Astronaut rescue system at launch. From raw data to useful information. Record revenue

CENTRAL ALARM SYSTEM - DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

With the help of light and sound signals, the internal alarm system notifies the crew members about the operating modes of aircraft systems and assemblies.

The central part of the internal alarm system is the SAS-4M emergency warning and notification system.

The aircraft is equipped with light signaling boards and brushes.

SYSTEM SAS-4M - DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

1. DESCRIPTION

The SAS-4M emergency, warning and notification system is a central alarm system and is designed to alert the crew members with the help of light and sound signals about failures, malfunctions and modes of operation of aircraft systems and assemblies.

The SAS-4M system includes:

- five blocks of emergency warning signals BAP-1M;

- three blocks of notification signals BU-1M;

- two switching units BK-7M;

- two red and two yellow central signal lights (CSO);

- "CONTROL" button.

The blocks are installed on racks between frames No. 7-8 on the port and starboard sides.

The SAS-4M system receives signals from aircraft systems and components in the form of a voltage level of 18-29.4 V DC and provides:

- waveforms in accordance with table. one;

- manual control of the brightness of light signaling devices, signal boards, central control system, buttons-boards, display control panels PUI-148 of the complex electronic indication and signaling system KSEIS-148 (hereinafter referred to as KSEIS) using the "Brightness" resistor;

- switching on and flashing mode of the red CCS and the appearance of a buzzer in the phones of the headsets when an emergency signal is received from the aircraft system when the CCEIS is not working. When the KSEIS is running, the buzzer is blocked, the alarm is accompanied by a voice message or a tone signal, the KSEIS is generated;

- turning on the yellow CCO in the flashing mode when a warning signal is received from the aircraft system;

- issuing a command to suppress the signal of a strong attractive action in the CSEIS by pressing the corresponding lamp-button of the CSO and turning off the CSO;

- automatic blocking of switching on of yellow central control centers during the operation of red central control centers with simultaneous activation of emergency and warning alarms;

- centralized control of the operation of the units, light signaling devices and central control system using the "Control" button.

Basic data

Supply voltage ………………………… .. 27 V

Signal frequency in flashing mode ... (2.6 ± 0.5) Hz

Buzzer type signal parameters:

- frequency of a tone signal ……………… .. (2000 ± 400) Hz

- chopping frequency ………………………… (2.6 ± 0.5) Hz

The location of the controls of the SAS-4M system is shown in Fig. one.

The functional purpose of the controls and controls of the SAS is given in table. one

The SAS-4M system receives power from the emergency buses AVSH1 and AVSH2 of the left and right RU 27 V.

JOB

ALARM

When an alarm is received from any system or unit, the BAP-1M unit turns on the corresponding alarm indicator and simultaneously issues a command to the BK-7M unit to turn on the red button lamp of the TsSO in flashing mode and to generate a sound signal for ABCA. When the red lamp-button of the CSO is pressed, a command is sent to the BAP-1M unit, which stops sending a signal to the BK-7M unit to turn on the sound signal and the CSO.

When the signal is removed from the system or unit, the corresponding hazard warning lamp goes out.

WARNING SIGNALS

When a warning signal is received from any system or unit, the BAP-1M unit turns on the corresponding warning light signaling device and at the same time issues a command to the BK-7M unit to turn the yellow CCO into flashing mode. When you press the yellow lamp-button of the CSO, a signal is sent to the BAP-1M unit, turning off the CSO, after which the CSO is ready to receive the next signal.

When a signal is removed from the system or unit, the corresponding warning light goes out.

When the emergency flasher and the red button lamp of the TsSO are in flashing mode, the BAP-1M unit sends a signal to the BK-7M unit to block the warning flashers and the yellow button lamp TsSO. After pressing (deactivating) the red CSO, the warning signaling resumes its work.

WARNING AND WARNING

(WITHOUT OUTPUT TO DSS) SIGNALING

When a notifying or warning (without access to the central monitoring station) signal of any system or unit arrives, the BU-1 unit turns on the corresponding notifying or warning light indicator in the constant burning mode.

When the signal from the system or the unit is removed, the corresponding indicator goes out.

ALARM CONTROL

When you press the "Control" button, the voltage of 27 V is supplied to the control inputs of the CAC system units. In this case, the red CSO should work in a flashing mode, a sound signal (buzzer) should be sent to ABCA.

When KSEIS is turned on, the SAS buzzer should turn off and a tone signal or a voice message generated by KSEIS should appear.

When the "Control" button is pressed and the red lamp-button ЦСО is pressed, it should go out.

When the "Control" button is pressed and the red lamp-button of the CSO is switched off, the yellow lamp-button of the CSO should work in a flashing mode.

When the "Control" button is pressed and the yellow lamp-button ЦСО is pressed, it should go out.

When the "Control" button is pressed and the "Brightness" resistor rotates, the brightness of the central control panel, light signaling devices, light signal panels, and panel buttons should change.

When “Control” is released, all previously lit indicator lights should go out.

Landing scheme of the spacecraft "Vostok"

System operation diagram emergency rescue Soyuz spacecraft crew

Ship on test bench

SAS pulls the ship off the stand

At an altitude of 300 m, the SAS fires back from the ship

The descent vehicle throws out a parachute

On September 26, 1983, Vladimir Titov was going to take revenge for the failed first flight, which lasted only two days. Then on the Soyuz T-8 the antenna of the docking system did not open, and the ship had to land ahead of schedule. A few seconds before the launch, the SoyuzU rocket began to sway a little harder than usual. Titov was not worried: vibration is an indispensable attribute of a rocket launch. But he could not look down: the spacecraft at the start was tightly closed with a fairing.

