The fastest submarine speed underwater. Submarine speed. Submarine maximum immersion depth

The creation of a nuclear power plant and the first domestic nuclear submarine of Project 627, as well as successful missile launches from submarines, inspired the strategists of the Navy. The fact is that the enemy of the USSR in the "cold war" - the United States, was intensively building aircraft carriers and in 1960 had 18 shock, 20 escort and 12 anti-submarine aircraft. They had means of protection against attacks from surface ships and aircraft, and the speed of 30 knots allowed them to evade attacks from diesel-electric submarines, which could go under water for a long time at a speed of 2-3 knots and only develop 18-20 for a short time. with aircraft carrier formations, there would be submarines that developed more than 30 knots in a submerged position and equipped with weapons with a range of 2 - 3 times more than torpedoes.

By 1958, we had accumulated experience that made it possible to start developing a long-term comprehensive plan for the creation of nuclear submarines for various purposes with torpedoes, ballistic and cruise missiles. Hundreds of research institutions and enterprises were involved in the work, giving them specific assignments. So, metallurgists - to get a high-strength stainless material for a strong case in order to significantly increase the immersion depth, chemists - how to decompose seawater with minimal energy consumption, releasing oxygen necessary for breathing, and destroy exhaled carbon dioxide, food workers - to develop a recipe and technology for making bread that remains fresh months.

At the beginning of 1958, the design bureau of submarine shipbuilding TsKB-16, TsKB-18 and SKB-143 was instructed to urgently carry out studies of nuclear submarines with torpedo and missile weapons to determine the developers of power plants, new materials, weapons, electronic and other equipment. TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malachite") was instructed to prepare proposals for a government decree agreed with the participants in the work and ordered the creation of a nuclear submarine project. It is considered as the main link in solving the problem of raising submarine shipbuilding. On August 28, 1958, the government issued a decree "On the creation of a new, high-speed nuclear submarine, new power plants on the type and development of research, development and design work". In 5-6 years they were ordered to do everything necessary to create nuclear power plants with a mass reduced by 1.5-2 times, providing a double increase in submerged speed; materials allowing to increase the immersion depth by 1.5 times; small-sized, long-range ballistic, cruise missiles and torpedoes; hydroacoustic and navigation equipment; instrumentation and automation for controlling submarines at full speed; technical means to ensure habitability.

In the same year, it was ordered to start designing an experimental boat of project 661, designed to combat aircraft carrier formations, developing more than 30 knots underwater, sinking to 400 m and armed with ballistic or cruise missiles with an underwater launch. The chief designer was appointed the chief of TsKB-16 N.N. Isanina.

By the end of the year, this bureau was instructed to issue basic assignments to contractors and provide them with performers, with the condition to reduce the weight and dimensions of the equipment they create. At the same time, it was forbidden to use the existing one; on the new ship, everything should be original.

It was necessary to decide what his main weapon would be, to choose the type of primary coolant (water or metal alloy), to determine the number and power of reactors, turbine generators, voltage and frequency of the main current, for the case - to select high-strength steel, aluminum or titanium alloy NS.

14 pre-draft versions of the project (out of 18) in July 1959 were submitted to the command of the Navy and the State Committee for Shipbuilding. They formed expert commissions on shipbuilding, energy, electrical engineering, materials, etc. The possibility of making a case from titanium alloys, the creation and production of which was still in its infancy, was discussed. Nevertheless, they took into account their advantages - anti-corrosion, low weight, non-magnetic, and they decided to make the 661 project boat from such alloys. But only in January 1960, the commander-in-chief of the Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov and the chairman State Committee Council of Ministers of the USSR for shipbuilding B.E. Buto-ma reported to the government the proposals of TsKB-16 on the tactical and technical characteristics of the boat, which were approved on April 9, and on January 26, the assignment for its design was approved by the Minister of Defense. It was intended to destroy aircraft carriers with cruise missiles, test new types of weapons and equipment, body materials, devices, systems and mechanisms.

