Submarine 705. Legend of the fleet: nuclear submarine "Lyra. What kind of fleet can be considered ocean

Main characteristics Ship type PAYMENT Project designation 705, 705K "Lira" NATO classification "Alfa" Speed (surface) 14 knots Speed (underwater) up to 41 knots Working immersion depth 320 m Immersion depth limit 450 m Swimming autonomy 50 days Crew 32 persons Dimensions (edit) Displacement above water 2300(2280 ) Displacement underwater 3180 t Maximum length (at design waterline) 81.4 (79.6) m Body width naib. 10.0 m (with stabilizers 13.5 m) Average draft (at design waterline) 7.6 m Power point Armament Torpedo
mine weapons 6 TA caliber 533 mm.
Ammunition: 20 SAET-60 and SET-65 torpedoes or 24 PMR-1 and PMR-2 mines. Images at Wikimedia Commons

Submarines of projects 705, 705K "Lira"(NATO classification - "Alfa") - a series of Soviet nuclear submarines. Small high-speed single-shaft boats with a titanium hull had no analogues in terms of speed and maneuverability and were designed to destroy enemy submarines. Difficulties in the maintenance of these submarines and the reduction in funding due to the beginning of Perestroika led to the end of the career of these ships.

Outdoor furniture-373

On September 17, 2009, at the SevRAO enterprise (Gremikha), the spent removable parts (OHF) of the reactor of the submarine K-373 (No. 910) were unloaded. The difficulty was that in 1989 an accident occurred in the reactor compartment. It was originally planned to store the reactor block onshore for 100 years, but then this decision was revised. In 2008, a scheme was developed for decontamination and termination of the release of radionuclides (first stage) and subsequent unloading of VHF (second stage).

The first stage was completed in June 2009, the second in September. The work was financed by the CAE of France within the framework of the program of cooperation with Russia in the field of nuclear and radiation safety. The total cost of the work was about 5 million euros. The unloaded parts are temporarily located in special containers on the territory of FSUE "SevRAO", their processing is planned for 2012 ... 2014.

Outdoor furniture-64

In July 2011, it was reported that the reactor was unloaded from the K-64 submarine, which in 1971 was recognized as an emergency after discovered malfunctions in the power plant, and in the 1980s it was prepared for sinking. The reactor compartment was filled with epoxy resin, concreted, and covered with about 100 tons of bitumen on top. However, the submarine was not flooded and was stored all this time in Sayda Bay. Preparatory work before the removal of the reactor took eight months. The total cost of work on the preparation, unloading of fuel and further disposal of the reactor of the damaged boat is estimated at 400-500 million rubles, part of the work is financed by France. As of July 2011, the reactor was placed in a sarcophagus and fuel elements were to be unloaded from it.

Project evaluation

Project 705 (705K) submarines became an example in the Soviet Navy of how a conceptually advanced idea turns into a complete failure in its implementation. The attempt to create a highly efficient and at the same time cheap submarine "fighter" completely failed.

The Lira-class submarines had exceptional speed and maneuverability. According to this indicator, they had no equal in the world and became the first submarines in history that could successfully evade enemy torpedoes precisely due to their speed and maneuverability. The same qualities provided boats, under certain conditions, and some tactical advantages when tracking enemy submarines. However, the list of advantages of the project ended there.

The reliability of the project 705 (705K) submarine turned out to be below any criticism. Submarine mechanisms were constantly out of order, and their repair was extremely difficult both by the lack of spare parts and by the difficulty of accessing the units and devices. The small number of the crew, one of the trump cards of the project, led to the fact that it was impossible to service the boat at sea with such a small number of people. The complex automation of project 705 (705K) did not at all provide for the management of systems in emergency situations, and since the element base became obsolete during construction, the reliability of all its elements turned out to be unsatisfactory. The peculiarities of the reactors of these submarines led to the fact that these ships could receive maintenance only in three bases of the fleet. Moreover, it was not possible to ensure reliable maintenance of the coolant alloy temperature using onshore facilities, and this problem was solved due to the heat of the reactor itself. This practice has led to overdevelopment of the resource. The personnel treated their unreliable ships negatively, especially since the living conditions on the "Lear" also left much to be desired.

As a result, the Soviet Navy received a series of very expensive and very unreliable submarines, whose outstanding advantages were easily covered by numerous shortcomings. It is not surprising that these submarines went out to sea quite rarely, and their active service was very short.

Notes (edit)

Literature

Apalkov Yu.V. Submarines Soviet Union... 1945-1991 T. II. - M: Morkniga, 2011. - ISBN 978-5-903081-42-4
Apalkov Yu.V. Submarines of the Soviet Union. 1945-1991 T. III. - M: Morkniga, 2012 .-- ISBN 978-5-903081-43-1

Projects of multipurpose nuclear submarines of the Navy of the USSR and Russia
1st generation	627 (A) "Kit" 645ZHMT "Kit" 659T

The idea of building a submarine - an interceptor for carrier strike forces was put forward in the late fifties. The alleged fighter boat for aircraft carriers and missile submarines was supposed to have unique maneuverability and submarine speed, capable of appearing in designated areas before operational data on the location of the enemy became obsolete.

According to the plan, the submarine, having an underwater speed exceeding 40 knots, with the timely detection of an enemy torpedo attack, had to get away from the torpedoes, having previously fired a volley from its torpedo tubes.

The small displacement of the boat in combination with a powerful power plant was supposed to provide a quick set of speed and high maneuverability. The submarine was supposed to move away from the berth wall on its own in a matter of minutes, quickly turn around in the water area and leave the base to solve a combat mission, and after returning "home" - dock independently.

The development of the project, which received the code 705, (according to NATO classification - "Alfa") was started by a group in SKB-193 (later called "Malachite") under the leadership of chief designer A.B. Petrov. The general management of the program was entrusted to Academician A.P. Alexandrova.

The creation of the nuclear submarine of project 705 became, according to the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee D.F. Ustinov, who oversaw the defense industry, was a "nationwide task." Powerful scientific forces were attracted to participate in the program, in particular, academicians V.A. Trapeznikov and A.G. Josephian.

To provide the specified tactical data, the submarine must have a displacement of about 1,500 tons, and a powerful and maneuverable power plant.