But the people below were terrified: the carrier rocket was on fire. The Soyuz, fueled with almost 300 tons of liquid oxygen and kerosene, was about to explode. And it exploded. But a split second before that, at the very top of the grandiose 50-meter metal body, the torch of an emergency rescue system engine flared up. The ship, breaking away from the dying rocket, soared up one and a half kilometers, shot off the extra compartments from the descent vehicle and released parachutes. Vladimir Titov and Gennady Strekalov landed softly a few kilometers from the launch pad, on which a fire was raging. Each of the rescued cosmonauts managed to visit orbit three more times.

Human factor

Titov and Strekalov survived by accident. The automatics controlling the emergency rescue system malfunctioned and did not work. The operator on Earth detected the error in time and manually activated the SAS less than a tenth of a second before the fire burned through the wires that sent the commands to the spacecraft. If the operator had hesitated for a moment, no one would have been able to help the astronauts.

The radio channel duplicating the burned-out cable was blocked by fire - the fire ionizes the air, and it stops transmitting radio waves. The same flame also destroyed the main communication line, through which the automation itself started the SAS engines. Now, if the rocket had time to rise above the launch pad, radio communication would work again: the torch would not interfere with the passage of radio waves; but the rocket was still on the table, connected to the Earth by a thin umbilical cord of a cable mast. If the cable mast had time to move away from the rocket (this happens just before the launch), then the SAS would not have worked from the operator's command.

What is CAC?

Its executive part is a solid propellant engine, weighing about a ton, fixed at the top of the spacecraft's nose fairing. Instead of one nozzle, it has twelve small ones installed at an angle of 30 ° to the rocket axis. Even higher, there is a small engine to steer towards the head fairing after the main fairing is triggered.

The point is that the Soyuz spacecraft consists of three compartments - an orbital, instrumentation and assembly, and a descent vehicle. The descent vehicle with the astronauts is in the middle of the bundle, and the load-bearing element (the frame to which efforts can be applied) is at the very bottom. Therefore, it is necessary to pull off the entire seven-ton ship from the rocket, together with the fairing. The location of the SAS engine on top of the boom, and not below, under the spacecraft, was dictated by the following: in order to save weight and fuel, immediately after the launch vehicle gained sufficient height, the boom, along with the engines, was fired from the fairing.

When the SAS is triggered, the cosmonauts experience an overload of 6.5 g - more than during a regular landing. Comfort is neglected in order to quickly gain speed and altitude while leaving the danger zone. In just two seconds, the ship flies away from the rocket by 125 m, in three - almost three hundred, after which the engine is turned off, having used up all the fuel, and further up and sideways the bundle will fly by inertia.

A fraction of a second after the engine is turned off, the lattice stabilizer wings open on the fairing, normally folded and pressed against the side walls of the fairing. The wings allow you to fly four to five kilometers from the accident site. (Interestingly, Yuri Gagarin took part in the design of the lattice wings, choosing them for his graduation project at the Zhukovsky Academy.)

After reaching the required altitude and speed, explosive bolts are undermined and the ship slips out of the fairing, then the instrument-assembly and orbital compartments that have become unnecessary are fired back. A parachute emerges from the descent vehicle, and the soft-landing engines are triggered just before the ground.

The instrument-aggregate and orbital (it is also called "household") compartments are broken, but the descent vehicle, in which the lion's share of the automation is installed, can be reused. Almost all such devices flew into space after the SAS was triggered - already on a different rocket. But after a real space flight, the descent vehicles are not reused.

In addition to the executive part of the SAS, engines, its decisive part and sensors that monitor the state of the missile and ship systems are no less important. These instruments are scattered throughout the rocket and connected by cables. At the beginning of the journey of the Soyuz spacecraft, the mistakes of the developers led to false alarms of the system, which killed two missiles and three people - technicians at the launching position. On the first modifications of the ship, the SAS had not two, but three engines - the third was responsible for the side maneuver of the ship. The shape of the fairing and lattice wings also changed.

Catapult for Gagarin

Gagarin did not have such an emergency rescue system - his ship "Vostok" was equipped with an ejection seat, which was supposed to fire through a special hole in the fairing. However, it did not allow to fly away from the rocket standing at the launching position far enough, and therefore the cosmonaut, in the event of an accident, needed the help of ground services. Moreover, due to the technological spread of the power of the solid-fuel engine, which threw out the chair, part of the possible landing zone fell on the foundation pit dug under the launch pad of the rocket. A mesh visor had to be pulled over it, and in the event of an accident, rescuers had to quickly jump out of the underground bunker and return there, carrying an astronaut in a spacesuit in their arms.

But the most dangerous for Gagarin was the flight from 45th to 90th seconds. At this time, the altitude and speed were already too high for ejection in a chair, but too small for shooting the descent vehicle: it did not have its own attitude control engines and had to navigate along the flow due to the shift in the center of gravity. But for this he had to fall for a long time and pick up speed. But the cosmonauts who later flew on the Voskhod and Voskhod-2 spacecraft were also deprived of these ejection seats. Before the head fairing was dropped, they had no chance of salvation. Safety was sacrificed for the sake of record flights - it was impossible to place three catapults in the volume of the descent vehicle. It should be noted that there were only two such flights. Only the new Soyuz spacecraft received a system that ensures the safety of astronauts along the entire orbit trajectory.