N.N. Isanin knew how to work with a big backlog: pre-sketch design began before sending the studies to Moscow. In May 1960, with a delay of only 4 months, five versions of the project were presented to the government, and on July 6 the main one was approved. Central Research Institute 45 and TsAGI tested models of the future submarine, including self-propelled ones. In other enterprises, the weight, size and energy characteristics of equipment and weapons were clarified. In general, 133 research institutes, design bureaus and factories worked on the 661 project under the control of the government, completing 363 works. In December 1960, the bureau presented to Moscow a technical design of a submarine with a displacement of 5200 tons, a submersion depth of 400 m, for the first time in the world made of titanium alloys. This submarine was armed with cruise missiles of the "Amethyst" complex, equipped with a powerful system for detecting sonar signals and issuing data to missile weapons, had a one-speed speed of more than 40 knots,

The light hull was made in the form of a body of revolution with a hemispherical bow end, the stern end was made elliptical, with the transition to bifurcated "pants" with propellers. Outside the bow of the strong hull, five from the sides, were placed with a slope of 32.5 "containers for cruise missiles, and the strong hull was made around them 8 in the form of a" eight "9 m high. The sturdy hull was divided into 9 compartments. The bulkhead between the 1st and a horizontal platform served as 2. In the upper, 1st compartment, on the upper deck, there were 4 apparatus and racks with spare torpedoes, on the lower deck there was a missile firing control post, a medical unit, a latrine. there was a hydroacoustic complex, under it - silver-zinc batteries. The 3rd compartment was also eight ", but without a horizontal platform, cabins and wardroom for officers, cockpits and a dining room for foremen and sailors, a galley, storage rooms were arranged in it. the 4th compartment was cylindrical, with a diameter of 9 m, it was used for the main command post, power plant control, radio communications and radio reconnaissance cabin, navigational enclosure, gyropost, housing for officers and chief officers, alune, dryer, pantries. Since there were reactors in the adjacent 5th compartment, the entrance to it was equipped with vestibules with biological protection.

In the 6th compartment, two main turbo-gear units were installed side by side, and in the 7th compartment, the same number of autonomous turbine generators with power protection and distribution systems and in the town of a water chemical laboratory. In an emergency, the 5th, 6th and 7th compartments were put into a special mode. Auxiliary equipment was placed in the 8th compartment. Passing from it to the 7th, it was necessary to pass the sanitary lock for decontamination. It also had a hatch to the upper deck with a coaming platform for receiving a rescue diving bell. In the 9th, aft compartment, there were drives for large and small horizontal and vertical rudders, trim tanks and a hold post.

The construction of the submarine was entrusted to the Severodvinsk plant number 402, which began preparations for it in 1959 with the training of workers and the creation of an experimental site in workshop number 42 for mastering the technology of welding body parts made of titanium alloy. In 1961, TsNII-48 created such an alloy 48-OTZ with a yield point of at least 60 kgf / mm! and developed a technology for the manufacture of large sheets with a thickness of 5-60 mm, profiles, forgings, shaped castings and - with the specialists of TsNII-138 - methods of manual, semi-automatic and automatic welding. The creation of unique component equipment was going on hard, the supply of the alloy was delayed, the weapons were still to be tested. By the end of 1962, the enterprises had completed 204 out of 380 works, plant No. 402 received only 872 tons of sheet and profile metal for experimental structures. In 1963, the construction was accelerated, and on December 28, the official laying of the ship took place in the 42nd shop.

In 1964 N.N. Isanin was transferred to SPMBM, and the following year N.F. Shulzhenko. Only on December 14, 1968, the boat was taken out of the workshop, on the 21st it was launched and on the 26th it was presented for mooring tests. Even during construction, the low quality of the titanium alloy was revealed - cracks appeared in the sheets, and about 20% of the lining of the light hull had to be replaced. During mooring tests, despite the one hundred percent luminescent control of the plating, 10 main ballast tanks were found to be leaking, the ship had to be brought into the dock, and only in December 1969 the factory sea trials began.

Winter in the White Sea is not the best time for this, but it was impossible to postpone testing until spring. Therefore, contrary to the saying: "The fleet does not fight on Monday," it was on Monday, and on the 13th, that the submarine was "pushed" into the sea. On it was the regular crew of Captain 1st Rank Yu.F. Golubkova, passing - K.M. Palkin, specialist contractors and representatives of the customer. The senior was the commander of a brigade of ships under construction, Captain 1st Rank V.V. Gorontsov, December 17, after checking the power plant at full power, K-162 developed 42 nodes in a submerged position - this has never happened before!

On December 19, at sea, the boat was presented to the State Acceptance Commission headed by Rear Admiral F.I. Maslov. During the tests, at speeds above 35 knots, they encountered a hitherto unknown phenomenon - a strong noise, like a hum jet plane; a tremendous pressure of water tore off the door in the cockpit fence, three hatches in the bow setting, strips on the entrance gratings of the main circulation routes and the fairing of the aft emergency buoy. As a result, on December 25, the boat returned to the factory for repair, and the next day F.I. Maslov and N.F. Shulzhenko flew to Moscow. After their report, the command of the Navy and the leadership of the Ministry of Sudprom decided to stop testing and transfer the K-162 to the fleet for a two-year trial operation. During the first year, the boat went to sea 11 times, covered 31410 miles under water and 7673 on the surface. In September - December 1970 she made a trip to the southern latitudes. During that period, the boat reached a speed of 44.7 knots underwater - this is a world record, and it remains unsurpassed ...