This conflicting demands was satisfied by a nuclear power plant using epithermal neutrons with a liquid metal coolant. An experimental nuclear submarine of project 645 K-27 was built to test a nuclear power plant with liquid metal fuel, which entered service on April 1, 1962.

In an autonomous voyage from April 21 to June 12, 1964 in the waters of the Central Atlantic, she broke records for the range of an autonomous campaign, the duration of scuba diving. True, later, after the start of construction of a series of submarines of the 705 project, an accident with a power plant occurred on the K-27, with the radiation of the entire crew and the death of 8 people. There was hope, using the experience gained, to finalize the design.

The second innovation, designed to provide the specified tactical properties of the submarine 705 of the project, was the use of titanium alloys in the design of a durable and lightweight boat hull. ... Due to its significantly greater strength, titanium made it possible to reduce the thickness of the hull plates and, accordingly, the weight of the nuclear submarine.

To test this innovation, an experimental nuclear submarine of project 661 K-162 was built. Building titanium submarines is a technical challenge. Titanium is a capricious material and at high temperatures, absorbing hydrogen from the air, it becomes brittle. Welding of structures is carried out in an argon atmosphere with tungsten electrodes doped with rare earth elements.

These technical difficulties caused a significant delay in the implementation of the project. By 1963. it became clear that the design was incomplete, which caused the change of the chief designer. M.G. Rusanov became the new chief designer.

He redesigned the boat, the displacement of which increased to 2,300 tons, the number of compartments increased from the original three to six.
The creation of a durable and lightweight titanium body made it possible to reduce the mass of the structure, and, consequently, the size of the wetted surface, on which the submarine speed depends.

The same goal, to reduce the mass of the submarine, was served by another innovation, the use of an alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz in the main power network.

Thanks to all these innovations, it was possible to create a high-speed nuclear submarine with a surface displacement of 2300 tons, a length of 81.4 meters, a width of 9.5 meters, and a draft of 7.6 meters.

The boats of the 705 project were equipped with an OKA-550 (or BM-40A) nuclear installation with one reactor with a liquid-metal coolant, with a thermal power of 155 MW, which provided, even with a displacement increased to 2300 tons, a speed of more than 40 knots.

An OK-7 steam turbine unit was an integral part of the nuclear plant, in which the specific indicators of domestic STUs were improved by 2-3 times. For comparable characteristics, OK-7 surpassed all foreign analogues.

The source of thermal energy was a nuclear reactor with a coolant in the primary circuit - a eutectic alloy of lead and bismuth. The main advantages of the boat reactor are:

High maneuverable characteristics, significantly exceeding the indicated indicators for pressurized water reactors;

Low pressure of the working medium in the primary circuit, and thermal properties of the coolant increase the thermodynamic reliability of the reactor installation and make impossible the "thermal" explosion of the reactor in emergency situations;

Greater environmental safety in the event of an accident, due to the natural freezing of the coolant.

Since it was impossible to accommodate a large crew in the limited volume of the submarine, another innovation was applied - complex automation of all technical equipment serviced by a crew of 20 people. 19 officers and one midshipman.

For example staffing table, I bring the composition, dear to me, of the second crew of the nuclear submarine K-64, with a warm feeling, remembering my colleagues.

1.Commander, Captain 2nd Rank Starkov Valery Viktorovich. The staff category is captain of the 1st rank. Graduated from the service as a senior researcher at the research institute, candidate of technical sciences, captain of the 1st rank

2. Senior mate, Captain 2nd Rank Bokov Nikolay Grigorievich. The staff category is captain of the 1st rank. He graduated from military service as a senior researcher at the research institute, captain of the 1st rank.

3. Assistant in Arms, Lieutenant-Commander Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Shcherbakov. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as the head of the department of the Naval Academy, doctor of naval sciences, professor, rear admiral.

4. Assistant for navigational weapons, Lieutenant-Commander Felix Alexandrovich Tyugin. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as the commander of the 595 technical crew of the 705 project.

5. Assistant for electronic weapons, Lieutenant-Commander Nikolai Grigorievich Pashuk. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as chief of staff of the 10th missile site, captain of the 1st rank.

6. Senior radio electronics engineer, Lieutenant-Commander German Sergeevich Korovkin. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as a senior teacher at the training center of the Navy, captain of the 2nd rank.

7. Senior Radiocommunication Engineer Lieutenant Laptev Vadim Fedorovich. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as deputy head of the research institute, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor, captain of the 1st rank.

8. Hydroacoustics engineer, lieutenant Sazhnev Nikolay Grigorievich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as the commander of the technical crew, captain of the 2nd rank.

9 software engineer computing, Lieutenant Dobrovolsky Valery Alekseevich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as an assistant to the flagship specialist of the flotilla, captain of the 2nd rank.

10.BCH-5 commander Captain 3rd rank Vsevolod Leonidovich Ovchinnikov. The staff category is captain of the 2nd rank. He graduated from military service as the head of the department, doctor of technical sciences, professor, captain of the 1st rank.

11. Senior Engineer of the Power Plant, Lieutenant-Commander Pavel Nikitovich Zaitsev. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as a senior lecturer at the Higher Medical School, captain of the 1st rank, associate professor.

12. Senior Engineer of the EPS, Lieutenant-Commander Andrey Prokofievich Vizhunov. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as a senior researcher at the research institute, captain of the 2nd rank.

13. Senior engineer of OKS, Lieutenant-Commander Gennady Sidorenkov. The staff category is captain of the 3rd rank. He graduated from military service as a senior teacher at the training center of the Navy, captain of the 2nd rank.

14. Engineer for automation of the power plant, lieutenant Lobanov Alexander Ivanovich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as the head of the department of higher medical education institution, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor, captain of the 1st rank.

15. Engineer for electrical equipment automation, Lieutenant Bakharev Yuri Ivanovich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as the head of the department of the Higher Medical Institute, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor, captain of the 1st rank.

16. Electrical engineer, Lieutenant Kirichenko Vladimir Pavlovich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as a senior researcher at the Research Institute, captain of the 2nd rank.

17. Engineer for automation of traffic control, Lieutenant Komarov Vladimir Ivanovich. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. In this rank he was discharged due to illness.

18.OKS automation engineer, Lieutenant Viktor Fedorovich Hoptenko. Staff category Lieutenant Commander. He graduated from military service as a senior officer of the Main Directorate of the General Administration, senior researcher, captain of the 1st rank.