Wingless Americans

A similar solution was used by the Americans on the ships "Mercury" and "Apollo". In the Apollo, which was being created simultaneously with the Soyuz, the descent vehicle was at the very top, and there was no need to save the instrument-assembly compartment. The need for wings also disappeared, since the relative mass of the engine of the rescue system decreased. However, in both American and Russian ships the mass of the rescue rocket is quite large, and in normal flight, when everything is working "normally", two minutes after the start, the SAS propulsion system is reset. After another half a minute, the head fairing is shot back, and the ship and the rocket continue their way into orbit.

Buran

The ideology of the rescue system on the "Buran" was different, which was dictated by the reusability of the complex. The number one task was to save the ship itself and, thus, the crew. And if it is impossible to ship - then the crew.

The first rescue circuit consisted in the fact that if at the initial stage of the flight something happened on the Energia launch vehicle, its trajectory smoothly turned into a flat return trajectory, leading the ship to the runway at Baikonur. If problems occurred at a later stage of the flight and the surviving energy capabilities of the carrier allowed, "Buran" was put on a single-turn trajectory with further landing. If this scheme also did not work, the spacecraft separated and tried to land at an intermediate airfield. And only if such scenarios were impossible, the pilot bailout system was triggered. The idea of ​​rescue cabins, which was fashionable back in the 60s, was rejected due to its excessive complexity - in fact, one would have to build a ship in a ship.

According to the developers, in the coming decades, the basic ideology of rescue systems will remain the same: when launching disposable ships, solutions worked out on Soyuz will be used, and cruise orbital aircraft - on Burans. There are no alternatives yet.

The company is headquartered in Cary, North Carolina, USA.

SAS Russia / CIS

A representative office of SAS in Russia and the CIS countries was opened in 1996.

Performance indicators

2018: Growth of revenue in the segment of software platform solutions based on AI by 104.6%

At the end of 2018, SAS demonstrated 104.6% growth in the segment of software platform solutions based on artificial intelligence. This is about four times higher than the overall growth rate of the AI ​​market, which also showed stable growth throughout the past year. The metrics achieved put SAS in second place in terms of revenue in the category of AI-based software platforms - revenue in this segment was $ 89 million, SAS reported on August 14, 2019.

SAS continues to actively develop its AI direction. In the spring of 2019, the company announced its intention to invest $ 1 billion in artificial intelligence technologies over the next three years. This is 26% of the annual revenue of SAS - that is, the volume of investments will be twice as high as that of the largest IT companies on average, the company stressed. The investment plan involves the development and implementation of new software solutions, educational programs, expert services, etc.

History

2019: Investing $ 1 billion in artificial intelligence

On March 18, 2019, SAS announced plans to invest about $ 1 billion in artificial intelligence intended for use in its own analytical platform, training data processing specialists and conducting research and development. New SAS technologies will be used to address the challenges facing specific industries.

The announced investment will take place over three years, starting in 2019. It will be part of the company's efforts to build its reputation. SAS is considered a pioneer in data analysis and processing, but private company is rebuilding its business and products without publicity, the ZDNet edition notes.

SAS 'new investments will focus on AI research and development, as well as educational initiatives such as certification and data mining training. Another area of ​​work will be services that increase the return on investment of projects.

SAS's AI work will focus on embedding appropriate technologies into the company's platform and creating tools for data management, customer behavior analysis, fraud, security and risk management.

The company will also strive to combine AI and IoT data for use on different markets- from the financial sector to manufacturing and healthcare.

SAS COO Oliver Schabenberger told ZDNet that in recent years the company “has not been as visible as it could have been,” but it is making a pivot to SaaS by linking its platform with other analytics tools and better targeting markets. ...

2018: Opening of division on IoT analytics

SAS announced the opening of an IoT analytics division in February 2018. The global team will focus on their expertise in the development of Internet of Things (IoT) analytics in strategic industries such as retail, manufacturing, healthcare and transportation.

According to the company, the reasons for the creation of this division were the growth of income from the sale of IoT solutions by 60% at the end of 2017, the potential for the development of IoT analytics and ample business opportunities, given the increase in the number of connected devices in the world.

The division combines the resources of R&D, marketing, sales support specialists. Its goal is to continue developing, supplying and supporting software for the Internet of Things. In addition, the division's employees will centrally accumulate best practices and provide expertise in the key industries in which IoT is growing fastest: industry, retail, insurance and healthcare, fuel and energy companies and transportation.

In recent years, SAS has developed a whole stack of specialized analytical technologies that are required to monetize IoT platforms, - said Yuliy Goldberg, Director of Innovation at SAS Russia / CIS. “Most customers are gradually developing an understanding that analytics is critical in order to get real value from the IoT. Therefore, it is quite logical for SAS to combine all our technologies used in IoT into a single platform and form a specialized unit that will purposefully develop it. The inclusion of experts-practitioners from various industries in this team will allow us not only to offer customers an IoT platform, but also to form specialized industry solutions to optimize specific processes using the Internet of Things.

2017: Record revenue

In 2017, SAS's revenue amounted to a record $ 3.24 billion, an increase of 1.25% compared to 2016. The company attributes this rise, albeit a small one, to high demand for artificial intelligence technologies, machine learning, cloud solutions, as well as risk management and anti-fraud systems.

Most of SAS's turnover - about 49% in 2017 - came from the Nordic and South America... The second largest region for the company remains EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa), in which the provider of solutions and services in the field of business intelligence earned 36.5% of revenue. The share of the Asia-Pacific region was 14.5%. At the same time, the highest growth rates of the client base were recorded in the Asia-Pacific region and Latin America.