K-162 was a kind of litmus test (albeit an expensive one) in the implementation of the program of a sharp rise in the submarine fleet. For 5 years, we have established the extraction and processing of titanium ores, the production of alloys from them, tested products from these alloys, which ensured the development of the nuclear and rocket and space industries and the construction of nuclear-powered ships of projects 670, 705,685 and other technical means. The designed nuclear power plant served as a prototype for similar units of the next generation, as well as the world's first P-70 cruise missiles with an underwater launch, radio electronics, air system high pressure and other devices and assemblies. And the K-162 itself remained in service until 1988.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of the K-162 project 661 submarine:

normal displacement -5197 t; surface speed - 16 knots; underwater - over 38 knots; armament: 10 cruise missiles of the Amethyst complex, 4 torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm, 12 torpedoes, the Sigma-661 navigation system, PENS-9 periscope, RLK-101 surface target detection radar, transponder radar station identification "Nichrome", hydroacoustic complex "Rubin", hydroacoustic stations MG-509 t MGS-29; power plant - two reactors B-S power 177 MW, the main turbo-gear unit 618 - two 40 thousand hp each, the OK-3 turbine generator - two 3 thousand kW each; maximum immersion depth - 400 m, autonomy - 70 days; length - 106.9 m, width of the outer hull - 11.5 m, width along the stabilizers - 16.7 m, height along the roof of the wheelhouse fencing - 14.5 m, draft - 8 m, crew - 75 people

On the diagram of the nuclear submarine of Project 661, the numbers indicate:

1 - bow torpedo tubes, 2 - spare torpedoes, 3 - bow compartment, 4 - 3rd compartment, 5 - strong wheelhouse, 6 - pop-up rescue chamber, 7 - central post, 6 - emergency loading hatch, 9 - main turbo-toothed units, 10 - turbine generators, 11 - auxiliary mechanisms compartment, 12 - steering gear compartment, 13 - vertical rudder, 14 - propellers, 15 - gyropost, 16 - hydroacoustic equipment, 17 - hydroacoustic baffle, 18 - missile containers, 19 - bow retractable horizontal handlebars.

Vsevolod ZHARKOV,
deputy chief designer
Federal state unitary enterprise
SPMBA "Malachite"

Technology-Youth, No. 4 "2003

The fastest submarine of all times and peoples is the Project 661 K-162 submarine. It could develop a submerged speed of 44.7 knots, which is equivalent to 80.4 km / h. For reference, it must be said that the average speed of nuclear submarines is 30 knots underwater, which is roughly equivalent to 55.5 km / h. For example, Project 955 Borey submarines have an underwater speed of 29 knots or 53.7 km / h. For comparison, the US nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Nimetz has a maximum speed of 30 knots or 56 km / h.

Atomic Submarine K-162 of project 661 "Anchar" was laid down on December 28, 1963, launched on December 12, 1968. A year later, on December 31, 1969, she completed state tests. From January 1970 to December 1971, the boat was in trial operation. , it has been in existence since 1971.

Project 661 nuclear submarine K-162 was intended to combat enemy ships at long distances. In particular, to combat aircraft carriers. To do this, she was armed with cruise missiles with a solid-propellant starting engine, the missile received the name PRK "Amethyst." This is the first submarine of the USSR, equipped with the world's first underwater launch missile, which could launch missiles from under water. flight range, in comparison, for example, with the already used P-6 missiles, which had a range of up to 400 km, while the "Amethyst" has only 100 km. However, the factor of surprise, namely the possibility of launching from under the water, played a decisive role.

An innovation was also a two-hull scheme of the boat. The light hull gave it the correct hydrodynamic shape, 2 propellers were installed in the stern. At the front there was a solid, figure-eight inner case. The body was made of titanium.

The power plant consisted of two water-cooled nuclear reactors with a capacity of 2x177.4 MW.

Details about boat speed

When conducting tests at a speed of 35 knots at the central station of the boat, noise arose due to turbulent flows, which reached 100 dB. The noise itself came from outside the boat. When tested in 1971, the boat developed a speed of 44.7 knots (80.4 km / h). This speed record has not yet been broken to this day.

