Military ship on the letter d 8 letters. Traditions of choosing names for ships of the Russian fleet. Other types of ships

On March 31, the Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg launched the newest patrol ship of the near sea zone "Soobrazitelny". Multipurpose corvette"Soobrazitelny" became the second ship built according to the project 20380 developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau.

But there are series where any system is absent, for example, in one of the series, despite the fact that the lead ship was named "Kronstadt", the rest of the ships received the names of the naval commanders of the Russian and Soviet fleet, as well as Soviet marshals. In another series, the lead ship is named Udaloy, and the rest of the ships of the same type are named after the Soviet admirals, the marshal and ... the city of Simferopol. There is also a series of missile cruisers named "Grozny", "Admiral Golovko", "Admiral Fokin" and "Varyag", another - "Slava", "Marshal Ustinov", "Chervona Ukraine".

In recent years, the long-standing tradition of the Russian fleet has been restored to give warships the names of the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. For example, two large landing ships of the Pacific Fleet were named after the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, the holy monks Alexander Peresvet and Andrey Oslyabi. More than 100 years ago, ships with such names already existed in the Russian fleet, thus the historical continuity was restored. Previously, these ships had numbered names.

In 2005, the diesel submarine was named "St. Nicholas the Wonderworker" in connection with the establishment of patronage over her Charitable foundation St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

A series of submarines named after Russian princes - Dmitry Donskoy, Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky, Vladimir Monomakh - were produced in Severodvinsk.

At present, they are also beginning to build a new nuclear-powered submarine, which will bear the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker. The submarine "St. Nicholas" will be included in a series of submarines with new strategic weapons.

With the name of the new border patrol ship, it was decided to continue the tradition of Soviet times, it received the name "Rubin".

The Navy continues to uphold the old tradition: when ships get old and are scrapped, their names are passed on to new ones. At the same time, new traditions appear, for example, to call ships by the names of firms. In 2003, the diesel-electric submarine was named Alrosa.

Now there are new types of ships, so the traditions of naming ships are being transformed. The new artillery ship was named after the city of Astrakhan. The type of this ship has no analogues in the world, because the ship was specially designed taking into account the peculiarities of the Caspian Sea and the Volga delta.

PRESSURE- a value characterizing the intensity of forces acting on any surface of the body in directions perpendicular to this surface. Pressure is determined by the ratio of the force uniformly distributed along the normal to the surface to the area of ​​that surface. In the international system of units (SI), pressure is expressed in Pa - Pascals.