It follows from the SAS report that the lion's share of the company's revenues (28% at the end of 2017) comes from bank clients. The top three most profitable customers are representatives of government agencies (16%) and the service industry (12%). Insurance companies brought the vendor 9% of the revenue. All of the world's largest Fortune 500 companies are said to use SAS.

In 2017, SAS cloud revenues jumped and revenues in the [[Internet of Things of the Internet of Things (IoT) | [[Internet of Things of Internet of Things (IoT) | [[Internet of Things of Internet of Things (IoT) | [[Internet of Things) of Things (IoT) | Internet of Things (IoT)]]]]]]]] increased by 60%. IDC predicts that the market for analytical solutions in the IoT field will exceed $ 23 billion by 2020, which opens up great opportunities for SAS.

SAS's annual revenue in risk management increased by 35%, which speaks of the return on investment here and the desire of more companies to create a culture in which all risks are predicted, allowing them to comply with legal requirements and evaluate the effectiveness of investments, the company notes.

In 2017, SAS reinvested 26% of its revenues in R&D, compared to the market average of 26%.

2016

Growth of revenue in Russia by 40%

On February 21, 2017, SAS reported earnings for the previous year. The company noted the continued high growth rates of its Russian business.

At the end of 2016, SAS's global revenue amounted to $ 3.2 billion, which is 4% more than a year ago. The company's sales in Russia and the CIS countries jumped by more than 40%, despite the difficult economic situation in the country and unfavorable market trends.

2016 marks 20 years since SAS entered the Russian market. In this anniversary year, the company mastered the healthcare and cloud analytics segments, and also opened a representative office in Kazakhstan.

In 2016, SAS completed projects in Russia and the CIS in areas such as client analytics (at Sberbank), risk management (at VTB), automation of the credit conveyor and the transfer of the existing underwriting system to SAS solutions (at several other banks). In addition, the company noted projects to automate risk management processes, internal control and audit in Rosneft and Rostelecom.

SAS has completed more than 10 cloud analytics projects using BaaS, SaaS and RaaS models. To Russian companies could see firsthand how analytics can change their work, what benefits and results it can bring, SAS invested in the creation of an innovation center in Moscow.

SAS is one of the three best employers in the world

In 2016, SAS became one of the three leaders in the ranking of the best employers in the world, which is annually compiled by the Great Place to Work Institute. For the fourth year in a row, SAS has been ranked second in this ranking, and for six years now it has been one of the first two. At the same time, SAS has been regularly included in the list of the top 25 employers in the world, since the founding of the Great Place to Work Institute in 1980.

Even at the stage of its formation, SAS management tracked the connection between satisfied employees and successful business and always paid great attention corporate culture and working conditions in the company. Thanks to low churn rates, the company saves millions of dollars annually by reducing the cost of recruiting and training new talent. In turn, the company's clients can be sure of long-term relationships with SAS experts at all stages of cooperation.

The company pays great attention to the development of regional offices and the distribution of corporate culture... “The HR policy of the Russian office is based on the fundamental principles practiced by the corporation in the field of personnel management. For the success of our business, it is extremely important to have the most the best professionals in the field of analytics and data management. At the same time, attracting and retaining highly qualified specialists is a very difficult task for us, especially in the face of an acute shortage of such specialists in the Russian market and the constant “hunt” for them by our competitors and clients. Nevertheless, we are successfully coping - today the level of personnel churn in our company is only 5%, ”says Yulia Sanina, HR Director of SAS Russia / CIS.

2014: Revenue of $ 3.09 billion.

In 2014, global revenues were $ 3.09 billion. Gartner recognized SAS as the market leader in its magic quadrants for inventory management, integrated marketing management, data quality management, data integration, management operational risks and others. SAS continues to hold more than 35% of the in-depth analytics market, two times ahead of its closest pursuer, and the number one player in credit risk management, according to IDC. Forrester Research named SAS as a market leader in flexible platforms and a market leader in planning solutions for retail and other segments. Research firm Chartis recognized SAS as the winner of the RiskTech100 rating, the leader in the providers of operational risk management solutions and the leader in anti-fraud solutions.

In 2014, SAS made an effort to bring to market end-to-end analytics software that leverages the Hadoop platform for processing (customer demand for this has grown steadily). A line of in-memory interactive analytics products in Big Data SAS Visual Statistics and SAS In-Memory Statistics for Hadoop were added to the architecture.

The line of applied solutions for risk management has been expanded with the new SAS Enterprise Limit Management, which allows you to centrally manage limits across the entire financial organization.

The demand for various applied analytical solutions strongly depends on the economic situation and on the accompanying conditions and requirements for the business. In 2014, in many sectors of the Russian economy, there were changes in the prioritization of tasks solved with the help of analytics.

So, in the financial sector, solutions for client analytics, debt collection, and fraud detection and prevention have become relevant. The tasks of optimizing the credit process and improving risk management systems also came to the fore.

In 2015, SAS predicts continued growth in cloud analytics, business intelligence, data visualization, data management and Hadoop, customer analysis, security analytics, fraud prevention and risk management.

2013: Sales exceeded $ 3 billion (+ 5.2%)

Revenue in 2013 surpassed the $ 3 billion mark, showing an increase of 5.2% over the previous year. The share of SAS business in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) increased to 41.4 percent due to its slight decrease in other regions: the countries of Asia accounted for 11.9%, and the states of the American continent - 46.7% of total revenue companies.

Revenue of $ 3.02 billion in 2013 was achieved largely thanks to a focus on big data tools based on high-performance analytics technologies (SAS High-Performance Analytics), on visualization tools that are now available for all types of mobile devices (Visual Analytics ), on the industry-specific business tasks most demanded by customers.