The boat, during operation, gave certain equipment failures, one might say it was the first of its kind and experimental. There was an attempt to create on the basis of it - a new high-speed boat of project 661M. but world trend development of submarines went towards noiselessness and stealth. Project 661M was not implemented, however, the boat gave a lot of experience in the construction and operation of submarines.

In August 1971, an interesting incident occurred that surprised the entire Pentagon. On the newest aircraft carrier Saratoga, acoustics discovered an unknown object that was moving at a tremendous speed to overtake. The boat overtook the aircraft carrier under water. mysterious object remained mystical until the end of the 80s, when it turned out that the project 661 K-162 boat went to overtake.

US Navy Admiral Robert Kars, in an article published in 1990 in The Washington Post, first applied the term "carrier killer" to this unique Soviet submarine.

Technical characteristics of the K-162 project 661 submarine:

Characteristics	Parameters
Displacement
Surface normal:	5200 tons
Scuba:	8770 tons
Travel speed
Full underwater GTZA:	37-38 knots (44.7 - maximum)
Full surface under GTZA:	19 knots
Immersion depth
Limit:	400 meters
Shipbuilding elements
Length:	106.4 meters
Width:	11.5 meters
Average draft:	7.8 meters
Constructive type:	Double-hull
Armament
Cruise missiles:	10 x "Amethyst"
533-mm bow torpedo tubes:	4
Total number of torpedoes:	12
Power plant
A type:	Atomic
PPU type:	B-5R
Number of reactors:	2
Type of vocational school:	GTZA-618
Number x power (on the shaft) PTU, hp:	2 x 40,000 hp
Number x power of TG, kW:	2 x 3000 (OK-3 type)
Number of shafts:	2
AB type, number of AB groups x number of elements:	Silver-zinc STsM (STs-55), 2 x 152
Habitability
Autonomy:	70 days
Crew:	75 (80?) People (including 25 officers)

Video review of the project 661 K-162 submarine

On April 7, 1989, one of the largest tragedies in the history of the Russian Navy's submarine forces took place. As a result of a sudden fire in the Norwegian Sea, the submarine "Komsomolets" sank, the only submarine of the project 685 "Plavnik", which is still considered the record-holder for diving depth. For centuries, people dreamed of building ships that could move under water, but the first real submarines were built only in the 19th century. And then they were used for military purposes. Currently, submarines are used in the navies of 33 countries, including Russia. And it is the domestic submarines that hold a number of world records: diving depth, speed, maneuverability and hull size.

The deepest submarine - K-278 "Komsomolets" (project 685 "Plavnik")

Work on this project began in the USSR in 1966. His goal was to create a submarine with an increased immersion depth, making it invulnerable to enemy weapons and radars. The task turned out to be difficult: the design phase lasted almost 8 years and was completed only in 1974. The construction of the K-278 submarine of the Fin project took a little over five years, from April 22, 1978 to May 3, 1983, when the submarine was launched. After successful sea trials, the K-278 became part of Northern Fleet and already in August 1984 set a world record for diving depth - 1020 meters. At the same time, the Fin was not only capable of being at this depth without harm to itself, but also made torpedo firing from it. It was assumed that the maximum immersion depth for this submarine will be 1250 meters. In February 1989, the K-278 was named "Komsomolets". NATO military specialists who did not know the official names of the Soviet military equipment, gave "Komsomolets" the code designation Mike. This submarine was the pride of the Russian submarine building. Unfortunately, she managed to complete only three military services.
At 11 a.m. on April 7, 1989, during the return of the submarine from the last mission, a fire broke out inside it, which could not be liquidated. At 11.14 Komsomolets surfaced, but the fire continued. By this time, rescue ships were already heading for the submarine in distress. At about 16.30, a series of explosions occurred inside the K-278, and water began to penetrate into the aft compartments. The crew began to prepare for the evacuation, but events developed too quickly. At 17.08 the submarine sank. The rescue vessel that arrived at the scene managed to save only 27 of the 69 crew members. It was not possible to establish the exact causes of the tragedy. According to one version, the whole thing was in the design flaws of the K-278, according to others - in the inept actions of the crew. Currently, the sunken Komsomolets lies at the bottom of the Norwegian Sea.

