What determines the calculated and actual efficiency. Formula of economic efficiency. KPI calculation in Excel examples and formulas

Speaks: Elina Polukhina- ex-HR Director of the Block group of companies

When at the meeting the HR director spoke about the fact that the personnel motivation system was outdated and a new one should be developed, the head of the company asked: “How efficient is the personnel now? Maybe a new system of motivation is not needed? " We agreed that in two weeks the HR director will present real performance the effectiveness of employees. And at the same time it will justify why the company has so many recruiting managers.

According to the general director, recruitment can be partially or completely transferred to line managers, and to save on the salaries of recruiters. To dissuade him of this, as well as to achieve another goal - to justify the need to update the motivation system, rational arguments are needed that are understandable to the head of the company. In other words, numbers. Therefore, the HR Director must temporarily become an economist and make the necessary calculations. Surely you have done this more than once and you have experience. But there is a lack of experience - details are forgotten. Because of this, sometimes a task that you have dealt with more than once before seems like new and unfamiliar in the present. It is required to refresh your memory which methods you used before and what is the mechanism of their action. Let's remember everything together. Let's consider how to calculate the economic efficiency of the company's personnel, and then, using the methods of economic analysis, we will solve another problem - we will select the arguments in favor of the fact that hiring managers cannot be laid off.

Speaks: Natalia Turkulets- Director of Human Resources, Lafarge Russia

Correlate performance with corporate strategy and business model specifics

If you ignore the specifics of the business model, then attempts to improve the efficiency of staff are doomed to failure. First, it is important to understand at which production stages the added value of the product is created. In the FCMG sector these are some stages, in the industry - others, in the service sector - the third. Secondly, to evaluate indicators from financial statements necessary in terms of their alignment with corporate strategy. Only in this case you will be able to correctly determine in what state they are and what steps should be taken to improve the state of affairs. Third, you need to understand the needs of external customers, not just internal consumers of HR services. Otherwise, there will be errors in the systems of recruiting and motivating personnel, which negatively affects the efficiency of the business.

First, we measure how many products are produced per employee and per 1 ruble of payroll

It's about productivity (staff efficiency). To calculate it, take as a basis the formula for determining the ROI (Return On Investment). It looks like this: Result: Cost × 100%. Only in this case, you do not need to multiply by 100%, since as a percentage we will calculate the change in the performance indicator for different periods. We take the formula: Result: Expenses. If necessary, adapt it to your company. Suppose you are a Human Resources Director in manufacturing company... Then the formula will look like this: Production volume (in monetary terms): Labor costs. By labor costs we mean how many people and for how long they worked on a particular task. If all employees work the same number of man-days per quarter (you can set any period for yourself), then in this formula the indicator “Labor costs” can be replaced by the indicator Average headcount.

Example

In the second quarter, the chemical fiber plant produced products worth 140,400,000 rubles. The average headcount was 310 people. Consequently, there are products for 452,903 rubles per employee (140,400,000: 310).

But this indicator is not enough. Measure also the financial return on labor costs, in other words, calculate the "Volume of production per 1 ruble of payroll". This indicator is calculated using the formula: Volume of production (in monetary terms) / Wages fund. In trading companies this indicator will sound differently: “The volume of proceeds per 1 ruble of payroll”. And if you want to evaluate the personnel who have the ability to directly influence the costs of production or sales, then it is better to use one more indicator - "The volume of gross profit per 1 ruble of payroll."

Example

At the chemical fiber plant, the payroll in the II quarter amounted to 31,830,000 rubles, and the volume of production for this quarter was 140,400,000 rubles. Consequently, for 1 ruble of payroll there are products for 4.41 rubles (140.4 million rubles: 31.83 million rubles). In other words, for every ruble invested in employees, the company receives almost four and a half rubles of income.