The company's revenue grew in all regions, across all major product categories and industries. We can especially highlight the increase in revenue from solutions for the detection and prevention of fraud (44% in all industries), direction Business intelligence, including visualization (19.6%), in the field of energy and oil and gas (18%), healthcare (17%), for financial markets (16%).

The volume of revenue from services provided by consultants increased by 60% compared to 2012.

2012

Sales $ 2.87 billion

SAS 'total revenue in 2012 reached $ 2.87 billion, up 5.4% from the previous year. The countries of Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) account for 41% of the received revenue, the countries of Asia - 12%, and the countries of the American continent - 47%. The growth rate of SAS 'income in Russia and the CIS countries was many times higher than the global indicator and significantly outstripped the growth rate of the Russian business intelligence market in 2012, which, according to preliminary estimates, increased by 19%.

As an employer, 2012 was a record year for SAS in terms of the number and rate of wins. The company was ranked among the best employers in 17 countries around the world, and according to the results of the worldwide Great Place to Work study, which examines working conditions in more than 5,600 companies and the opinions of more than 2.5 million employees, SAS took 1st place. becoming the best international employer.

Launch of SAS High-Performance Analytics Line

The breakthrough of 2012 for the company was the release of a full line of high-performance analytical tools SAS High-Performance Analytics.

A number of application solutions were implemented on the high-performance SAS platform:

• SAS High-Performance Risks - for high-performance calculation of the portfolio risk level in the capital markets;
• SAS High-Performance Markdown Optimization - for calculation optimal cost and discounts for retail;
• SAS High-Performance Marketing Optimization - to determine the best offer for each client;
• SAS High-Performance Liquidity Risk Management - for high-performance calculation of liquidity risks;
• SAS High-Performance Stress Testing - to assess the company's resistance to various negative factors;
• SAS High-Performance Anti-Money Laundering and other solutions to combat financial crime and money laundering.

The benefits of SAS high-performance analytics have already been evaluated by dozens of companies around the world, including Bank of America and HP, and independent experts... Forrester Research, for example, in its Forrester Wave: Predictive Analytics Solutions report on predictive analytics for big data, published earlier this year, names SAS as the undisputed and unwavering leader in big data analytics solutions.

SAS has been named a Leader in Basel III Compliance Solutions by Chartis Research. Gartner Research experts have included SAS in the quadrant of leaders in the field of solutions of the EGRC class (Enterprise Governance, Risk and Compliance). Thanks to new system SAS Visual Analytics and the long-established SAS JMP, the company has been recognized as the market leader in advanced data visualization tools. The capabilities, ease of use, and potential of the SAS DataFlux Data Management Platform technology have made SAS a leader in the Gartner quadrant for data quality management tools.

Over the past year, SAS's text analytics has sparked a surge of interest around the world. State and commercial organizations use SAS Text Analytics to analyze complaints and calls, fight fraud, analyze preferences and forecast demand, and other tasks related to the analysis of unstructured information. Several pilot projects in the field of text analytics have also successfully started in Russia and the CIS countries, and this work will continue in 2013.

2011: Growth of sales by 12% to $ 2.7 billion

SAS 'total revenue in 2011 posted double-digit growth, surging 12% to a record $ 2.725 billion. The income was distributed as follows:

• America accounted for 46%;
• to Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) - 42%;
• to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - 12% of the total income of the company.

The company's management does not forget about the personnel and tries to make people happy with their work. Small pleasures of working for the company as of 2008 included things like free fruit on Mondays, free breakfast on Fridays, M&M Day on Wednesdays, and free juice and soda machines in offices. The SAS campus houses kindergarten operating on the Montessori System, a beauty and health center, many other programs are being implemented in order to make the work as comfortable as possible. As a result, SAS is often listed best companies in Best place to work research.

2007: 45 thousand clients in 109 countries

The company's annual revenue in 2007 reached $ 2.15 billion. The company has representative offices in 109 countries and supports more than 45,000 clients around the world. Because the company is privately held and does not have to worry about its stock prices, an unusually large chunk of SAS's annual revenue, about 25%, is spent on research and product development. This affects the fact that in terms of functionality, SAS products, according to many analysts, are one of the strongest.

During the same period, the head office settled on its new 80-hectare campus in Cary, North Carolina, where it is located to this day.

1976: Foundation of the company and the first product

SAS was founded in 1976 by Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sall and Jane Helvig. Initially, the name SAS is an acronym for Statistical Analysis System, which eventually came to be used as a proper name to refer to both the company itself and its products that have long gone beyond simple tools for statistical analysis.

The first core SAS product, released in 1976, was used for statistical data analysis. The software package consisted of several modules that ran on IBM mainframes. In addition to the standard mainframe practice of executing programs in batch mode, SAS offered an option that was original for that time - a windowed interface for developing and executing programs. The program was written in one window, the results of its work were displayed in another, and the logs were displayed in the third.

As other types of computers emerged, SAS developed applications that ran in the new environment. Thus, SAS users could work on computers running any operating system. SAS applications can now run on personal computers, both networked and offline.

SAS products and solutions

There are two categories of business intelligence products - Business intelligence and Business Analytics... Unfortunately, for historical reasons, both of these terms are translated into Russian in the same way, although the first describes reporting systems and a relatively simple OLAP analysis, and the second - very sophisticated tools for intellectual and statistical analysis of structured and unstructured data. While SAS has both of these categories in its arsenal, it is the undisputed world leader in Business Analytics. The complexity of the techniques she uses and software products makes increased demands on the partners promoting them and leaves an imprint on the business model in each country. SAS opened its office in Russia in 1996, and over the past decade and a half, it has equipped dozens of major banks and telecommunications companies with such advanced business intelligence tools.