The largest submarine - "Akula" (project 941)

In the early 1970s, a project was launched in the United States of America to create a new solid-propellant missile with a range of more than 7,000 km, as well as nuclear submarines with an increased level of stealth and the ability to carry 24 such missiles. This series of submarines was named "Ohio". In response to this, the USSR began developing new R-39 (RSM-52) intercontinental ballistic missiles. In terms of flight range (more than 8300 km), as well as some other characteristics, the R-52 was superior to the new American Trident I missile, but it was almost twice as long and three times heavier. For such missiles, new missile submarine cruisers were needed. This is how Project 941 Akula submarines were created, which became the largest submarines in the world. In the NATO classification, they were named SSBN Typhoon. On September 23, 1980, the first "Shark" was launched. Its greatest length (that is, the distance between the points of the ship most distant from each other along the length) is 172 meters, the greatest width is 23.3 meters. The Akula's underwater displacement is more than twice the surface displacement: 48,000 tons versus 23,200 tons. When submerged, half of the submarine's weight falls on ballast water, for which Project 941 received the nickname "Vodovoz".
Thanks to new system reducing hydroacoustic noise, "Akula" has become the quietest domestic submarine in its class. In addition, she was, perhaps, the most comfortable submarine in the world: there was a place for a gym, a lounge for relaxation, a solarium and a "living corner" in it. The "Akula" even has a swimming pool measuring 4m2m and a depth of 2m, which is filled with seawater with the possibility of heating, as well as a sauna sheathed with oak planks. The officers' cabins are equipped with TVs and air conditioners. It was this increased comfort that gave Project 941 another nickname - "The Floating Hilton". From 1981 to 1989, 6 submarines were built of this type... Three of them have been disposed of by now (as they say among sailors - "sawed on pins and needles") as part of the implementation of the SALT-2 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Two more submarines from this series underwent maintenance repairs in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the last, Dmitry Donskoy, is currently being used to test the newest Russian ballistic missile Bulava.

The fastest submarine - K-222 (project 661 "Anchar")

Work on this boat began in 1959. The goal of the project was to create a new high-speed submarine with a titanium alloy hull, as well as an improved nuclear power plant and the ability to launch cruise missiles from under water. In order to stimulate the search for new technical solutions, it was forbidden to use existing equipment, instruments, equipment and automation systems. In fact, the new submarine was made from scratch, which significantly increased the terms of its design and construction, and also increased its cost. For its high cost, this submarine received the nickname "Goldfish" in the Navy. The result was a unique submarine that has no analogues in the whole world, called the K-162. In terms of its running and maneuvering qualities, it surpassed all the submarines that existed at that time in the Soviet Union and abroad. In 1969, the construction of the K-162 was completed. On state tests at 80% reactor power, it developed a speed of 42 knots, which was 4 knots higher than its specification requirements. In 1971, at full power, she showed a speed of 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h), which to this day is considered the absolute speed record among submarines.

However, it was found that at a speed of more than 35 knots, the turbulent flow around the hull of the submarine creates noise, which reached 100 decibels at the central station of the boat. This deprived the boat of stealth and interfered with the work of the crew. In addition, during operation, low reliability of mechanisms and equipment was revealed. In 1970, K-162 was transferred to the Northern Fleet, and in 1971 it made its first military campaign (from the Greenland Sea to the Brazilian depression). In 1978 this submarine was renamed K-222, in 1988 it was put into reserve. In 2008, its dismantling began. In the NATO classification, the K-222 was called Papa.

The most maneuverable submarine - "Lira" (project 705, 705K)

These small submarines were designed as high-speed interceptors, capable of overtaking and destroying enemy submarines detected by locating means before information about their location becomes obsolete. When creating them, the designers deviated from some of the foundations of submarine shipbuilding, which made it possible to implement a number of innovative technical solutions. New materials were created especially for these submarines and technical means based on the latest advances in science and technology of the time. For the manufacture of the hull and some other structural elements, titanium alloys were used, which made it possible to reduce the weight of the boat and increase its strength. One of the challenges faced by the creators of the 705 project was a combination of a small (about 2000 tons) displacement and high speed, which required a powerful reactor. In May 1960, the project was finally approved, but three years later it became clear that the design of the interceptor submarine was incomplete. Then it was decided to increase the displacement of the submarine, as well as double the number of compartments and the size of the team.
So in 1977, the submarine 705K ("Lira") appeared, an improved version of Project 705. Its surface displacement was 2300 tons, underwater - 3180 tons, and the maximum speed was 41 knots. In other words, the speed of movement of 705K was second only to "Anchar". Lyra was able to reach full speed in one minute, she could pursue any sea ​​ship or break away from pursuit from any adversary. The highest maneuverability of this submarine is characterized by its ability to make a 180 ° turn at maximum speed in 42 seconds and start moving in the opposite direction. To service the new submarine, a crew of 32 people was required. Project 705K submarines, which bore the name Alfa in the NATO classification, were in service for 20 years. During their operation, not a single person from the crew died, however, significant shortcomings were identified that impede the effective use of these submarines. In 1990, almost all "Lyras" were expelled from the fleet. Submarine K-123, which was on overhaul from 1983 to 1992, it was disabled only in 1997.