WATER PRESSURE ON THE STEERING WHEEL- the force acting from the side of the water on the surface of the rudder, deflected at a certain angle from the direction of movement of the vessel. Depends mainly on vessel speed and rudder area. Affects the change in the direction of movement of the vessel. FURTHER COVERAGE- actions in naval operations (combat) of a specially created grouping of forces located at a considerable distance from the area of ​​the operation (battle) in order to intercept the enemy and prevent his attacks on the main grouping of the forces of the fleet. It can consist of detachments (groups), formations (units) of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal missile and artillery troops. LONG HIKE- cruise ships in full autonomy, with the goal of improving tactical naval training, a professional skill, spiritual and physical training of crews. RANGE- the maximum range at which you can throw a projectile (mine, rocket, bullet, etc.) when firing this weapon. The range of naval artillery pieces reaches 30 km or more. RANGEFINDER- a device used to determine the distance to objects without direct measurements on the ground. Distinguish between optical, acoustic, laser and radio range finders. RANGE- a specialist serving optical rangefinders. VISIBLE HORIZON RANGE(subject) - distance from the observer to the visible horizon (subject) at sea. VISIBILITY RANGE - greatest distance, on which you can still distinguish the outline of an object from the surrounding background. Depends on the state of the atmosphere and the time of day. It is assessed visually on a 9-point scale of optical visibility from 0 (visibility 0.25 cable, which corresponds to a very thick fog) to 9 points (visibility over 30 miles, ie 55 km). Range of sight is often referred to simply as visibility. RANGE OF HYDROACOUSTIC STATION- the limiting distance between the object and the antenna of the hydroacoustic station, at which it is possible to obtain the relevant information about the object with the accuracy specified for the given station. Depends on the acoustic power and frequency of radiation, the reflectivity of the object, the hydrological characteristics of the area (refraction, speed of sound in water) and other reasons. At powerful ship stations, the range of action reaches several tens of kilometers under favorable conditions. RANGE OF RADAR STATION- the limiting distance between the antenna station and the target, at which it is possible, with a certain degree of probability, to determine the presence of a target and its coordinates with a given accuracy. Depends on the state of the atmosphere, sea waves, antenna height, radar power in a pulse, radiation frequency, target reflectivity and other reasons. Target detection range is usually equal to the visible horizon range. Currently, a number of countries have over-the-horizon decameter range radars. RANGE OF SWIMMING- the distance traveled by the ship without replenishment of fuel reserves in a particular mode of movement. The cruising range is determined for several test speeds. For ships with a nuclear power plant, the cruising range is determined by the maximum permissible time of continuous operation of the main and auxiliary mechanisms and systems of the ship. SHOOTING RANGE(rocket flight) - the distance in a straight line from the muzzle of the gun (launcher) to the point of rupture (fall) of the projectile (rocket). TORPEDA TRAVEL RANGE- the greatest distance traveled by the torpedo at a given speed mode. SENSOR(measuring transducer) - an integral part of any automatic or telemechanical device that perceives external influences (pressure, temperature, deformation, frequency, electrical voltage, etc.) and continuously converts it into a signal (usually electrical), convenient for transmission, processing or registration. WATERPROOF DOORS- doors on passages through watertight bulkheads and on external entrances to superstructures, ensuring the tightness of lockable passages (with equal strength with bulkheads). They have rubber gaskets on the contact contour and wedge or screw locks. There are watertight doors with automatic and remote locking from the central command post. ENGINE ship - a power-generating machine used to propel a ship (main engine) or to drive ship's electric generators. On modern ships, diesel engines, steam turbines and gas turbines... The transfer of mechanical energy to the propeller can be direct (the engine is connected to the propeller shaft), through a gearbox or electric machines (the engine rotates a generator that feeds an electric motor connected to the propeller shaft). Marine engines are distinguished by high aggregate power and service life. DRIVER- a device that converts the work of an engine or a natural source of energy into the movement of a combat or vehicle. For movement on water, a sail, an oar, a propeller, a paddle wheel, a water jet, a propeller, a rotary propeller, etc. can serve as a propeller. DOUBLE BOTTOM ship - a part of the ship's hull, limited from the outside by the bottom outer skin of the vessel, and from the inside by the second bottom and extreme double bottom sheets. The double bottom is divided by floras and stringers into watertight compartments with necks. The double bottom is used to house supplies of fuel, fresh water, oil and ballast water. On ships of the armored fleet, the double bottom was divided in height into 2-3 compartments, which served to absorb the energy of the explosion of mines (torpedoes) in order to protect the interior from destruction and flooding. DOUBLE SPIN- a spire with two drums on one stock, located vertically. The use of a double capstan allows you to save the useful area of ​​the tank. TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION- communication (for example, telephone, radio) between two correspondents (stations), when the transmission and reception of a message is carried out simultaneously or alternately in both directions. TWO-SCREW VESSEL- has two propellers, the rotation of which, as a rule, is carried out by separate engines. The twin-screw vessel has greater survivability in the event of damage to the stern underwater part and better maneuverability (the ability to control due to the difference in the number of revolutions of the left and right propellers and their work “vrazdrai”). TWO DECK SHIP- the name of sailing ships with two decks (decks). 