19.Head of the medical service, captain of the medical service Vasilenko Vyacheslav Feodosievich. He graduated from military service as a senior researcher at the Military Medical Academy, lieutenant colonel of the medical service.

20.Kok, Warrant Officer Popivnenko Vasily Andreevich. The staff category is senior warrant officer. In this rank, he was transferred to the reserve.

All combat posts are control panels for various systems, designed in the central post, in the third, inhabited compartment, which is a shelter compartment, the spherical bulkheads of which were designed for the maximum submarine immersion depth of 400 meters.

Observation of the condition of uninhabited compartments was supposed to be done with the help of television cameras. For the purpose of rescuing all personnel, in the event of a submarine sinking at a depth of less than 400 meters, a pop-up deckhouse was intended.

For the first time on the nuclear submarine 705 of the project, pneumohydraulic torpedo tubes with deep firing and an automatic rapid loading system were used.

In addition to the two floating crews provided for all project 705 submarines, one technical crew was created, designed to service and maintain a group of submarines, while they were at the basing point.

It was proposed that at the base the boat was under the responsibility and constant supervision of the maintenance teams of the technical crew. One floating crew would be nearby in constant readiness to go to sea, and the second floating crew underwent inter-voyage training at the training center or was on vacation.

After going on alert, and the return of the first crew from the cruise, the boat would again go under the supervision of the technical crew. Now, the second crew would be in constant readiness to enter the sea, and the first one would go on inter-voyage training and on vacation. There should have been two such cycles a year.

On June 2, 1968, the K-64 nuclear submarine was laid down on the slipway of the Novo-Admiralteisky shipyard. By this time, the 39th brigade of newly built ships arrived in Leningrad, having completed the training course, both K-64 amphibious crews, with the aim of further studying technology and participating in the maintenance of the submarine under construction.

On April 22, 1969, on Lenin's birthday, the first submarine 705 of the K-64 project was launched from the slipway of the Novo-Admiralteyskiy plant. From the very one from which the cruiser Aurora was launched in May 1900.

Despite the secrecy and the cordoning off of the Neva by the Mining Institute, the submarine descent was met by a crowd of onlookers, and “enemy voices” informed the world about the launch of a fundamentally new submarine, christening it “Blue Whale”.

In 1970, a physical launch took place on the K-64 nuclear submarine nuclear reactor... And in October of the same year, the experienced K-64 was transferred to the dock along the White Sea-Baltic Canal to Severodvinsk to complete the tests. Both crews of the K-64 nuclear submarine departed for Severodvinsk and became part of the 339th brigade of submarines under construction.

On November 13, 1970, the nuclear submarine K-64, under the command of the commander of the first crew, Captain 1st Rank Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, went to sea for the first time on its own to demagnetize and measure the total magnetic field of the boat.

On July 4, 1971, during the tests, due to the breakdown of an abnormal plug on the superheated steam pipeline, steam was supplied high pressure into the reactor compartment. The accident was successfully eliminated without damage to the crew and builders of the nuclear submarine.

In November 1971, during the mooring tests, a serious accident occurred, one of the three loops of the primary circuit failed.
It was decided to continue the test on the two remaining loops.

On November 23, 1971, the K-64 nuclear submarine entered the factory sea trials. During the sea trials, the submarine, within 29 sailing days, covered 3481 miles (1513 - underwater), made 21 dives.

On December 5, 1971, state tests began on the ship.
On December 24, 1971, after another exit to the sea, the K-64 nuclear submarine without returning to Severodvinsk, moved to its permanent base in Zapadnaya Litsa.

On December 31, 1971, the boat entered service, and was enlisted in the Third Division of the First Flotilla of the KSF, based in Zapadnaya Litsa, with the aim of conducting experimental operation.

On January 23, 1972, 1 crew passed the first coursework problem.
However, in February 1972, in initial period pilot operation failed the second loop of the primary circuit. Due to the failure of two YR heat exchange loops, in February 1972, the K-64 nuclear submarine was taken to the reserve, and the construction of serial Project 705 submarines was suspended until the causes of the accident were clarified.

Attempts to eliminate the aria and restore the ship's combat capability continued. All this time, the reactor worked at a minimum controlled power to prevent freezing of the alloy. With the implementation of heat exchange along the remaining loop.

In April 1972, in preparation for going out to sea for the delivery of task No. 2, an accident occurred at the power plant - a coolant alloy froze in the first circuit. The reactor was shut down.

On June 3, 1972, she left under a diesel engine for docking at SRZ-10 in Polyarny.
After docking, the K-64 was towed from Polyarny to Severodvinsk.
There, at the Zvezdochka shipyard, the nuclear submarine stood for over a year, waiting for a decision about its fate.

Finally, on August 19, 1973, the damaged boat was decommissioned from the Navy. After detachment of the bow section at the Zvezdochka shipyard, which was docked to Leningrad, and there it was converted into a test bench, the stern compartments were put up in Severodvinsk. And the sailors joked bitterly: "The nuclear submarine K-64 is the longest boat in the world, the bow is in Leningrad, and the stern is in Severodvinsk."

So, without fanfare, the fate of the nuclear submarine K-64, the first boat of the 705 project, came to an end.
But the experience in the construction and short-term operation of the K-64 helped to bring the subsequent boats of this project to the necessary conditions.

In addition to the K-64, six more nuclear submarines were built, which, despite their novelty and uniqueness, proved to be battle-worthy ships, quite reliable in operation.

Throughout the entire period of operation, the ships were in service in constant readiness for combat use, participating in almost all exercises and maneuvers of the Navy, in the Atlantic and under the ice of the Arctic Ocean, while showing their high efficiency. Due to this, the connection of the nuclear submarine of project 705 in 1983 became the best connection in the navy.

The submarines of the formation demonstrated a high readiness to go to sea, due to the possibility of introducing a power plant in one hour, which made it possible to quickly disperse and ensure the successful withdrawal of the ship from the blow at the base.

High speed submarine, (the project 705 nuclear submarine was entered in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest-speed submarine in the world)
made it possible to quickly arrive in areas of combat destination.

