Presentation scissors what you know about them. Scissors. What do you know them? Scissors - cutting tool

Theme:Scissors. What do you know about them?

Goals: create conditions for mastering the techniques of working with scissors, rules for safe working with them, storage conditions; contribute to the development of observation, attentiveness, accuracy, the ability to work with drawings in the textbook.

P. to investigate the design features of scissors; reception of cutting with scissors; look for information in the textbook appendix (memo). K. listen to the interlocutor, express his opinion, analyze his activities. L. installation on safe and healthy image life.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

2. Statement of the educational problem.

In the previous lessons, we got acquainted with the materials and tools that are used in technology lessons. Name the materials and tools you know.

Most often in the lessons we need a tool such as scissors. What do we know about them?

The teacher proposes to formulate the topic of the lesson and the educational problem.

3. Mastering new knowledge.

All of you have worked with scissors more than once. And, probably, each of you thinks that this is a simple tool that has always been. In fact, scissors have a long history.

There are many different types of scissors. Why is this variety necessary? Review the illustrations in the tutorial on p. 48 and tell us what professions use scissors in their work. What kind of scissors does this or that master need?

Despite the fact that scissors are different kind, there is only one riddle about them -

Two rings, two ends

And in the middle there are carnations.

Why? Tell us about the device of the scissors.

How safe are scissors? Do I need to follow certain rules when working with them? Let's explore them on page 49 of the tutorial.

What are scissors for? They are designed to carry out the cutting operation. In order for the edges of the part you cut to be neat and cut exactly along the line, you need to learn the techniques of work.

Demonstration of techniques for working with scissors.

Physical education.

A finger comes to a finger,

He finds a friend for himself.

Fingers will be friends.

To visit often.

4. Consolidation of knowledge and methods of action.

Organizes the analysis of finished samples.

Look, performing trial exercises, we cut several strips of colored paper. Did you know that they can be used to make appliqués using the mosaic technique? Consider the work done in this technique.

Tell me, do you know the meaning of the word "mosaic"? A mosaic is a product made from pieces. It can be made from pieces of glass, ceramic stones, etc. We will make an application "Fish" from pieces of paper.

Helps define your own intent.

Organizes the planning of the upcoming work.

Practical work. Organizes work according to the textbook.

Assignment: to make a cut-out "Fish" application using the mosaic technique.

Supervises the work, if necessary, provides assistance in completing the assignment. Organizes cleaning of workplaces.

5. Reflection of educational activities.

What goals and objectives were we facing at the beginning of the lesson?

Have you been able to achieve them?

What techniques have you mastered easily?

What are the difficulties?

Slide 1

The history of scissors.

Slide 2

Giovanni Battista Moroni - The Tailor (Il Tagliapanni), National Gallery.
How old is scissors? How did they come about?

Slide 3

“Once upon a time, when nymphs frolicked in forest lakes, and sacred unicorns roamed in the thickets - the world was ruled by immortal gods. On a high mountain grazed a vast flock of rams, whose fur shone in the sun so that people took this radiance for the rising of a second luminary. A certain shepherd Fersit decided to go to this mountain, and to spy on what is the reason for such a mysterious brilliance. Two days later, he went out to a marvelous meadow where animals were grazing. Fersit was amazed at their beauty - after all, the wool of the rams turned out to be pure gold! He wanted to take at least one with him, so that at home they would believe such a miracle. However, even the smallest lamb, which he chose, rested like ten bulls, so that Fersit could not budge it. The fellow countrymen really did not believe a word of what the shepherd said. The offended Fersit went to his hut and did not leave for a long time, forgetting even about his herd. But one day at dawn he went out into the yard, holding two knives in his hands, connected by a tight and flexible bracket. “This is what will help me to prove to people that I am right,” said the shepherd and went up the mountain. Seven sweats came off the master as he sheared the golden wool from the rams. But only after filling a huge bag to capacity, he returned to his homeland. The people of the golden wool marveled, but, not believing their eyes, they decided to climb the mountain themselves to be convinced of everything. But the top turned out to be empty: the animals, frightened by Fersit's audacious act, left somewhere. “Your golden rams are not there! - people shouted to Fersit. "And even if there were, how did you manage to strip them of their hair?" And then Fersit revealed to them the secret of his knives. People began to doubt, but when the shepherd cut an ordinary ram in front of them, they believed. Fersit became a respected man, he lived richly and happily, and his knives with a staple have since then been called scissors ... "
The legend says:

Slide 4

George Hartley.Grandmother "s Scissors

Slide 5

The history of the emergence of scissors is rooted in antiquity ...
The very first scissors appeared in a person not at all because he had to somehow serve himself, but because he had to somehow shear the sheep. It happened three and a half thousand years ago, when scissors were two blades connected like tweezers. This invention, although it worked, was not particularly successful (after all, the blades of the "sheep" scissors, which appeared for the first time in Ancient Rome, did not turn relative to the center, but simply squeezed by hand, like a large grab for a piece of cake), and therefore our great-grandfathers used it only before the "warming woolen season", and the nails on the hands, I think, were just gnawed for convenience. But even in spite of the fact that the design was very inconvenient - it existed for more than two thousand years without fundamental changes.