2-axis radar- a radar station operating on surface and air targets and determining the range and heading angle (azimuth) or azimuth and elevation of the target, respectively. DOUBLE HULL SUBMARINE- a submarine, around the solid hull of which there is a continuous light streamlined hull made of permeable sheet structures, which reduces the water resistance when the boat moves and increases its seaworthiness. The main ballast tanks, torpedo tubes and other systems are located in the inter-hull space. DEAERATOR- an element of a boiler plant, in which gases dissolved in it are removed from the feed water by heating with exhaust steam to the boiling point to prevent corrosion. DEBARCADER- a floating pier on rivers (lakes) and in some seaports. Converted hulls of outdated ships are often used as a landing stage. DEBLOCADA- combat operations aimed at freeing from isolation a grouping of troops, naval forces, an important economic region, a military base, a city, a port, etc., blocked by the enemy. DEVIATOR- an official of the hydrographic service of the fleet (shipping company), responsible for carrying out work to determine and compensate for the magnetic, electromagnetic deviation of compasses and radio deviation of radio direction finders. DEVIATION- 1) deviation of the mobile compass system from the direction to the magnetic (at the magnetic compass) or to the geographic (at the gyrocompass) pole of the Earth. It arises under the influence of magnetic and electromagnetic fields, accelerated motion, rolling, etc. 2) Deviation of a moving body (ship, projectile, etc.) from a given direction of motion under the influence of external causes. DEGASSING- decomposition (destruction, neutralization) of toxic substances and removal of decomposition products from the surfaces of military equipment, clothing, terrain, etc. Degassing can be partial or complete. DEGASSING SUBSTANCES- chemicals that, actively interacting with toxic substances, turn them into non-toxic compounds. DEADWEIGHT- full carrying capacity of the vessel. Deadweight is equal to the difference between the displacement of a ship with a full load and an empty one (i.e., without cargo, crew, fuel and other consumable supplies). Deadweight is the main operational characteristic of a sea-going cargo vessel. DUTY SHIP- one of the ships in the formation designated for duty is on high alert. Carries a special distinctive flag and fire. BATTLE DESK DUTY- a soldier who heads the duty and watch services of the ship's warhead. Maintains combat and marching readiness, is responsible for ensuring normal work combat and technical means... Subordinate to the commander of the combat unit and the ship duty officer, appointed for a day. SHIP DESK- an officer in charge of the entire daily duty and watch outfit. Responsible for the safety of the ship's anchorage, maintaining the established readiness, internal order on the ship, carrying out the service of ship detachments, the safety of weapons, ammunition stored in the premises of the ship's duty officer, etc. Appointed when the ship is moored at mooring lines (anchor, barrel). Submits to the commander of the ship. DESK DUTY- an officer (midshipman), heading the service of general ship detachments in the interior of the ship. Subordinates to the duty officer on the ship, and on the move - to the officer of the watch. Personnel carrying a special duty and watch service are obliged to follow the instructions of the duty officer at the bottom regarding the implementation of measures to ensure the survivability of the ship and the implementation of internal regulations. DUTY(duty service) - 1) the performance by servicemen of certain duties as part of the daily order of the ship (unit) in order to maintain the established combat readiness, internal order, control over the maintenance of various technical means, etc. 2) Performance of service functions by duty units. DEACTIVATION- mechanical removal of radioactive substances from weapons, military equipment, uniforms and other objects in order to prevent the defeat of personnel. On ships, it is carried out mainly by sea water. DISINSECTION- a set of measures for the destruction of insects - carriers of infectious diseases, agricultural pests, etc. (including in the case of the use of biological weapons by the enemy). The methods distinguish between physical (hot water, air), chemical and biological (microbes) disinfection. DISINFECTION- destruction in the external environment of pathogens of infectious diseases. It is carried out in order to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. Biological, physical and chemical agents are used for disinfection. DISINFORMATION- a method of camouflage, which consists in the deliberate dissemination of false information about one's troops (forces) and plans of hostilities in order to mislead the enemy and thereby create more favorable conditions for achieving success. DEADWOOD- the underwater aft end of the ship, through which the stern tube passes. DEADWOOD TUBE- a strong watertight tube in the stern of the vessel through which the propeller shaft passes. PYDWOOD DEVICE- a complex of elements of the ship's shafting, designed to accommodate the support, lubricate, cool and protect the propeller shaft passing through it and prevent the flow of seawater along it into the ship's hull. Includes stern tube, bearings, seals, cooling and lubrication systems. ACTIONS AGAINST THE SUBMARINE- are carried out by one or several anti-submarine ships (aircraft, helicopters) or both. They begin from the moment contact with the boat is established, include attacks against it and end after its destruction or the final loss of contact with it. OPERATING FLEET- part of the forces of the fleet, directly conducting combat operations. The active fleet includes formations, formations and units of all branches of the fleet forces with their headquarters, directorates, rear units and institutions. For the first time the concept of "operating fleet" appeared under Peter II and was officially enshrined in the Military Regulations in 1716. DEC- 1) the name of the decks on sailing warships on which the artillery was installed, as well as the spaces between the two decks, where the personnel were housed. 2) The name on civil ships of some decks (eg, boat deck, sparkle deck). DECOMPRESSION GAZEBOARD- a device with a seat for lifting the diver to the surface. The use of a decompression pavilion is caused by the need for a slow ascent from a depth (to prevent decompression sickness). DECOMPRESSION CAMERA- a sealed steel chamber of a cylindrical shape, divided by strong bulkheads with hatches for 2-3 or more compartments. Supplied necessary equipment for decompression. It is used for the prevention of decompression (decompression) illness and the treatment of diving occupational diseases. Decompression chambers are located on rescue and diving vessels, motor vehicles and onshore facilities. DECOMPRESSION- 1) decrease in pressure. 2) Fast passage from a higher pressure environment to a lower pressure environment. 2) A painful condition that occurs in a person during such a transition (caisson pain). DECREE TIME- standard time of this place territory of Russia plus one hour. Introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 16, 1930 for a more rational use of daylight hours by the population and energy savings. BUSINESS VISIT OF THE SHIP to a foreign port - visits by warships and auxiliary vessels to foreign ports to replenish supplies, repair mechanisms, rest personnel, etc. For a business call of a ship, a preliminary agreement is required through diplomatic channels with the relevant state DELICIOUS THINGS- the general name of some of the parts included in the equipment of the ship. Practical things include haws, cleats, bale strips, doors, hatches, coamings, handrails, portholes, scuppers, bollards, ladders, etc. Most of the practical things are standardized. DELTA- an alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the river flowing into the sea. Cut through a network of sleeves and ducts. DEMARCATION TIME LINE- a line passing between the twelfth (eastern and western) time zones, the passage through which is accompanied by a repetition or change of dates: when the ship moves to the east, the previous date is counted again from midnight; when moving to the west at midnight, the date is changed by two units at once. The