"K-162 is the fastest!" - said the sailors about a super-high-speed nuclear submarine. Designers who worked on the creation of military equipment in the USSR often managed to create samples that were ahead of the world level. However, for reasons of total secrecy, few people knew about military-technical records at that time.
7 records of the submarine K-162
Speed
On December 18, 1970, the Soviet nuclear-powered multipurpose submarine of project 661 Anchar K-162 reached a speed of 44.7 knots under water, which corresponds to 82.78 km / h by land standards. The submarine cruisers were not shown either before or after such a tremendous speed.
The decision to design this submarine was made in 1959. In the Western European part of the country, not all the ruins of the last war were removed, even in large cities horse-drawn transport was commonplace, and a titanium nuclear submarine - the first titanium submarine in the world - was laid on the stocks. For this boat, special anti-ship missiles "Amethyst" with an underwater launch were created, especially powerful nuclear reactors... Much of the new submarine was implemented not only for the first time in the USSR, but also for the first time in the world. The commissioning of the K-162, without exaggeration, can be compared with the launch of the first man into Space.
Price
Not so long ago, the cost of design and construction of the project was announced at 661 - 240 million rubles. At the then official exchange rate, a little more than $ 200 million. Sheer pennies, considering that now nuclear submarines cost a billion ... dollars. Fifty years ago, 200 million was expensive. And "Anchar" was called "goldfish". Although it can be said, the fabulous name meant: “ gold fish»Is able to fulfill any desire of her team.
Possibilities
For this submarine, impossible tasks truly did not exist. She could catch up and chase any warship, and, if necessary, destroy it.
From September 25 to December 4, 1971, K-162 made a long voyage to the Atlantic. During this campaign, the Soviet submarine literally stuck to the US aircraft carrier Saratoga. Despite the fact that the American ship developed and kept the speed of 30 knots for a long time, it could not get away. As the then commander of the nuclear submarine Yuri Golubkov recalled, he felt a real opportunity to take any desired position relative to the aircraft carrier and destroy it with the first salvo.
There was a case when K-162 worked out learning objectives in the Barents Sea, almost in the same place where the Kursk died decades later. The crew of the boat recorded that it was being pursued by an alien submarine. Due to its high speed and maneuverable characteristics, the K-162 itself went into the tail of the enemy submarine and held it at gunpoint until it disappeared into neutral waters.
Characteristics
Main characteristics of K-162: maximum length - 106.9 m, maximum width along stabilizers - 16.7 m, normal displacement - 5200 tons, long full underwater speed - 37-38 knots, immersion depth (maximum / working) - 550 / 400 m, autonomy - 70 days, crew - 82 people, armament - 10 launchers of P-120 "Amethyst" missiles (located in the bow of the submarine onboard outside the strong hull obliquely to the horizon), 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber at the total received torpedoes 12 (of which 8 are spare). The torpedo tubes provided bubble-free firing of torpedoes from submarine immersion depths of up to 200 m.
Uniqueness
"Goldfish" and remained the only one of its kind. And not only because it was too expensive - many of her performance characteristics have ceased to meet the requirements of the time. But a lot of know-how was worked out on it, which later, in a significantly improved form, was implemented on other projects of nuclear submarines - multipurpose and strategic.
At the end of the 1970s, the Navy entered the ranks of perhaps the most unique of the serial nuclear submarines in the world. These are multipurpose submarines of Project 705 "Lira", according to NATO classification - "Alpha". The boats were notable for their small size, a very high degree of automation, they were super-maneuverable and ultra-fast.
The submerged speed was 41 knots, which was not much inferior to the record one shown by the boat of the Anchar project. According to Western submariners, it was almost impossible to dodge the Lyra's attack, and it was extremely difficult to hit her herself, even with guided torpedoes - the Lear's maneuverability was higher, and the boat easily evaded torpedoes fired at it. Unfortunately, these excellent submarines did not receive development either, and in the 1990s they were completely decommissioned from the Navy's submarine forces.
In May 1983 in Severodvinsk, the Project 685 "Plavnik" K-278 deep-sea nuclear submarine was launched. She went down in history under the name "Komsomolets" as a boat that was destroyed by a fire on board.
K-162 also remained one of a kind. It did not manage to really work out technical innovations, many of which were revolutionary. She was in service too little, and in the 1990s, the Russian submarine fleet almost ceased to exist. Nevertheless, two records of the K-162 remained unsurpassed.
Depth On August 4, 1985, Komsomolets sank to a depth of 1,027 meters. This is an absolute record for submarines. Upon surfacing at a depth of 800 meters, a torpedo salvo was fired. Never before had torpedoes been fired from such depths. The invulnerability of the K-162 project was confirmed. At a depth of 800 meters, this submarine can only be hit with a nuclear charge, and it could hit any surface or submarine with a torpedo. Alas, it seemed that the unsinkable titanium submarine sank on April 7, 1989 in the Norwegian Sea after a fire that happened on board for an unexplained reason.
Unique "Shark"
In the late 1970s, Project 941 "Akula" strategic nuclear-powered missile submarines were introduced into the Soviet Navy. These were the largest submarines in the world. The underwater displacement was 48 thousand tons. For comparison, the American "Ohio" had an underwater displacement of 18.7 thousand tons. "Sharks" were also the only catamaran-type boats in the world - they had two robust hulls independent of each other, between which there were launchers. This design significantly increased the survivability of the submarine cruiser. However, this did not save Project 941. After the collapse of the USSR, at the request of the United States, all cruisers were disarmed, their strategic missiles were physically destroyed, production technology and technological lines were also eliminated. Currently, the hulls of the giant submarines still afloat are being dismantled - very striking symbols of the power of the strategic submarine fleet of the USSR.