Slide 6

Vladimir Kush

Slide 7

And so this disgrace would have continued if the mathematician and mechanic Archimedes had not been born in Ancient Syracuse. The great Greek said: "Give me a fulcrum, and I will turn the whole world!" - and invented the lever. Around the 8th century AD in the Middle East, an artisan came up with the idea to connect two knives with a carnation, and bend their handles into rings. Then the handles of the scissors began to be decorated with artistic forging and "autographs" of blacksmiths - brands. Perhaps in those days a simple children's riddle arose: "Two rings, two ends, and in the middle there are carnations" ... Scissors came to Europe a little later, around the 10th century. The oldest scissors found on the territory of Russia belong to the same period of time. This happened during the archaeological excavations of the Gnezdovsky burial mounds 12 kilometers from Smolensk near the village of Gnezdovo. Unfortunately, history has not preserved the name of the person who came up with the idea of ​​connecting two scattered blades with a nail, and bending the handles into a ring. After all, it is in this form that scissors for paper, for manicure, for a haircut and for many other purposes are presented today. The completed form of the instrument was given by none other than Leonardo da Vinci. In his manuscripts, a drawing of an instrument similar to modern scissors was found. And then, as always, the invention began to live its own life: at times it improved (turning into working tools for hairdressers and doctors), and at times it became a luxury item made of gold and silver. They made scissors from steel and iron (steel blades were welded onto an iron base), silver, covered with gilding, richly decorated. The fantasy of the craftsmen had no limit - either an outlandish bird came out, whose beak cut the fabric, then the rings for the fingers wrapped around the vines with bunches of grapes, then suddenly it turned out not scissors, but a fabulous dragon, all in such intricate decorations that they interfered with the use of it functional device. Gradually, more and more, both in the eastern and western worlds, there is a closer interest in the shape and quality of the scissors. Models with thin, flowing outlines, blades decorated with engraving and inlays are beginning to appear. This was especially facilitated by the art of calligraphy, which spread throughout the Islamic world.

Slide 8

Scissors are becoming more and more attractive from an aesthetic point of view. They received various forms within the framework of the general idea, were decorated with openwork carvings. At the same time, they remained functional and brought a bit of aesthetics into the routine. In the Middle Ages, scissors became evidence of men's attention to the fair sex. So, in the fourteenth century, a fan who sent a gift to his lady often put a pair of scissors in a leather case. It was in this century that scissors become a truly feminine accessory, which they, with rare exceptions, remain to this day. And then the ideal prim British invented scissors for the ideal prim English lawns, and then the French began to cut the carcasses of geese with them (conjuring over their famous "frua gras") and cut the loops in the "pret-a-porter", and then the Germans came up with giant steel scissors for help in case of road accidents (this device can also break glass in a car, open a jammed door, cut off seat belts). And then man began to think even more broadly and produced scissors made of special ceramics, which turned out to be three times stronger than steel and more wear-resistant, and cut much thinner. And then they came up with scissors, which completely ceased to be like their analogue-progenitor and rather began to resemble a knife from a meat grinder (a disc with three teeth is placed on an ordinary electric drill - you can cut rubber, thick leather, linoleum and plastics at a speed of 20 meters per minute). And then the inventor broke through "to the stars" and designed the most modern scissors, adding to them an electronic machine that reproduces on the screen the patterns of clothes of any style invented by fashion designers. Cutting speed - meter per second! Moreover, during this operation, the edges of the fabric are burnt and do not bloom - as if already hemmed.
Franz Xaver Simm (1853-1918)

Slide 9

The Industrial Revolution today has restored scissors to their original status as a purely functional object. Decorations completely disappeared, they were abandoned in favor of the straightforward clarity of steel. Today, scissors have been created for everyone and everything. They, like centuries ago, are irreplaceable. How simple is ingenious!
Eastman Johnson The Scissors Grinder
Orange Scissors and Hummingbird painting by artist Delilah Smith.

Slide 10

True, there is another theory of the origin of this remarkable object - the Egyptian one. They say that in the 16th century BC, the Egyptians already used scissors with might and main. And this is confirmed by an archaeological find. In Egypt, a specimen was found made from a single piece of metal (not from crossed blades), which served its masters in the 16th century BC. There is a theory in both China and Eastern Europe. So, the geography of this subject is unusually wide. We will not be able to find out the truth. Only one fact remains interesting: even earlier, albeit later, but people in different parts of the world eventually came to the understanding that they cannot do without scissors. History is rich in facts, when in some area it seems that nothing else can be invented! - but no! There will always be a person who accidentally or with some intent brings to light something new. Therefore, we will not put an end to the history of scissors ...
Egyptian theory

Slide 11

Vissarion, Breath of Spring.