demarcation timeline is close to the meridian with a longitude of 180 °, passing through the central parts of the Pacific Ocean. DEMASKING- violation of camouflage, allowing the enemy to reveal the training of troops (naval forces) DEMONSTRATIVE ACTIONS- combat and other actions of troops (naval forces) aimed at misleading the enemy about the true nature of the upcoming military operations and divert his forces to the wrong path. They are one of the ways to disguise. DEMONSTRATION OF POWER- threatening actions by the armed forces of any state, military bloc with the aim of political, economic and military pressure on other states. It can be carried out by increasing the degree of readiness of the Armed Forces, deploying and advancing troops (naval forces) to the state border, conducting maneuvers, etc. DAY OF THE NAVY- a naval holiday. Celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July. HOLD ON THE SEA- be in the sea in the vicinity of any point, without going into it. HOLDING THE MORISTES- be at a greater distance from the coast. STAY ON TRAVERSE- maintain the position of your ship at a heading angle of 90 ° in relation to another ship. ANCHOR HOLDING POWER- the force that must be applied to the unit of mass of the armature in order to pull it out of the ground when the spindle is horizontal. Depends on the design of the anchor, the nature of the soil. The holding force of the anchor is to be distinguished from the holding force of the anchor. DERIVATION- lateral deviation of the projectile (bullet) from the firing plane caused by its rotation. For each weapon, the derivation is constant and can be accounted for in advance. Derivation depends mainly on the firing range, the nature of the rifling in the bore (including their direction), the curvature of the trajectory and the speed of rotation of the projectile, increasing with their increase. Landing marine - units of the marine corps, as well as there may be formations and units of motorized rifle, tank forces, landed on the sea coast (in ports) on enemy territory for conducting hostilities. Disembarkation (landing) is carried out from landing ships, transport ships using landing vehicles and (or) from the air. In terms of the scale of the tasks performed, the amphibious assault can be strategic, operational, tactical and special. LANDING BOAT- one-piece, folding or inflatable landing craft in the form of a ship or pontoon with a capacity for a squad or platoon. The hull of the landing boat can be made of plastics or light alloys. Moves by oars or an outboard motor. LANDING HELICOPTERS- landing ships, from which the transfer of troops to the shore is carried out using helicopters (a kind of helicopter carriers). LANDING SHIPS- ships of special construction for the transport of amphibious assault forces and their disembarkation both directly ashore and with the help of landing vehicles. As a rule, they have a ramp. Armed with versatile artillery and machine guns. The navies of a number of states have: amphibious assault ships, amphibious helicopter carriers, amphibious dock ships, amphibious helicopter dock ships, etc. LANDING SHIPS-DOCKS- ships with special docking cameras, in which there are up to 10 landing craft (for example, hydrofoils or an air cushion), carrying out the landing of marines, tanks, etc. AMPING SQUAD- a temporary formation of ships and transports, intended for the transportation and disembarkation (unloading) of amphibious assault ashore, as well as combat escort ships and vessels to clear antiamphibious obstacles. LANDING ECHELON- part of the landing Vehicle with the troops and the forces of their immediate security during the transition by sea from the landing points to the landing area, as well as part of the landing troops disembarking during the naval landing operation. The transfer of vehicles is carried out by one or more amphibious echelons, consisting of several amphibious detachments, and the disembarkation - as part of one, two or more amphibious echelons. The number of amphibious echelons depends on the task at hand, the composition of the landing force, the anticipated countermeasures, etc. LANDING CAPACITY OF THE LANDING SHIP- the number of personnel, military equipment and other cargo that the ship (vessel) is able to accept for transportation and disembarkation (unloading). Landing ships are designed to transport, disembark one or several military units (platoon, company, battalion) with standard weapons and attached reinforcement means. DETONATOR- a fuse element containing a high explosive charge (HE), which is more sensitive to the initial impulse of the detonator cap than the explosive of the main charge. Designed to reliably excite the explosion of the main charge: an artillery shell, a mine, an aerial bomb, a missile warhead, a torpedo, and an explosive charge. DETONATION- a fast-moving process of chemical transformation of an explosive (explosive), accompanied by the release of energy and propagating through the explosive in the form of a wave at a supersonic speed constant for the given substance. Detonation is characterized by the formation of a large number of gases with enormous pressure, during the expansion of which an explosion occurs. KNOCKING CORD- an elastic tube (5-6 mm in diameter) with a core of an initiating substance, which serves to transfer a detonating pulse from a detonator cap to one or several charges, which are sometimes at a considerable distance from each other. Unlike a fuse, it has a red color or red braided threads. DEFLECTOR- 1) a special device used on ships for blowing and exhaust ventilation. 2) An obstacle in the form of a sheet in the path of moving gases, liquids or solids, used to deflect their movement in the desired direction. 3) A device for measuring magnetic forces acting on a compass needle. DECODER- a device for decoding (decoding) a message (signal) and translating the information it contains into the language (code) of the receiving system. It is used in various means of communication and information transmission systems. DECODING OF PHOTOS- the process of processing the information contained in the image for the purpose of detecting, identifying and assessing the state, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects (targets) from their images. The objects of military decryption of photographs are troops, ships (ships), submarines under water, mine and network barriers, etc. JUNK- cargo or military wooden sailing two-four-masted vessel for navigation on rivers and in coastal areas. It has a wide hull with raised bow and stern, rectangular sails, woven from mats. Distributed in the South East Asia, often serve as housing. STABILITY DIAGRAM vessel - a graph of the dependence of the change in the restoring moment on the bank angle of the vessel Depending on the rate of increase of the forces heeling the vessel, a static stability diagram and a dynamic stability diagram are distinguished. The stability diagram depends on the shape of the underwater part of the hull, as well as the distribution and nature of the cargo on the ship (solid, bulk, liquid). The stability diagram allows you to judge the stability of the vessel in the given conditions. SHOOTING ANGLE DIAGRAM- a graphic representation (top view) of the firing sectors of this weapon, made taking into account the effect of muzzle gases on closely located devices, instruments and personnel of open combat posts. CIRCULATION DIAMETER- the distance between the positions of the center of gravity of the ship on two opposite courses with established circulation. Depends on the geometric characteristics of the ship's hull, rudder angle and ship speed. Measured in ship lengths or cable lengths. The circulation diameter characterizes the ship's turnability. DIAMETER PLANE ship - a vertical plane passing through the sternpost and stem of the ship (vessel) DIVISION- 1) a unit that is part of the warhead of a rank 1 ship. For example, in an artillery warhead, there is an artillery division of the main caliber, which includes several towers or batteries and control groups. 