High maneuverability, and the ability to gain maximum speed in one minute, made it possible to avoid anti-submarine torpedoes, and facilitated long-term tracking of foreign submarines. This was also facilitated by the small reflective surface of the ship, which provides a significant reduction in the reflected hydroacoustic signal, as well as the non-magnetic hull.

The division's submarine has repeatedly established long-term covert contacts with the potential enemy's nuclear submarine.
In the process of tracking, the ideal hull contours and rudder design provided the submarine 705 of the project with the ability to turn at high speed and with a minimum radius. In a duel situation, this did not give the enemy the opportunity to enter from the stern and attack from the shadow zone.

The submarines of the division worked out effective evasion maneuvers from the enemy's fired torpedoes, followed by a counterattack. At the same time, the boat on maximum speed stroke carried out a circulation of 180 ° and after 42 seconds moved in the opposite direction.

The combat information and control system "Akkord" has shown itself well in operation, which sharply increased the speed of solving combat missions. It was the first to process information from the navigation complex and periscopes, from the hydroacoustic complex and radar stations.

BIUS "Akkord", which preceded the creation of integrated combat control systems for the submarine, determined the movement elements of three targets and bearings for additional targets with indication on the commander's console, developed recommendations for the use of weapons, and automatically entered data into torpedoes and missiles.

She also solved navigation tasks, worked out recommendations for combat maneuvering of a single submarine and for controlling a group of submarines, ensured the implementation of combat training at sea and at the base.

The appearance of the Project 705 boats became a real sensation, since the combination of high speed comparable to the speed of anti-submarine torpedoes, great diving depth and high maneuverability forced our likely opponents to create a new generation of anti-submarine weapons.

American authors Norman Polmer and K. G. Moore in the book "The Cold War of Submarines" (Bgazzeu Jnc Washhington D / C, 2004) testify:
"The Alfa project is the most outstanding submarine of the 20th century. The Alfa project caused a shock in the naval circles of the West. We have modernized our Mk48 torpedoes with the aim of increasing the speed and depth of submersion to values exceeding those achieved by these exceptional submarines."
It should also be noted that the integrated automation of the ship, weapons and power plant control processes adopted in the project was effective and reliable. The actual resource of the ACS and GEM automation on all ships was more than 2 times exceeded.
It is very important that for all the years of operation of the Project 705 nuclear submarine, not a single person was lost.
At the same time, due to the weak readiness of the coastal support infrastructure, the mechanisms of the main power plant and general ship systems were forced to work 24 hours a day both at sea and at the base. This led to their rapid deterioration and the need for the constant presence of the crew on board the boat.
These factors, exacerbated by the complexity of repairs in a crumbling economy, and, most importantly, political decisions"Perestroika" led to the fact that, in the 1990s, these unique ships were decommissioned, although they could still serve for the good of the Motherland.
It is a great pity that all these factors actually killed the true "Russian underwater miracle". After all, complex automation, and other innovations of the project, by and large, fully justified themselves, and the NPP with liquid metal fuel have confirmed their efficiency, having accumulated about 70 reactor-years during the entire operation period of the 705 project.

To date, lead-bismuth technology at the industrial level has been mastered only in our country. In recent years, new Russian developments based on an alloy of bismuth and lead have been used as promising coolants for a fast neutron reactor. In particular, in SVBR-100 - power reactor electric power 100 MW

Project Lira nuclear submarine 705 (aka Alpha) ... The assessments of this nuclear submarine by leading Russian experts are "the lost firebird") ... We have something to be proud of, albeit something that has long passed.

It's really unique project- a boat that, in an underwater state, was able to sail from speed over 40 knots (about 80 km / h), which allowed her to attack any ship and sail away from it without any problems - boat - plane - interceptor. For this, the nuclear submarine 705 of the project had a powerful nuclear reactor, where an alloy of lead and bismuth was used as a coolant(boiling point - 1.679 ° С). - this gave the boat the ability to pick up speed very quickly.

The boat was equipped with the best systems and components at that time. Equipped only with midshipmen and officers - there were no ordinary sailors.

8 boats were built. Almost all were written off in 1990 ...

In the early 1980s, one of the Soviet nuclear submarines operating in the North Atlantic set a kind of record, for 22 hours tracking the nuclear-powered ship of a "potential enemy" while in its stern sector. Despite the desperate attempts of the NATO submarine commander to change the situation, it was not possible to throw the enemy off the tail: the tracking was stopped only after receiving the appropriate order from the shore.

This incident happened with the Project 705 submarine, perhaps the brightest and most controversial ship in the history of Russian submarine building.

Simultaneously with work on nuclear submarines of projects 627, 645 and 671 in the Leningrad SKB-142, an energetic search for new, unconventional technical solutions was going on that could provide a qualitative breakthrough in the development of submarine shipbuilding. In 1959, one of the leading specialists of SKB A.B. Petrov came up with a proposal to create a small-sized single-shaft complex-automated high-speed nuclear submarine with a reduced crew.

According to the concept, the new ship, a kind of "underwater fighter-interceptor", with an underwater speed exceeding 40 knots, was able to reach a given point of the ocean in an extremely short time to attack an underwater or surface enemy. With the timely detection of an enemy torpedo attack, the submarine had to move away from the torpedoes, having previously fired a volley from its torpedo tubes.

The small displacement of the boat (about 1,500 tons) in combination with a powerful power plant was supposed to provide a quick set of speed and high maneuverability. The submarine was supposed to move away from the berth wall on its own in a matter of minutes, quickly turn around in the water area and leave the base to solve a combat mission, and after returning "home" to moor independently.

After a very heated debate with the participation of representatives of the industry and the Navy, as well as the introduction of a number of significant changes to the project, the idea of such a submarine was supported by the leadership of the Ministry of Justice and the military. In particular, the Minister of the Shipbuilding Industry B.E. Butoma and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S.G. Gorshkov. A technical proposal for the project was prepared at the beginning of 1960, and on June 23, 1960, a joint decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the design and construction of a project 705 submarine.

On May 25, 1961, another decree appeared, allowing the scientific leadership and the chief designer of the project, if there are sufficient justifications, to deviate from the rules and regulations of military shipbuilding. This largely "untied the hands" of the creators of the new submarine, made it possible to embody the most daring, ahead of time technical solutions in its design.