Service history
January 27, 1965. Secondarily enlisted in the lists of the Navy ships as K-162 KrPL.
Autumn 1965. The first crew has been formed.
December 31, 1969. She entered service.
January 9, 1970 Joined the Red Banner Northern Fleet.
December 14, 1970 Arrived to permanent place based in West Face.
December 18, 1970 Tests took place, during which a world speed record was set under water. Rear Admiral Vladimir Petrovich Maslov, Chairman of the State Acceptance Commission, Nikolai Fedoseevich Shulzhenko, Chief Designer, and Kuzma Mikhailovich Palkin, the responsible deliverer, agreed on a maneuver - the development of the maximum possible move. But for this it was necessary to block the emergency protection of the turbines and switch to manual control the main turbo-gear unit (GTZA). The turbine control post was taken over by the engineer of the turbine manufacturer of the Kirov plant Alexander Skvortsov. With a reactor power of 97%, a speed of 44.7 knots (82.78 km / h) was achieved at a submersion depth of 100 m.
December 29, 1970 Enrolled in the 11th DIPL of the 1st FLPL of the KSF based on Zapadnaya Litsa.
March 30, 1971. The ship was tasked with entering the Motovskaya measuring line and fixing the maximum speed not only by its own (ship's) instruments, but also by the observation of hydrographic vessels. This event was supposed to take place on the day and hour of the opening of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, to which it was supposed to send a report from the sea about the world speed record. Unfortunately, due to stormy weather, the hydrographic vessels were unable to go to sea. And when the storm subsided, the decision to report to the congress was canceled. The senior on board - the chairman of the experimental operation commission, the deputy commander of the 11th submarine submarine submarine captain 1st rank Ernest Bouillon allowed to develop the course at 100% of the reactor power. Two tacks were made, a speed of 44.85 knots (83.06 km / h) was reached, and on the third tack they failed to control the turbines. The senior on board decided to end the risky mode of movement. Thus, in official documents the world record for diving speed remained - 44.7 knots.
September 25 - December 4, 1971. She made a long voyage to full autonomy in the Atlantic Ocean (from the Greenland Sea to the Brazilian Basin), where she demonstrated high speed qualities, in pursuit of the US strike aircraft carrier Saratoga. During the cruise, there were 129 people on board (instead of 83 in the state). For two and a half months, the boat surfaced only once.
October 24, 1972 - January 6, 1975. Was in the middle of repair at the Sevmash plant in Severodvinsk.
January 15, 1978 A new tactical number was assigned - K-222.
June 1984. It was listed in the 50th submarine of the 9th submarine based on Ura-Guba, the village of Vidyaevo.
December 1984. Out of service. Laid up in Severodvinsk.
March 14, 1989 Excluded from the Navy.
November 7, 1999. The flag of the Navy was lowered. The ship was handed over to the civilian crew of the Sevmash enterprise.
Last 20 years
Since 1988, the boat has been in reserve, in storage at the naval base in Severodvinsk. In 2008, the dismantling of K-222 at Sevmash began. On July 23, 2008, the boat was transferred from the Sevmash Production Association to the pier of the Zvyozdochka ship repair center for further disposal. 2010 September - October: utilized at OJSC TsS Zvezdochka, the three-compartment unit is afloat not far from berth No. 27 (Severodvinsk).