Slide 12

Initially, all types of clothes were sewn at home, but gradually it became the work of specialists - tailors. The name "tailor" scissors comes from the name of the profession - a tailor - a man who sews ports. The word "ports" in Russia originally meant clothing in general. Only in the 16th century did the word "dress" appear, displacing the old designation from everyday life. "Ports" are no longer called all clothes, but only one element. men's clothing, and the profession itself was divided into several specializations - specialists of a narrow profile appeared - fur coats, caftanes, mittens, hats and even pickpockets ... Of course, not everyone could afford to use the services of tailors. They tried to sew simple clothes at home. "It's a big deal to acquire a caftan, but they will sew a shirt and at home," the proverb says.

Slide 13

Karen Winters. scissors-spool.
In many ways, the quality of your products will depend on the right choice scissors. There are several types of scissors, they differ in sharpening angle, design, size and purpose. You should not use the same scissors at different stages of sewing - if you cut tracing paper with your excellent tailor's scissors, they will dull very quickly. For buttonholes and other small jobs, it is best to use a small sewing scissors. It is useful to have a ripper and a buttonhole knife on hand. It turns out that thinning scissors as we know them today appeared relatively recently. And if the history of ordinary hairdressing scissors dates back almost millennia (after all, even in Ancient Egypt, Queen Cleopatra was cut with a quite decent tool), then the problem of hair filing for centuries was solved only with the help of a razor.

Slide 14

Only in the 30s of the twentieth century (only about eighty years ago) the first prototypes of thinning scissors appeared in the USA, that is, scissors, where one blade is cutting, and the second has teeth. But by and large, these were not thinning scissors yet, but a "blade". The fact is that the Americans came to the need to sharpen not only the edge of the cutting blade, but also the tops of the teeth. As a result, the master received a tool for thinning hair, but it was rather difficult to predict the final effect. The fact is that when cutting, the hairs could easily slide off the sharpened teeth, and it was impossible to guess how many of them would be cut at a given moment. Only in the 50s, but already in Europe, one of the engineers proposed to apply a micro-notch to the top of the teeth. Now, the master could already clearly know how much volume will be removed when cutting. And it depended on the width of the teeth and the width of the interdental space. Then a V-shaped notch appeared at the top of the prong. And that means that all those hairs that had to be cut clearly went into such a "pocket", and were definitely cut off.
Marie Fox rose scissors.

Slide 15

First of all (since the principle of operation of the scissors is based on the fact that two flat blades pull the fabric tightly together and then cut it), pay attention to the fact that there is no gap or gap between the blades. The blades themselves must be made of stainless hardened steel - only in this case they will serve you for a long time. The second thing you should definitely keep track of when buying is the screw that holds the two parts of the mechanism together. If the blades of the scissors are simply riveted together, you will lose the opportunity to "screw up" the loose mount. The third important detail is the handle. The rings for the fingers should not be very small - otherwise you will not be able to work for a long time or rub a callus - and they should not be very wide, this is also inconvenient.
How do you choose the best quality scissors?

Slide 16

Historical reference. The first great-great-grandfather of modern scissors was found in the ruins of Ancient Egypt. They were not made from two crossed blades, as now, but from a single piece of metal. These scissors date from the 16th century BC. NS. Thirteen centuries later, scissors were in use, more similar to modern ones: two knives were connected to each other by an arcuate springy metal plate. It is believed that the first cross-bladed scissors were invented in ancient Rome in the 1st century AD. NS. However, later they forgot about scissors in Europe and did not use them until the 15th century. Therefore, he reinvented Leonardo da Vinci's scissors. He was a very meticulous artist, and if something in the picture did not suit him, he simply cut off part of the canvas. That's why he made himself a pair of scissors.

Slide 2

Scissors are ancient helpers of man.

Two ends, Two rings In the middle of the carnations.

Slide 3

The history of the emergence of scissors dates back to the 4th century BC. The first scissors appeared in Europe. They were made in the shape of the letter “U”, with forged, pointed and polished handle ends. When compressing this design, the material that was between the handles was cut by the blades. Shears of this type are still used today for shearing sheep.

Slide 4

And only in the XIII century, scissors acquire a modern appearance- with a connecting piece in the middle. This is how the familiar scissors look today, consisting of three parts - two sharpened blades with handles at one end and a connecting element (rivet or screw) that connects these blades in the middle.

Slide 5

Slide 6

Modern scissors come in two types - the blades can be joined at the back or center. In both cases, the two blades are brought together with opposite pressures, and the shears work directly, resulting in the material being cut. Due to the slight curvature of the blades, friction is achieved between them. Both blades are turned along their entire length towards the cutting edge, which is called a "twist". The twisting and friction at the point of convergence of the cutting blades creates such a force that the material is cut. From the outside it looks very simple, but technically, the scissors work process is calculated with scientific precision.

Slide 7

Scissors are a cutting tool.