How to calculate the performance of individual employees

The principles are the same as when analyzing the productivity of personnel in general. Calculate labor productivity: for example, how many cars of a particular brand a dealership manager sells in a month. Also calculate how much money from the products sold falls on 1 ruble from the manager's salary. Compare these and other indicators with the average for the division and for the company as a whole and draw conclusions. In addition, in this case, you can also use industry-wide benchmarks. Firstly, dealerships selling cars of the same price segment have a similar organizational structure, and therefore their staff performance indicators are more or less comparable. And secondly, at the initiative of HR directors in this industry, a convenient database of indicators related to pay and labor productivity in various companies has been formed and is regularly updated.

We calculate productivity for previous periods - quarters or half a year

For which periods you will make calculations, you decide for yourself. Perhaps you already have data on productivity and production volume per 1 ruble of payroll in previous periods. Then just go and use them. If not, calculate using the same formulas described above. Let's say for the two previous quarters (or half a year). We will need these data in order to objectively assess the indicators of the last current period, compare with the indicators of earlier periods and identify the dynamics.

Example

In order to be able to interpret the indicators on the volume of production per person and per 1 ruble of payroll for the II quarter of 2012, the HR Director of the chemical fiber plant calculated what these indicators were in the first quarter. The volume of production was then equal to 132.4 million rubles, average headcount was 297 people, the size of the payroll was 28.44 million rubles. Thus, the volume of products produced per person (productivity) in monetary terms amounted to 445,791 rubles, and per 1 ruble of payroll - 4.66 rubles.

Having data for the current and previous periods, we compare them and reveal the dynamics

This will allow us to assess the current performance. After all, the dynamics show what exactly is happening with productivity - whether it is falling or growing. But we will express the dynamics not simply with the words “there is a downward trend” or “productivity is increasing”, but in numbers.

Example

The HR director of the chemical fiber plant first compared the volume of production in monetary terms per employee for the first quarter and for the second: 446,000 and 453,000 rubles. Dynamics - 7 points, percentage - 1.6% ((453,000 rubles - 446,000 rubles): 446,000 rubles × 100%). There is growth. Then the HR director looked at what happened to the volume of production in monetary terms per 1 ruble of payroll: in the previous quarter - 4.66, in the current one - 4.41 rubles. The dynamics is negative: a decrease by 25 points, as a percentage - minus 5.4% ((4.66 rubles - 4.41 rubles): 4.66 rubles × 100%). What's the matter? The fact that there was a noticeable increase in labor costs of employees - by 11.9%. The HR Director summarized all data in a table (see table 1).

Table 1. Data for assessing the performance of the personnel of the chemical fiber plant

Eliminate seasonality and identify real trends

For example, in the field retail sales increase by the end of each year and decline at the beginning of the next, which is associated with changes in consumer activity. At industrial enterprises, the volume of production decreases in the summer months due to the fact that production stops at a planned overhaul... All this, of course, does not mean that the staff is starting to work less efficiently. To exclude the seasonality factor and identify real trends in the company, the indicators must be compared with their values for the same month or quarter of a year ago. Just make sure that the initial and current indicators are comparable, because the structure of the company itself could have changed dramatically over the year.

If in your company, judging by the dynamics of indicators for different periods, there is an increase in productivity, then you need to understand whether this is sufficient growth. One way to deal with this is to compare it to the performance of personnel in competing companies.

Example

The growth in labor productivity at the chemical fiber plant amounted to 1.6% (in monetary terms - 7,000 rubles). Suspecting that this is not a very impressive result, although it is indicative of growth, the HR director decided to compare how many products in monetary terms) fall on one person in competing firms. To do this, the HR Director took data from several competing companies, summarized them and divided them by the number of these companies. The average value was 535,000 rubles (see table 2 below). At the plant, the volume of production per employee in the II quarter was 453,000 rubles. This is 18.1% less than in other companies ((535,000 rubles - 453,000 rubles): 453,000 rubles × 100%). This means that productivity growth at the plant is also quite low. And if we compare the productivity with what it was in the III and IV quarters of 2011 and the I quarter of 2012, then there is a downward trend (see the diagram).