A unique submarine began its service almost forty years ago. This fastest submarine set a record of 80.4 km / h. The order to create it came in 1959, and it left the stocks in the mid-70s. The submarine was not destined to become mass - a single copy was created.

The beginning of the way

It all began with the development by the Americans in the middle of the last century of a new military doctrine - a special strategy of realistic intimidation. America began to rebuild Navy to take control of the world's oceans. Great attention was given to aircraft carrier strike ships. The USSR had none of this, and in order to put something in opposition, emphasis was placed on submarines. The disadvantage of the already existing submarines was the need to be on the surface to launch the rocket.

The designers were tasked with making an underwater launch cruise missile designed to attack large ships. They successfully completed the mission by creating the Amethyst missile system. The new missiles, in addition to the possibility of an underwater launch, had the possibility of autonomous control, which allowed the submarine to escape from the enemy immediately after the strike.

But one missile system was not enough. What was needed was the fastest submarine that could carry deadly shells. It was then that the project 661, the K-162 Anchar submarine, was launched. The K-162 boat was developed by thousands of specialists who worked in harsh conditions. It was necessary not only to create a new submarine - it was forbidden to use any solutions previously applied. A machine of the future was needed, unparalleled in the world. At the same time, she should develop as much as possible possible speed- the missiles had a short flight range.

Creating a legend

The project was led by a prominent scientist of those times, Nikolai Isanin. As a skilled specialist, he was almost unknown to anyone. The project was completed in December 1960. Almost everything was here for the first time. Instead of the usual control system, it had a steering wheel. The work of the mechanisms began to be monitored with the help of television cameras. Many systems were controlled by automation.

A couple was responsible for the energy nuclear reactors... The submarine used an innovative nuclear steam power plant developed specifically for it. Its power was significantly higher than that of any other submarine. Fully fueled with nuclear fuel, it could circumnavigate the globe four times at full speed. For Americans, the development has become the subject of outright envy.

The greatest attention was paid to noise reduction, although at full speed the fastest submarine was still very noisy. Automation made it possible to significantly reduce the size of the crew, and living conditions became much better. The cabins were comfortable, there was good ventilation, air regeneration, air purification system, heating, the possibility of preparing hot food and ice cream.

The submarine K-162 did not even visually resemble its predecessors in any way - resembling the shape of a whale, it received the nickname "goldfish". The choice of material for the case was also approached outside the box. For the first time in the world, a titanium alloy was used - strong, lightweight, corrosion resistant. All this required additional time, and the delays caused the indignation of the country's leadership. As a result, they came to the decision to assemble the same boat as soon as possible, but from ship steel - this was another project - 670. It really was possible to assemble it much faster - the first such submarine went on its maiden voyage in 1967. There were 17 of them in total, but the titanium original remained in the port.

End of service

They reached the finish line only at the end of 1969. The launch of the submarine was planned to coincide with Brezhnev's birthday - December 17. The test launch took place on the 13th. During the first start, the submarine managed to accelerate to 77 km / h - this became a record. When the fastest submarine in the world rose to the surface, they could not recognize it - all the paint was completely stripped off, while welds smoothed out. In another year, it will be possible to update the record by accelerating to 83 km / h.

After the tests, the submarine was repainted, and it became part of the Northern Fleet. It was after this, in 1971, that the legendary incident with the aircraft carrier "Saratoga" took place. He was on his way to the base in Miami when the sailors discovered a pursuing submarine. They did not manage to get away from her. The Soviet submarine could easily overtake the aircraft carrier that the United States was proud of. The Americans received a severe blow to their pride.

For all its merits, this submarine was inconvenient in operation, it was often repaired. The most serious accident happened in the late 70s. Due to the fact that we had to hurry during the planned repair, a mistake was made, the reactor began to accelerate without water supply. A bursting compensator of the main pump saved the boat, several compartments were flooded with radioactive water, people were not injured. The State Commission ordered to replace the broken mechanism, but the submarine was in a single copy, and the production facilities on which it was created had already been disbanded. Nevertheless, the specialists managed to solve the problem, and the submarine worked for many more years. The legendary car, nicknamed "Papa" from the Americans, was disposed of only in 2010.