2) Component, a subunit of an artillery regiment or a separate artillery unit DIVISION OF SHIPS- the lowest tactical formation of similar ships of 2, 3 and 4 ranks. A division of ships can be separate or part of a brigade. The number of ships in a battalion of ships depends on the purpose, weapons and their tactics. DIVISION OF SHIPS- tactical. a fleet of ships of the Navy (Navy), consisting of several ships of the 1st rank or several brigades and divisions of ships of other ranks and classes. They are subdivided into divisions of surface ships and divisions of submarines. A battalion of ships operates in a specific area of ​​a naval or ocean theater of operations independently or jointly with formations of other types of naval forces. DIVISION OF THE MARITIME- the highest tactical formation of the Marine Corps in the Navy of some countries, designed to perform combat missions in amphibious assault forces, during the defense of naval bases, ports, etc. DIESEL- an internal combustion engine (four- or two-stroke), in which the fuel injected into the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke ignites spontaneously due to the high temperature of the compressed air. Powered by diesel fuel. Diesel is the most economical heat engine. Multi-cylinder diesel engines are widely used as main and auxiliary marine engines. DIESEL-GAS TURBINE PLANT- combined power plant of the ship. Diesel engines serve as the main engines, and gas turbines are used for short-term development of large capacities. DIESEL POWER PLANT- a power plant in which one or more diesel engines are used as main engines. On ships, a diesel power plant with low-speed (100-150 rpm; directly
drive the ship's propulsion unit) and medium-speed (300-600 rpm; drive the propulsion unit into rotation through a gearbox) diesel engines. Until the end of the 60s. diesel power plants with reversible diesel engines were used, with the advent of rowing
variable-pitch propellers began to install non-reversible diesel engines. They are used on some warships. Currently, the ships of the merchant fleet are mainly equipped with diesel power plants. DIESEL FUEL- fuel oil used in diesel engines. Distinguish diesel fuel: low-viscosity for high-speed engines; high-viscosity residual (motor) for low-speed diesel engines. It is also used in marine gas turbine installations. DIESEL-ELECTRIC INSTALLATION- a power plant that drives the propeller into rotation using an electric motor powered by a current generated by a diesel generator. Used on submarines, some ships, icebreakers, etc. SHIP DYNAMICS- a section of the theory of a ship that studies the interaction of a ship with a water environment during movement. Includes dynamic stability, roll, water resistance to ship movement, handling, etc. DYNAMIC STABILITY(stability margin) - the ability of the vessel to withstand, without capsizing, the heeling moment, the rise of which to the highest value occurs in a short period of time (for example, the effect of a squall). Under the influence of such moments, the ship receives the so-called. dynamic roll, short-term, but much greater than that which occurs when a static moment of the same value is applied. The maximum value of the dynamic heel is determined from the equality of the work of the heeling and restoring moment when the ship is heeling. DIOPTER SCALE- divisions marked on the outer rim of the eyepiece of an optical device (binoculars, stereoscopes, periscope, etc.) to set the sharpness of the image of the object in question, depending on the optical power of the observer's vision. DIPLOT- a lot for measuring great depths, consisting of a cast-iron weight weighing from 15 to 30 kg, a cable work tray, 155 m long with a breakdown from 10 to 150 m, and a portable view for winding the tray. DIPTANK- ship's tank, towering over the second bottom. Serves for receiving ballast water, transportation and storage of liquid fuel. DIRECTIVE- a combat or service document containing guidelines for the preparation and conduct of combat operations and other issues of the life and activities of the army (navy). Equivalent to an order in its meaning. AIRSHIP- a lighter-than-air aircraft with propeller-driven propellers for controlled flight. It can have a large carrying capacity and stay in the air (flight) for a long time, which makes it possible to use it, as it is believed abroad, as a carrier of early warning radars in the air defense and missile defense system, as well as to combat submarines. DIRIK-FAL- running rigging, with the help of which the upper end (s) of the gaff is lifted and held. DISC STANDARD WHITE(Secchi disc) - a special white disc for determining the degree of transparency of water, which is expressed by the distance (in meters) from the surface of the water to the depth of the complete disappearance of the disc from visibility. FLAG DISCRIMINATION- an unfriendly act, expressed in the creation of ships and vessels of one nation when servicing in the ports of any state, worse conditions than for ships and ships of other nations. DISLOCATION- distribution of ships of the fleet to ports and naval bases and basing points. DISPENSERIZATION- systematic medical monitoring of the state of health (for example, of military personnel) in order to prevent and timely treatment of identified diseases. DISPOSITION OF SHIPS- 1) the planned and actual location of ships in a certain order within the water area of ​​the naval base (port, base point), in the outer roadstead, as well as in an unprotected anchorage off the coast, between islands or in the open sea at depths that allow anchorage to anchor. The disposition of ships is established by the base commander, senior commander in the roadstead or the commander of a formation (group of ships), taking into account the provision of navigation safety of the parking lot, the unhindered exit of ships, timely detection of the enemy and effective use of weapons, camouflage and dispersal of ships, as well as reliable control of ships. 2) The relative position of the ships in the parade. REMOTE POINT- remote control of the aiming of artillery and launchers, torpedo tubes and other types of weapons, carried out by special devices and mechanisms according to data received, for example, from the central artillery post DISTANCE- 1) distance, the gap between something ("keep the distance"). 2) The distance in the depth of the formation between military personnel, guns, vehicles, units, ships, etc. DISTANCE ARTILLERY- the distance, measured by artillery optical devices, from the ship to the target in cables (artillery cables = 182.87 m) or in meters. To convert the navigational distance to the artillery distance, the first must be multiplied by 1.013.