Work on project 705 was headed by chief designer M.G. Rusanov (in 1977 he was replaced by V.A.Romin). The general management of the program was entrusted to Academician A.P. Alexandrova. The main observers from the Navy were V.V. Gordeev and K.I. Martynenko. The creation of the submarine of project 705 was, according to the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee D.F. Ustinov, who oversaw the defense industry, was a "nationwide task." Powerful scientific forces were attracted to participate in the program, in particular, academicians V.A. Trapeznikov and A.G. Josephian.

The greatest difficulty in the design of the Project 705 submarine was keeping the ship's displacement within 1500 ... 2000 tons and achieving high speed. To achieve a given 40-knot speed with a limited displacement, a highly stressed power plant with a large aggregate power was required. After studying various schemes of the power plant (in particular, a gas reactor was considered, which ensures the operation of a gas turbine), it was decided to stop at a single-reactor power plant with a liquid metal coolant (LMC) and increased steam parameters.

Calculations showed that the installation with liquid metal core, in comparison with a power plant with a traditional water-water reactor, provided savings of 300 tons of displacement. The proposal to create a single-reactor double-circuit steam generating plant, specially for the project 705 boat, similar to the PPU boat of the project 645, was received in 1960 from OKB Gidropress. Soon a government decision was made to develop such an installation. Academician A.I. Leipunsky.

At the same time, two alternative types of nuclear power plants were being designed: OKB "Gidropress" under the leadership of chief designer V.V. Stekolnikov, BM-40 / A was created (block, two-section, two steam lines, two circulation pumps), and at the Gorky OKBM under the leadership of I.I. Afrikanova OK-550 (block, with branched primary circuit lines with three steam lines and three circulation pumps).

It was decided to use a titanium alloy developed by the Central Research Institute of Metallurgy and Welding under the leadership of Academician I.V. Gorynin as the body material. Titanium alloys were also used for the manufacture of other structural elements and ship systems. For Project 705 submarines, new combat and technical means were created based on the latest achievements of science and technology of the 60s, having significantly improved weight and size characteristics. In order to meet the terms of reference, it was required to reduce the submarine crew to a level approximately corresponding to the crew of strategic bombers of the 1940-50s. As a result, a revolutionary decision for its time was made to create an integrated automated system management.

In the Central Design Bureau at the plant. Kulakov (now the Central Research Institute "Granit"), a unique combat information and control system (BIUS) "Akkord" was created for the ship, which made it possible to concentrate all control of the submarine at the central post. In the course of the design, the number of compartments in the robust hull was increased from three to six, and the displacement increased by one and a half times. The number of the ship's crew was changing. Initially, it was assumed that it would be 16 people, but later, according to the requirements of the Navy, the crew was brought to 29 people (25 officers and four warrant officers).

While writing the note, I managed to talk to my friend, who served on one of the 705 series submarines.

Well, everything written in the note turned out to be true. It's just that we talked about this project more than once - it appears that I can listen and didn’t lie.

The boat was really innovative, stuffed with new systems for the most not indulge ... But there were some flaws that ultimately chained her to the piers. On my own behalf, I will say that if OUR leaders had a desire to extend the series, then all the features would be resolved. So, from the disadvantages:

Special pier. Due to the peculiarities of the reactor - and it is cooled with a bismuth-lead mixture - the boat must stand on a specially equipped pier. Not a big drawback, but still

The reactor operates at full power almost constantly. That is, it wears out faster

If the reactor stalls, then the lead solidifies and the reactor becomes unusable ... that's it. paragraph

And the most important question - the replacement of the reactor was not worked out, that is, after the shutdown and solidification of the lead, the reactor installed in the boat no longer works. It's like an open-hearth furnace - the metal is frozen - throw out the furnace ...

“Today there are no more 705s in the ranks of the Russian submarine forces. By the 90s, it became impossible for Russia to maintain and operate ships of this class. The combat-ready submarines were withdrawn from the Navy and handed over for disposal, not having served the deadline. "

The Russian military leadership will consider the possibility of building nuclear submarine robots with a drastically reduced crew size through the automation of ship systems. This was reported on February 24 by Lenta.ru with reference to a source in the defense industry.

He recalled that such submarines - the Project 705 (then 705K) Lira nuclear torpedo submarines - were previously built in the USSR, and new technologies will make it possible to create their more reliable counterparts. According to the specialist, the Soviet submarines of this project were not very successful precisely because of the difficult Maintenance, which led to long breaks between hikes.

According to the interlocutor of the media, it seems more rational to create a robot submarine of the usual displacement for this class on the basis of proven technical solutions with the growth of automation.

- The crew of such a submarine can be reduced to 50-55, and later to 30-40 people.

Many experts in the field of the Navy believe that the nuclear submarines of project 705 were much ahead of their time, therefore, they were difficult to operate. As a result, in the 1990s, the boats were withdrawn from the fleet, and in the second half of the 2000s, they were disposed of. The submarine of the project was conceived as an "underwater fighter-interceptor". With a submerged speed exceeding 40 knots, it was capable of reaching a predetermined point in an extremely short time to attack an enemy underwater or surface object. With the timely detection of an attack, the submarine could get away from the torpedoes, having previously fired a volley from its torpedo tubes.

As historians, called "Alphas" in the West, note, these submarines could hang on the tail of NATO submarines for hours, not allowing them to either break away or counterattack, due to their advantage in maneuverability and speed. The unique characteristics of the nuclear submarine 705 of the project were noted in the Guinness Book of Records: high speed and maneuverability allowed it to make a 180-degree turn at full speed, which took only 42 seconds.

Model of the Project 705 Lira submarine (Photo: Dmitry Kopylov / TASS)

The boat had only one habitable compartment, and right above it - for the first time in the world - an emergency pop-up chamber that ensured the rescue of the entire crew from depth to the limit, even with significant heel. The introduction of Project 705 (705K) boats into the fleet came as an unpleasant surprise for the United States. This is how the American magazine Defense Electronics wrote in 1984:

- The appearance of the Soviet submarine of the "Alpha" type in the late 70s caught the US Navy by surprise. The new anti-submarine submarine has created a difficult situation for the American strategic forces - missile boats. The Alpha was also deep enough and fast enough to evade American torpedoes. Even the detection of a new boat seems difficult, since its hull is made of titanium, which, due to its non-magnetic properties, is invulnerable to magnetometric detection equipment. In addition, it is protected by an approximately six-inch coating that absorbs sound, making the submarine less detectable by acoustic means. Its ability to dive deeper than other boats also allows for the use of temperature and other inhomogeneities in the ocean to maintain stealth, which reduces the effectiveness of many GAS used in the United States. The Alpha is a truly stealthy boat.