SAS offers fully customizable solutions to automate functional lines of business - financial management, risk management, marketing, supply chain management, etc. The solutions are tailored to the specifics of a particular industry.

All SAS solutions are based on a platform-based approach to business intelligence. Unified analytical platform SAS (SAS Enterprise Intelligence Platform) solves the following basic tasks:

• Integration of data from different sources with parallel cleaning of this data.
• Data storage in a specialized analytical data warehouse
• Generation and delivery of analytical reports to users at various levels difficulties.
• In-depth analytics is an environment for conducting in-depth data mining, descriptive and predictive modeling, time series forecasting, optimization and similar tasks.

Based on the platform, SAS solutions are built to solve the problems of functional areas of business:

• Performance Management
  • Activity-based management
  • Preparation of consolidated financial statements
  • Budgeting and financial planning
• Customer base analysis (customer analytics)
  • Marketing campaigns management
  • Optimization of marketing campaigns
  • Cross-selling automation
  • Behavioral customer segmentation
• Marketing Resource Management
• Credit, operational and market risk management
• Combating fraud and money laundering
• Credit scoring
• Demand forecasting

Functional solutions are customizable according to industry specificity for banks, insurance companies, telecommunications service providers, transportation, energy, industrial and other companies.

Gartner highlights the following key benefits of the SAS platform.

• Unlike most other platform developers, SAS focuses on advanced analytics techniques such as Data Mining and predictive modeling. In terms of platform awareness and functionality, SAS continues to be the absolute leader (`800-pound gorilla`) in the analytics market. SAS specific business solutions enable customers to analyze their customer base (for marketing purposes, customer retention and risk assessment), evaluate products (direction of their development, quality control and level technical support), as well as manage corporate data - and all this is tied to the specifics of different industries. Customers make extensive use of the capabilities of traditional SAS BI products, but at the same time, the highest rating is given to the capabilities of its in-depth analytics.
• SAS offers each customer a wide choice of ready-made business solutions they need - both in terms of their functionality and industry specificity. So, for example, the analysis solution social networks- SAS Social Media Analytics - combines several products and allows SAS customers to better understand and take into account the opinions of their customers and / or leaders in their activities public opinion... Based on 2009 results, SAS has the largest share of the analytical applications market. Today, over 2,500 customers use over 80 pre-configured SAS BI applications.
• The main advantages of SAS, customers called the wide functionality of its solutions, data integration and the company's development strategy. The most important competitive advantage of SAS, directly influencing the choice of customers, is the best (among all considered BI platforms) data integration solution. In addition, SAS was named the # 1 company in the poll for another metric - breadth of functionality, which is the basis of SAS's solid reputation for advanced analytics. Overall, SAS customers highly appreciated the company's future development potential. They especially noted the professionalism of SAS specialists, respectful and trusting atmosphere during negotiations and sales. It is not for nothing that SAS has a wide loyal customer base, many of whom have linked their careers with SAS products.
• SAS has partnered with a number of database developers (such as Teradata and Netezza) to achieve computations without moving data directly into the DBMS. This not only avoids duplication of data and improves performance, but also gives SAS customers the ability to increase capacity and increase system scalability. As a result, predictive models can operate on huge amounts of data, and with high performance.

The most reactive, powerful and steadily functioning regulatory systems responsible for the inclusion of a variety of compensatory-adaptive reactions, as well as some pathological reactions of the body in response to any, and even more so shock-related, trauma is SAS.

The significance of SAS activation, accompanied by an increase in the production and action of catecholamines (CA), is reduced primarily to participation in the urgent switching of metabolic processes and the work of vital regulatory (nervous, endocrine, immune, etc.) and executive (cardiovascular, respiratory, hemostasis, etc.) other) systems of the body to an "emergency", energetically wasteful level, as well as to the mobilization of the mechanisms of adaptation and resistance of the body when exposed to shock factors. However, both an excess and a deficiency of CA can have a clear pathogenic effect on the body.

In the initial periods of shock, the number of discharges in the efferent sympathetic nerve fibers increases; the synthesis and secretion of CA in adrenergic neurons, especially in the terminals of their nerve fibers, as well as adrenaline (A), norepinephrine (NA), DOPA, and dopamine in the adrenal medulla and in brain tissues (mainly in the hypothalamus and in the cerebral cortex) ), the level of CA in the blood rises (from 2 to 20 or more times in comparison with the norm) and their entry into various tissues and organs increases for a short time, and then MAO activity in the cells of various organs is normalized, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors are excited. The result of this is various physiological changes (an increase in the tone of the central nervous system, including higher autonomic and endocrine centers, an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions and the tone of arterioles of most organs, blood mobilization from the depot, as well as an increase in metabolism due to the activation of glycolysis, glycogenolysis, glyconergenesis , lipolysis, etc.). An important place in the activation of SAS in developing shock belongs to reflexes with nocy-, baro- and chemoreceptors of tissues, blood vessels, heart, arising in response to their alteration, hypogemoperfusion, hypoxia and metabolic disorders.

Immediately after a severe mechanical injury and in the first hours after it, the content of A in the blood of the victims increases 6 times, and of NA - 2 times. At the same time, an increase in the content of CA in the blood directly depends on the severity of hypoxemia, hypoxemia and acidosis (Serfrin R., 1981).