We analyze indicators and dynamics

If you find, for example, that the volume of production by 1 ruble of payroll has decreased, this means that the company is increasing personnel costs, but does not receive the proper return from this. Labor productivity, although growing, is inadequate to labor costs. The conclusion suggests itself: the personnel budget is spent inefficiently. However, you should not immediately make such a verdict unconditionally. Analyze the structure of the payroll, find out which articles have grown and why. Maybe this is a necessary measure. Let's say a company was hiring new employees (including highly paid ones) to launch a new project. Therefore, the payroll has already grown, but there is no return yet. It will be later when the project is launched. In addition, the company could increase labor costs in order, for example, to retain qualified employees, as they are needed for the project.

Table 2. The results of the work of competing companies in the II quarter. 2012 r.

Speaks: Tatiana Kuzmina- Director of the Department of Organizational Development and Personnel Management of "AutoSpecCentre"

Follow four rules to make your calculations and conclusions look the most convincing

First, use only the most recent and accurate source data. To do this, get access to the corporate information system, which reflects the latest production and financial indicators.

Secondly, present the results of your calculations with explanations so that the logic of reasoning is clear. Do not limit yourself only to tables, and do not overload the ones that you compose with data. Then they will be easily perceived.

Thirdly, if you calculate the savings / cost overruns based on the results of the analysis, then indicate what percentage it is from gross profit, payroll or other key indicator that top managers operate.

Fourth, draw parallels with the performance of other companies in the industry and the performance of your company in the past similar periods.

If labor productivity is declining, this is an alarming signal. Try to identify all possible causes. Not only directly related to people. Suppose you know that the equipment at the enterprise is outdated for a long time. Maybe right now it began to fail more and more often, and therefore, the downtime caused by waiting for the machines to be repaired is getting longer. Either suddenly the company began to supply low-quality raw materials or there were problems with the sale of products, with logistics, which quickly and negatively affects the results. All of these issues are outside the responsibility of the HR director. Of course, the reason may also lie in poor-quality recruitment, an outdated training system, or, finally, in an overly bloated staff (there are poorly loaded employees). And this should already become a headache for the HR Director.

Outline an action plan: what to do to fix problems

Raise issues with the CEO or the board of directors about modernizing production and replacing outdated, worn out equipment (if possible). If necessary, suggest new system motivation, which will contribute to the fact that employees will work more efficiently. Implement a mentoring system for experienced staff to work with young people and pass on their experience. Of course, if personnel costs are really overstated, then they will have to be reduced by reducing the number of personnel. This will require an assessment to identify those who work and those who only spend time at work.

Diagram. Slowdown in labor productivity growth for the quarter (as a percentage of the previous quarter)

Speaks: Elvira Rudakova- HR Director of Mango Telecom

The costs of expanding the social package, corporate events and training do not pay off immediately

Because all these activities involve a prolonged effect. This means that the recoil can happen only after some time. In addition, the return on investment in personnel is always difficult to measure. A bit easier in this sense with training costs. It would seem that it is quite clear how exactly the skills acquired by a person are reflected in his work, and therefore the growth of labor productivity is much easier to assess. But practice has shown long ago: it still has to take some time before an employee or a department that has undergone training begins to apply the knowledge gained in work and improve results. Another tip: make sure the staff budget is structured to match strategic goals companies. Otherwise, we cannot talk about its efficient spending, even if short-term indicators look positive.

How, using economic analysis, to prevent a reduction in the number of hiring managers

Let's take this situation as a basis: general director the petrochemical plant, cutting staff, considered that it was necessary to abolish and recruitment managers. Let, say, line managers themselves select candidates and fill vacancies. The salary of four dismissed recruiters will save 200,000 rubles a month. But, of course, you do not agree with this decision, because you understand how important it is to select the right employees. To convince the head of the company, prepare the numbers. Otherwise, he will not hear you and will not give up the idea of firing recruiters.