But is it possible today to create a submarine similar to the Soviet Lyram? And does the modern Navy need it?

Former commander of the Black Sea Fleet, chief of the General Staff of the Navy in 1998-2005, Admiral Viktor Kravchenko says that today there are no technical obstacles to creating submarines with a small crew, especially since there is experience in operating seven low-speed anti-submarine submarines of projects 705 and 705K (four plus three).

- It's another matter that an enemy object pursued by such a submarine will provide resistance, as a result of which its automated devices can be disabled ...

In general, if you recall the history of the 705 project, then at first, due to complex automation, it was planned to radically reduce the PLAT crew to 16 people, but at the request of the Navy leadership, the composition was increased to 29 officers and warrant officers (later - up to 31 people, of which the only sailor was the assistant cook - "SP")... Of course, it is fashionable to make robots now, one way or another, this direction is the future, however, in such a technically complex object as an underwater ship, a person will be indispensable for a long time.

Supervisor Expert Council Defense of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, captain of the 1st rank in reserve Boris Usvyatsov notes: on boats "Lira" was introduced for that time a truly revolutionary integrated automated control system - BIUS "Akkord".

- It made it possible to concentrate control of the entire boat at the central post, provided control, collection, processing and integration of information from submarine systems (hydroacoustic complex, torpedo tubes, navigation equipment), as well as the use of weapons.

It is clear that the development of automation systems did not stand still, and in the 21st century there are already completely new requirements for "stuffing". For example, the Yasen-class multipurpose nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), which are of concern in the West, are highly automated ships. Their BIUS "Okrug" carries out in real time control of all combat systems, information about the state of the ship and from the means of observation, and target designation. But the operation of the most complex automated systems dictates its own requirements for the crew: in theory, the teams of such SSGNs can consist of 64 people, but in practice they reach 93 people - officers and warrant officers. The more complex the equipment, the more high-quality approach should be to its operation.

Thus, equipping submarines with automated systems leads to an increase in the number of crews. And this is despite the fact that automated complexes, according to the maxim, exclude the notorious "human factor" - no one is insured against diseases in the "autonomous system", especially in the conditions of diving.

- Automation of naval equipment towards reducing the number of crews has long been a trend for the leading fleets in the world, - notes independent expert in the field of navy Prokhor Tebin... - First of all, this is due to the fact that, despite the multi-billion dollar cost of the submarine, a significant part of the costs is associated with the crew. On the other hand, the small size of the team is reflected in the fight for the survivability of submarines - in the event of a collision or any accident. That is, when leaving, for example, 10 people, a large crew can eliminate a hole or fire and operate the ship at the same time.

For example, the automation factor was one of the arguments among the Americans in the direction of reducing the number of coastal surface ships under construction (Littoral Combat Ship) - from 52 to 40. They were built with a high degree of automation, but during their operation it turned out that the existing crew was simply not in forces to cope with all the responsibilities, and it is impossible to increase its number, since there is not enough space on the ships.

Is there money?

Finally, there are other questions related to robotic submarines. First, does the production capacity of the Russian Federation allow us to take on a series of such ships? After all, now we have only one Severodvinsk "Sevmash" builds both multipurpose and strategic submarines. Naturally, its capabilities are limited. And the fleet needs to solve problems at sea, to support a certain amount of submarines on alert.

Secondly, does the Ministry of Defense and the country have funds for this kind of submarine? Recall that in the winter of 2014-15, in Severodvinsk at the Zvezdochka plant, the modernization of two Project 945 Barracuda titanium nuclear submarines - B-239 Karp and B-276 Kostroma - was stopped. The reason was the reduction budget expenditures in connection with financial crisis and excessively high, in the opinion of the military, the cost of the project. Also at the end of January 2016 it became known that the fleet command decided to complete the construction of two boats of the project 677 "Lada" and at this end the series, sending funding to new project Kalina, which will develop only after 2020.

Help "SP"

The length of the project 705 (705K) boat is 81.4 m.

The greatest width is 10 m.

Full displacement 3100 tons.

The maximum immersion depth is 400 m.

Autonomy - 50 days.

Submerged speed - about 40 knots (at least 1 boat developed 42 knots during testing), surface speed - 14 knots.

The main armament of submarines of projects 705 and 705K is six bow 533-mm torpedo tubes with a fast-loading system.

Ammunition: 18 torpedoes or 36 mines, as well as anti-ship missiles "Blizzard", fired through the TA.

In the late 50s, when the program for the creation of domestic anti-submarine boards began, it was decided to create highly automated and high-speed boards. Nuclear submarine of project 705 (code "Lira", according to NATO classification "Alfa")- perhaps the brightest and most controversial ship in the history of Russian submarine shipbuilding.

Simultaneously with work on nuclear submarines of projects 627, 645 and 671 in the Leningrad SKB-142, an energetic search for new, unconventional technical solutions was going on that could provide a qualitative breakthrough in the development of submarine shipbuilding. In 1959, one of the leading specialists of the SKB - A.B. Petrov - came up with a proposal to create a small-sized single-shaft complex - automated high-speed nuclear submarine with a reduced crew.

According to the concept, the new ship, a kind of "underwater fighter-interceptor", with an underwater speed exceeding 40 knots, was able to reach a given point of the ocean in an extremely short time to attack an underwater or surface enemy. With the timely detection of an enemy torpedo attack, the nuclear submarine had to move away from the torpedoes, having previously fired a volley from its torpedo tubes.

The main characteristics of the submarine project 705 "Lira":
surface displacement - 2300 m 3
underwater displacement - 3180 m 3
length - 81.4 m
width - 10 m
draft - 7.6 m
total thermal power of nuclear reactor - 155 MW
surface speed 14 knots
submerged speed - 41 knots
working immersion depth - 320 m
immersion depth limit - 400 m
autonomy - 50 days
crew - 32 people.
Torpedo armament:
- the number and caliber of TA - 6 x533 mm,
- torpedoes SAET-60 and SET-65; mines PMR-1 and PMR-2;
Electronic armament: BIUS "Akkord" (MVU-III), NK "Sozh", KSS "Molniya", SJSC "Yenisei" (MGK-1001), RLC "Chibis", TK TV-1.