In traumatic and hemorrhagic shock, the content of A and HA in the blood increases 10-50 times, and the release of A by the adrenal glands increases 8-10 times (Vinogradov V.M. et al, 1975). However, in the first 30 s after the injury, there is an increase in the content of A and a decrease in NA in the blood and tissues of the adrenal glands and hypothalamus (Eremina S.A., 1968-1970). The release of A reserves by the cells of the medulla on / of the buccal glands significantly increases and the processes of restoring these reserves during anaphylactic shock are activated (Rydzynski K. et al., 1986).

In rats, during the first hour of prolonged crushing of the soft tissues of the thigh (DRMT), the content of A, HA, DOPA, and dopamine in the adrenal glands and in the blood increased rapidly and significantly; the level of A and HA in the brain, lungs, liver and kidneys increased, while in the intestine and damaged muscles it decreased (Yelsky V.

N., 1977-1982; Nigulyanu V.I. et al., 1984). At the same time, the content of precursors (DOPA, dopamine) significantly decreased in many organs (brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, small intestine, skeletal muscles) and increased in the myocardium. By the end of the 4-hour period of tissue compression in the adrenal glands, the level of A and DOPA decreased, the content of HA and dopamine increased, which is a sign of a weakening of the function of the adrenal medulla. At the same time, the content of A in many organs (with the exception of the small intestine and skeletal muscles) continued to remain increased, while the content of HA, DOPA, and dopamine in the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines, and muscles decreased. Only in the heart, against the background of a decrease in NA, an increase in the content of both A and DOPA and dopamine was noted.

6-20 hours after the cessation of tissue compression, the content of A, HA, DOPA in the adrenal glands and in the blood progressively decreased, which indicates inhibition of CA synthesis in chromaffin tissue. The amount of A in a number of organs (brain, heart, etc.) remained increased, and in some (kidneys, intestines) - decreased, while the content of HA, DOPA and dopamine was reduced in all studied organs (especially in the intestine, liver and damaged muscles). At the same time, a persistent decrease in MAO activity in the cells of various organs was noted.

According to V.V.Davydov, 4 and 8 hours after the cessation of 4-hour tissue compression, the level of A in the adrenal glands decreased by 45 and 74%, respectively, HA - by 38 and 62%, dopamine - by 35 and 50%. At the same time, the content of A in the blood plasma, in comparison with the norm, was respectively increased by 87 and 22%, and the content of NA was reduced by 35 and 60%. Moreover, the severity and outcome of shock directly correlated with the initial hyperactivity of the SAS.

In the torpid phase of traumatic shock in dogs, the content of A and HA in the adrenal glands is reduced in comparison with the erectile phase, but higher than normal (Eremina S. A., 1970). As the torpid phase deepens against the background of an increased content of A, the level of NA in the blood drops sharply, and in the tissues of the brain (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex), myocardium and liver, the content of adrenal and extraadrenal CA also decreases.

1984). In case of burn shock, the secretion of A by the adrenal glands is increased, HA decreases, as evidenced by an increase in A in the blood and a decrease in HA (Saakov B.A., Bardakhchyan E.A., 1979). As the shock deepens, there can be either a decrease (Shu Chien, 1967) or an increase (V.M. Vinogradov et al., 1975) impulses along sympathetic fibers.

A high level of CA in the blood of severely injured patients is elevated and reaches a maximum before death (R. Serfrin, 1981). One of the mechanisms of hyprecatecholaminemia is inhibition of the activity of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of CA.

In the terminal period of the torpid phase of traumatic shock, the number of CAs (especially NA) in the adrenal glands and other organs: kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and brain significantly decreases (Gorbov A.A., 1976). In the stage of irreversible shock, the content of catecholamines in the body is depleted, the reaction of adrenergic receptors to exogenous CA decreases sharply, and MAO activity also decreases (Laborit N., London A., 1969).

In the period of deep post-hemorrhagic hypotension and hypovolemia, both inhibition of CA release from the endings of sympathetic nerve fibers and autoinhibition of the adrenergic receptor system are possible (Bond R., Jonson J.,

With endotoxic shock, dystrophic (necrotic) changes in adrenergic receptors and their functional insufficiency develop (Bardakhchian E. A., Kirichenko Yu. T., 1985).

Elucidation of the functional activity of SAS in shock (synthesis, secretion of CA; their distribution in the blood, tissues, organs; metabolism, excretion and manifestation of physiological action as a result of interaction with the corresponding adrenergic receptors) is of great diagnostic, pathogenetic and prognostic significance. The pronounced activation of the SAS that arises in the early stages after a shock injury is a biologically expedient reaction of the injured organism. Thanks to it, vital adaptive and homeostatic mechanisms are turned on and activated, in the implementation of which various parts of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular and other systems, as well as metabolic processes, take part.

SAS activation aimed at providing metabolic and functional activities vegetative and somatic departments nervous system, creates the possibility of maintaining blood pressure at a safe level with a reduced IOC, provides a satisfactory blood supply to the brain and heart against the background of a decrease in blood supply to the kidneys, intestines, liver, muscles.

Increased production of A is aimed at stimulating the vital activity of an important adaptive system - GG AS (Davydov V.V., 1982, 1987; Axelrod T. et al., 1984). The activation of SAS contributes to the increased release of opioid peptides (including endorphins by the pituitary gland, met-enkephalins by the adrenal glands), weakening the hyperactivity of the nociceptive system, disorders of the endocrine system, metabolic processes, microcirculation (Kryzhanovsky G.N. et al., 1987; Pshennikova M.G. ., 1987), enhances the activity of the respiratory center, weakens acidosis, stabilizes the acid-base state (Bazareich G. Ya. Et al., 1979, 1988), provides the mobilization of metabolic processes through a change in the activity of adenylate and guapilate cyclase systems of membranes cells, lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, energy and water-electrolyte metabolism, etc. (Yelsky V.N., 1975-1984; Me Ardle et al., 1975).

