C)

9 study creativity a person and ways to achieve it is engaged in ... acmeology. (d)

10 focused organized work on the formation of beliefs, norms of behavior, character traits, etc. represents … education (s)

11. The difference between education and upbringing is that ... education is holistic, goes in all directions at once (a)

12.Training .. has a developing and educational influence (c)

13. An organized and purposeful process of transferring knowledge, forming skills and abilities is ... training (s)

14. The process and result of quantitative and qualitative changes is ... development (in)

15. The following types of human development are distinguished: ... physical, mental, spiritual and social. (d)

16. The process of personality development is determined by the following factors: ... biological, social and psychological. (d)

17.Biological natural factors that determine personality development do not include ... ability. (g)

18. Public social factors that determine personality development do not include ... makings (g)

19.Psychological personality factors that determine personality development do not include ... anatomical and physiological features. (d)

20. The process and result of assimilation of a certain level of general human culture is ... education (in)

21. Formation of certain attitudes towards objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as worldview and behavior is ... education (s)

22. In the Middle Ages, the pedagogical idea prevailed ... religious asceticism, mortification of the flesh and spiritual enslavement of the individual; (b)

23. The class-lesson system of education was scientifically substantiated ... Czech scientist-teacher Jan Amos Komensky. (B)