Show that the costs of recruiters are significantly lower than the income from their work. How to calculate costs is generally clear. First is wage department employees (including insurance premiums). Secondly, the costs of posting vacancies and using the resume database. Thirdly, payment for the services of external evaluators involved in conducting assessment centers with candidates for top positions. But how to measure the income from the work of hiring managers?

Line managers will spend a lot of time not on work, but on recruiting. Specialists who are only engaged in the selection of new employees have the opportunity to consider a larger number of candidates than line managers.

With hiring managers, staff turnover is reduced, which translates into savings. After all, the company spends its resources on the search for employees - the time of specialists who play the role of a recruiter, money for their salaries. In addition, wasted training is minimized.

Example

HR-director of the St. Petersburg construction holding compared the indicator “The number of laid off during probationary period»In their own company with the same indicator of a competitor. It turned out that the turnover in the holding is 20% less, if we count on the number of employees - 12 people. To show how much the company is saving from this, the HR Director first calculated the cost of hiring one person. The total is 20,250 rubles. Thus, the quarterly savings from reduced staff turnover amounted to 20,250 rubles × 12 = = 243,000 rubles.

A significant place in the economy is occupied by optimization problems, in which the options for solutions are compared and among them the best (optimal) ones are found. The metrics by which solutions are compared and selected are called performance metrics. Each event is held for a specific purpose, therefore it is necessary to compare alternative solutions according to how close the expected result is to the set goal

The result of the event is called a beneficial effect. The beneficial effect can be of several types:

- economic, expressed through the saving of certain resources and the receipt of additional profit,
- social, leading to improved working conditions and living standards;
- political, associated with an increase in the degree of economic and defense independence of the country, scientific, expressed in the expansion of knowledge about the surrounding world.

There is no clear border between different types of effects, they pass one into another.Of all types of effects, only economic is fundamentally measurable, therefore, in practice, it turned out in such a way that when justifying economic solutions consider only the economic effect By virtue of continuity different types effects, an assessment of the economic effect often serves as a reliable way to justify the intended action.

The beneficial effect is always material. It can be measured by an increase in the volume of production, additional profits, improved working conditions, etc. By itself, the beneficial effect is not associated with any event, nor with the timing of its holding. However, compared with the purpose of the event, it turns into a measure of the functional effectiveness of the event. Since the goal is the result to be achieved, and the beneficial effect is the expected or achieved result, they should be measured in the same units, and the size of the beneficial effect serves as a measure of achieving the set goal.

Functional efficiency is abstracted from the resources spent on achieving a given level of beneficial effect, therefore, in conditions of limited resources, such a characteristic is substantially incomplete. Therefore, to compare alternative options for economic solutions, a more capacious characteristic is used economic efficiency.

Economic efficiency is understood as the degree to which the expected or achieved results of the measure correspond to the set goal and the resources expended. In other words, the set of indicators of economic efficiency characterizes how economically resources are spent to achieve the set goal. Therefore, economic efficiency is defined as the ratio between the beneficial effect and the cost of achieving it. The costs of each oppositely used resource are commensurate with the monetary equivalent. The concept of "ratio" is intertwined with the concept of the criterion of economic efficiency.

The criterion of economic efficiency is understood as one of the indicators, by the value of which they judge the effectiveness of the measure, the compliance of each alternative variant of the goal. In the general case, it is impossible to compare simultaneously by two indicators, therefore one of the two indicators is fixed, that is, they are taken to be the same for all alternative options, and then the second indicator automatically turns into a criterion of economic efficiency. In economic practice, options are compared in terms of costs for a given level of beneficial effect

C> min; E> EZ;

where EZ is the required (specified) level of the beneficial effect. Compliance with this principle ensures full comparability of results.