Small displacement in combination with a powerful power plant were supposed to provide a quick set of speed and high maneuverability. The submarine was supposed to move away from the berth wall on its own in a matter of minutes, quickly turn around in the water area and leave the base to solve a combat mission, and after returning "home" - dock independently.

A technical proposal for the project was prepared at the beginning of 1960, and on June 23, 1960, a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the design and construction of a project 705 submarine was issued.On May 25, 1961, another resolution appeared allowing the scientific leadership and the chief designer of the project if there are sufficient justifications to deviate from the rules and regulations of military shipbuilding. This, to a large extent, “untied the hands” of the creators of the new nuclear submarine, made it possible to implement the most daring technical solutions ahead of time in its design.

The work on the 705 project was headed by the chief designer M.G. Rusanov (in 1977 he was replaced by V.A.Romin). The general management of the program was entrusted to Academician A.P. Alexandrova. The main observers from the Navy were V.V. Gordeev and K.I. Martynenko. The creation of the nuclear submarine of project 705 became, according to the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee D.F. Ustinov, who oversaw the defense industry, was a "nationwide task." Powerful scientific forces were attracted to participate in the program, in particular, academicians V.A. Trapeznikov and A.G. Josephian.

Nuclear submarines of project 705 (then 705K) were intended to destroy enemy submarines when they left their bases, at sea crossing, as well as at positions of the intended use of weapons against coastal targets. They could also be involved in the fight against surface ships, as well as transports in all areas of the oceans, including the Arctic.

Submarine project 705 (705K) - double-hull, single-shaft... A body made of titanium alloy (was developed by the Central Research Institute of Metallurgy and Welding under the leadership of Academician I.V. Gorynin, also titanium alloys were also used for the manufacture of other structural elements and ship systems), along the entire length it was a body of revolution. Fencing of the cabin - "limousine" type. The titanium body reduced the magnetic field, but the acoustic field was still large, since the project was created in the early 60s.

Thorough testing of the hydrodynamic contours of the boat's hull was carried out by scientists from the Moscow branch of TsAGI named after V.I. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky under the leadership of K.K. Fedyaevsky. A number of measures were taken to reduce the physical fields of the ship, as well as to increase its explosion resistance due to new design solutions and more effective depreciation.

The sturdy hull was divided by transverse bulkheads into six watertight compartments. The 3rd compartment, where the main command post and service and utility rooms are located, was limited by spherical bulkheads designed for full outboard pressure.

The boat (for the first time in the world) was equipped with a pop-up wheelhouse (a pop-up rescue chamber (SVK)), designed to save the entire crew at the same time when surfacing from a depth up to the limit, with large heel and trim values. The bow horizontal rudders were made retractable into the hull and placed below the design waterline.

The main armament consisted of six bow 533-mm TA with a quick-loading system.

Nuclear submarine project "Lyra" was supposed to have a displacement in the range of 1500-2000 tons and a speed of more than 40 knots, which required a fairly powerful propulsion system. A gas reactor providing the operation of a gas turbine was considered as an option for a power plant. As a result, we settled on a one-reactor power plant with a liquid metal coolant (LMC) and increased steam parameters. Compared to the NPU with a traditional pressurized water reactor, the plant with liquid metal core was more compact, which was important in this case. Calculations showed that the installation with liquid metal fuel provided savings of 300 tons of displacement.

The proposal to create a single-reactor double-circuit steam-generating plant, specially for the submarine of project 705, of the type of PPU boat of project 645 was received in 1960 from OKB Gidropress. Soon a government decision was made to develop such an installation. Academician A.I. Leipunsky.

At the same time, two alternative types of nuclear power plants were being designed: at OKB "Gidropress" under the leadership of chief designer V.V. Stekolnikov, BM-40A (block, two-section, two steam lines, two circulation pumps) was created, and in the Gorky OKBM under the leadership of I.I.

The single-shaft NPP OK-550 was made according to a one-reactor scheme with a liquid metal coolant (LMC) and mounted on a conventional girder foundation. The turbo-gear unit is mounted on a foundation with new system depreciation, the most noisy equipment is installed on pneumatic shock absorbers. Steam turbine unit OK-7K - single-shaft, block design.

The boat was equipped with two auxiliary propulsion systems (2 x 100 kW), placed in sealed gondolas in horizontal stabilizers and equipped with propellers with rotary blades.

There were two synchronous three-phase alternating current generators (2 x 1500 kW, 400 V, 400 Hz). Each generator provides energy to all consumers on its board. An auxiliary diesel generator set (500 kW, 300 V) and an emergency storage battery of 112 cells are installed.

The new reactor made it possible to shorten the PLAT length and increase the speed, but it turned out to be very capricious. The electric power system for the first time on a submarine was made at a current of increased frequency - 400 Hz.

In the course of the design, the number of compartments in the robust hull was increased from three to six, and the displacement increased by one and a half times. The number of the ship's crew was changing. Initially, it was assumed that it would be 16 people, but later, according to the requirements of the Navy, the crew was brought to 29 people (25 officers and four warrant officers). Then the crew was increased to 32 people. The decrease in the crew led to more stringent requirements for equipment reliability. The task was to eliminate the need for its maintenance during the entire voyage.

Residential, medical and sanitary facilities are located on the middle deck of the 3rd compartment, the galley and provisions rooms are located on the lower deck of the same compartment. The mess room allowed 12 crew members to eat at the same time.

For the submarine of project 705 "Lira", new combat and technical means were created based on the latest achievements of science and technology of the 60s, having significantly improved weight and size characteristics. In order to meet the terms of reference, it was required to reduce the crew of the nuclear submarine to a level approximately corresponding to the crew of strategic bombers of the 40-50s. As a result, a revolutionary decision was made for its time to create an integrated automated control system for the nuclear submarine. In the Central Design Bureau at the plant. Kulakov (now the Central Research Institute "Granit"), a unique combat information and control system (BIUS) "Akkord" was created for the ship, which made it possible to concentrate all the control of the nuclear submarine at the central post.

Control of the submarine, its combat and technical means was carried out from the main command post... Comprehensive automation provided the solution to the problems of using weapons, collecting and processing tactical information, combat maneuvering, reproducing the external situation, navigation, automatic and remote control technical means and movement.