DISTANCE STURMANSKAYA- distance at sea, measured in cable

DISTILLATION UNIT ship - an installation in which drinking or desalinated water is purified from dissolved mineral salts, organic substances and other impurities by distillation, that is, by running through evaporators and condensing its vapors into refrigerator compartment(condenser). The water obtained in this way is used for the manufacture of electrolyte and topping up batteries for submarines, as well as in laboratories and medical practice. MILITARY DISCIPLINE- timely, strict and accurate observance by all servicemen of the order and rules established by laws, military regulations and orders. The most important condition for military discipline is the unconditional obedience of subordinates to their commanders. Military discipline is one of the most important conditions for the combat readiness and combat effectiveness of the Armed Forces. DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION- exact fulfillment of the established operating mode of technical means of communication and measures for organizing the communication system. It is a prerequisite for the secrecy of her work. DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY in the Armed Forces- responsibility of servicemen for violation of military discipline and public order. Disciplinary measures are applied to violators in accordance with the Disciplinary Charter of the Russian Armed Forces by senior commanders with disciplinary authority. DISCIPLINARY PRACTICE- the system of applying by senior commanders, in accordance with the rights granted to them, measures of encouragement and punishment to subordinates in order to educate them and strengthen military discipline. DISCIPLINARY ACTION- punishment for violation of discipline or public order, imposed in accordance with the degree of guilt of the offender and the severity of the offense committed by him. Views disciplinary action and the procedure for their imposition on servicemen are determined by the Disciplinary Regulations of the Russian Armed Forces. DISCIPLINARY CHARTER OF THE AF OF RUSSIA - official document, defining the essence of military discipline. The requirements of the charter determine the duties and rights of servicemen to maintain discipline, measures of encouragement and punishment applied by commanders and superiors. The provisions of the disciplinary charter of the Russian Armed Forces apply to all servicemen, as well as to those liable for military service for the period of training and who are in reserve or retired while wearing uniforms. TRIM ship (vessel) - the inclination of the ship in the longitudinal vertical plane relative to the sea surface. Measured by trimometers in degrees for a submarine or the difference between the stern and bow grooves for surface ships. Affects the ship's turnability, propeller operation, etc. The trim is usually controlled by the intake (removal) of ballast water or by shifting the horizontal rudders (on a submarine). On the way, the ship slightly increases the draft at the stern, that is, it acquires a running trim caused by the redistribution of the water resistance forces. SUBMARINE DIFFERENTATION- bringing the submarine's buoyancy, roll and trim to certain values. Produced to prepare the submarine for diving and underwater sailing. DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM- a submarine system for trimming it by receiving (removing) into tanks or redistributing masses of water between them. The system includes tanks for auxiliary ballast (trim and leveling), pipelines, dewatering pumps, control devices, etc. Water intake is carried out by gravity, moving from one tank to another by compressed air or a centrifugal pump. Drainage of tanks is carried out by sump pumps. DIFFERENTOMETER- a device for measuring in meters or degrees of trim of the ship. According to the principle of action, they are divided into bubble (similar to a spirit level), mechanical (they represent a pendulum) and hydraulic (react to the difference in hydrostatic pressure in the tubes at the stern and on the bow of the ship). LENGTH OF THE SHIP- an element of the main dimensions of the ship (vessel), which determines its length. Calculated length Lр - the distance between the perpendiculars passing through the extreme points of the cargo waterline in the bow and stern, along which the ship is submerged. The greatest length of the ship Lmax is the distance between the extreme points of the bow and stern. BARREL LENGTH- the distance from the breech to the muzzle of the barrel. It is measured by the number of calibers (diameters) of a given gun, which fit along the length of the gun barrel, or in millimeters. LONG (ACCELERATED) SPLESH- connection of two ends of a rope of the same thickness. For example, splicing a burst towline and cables running through the blocks. Long splash does not give thickening of the cable. ORDERLY- a person from the daily order, whose duties include monitoring the condition of the premises (living quarters) and compliance with the daily routine, maintaining internal order and other statutory rules. Submits to the person on duty at the bottom (team) and the senior person in the room. BOTTOM OF THE SHIP- the lower part of the ship's hull, located from the keel to the upper edges of the zygomatic zones. Military Valor- a selfless manifestation of high moral and combat qualities, expressed in the impeccable performance by servicemen of their duty to the Fatherland in peaceful and military conditions. VOLUNTEER- a person who voluntarily entered military service for a certain period or from the beginning to the end of the war. "VOLUNTARY FLEET OF RUSSIA"- a shipping company established in 1878 on voluntary donations from the population. Its main goal is the development of merchant shipping in peacetime and the preparation of a reserve of ships in case of war. Most of the courts bore the names of the provincial cities of Russia. After the victory of the October Revolution, many ships of the Volunteer Navy were illegally requisitioned by the governments of Great Britain and the United States, and also taken away by the retreating White Guards. DOGGER(dogr) - this was the name of a fishing two-three-masted sailing vessel with gaff rigging, which hunted herring near the Dogger Bank in the North Sea. DOGGER BANK- a sandbank in the central part of the North. SEA DAY AGREEMENT - international agreement on the prohibition of the placement of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and oceans. Entered into force May 18, 1972. Prohibits the installation and deployment of weapons of mass destruction outside the 12-mile coastal zone. DOSE OF IONIZING RADIATION- the amount of energy of ionizing radiation, which is perceived by any medium for a certain period of time. Serves to assess the radiation hazard after the enemy uses nuclear weapons. Measured by dosimeters in gray (Gy). DOSIMETER(dose meter) - a device that measures the total dose of ionizing radiation received by personnel during their stay in a radioactively contaminated area. Used to control radiation exposure. By appointment, dosimeters are subdivided into military (ship) and individual dosimeters. DOSIMETRIST- a specialist who, using dosimetric devices, monitors the radiation exposure of personnel, the radiation situation in rooms, compartments, on the deck of a ship, in warehouses, in water bodies, the degree of radioactive contamination of weapons, equipment, equipment, etc. WATCH marine - a type of security for ships, vessels and coastal facilities in common system patrol service of the Navy (Navy). Operates in peacetime and wartime. It is carried out by surface (submarine) ships, aircraft, helicopters in order to warn the fleet forces about the appearance of the enemy. According to the degree of distance from the protected object, the patrol is far and near, according to the degree of mobility, it is mobile and motionless; according to tasks - anti-submarine, anti-boat, anti-mine, anti-aircraft. SHIP WATCH- a group of persons from the daily squad assigned to periodically walk around the premises of the ship in order to prevent fire and flooding of the interior of the ship. PATCH SHIP- a ship (surface or underwater) specially designed to carry out the tasks of the maritime patrol in a given area. The location of the patrol ship relative to the protected forces (objects) is determined taking into account the most dangerous directions of a possible enemy attack. DOK- 1) an artificial structure intended for inspection, repair and painting of the underwater part of the vessel, and sometimes for their construction and transportation. By design, construction, repair and transport docks are distinguished, by design - loading docks, floating docks and dry docks. 