However, both excessive and insufficient SAS activity contributes to the development of microcirculation decompensation, increased hypoxia and dysfunctions of many tissues, organs and systems, complicates the course of the process and worsens its outcomes.

An excess of endogenous and / or exogenous CA can have undesirable side effects during shock also on various complexes of the endocrine system. It reduces the body's tolerance to glucose arising from the activation of glycogenolysis and inhibition of insulin secretion (due to the stimulation of the alpha receptors of the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans), suppresses the secretion of not only insulin, but also thyrotropin, prolactin and other hormones ... Opioid peptides, which are vigorously released in shock and different types stress (Lishmanov Yu. B. et al., 1987), limit the activation of SAS due to both inhibition of HA secretion and inactivation of adenylate cyclase in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, opioid peptides can have a protective effect, limiting the excessive activation of SAS, weakening and even preventing the damaging effect of catecholamines.

Weakening of excessive activity of SAS in trauma by the appointment of neuroleptics and tranquilizers (Nasonkin O.S. et al., 1976; Davydov V.V. et al., 1981, 1982), leyenkephalins (Kryzhanovsky G.G. et al., 1987 ), beta-blockers (Novelli G. et al., 1971), alpha-blockers (Mazurkevich G.S., 1976) reduces the severity of shock. When prescribing CA in shock, both positive and negative therapeutic effects can be detected.

Prescription in shock of NA and especially CA precursors (phenylalanine, alpha-tyrosine, DOPA, dopamine) can alleviate, and - A and mezatone either does not change, or makes the shock heavier (Vinogradov V.M. et al., 1975; Laborit N. et al., 1969). In this regard, the data presented above on the changes in the shock dynamics of the content of A, HA, DOPA and dopamine in various tissues and organs become more understandable (against the background of a long and significant increase in the content of A, the level of HA, DOPA and dopamine after an increase rather quickly and significantly decreases) ...

A sharp inhibition of SAS weakens the defense mechanisms in shock. Thus, the destruction of central adrenergic axons and endings, in comparison with peripheral sympathectomy, leads to damage to the hypothalamus and a decrease in the general reactivity of the organism during tourniquet shock in rats (Stoner N. et al., 1975).

In the deep torpid phase of shock, especially in its terminal period, there is not only a significant decrease in the SAS function, but also the greatest decrease in the delivery of CA to the cells of many. their tissues and organs and a decrease in their physiological activity. As the torpid phase of shock progresses, the role of CA in the regulation of various * metabolic (mainly energy) and physiological (mainly hemodynamic) processes decreases.

Opioid peptides, which are strongly produced during shock, clearly inhibiting both the release of CA from the terminals of sympathetic fibers in the vessels and their physiological effect, contribute to the progression of arterial hypotension and inhibition of blood circulation (Guoll N., 1987), which means the severity of shock. The increased post-traumatic production of opioid peptides, which contributes to the weakening of the SAS activity under conditions of progressive hypovolemia and hypotension, can be transformed from a defensive reaction into a damaging one.

Thus, changes in the functions of SAS, CA metabolism in tissues and organs, and their physiological action play an important role both in the pathogenesis and in the treatment of shock. One of the compensatory-adaptive reactions of the injured organism should be attributed to the rapidly emerging and rather long-term preservation of the feeling of well-nourished SAS, which proves

is under the following conditions: an increase in the synthesis and secretion of chromaffin tissue and adrenergic neurons of CA (DOPA, dopamine, HA, A); an increase in the transport and entry of CA into tissues and organs; an increase in the physiological activity of CA (providing activation of the HPAS, the formation and maintenance of the centralization of blood circulation, stimulation of respiration, stabilization of the acid-base state indoor environments organism, activation of energy metabolism enzymes, etc.). Pathological reactions in shock include both excessive and insufficient in strength and duration activation of SAS, and even more a progressive decrease in its functions, especially a decrease in the content of NA, DOPA and dopamine in blood and tissues, inhibition of MAO activity in tissues, decrease and perversion of sensitivity adrenergic receptors to CA. In general, such a reaction of the SAS contributes to the acceleration of the decompensation of the various functions of the body.

However, until now, the features of the activity of various links of the CAS in dynamics have not been sufficiently studied. different types shock (not only in the clinic, but also in the experiment), and the significance of its changes in the genesis of various adaptive and pathological reactions of the body.

USA. SAS was founded in 1976 by Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sall and Jane Helvig. Initially, the name SAS is an acronym for Statistical Analysis System, which over time began to be used as a proper name to denote both the company itself and its products that have long gone beyond simple tools for statistical analysis. SAS is now a registered trademark. SAS is currently the largest privately held software company.

history of the company

The first basic SAS product, released in the year the company was founded (1976), was used for statistical data analysis. The software package consisted of several modules that ran on IBM mainframes. In addition to the standard mainframe practice of executing programs in batch mode, SAS offered an option that was original for that time - a windowed interface for developing and executing programs. The program was written in one window, the results of its work were displayed in another, and the logs were displayed in the third. As other types of computers emerged, SAS developed applications that ran in the new environment. Thus, SAS users could work on computers running any operating system. SAS applications can now run on personal computers, both networked and offline. thumb | 200px | SAS campus entrance

SAS Russia / CIS

A representative office of SAS in Russia and the CIS countries was opened in 1996. Clients are offered a full range of services - consulting, implementation of implementation projects, training and technical support.