Keeping permanent watches at individual mechanisms and devices was not provided. When Nos. 1 and 2 were ready, only a periodic bypass of the unattended watch compartments was carried out. The combat shift in real life is limited to eight crew members.

REV included the automated SJSC "Ocean", the automated complex of autonomous navigation means "Sozh", the automatic control system for weapons "Sargan", automatic system radiation monitoring "Alpha", the automated complex of radio communications "Molniya", the television-optical complex TV-1, the radar "Bukhta", the system of uniform time "Platan" and the system of intra-ship communication "Ellipsoid".

The submarine "Lyra" was equipped with a universal periscope "Signal"... For software, automatic and manual control the movement and stabilization of the nuclear submarine along the course on the move, as well as on the depth of immersion (on the move and without moving) was the Bauxite system. Automatic trimming on the move was carried out using the "Tan" system. Management and control over the operation of the power plant, as well as the electric power system and general ship systems and devices were provided by the "Rhythm" system.

EEs with a power of 100 kW were used as backup engines, located in gondolas on aft horizontal stabilizers.

To reduce the size and weight of electrical equipment on ships of the project 705 and 705K, EES of alternating current of increased frequency of 400 Hz, voltage of 380 V were used. On these boats, for the first time in domestic practice, pneumohydraulic torpedo tubes were used with a firing depth from periscope to maximum. For the first time in world practice, the boat had a pop-up rescue cabin (chamber) that could accommodate the entire crew.

The construction of an experimental submarine of project 705 (K-64) with a nuclear power plant OK-550, which was to become the prototype of a large series of anti-submarine nuclear-powered submarines, was started in the slipway of the Leningrad Admiralty Association on June 2, 1968. On April 22, 1969, the ship was launched on water. In the end, he arrived at the base in Zapadnaya Litsa and entered service on December 31 Northern Fleet, joining the 1st flotilla of the 3rd submarine division.

However, the boat was plagued by setbacks. During the mooring test, one of the autonomous loops of the primary circuit failed. During the initial period of operation, the second loop failed. Cracking of the welded titanium body was also detected.

Nevertheless, in 1972 the course problem №1 was passed. In preparation for going to sea to work out the course problem No. 2, the process of solidification of the primary coolant began. All measures to prevent the accident were ineffective. Ultimately, the coolant froze completely and the reactor was shut down.

On August 19, 1974, the K-64 was withdrawn from service. Earlier, in 1972, there was a decision to suspend further work on the laid down boats of the 705th project until the reasons for the failure of the primary circuit of the reactor are clarified and eliminated.

The failure with the lead ship delayed the progress of the program for a long time, but did not lead to its termination. In Severodvinsk, work began on the construction of a series of three improved submarines of project 705K (code "Lira") The last, the fourth ship in the series, was dismantled on the slipway.

Project 705K submarines had a modular PPU of the BM-40A brand (with two steam generators and parallel working circulation turbo pumps of the alloy instead of three steam generators and three pumps for OK-550), mounted on a foundation with a double depreciation system (an OK-550 type PPU was mounted on a conventional girder foundation). PPU BM-40A (150000kW) - one-reactor type. A lead-bismuth eutectic alloy was used as the primary coolant.

The length of the robust hull of project 705K corresponded to the length of the robust hull of the experimental submarine K-64, while on serial ships of the project 705 it was increased by two spacings in the area of the reactor compartment. TZA and the most noisy mechanisms were placed on pneumatic shock absorbers.

The appearance of the 705 and 705K submarines became a real sensation, since the combination of high speed comparable to the speed of anti-submarine weapons, great diving depth and high maneuverability forced our potential opponents to create a new generation of anti-submarine weapons, everything that existed seemed to the Americans to be ineffective.

Due to the peculiarities of its power plant, which did not require a special transition to the increased parameters of the power plant with an increase in speed, as was the case on boats with pressurized water reactors, the submarine of the project "Lyra" could develop full speed within a minute... The high speed made it possible to quickly enter the "shadow" sector of any surface or submarine ship, even if the boat had previously been detected by the enemy's hydroacoustics.

The high speed and maneuverability of the Project 705 nuclear submarine made it possible to work out effective evasion maneuvers from the enemy's fired torpedoes, followed by a counterattack. In particular, the submarine could circulate 180 ° at maximum speed and move in the opposite direction after 42 seconds. The hull lines of the boats ensured minimal reflection of hydro-acoustic signals, which made it difficult to attack the Alpha by enemy ships using the GAS in an active mode.

However, during the operation of the boats of the 705 project, significant shortcomings appeared that impeded their effective use. In particular, serious difficulties arose with the provision of basing (due to the need to constantly maintain the primary loop of the reactor in a hot state). Regular special operations were required to prevent oxidation of the coolant alloy, constant monitoring of its condition and periodic regeneration (removal of oxides).

Many operational issues turned out to be insoluble. In particular, it was not possible to put into practice the idea of creating two crews of nuclear submarines - "sea" and "coastal", which would ensure the operation and maintenance of the nuclear submarine while it was at the base.

It is sad that all these shortcomings actually crossed out the true "Russian underwater miracle". After all, complex automation, by and large, has fully justified itself, and the AEU with LMC has not yet said its last word.

As a result, the career of the Project 705 submarine, despite their unique advantages, turned out to be relatively short-lived. The notorious perestroika, as a result of which the armed forces began to quickly lose funding, also contributed to its decline.

The submarine K-123 went down in history as one of the longest in the history of the Russian submarine fleet overhaul, which lasted more than nine years - from June 1983 to August 1992. In July 1997, this ship was excluded from the fleet. The rest of the submarines were excluded from the Navy much earlier - in 1990.

It should be especially noted that for 20 years of its operation on the ships of this project, not a single person was lost in the fight for survivability.

In the process of working on the 705 project, it was planned to create three modifications of it. SSGN pr.705A, equipped with an anti-ship complex with an underwater launch "Amethyst", SSBN pr.687 (705B), equipped with missiles of the D-5 complex, PLAT pr.705D which would be a complete analogue of the submarine pr.705, but was equipped with a water-cooled reactor. But both of these boats remained in the sketches.

/Based on materials topwar.ru and armyman.info /