2) Port basin for anchorage of ships during low tide; has a bathoport. It is built in places of large tidal fluctuations in sea level. DONATION- anchorage of the vessel at the dock for inspection, painting of the underwater part and carrying out maintenance and repair work. The positioning of the vessel can be carried out on keelblocks, cages and in a mixed way (typical for many warships). THE DOCUMENTS military - textual and graphic images containing information on a wide range of issues and intended for the control of military bodies in peacetime and wartime. LONGITUDE geographic - one of two coordinates that determines the position of a point on the Earth's surface relative to the initial meridian. Longitude is the dihedral angle between the planes of the initial meridian and the meridian passing through a given point. It is measured by the equatorial arc in degrees from the prime meridian to the observer's meridian. Longitude east of the prime meridian (up to 180 °) is called east (has a + sign), to the west - west (has a - sign). SUBMISSION- a military document setting out certain information to a superior commander (chief) or headquarters. It can be combat (contains information about the situation in the battle area and the decision on its further conduct) and service. A report can be urgent (presented by the time set by the timetable of urgent reports) and extra-urgent (presented when the situation changes abruptly). BOTTOM MINE- sea non-contact mine, which has negative buoyancy and is installed on the bottom. Maximum depth the place of setting is determined by the design and purpose of the bottom mine. Bottom mine fuses are triggered when exposed to the physical fields of the ship. Designed to destroy surface ships and submarines. BOTTOM SEDIMENTS- precipitation covering the seabed. They consist of products of erosion of land and the remains of dead organisms. By location relative to land, they are divided into coastal, shallow and deep. INSPECTION OF THE SHIP AND CARGO- an action taken by the customs authorities and border troops upon arrival of the vessel at the port (departure from the port) in order to monitor compliance with the country's legislation on monopoly foreign trade, as well as preventing the transportation of contraband goods, currency and other valuables. Warships are not subject to customs inspection. HEAVER- rigging tool. Made from hard wood. It is used when applying benzels and stamps, transceiving, etc. DREADNOUGHT- 1) the English battleship that started the class battleships... Commissioned in 1906. DRIFTING ship - 1) displacement (drift) of the ship from the heading line under the influence of the wind. Drift is characterized by the angle between the track line and the true heading line. 2) Demolition of an anchored vessel under the influence of wind or current, when the anchor crawls along the ground. FLOATING ANCHOR DRIFT- lying in drift with retracted sails or stalled engines, while the bow of the vessel is held upwind by means of a floating anchor. DRYFOMER- a device that measures the angle between the direction of the true heading and the track when the vessel is drifting. The drift gauge is based on measuring the pressure difference on the starboard and port sides of the vessel (hydrodynamic drift meter). Drifting mine- a mine floating on the surface of the water (or with some deepening) and moving under the influence of the wind (current). DRIFTING ICE- sea ice displaced in the water by the wind (current). By shape, ice fields, their fragments, broken ice, pieces of ice, ice porridge are distinguished. DREC- a small four-horned or two-horned anchor of the Admiralty type with a metal folding rod weighing from 6 to 60 kg. It is mainly used on rowing and low-tonnage sailing vessels. DRAKTS- an anchor rope with a circumference of 75-100 mm, tied to the rail. DRIFTER- sailing-motor (motor) fishing vessel with a length of 24-50 m, a carrying capacity of 60-70 tons. drift nets about 15 m high and up to 4,500 m long, floating freely in the sea after they have been set. "FRACTION"- a command (signal), meaning - to cease fire (shooting). DOUBLE-BOAT- a military single-masted vessel of the Russian rowing fleet of the 2nd half of the 18th century. up to 25 m long and up to 6 m wide. They had up to 15 small guns. Intended for action in estuaries, skerries and near the coast. DUPLICATION- ensuring the possibility of double or multiple performance of the same actions aimed at achieving one goal. In military affairs, duplication of devices, mechanisms, systems of communication lines (channels) and transmission of orders (signals), etc. is widely used. An important means of increasing the survivability of military equipment. BIG CIRCLE ARC- part of the line formed on the surface of the ball when it is sectioned by a plane passing through the center. DUDKA- a whistle, with the help of which some signals were given on a naval ship. MULTI-PLUG- a special closing device mounted on the muzzle of the barrel to prevent water (foreign objects) from entering the channel. MUCH BRAKE- a device screwed onto the muzzle of the gun barrel to absorb the recoil energy (25-70%). DUPLIN- the end of the cable, drawn into the eye, the butt and back so that both ends are at the disposal of the workers (by lowering one end, the entire cable can be pulled out after the other). HAZE- a very rarefied fog that does not give a feeling of dampness, haze, which reduces visibility to 0.5-2 miles. SMOKE CURTAIN- an artificially created dense cloud of white, gray or black smoke or fog emitted from high-speed ships (boats), and sometimes from airplanes (helicopters). Created using special smoke tools. One of the means of disguise (smoke masking) CHIMNEY- part of the chimney. On ships, it rises above the deck or superstructure of the ship. To reduce the temperature effect on the surrounding objects, the chimney is protected by a casing. With natural ventilation of boiler rooms, the draft of the boiler furnaces depends on the height of the chimney. SMOKE BOMB- a device for creating smoke screens, signaling and disinfestation. Equipped with a solid smoke mixture. Smoke bombs camouflage ones give non-toxic white or white-gray smoke, signal ones - colored smoke; pest control - for the destruction of insects in enclosed spaces. SMOKE EQUIPMENT- ammunition, devices and machines designed to create smoke. Navy smoke equipment (stationary equipment on the coast and equipment installed on ships, helicopters, as well as sea smoke bombs) are used for smoke masking of naval bases and ships. SMOKE MASKING- one of the ways to interfere with the enemy's visual observation of the actions of troops (naval forces), bombing, aimed fire. Consists of setting up a smoke screen. The effectiveness of smoke masking depends on weather conditions and, above all, on the speed and direction of the wind. SMOKE-FORMING SUBSTANCES- solid chemical products or liquid mixtures which, when properly used, form stable fumes or mists in the atmosphere without toxic properties (neutral fumes). Designed to produce smoke screens or signal fumes. INCH is an old English unit of length equal to 25.4 mm. It was widely used to measure the caliber of guns.

A warship is now called a ship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when mankind was still filling the white spaces on the sailing lines with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. At the same time, in these turbulent centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe you can add some rowing boats too.

Galleys

To get on them is an unenviable share. Such punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, and in Finkia, and in Hellas, they were already. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those very convicts, but they were sometimes helped by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times, the dimensions of the ships were not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys is represented by ballistae and bow battering rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The course, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barges

So, the bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with the number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, except for the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barges are rather large vessels, for example "Kruzenshtern" has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, then in its design there is also an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the ship does not seem low even today, under sail the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers by sea.

Brigantine sets sail

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. They all differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines are distinguished by their speed and lightness. The sailing equipment is mixed, on the foremast the sails are straight, and on the mainsail they are oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyctros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example is a frigate. This concept outlived later types such as battleships, dreadnoughts, and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. For a long time, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” since the 17th century, meaning the predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of military operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition to the shores of East Asia was undertaken under the command of Admiral E. V. Putyatin.

Caravels

"She passed like a caravel ..." - is sung in a famous pop song. It is harmless to study the types of sailing ships before writing lyrics for future hits. The compliment was somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a cargo-carrying, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel's nose is raised high, in which one can also discern an unwanted hint.

However, in general, this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is best known for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on exactly three caravels ("Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Niña"). Externally, they can be distinguished by the aforementioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by the sail equipment. There are three masts, foresail with straight, and the rest with Latin (oblique) sails.

Purpose - long-distance sea and transoceanic cruises.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes Russian word"ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast sailing, all types of ships are created not always memorable, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and immediately everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - "Cutty Sark". This vessel with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly delivering mail to distant colonies and carrying out particularly delicate assignments of the queen was the lot of clippers and their teams. And these ships carried out their work until the appearance of steamships, and in some cases even later.

Galleons

Looking through the old types of warships, one cannot but recall the Great Armada, which rivaled the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. Not a single sailing vessel of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, it is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (the very "raised nose" has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced resistance to waves and, as a result, increased speed. The maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a drawback, it is easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) have acquired a rectangular shape, and the conditions of the crew have become more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.

The displacement of these "battleships of the XVI century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, adorned with elaborate carvings, and a magnificent sculpture crowned their nose.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, differing in that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts on a schooner. In comparison with it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (according to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, the schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts was launched ("Thomas Double Lawson", Quincy shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailing ships who arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on the pages of websites. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, caches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer into the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, this is the opinion in many countries, including ours. Climbing up the shrouds, deploying the sails and breathing in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk carrier tankers and cruise liners. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.