Costs by nature are divided into capital and current. Capital expenditures are one-time, one-time in nature and are aimed at the acquisition and installation of equipment. Current costs are associated with the operation of the means of labor and are carried out when the equipment is involved in production. It is clear that in order to achieve a beneficial effect, both types of grants are needed: without acquiring necessary equipment, it is difficult to create any product, that is, to obtain a useful effect. At the same time, the effect is all the more unattainable without current costs for materials, energy, and wages.

To reduce the various costs, the following values are summed up

Salary = С + Ен К (rub / year)

where C - current costs, K - capital overhead, ЕН - standard coefficient of economic efficiency.

The value of the salary is called the reduced costs, and the standard coefficient of economic efficiency plays the role of an operator leading to the same dimension - the year, current and capital costs "

Bringing of non-simultaneous costs is made according to the formula

where KPR is the cost of the amount spent K in t years, EIT is the standard reduction factor

The operation of bringing different costs at different times is sometimes called discounting, and the standard reduction factor is sometimes called the discount percentage.

Despite the difference in the nature of the reasons for bringing costs into the basis of both the standard coefficient of economic efficiency of the EPP and the standard coefficient of reduction of the EPP, there is the principle of profitability that unites them. In other words, each ruble invested in production should bring net income in an amount that ensures expanded reproduction on a national scale, and the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, ensuring at least simple reproduction at the enterprise.

What is the difference between them? The event boils down to the construction and commissioning of an enterprise: at the first stage, the enterprise is built and does not produce products; at the second stage, the company produces and sells products, the price of which includes profit. This profit should be enough both to pay interest on the loan K and to cover the needs of the enterprise itself.Thus, the profit margin En K includes both parts, both the part that goes to pay off the loan and the part that remains at the disposal of the enterprise Standard coefficient of economic efficiency The EN reflects exactly this situation. At the nerve stage, while the enterprise is being built, there is no need to cover current costs - in fact, the enterprise does not exist yet. Until the products are produced, there is no profit either, so the debt for the loan is growing and it must be calculated using the compound interest formula, in which the standard for the reduction of the EPP is less than the EN.

Thus, En> Enp "and their difference is determined by the part that is at the disposal of the enterprise

EH K - Enp K + EO K,

where EO is the standard that determines the share of profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise

Currently, for capital investments Enp = 0.08, for new technology ENp = 0.10. The values En = 0.12 and 0.15 are set accordingly.

In the theory of economic efficiency, an important role is played by the payback period, i.e. the period of time of the TN, during which the capital investments made are paid off. This indicator is outwardly very similar to the amortization period, i.e. the period during which the value of the means of labor is transferred completely to the finished product and is restored in the form of money in the depreciation fund of the enterprise. Let's consider what is the difference between them.

During the depreciation period, due to depreciation deductions for renovation, the original cost of the means of labor is fully restored, and by the time they are withdrawn from production, the enterprise is able to purchase a new means in exchange. It is important that depreciation deductions come from the cost of production, and the owner of these funds is the enterprise. If these funds are withdrawn from the enterprise, then with the withdrawal of worn-out equipment from production, production will stop.

The situation is different with the payback period. Investors (or the state) invested funds in the fixed assets of the enterprise, as if “lent” them to him. The payback period ends when the company pays the invested amount in full, and investors can again put this amount into circulation. Thus, the first feature of the payback period is that the funds come from profits and the owners of these funds are investors (or the state).

Will production stop after these withdrawals? No, because the purchase of new equipment instead of worn out comes from the depreciation fund. In other words, the amortization period is a category of simple reproduction, and the payback period is extended. This is the second feature of the payback period.

If the useful life of the equipment is significantly less than the payback period, and it will be withdrawn from production without having time to pay off, will this affect the production itself? No, since after the withdrawal of worn-out equipment from depreciation funds, new equipment will be purchased, production will function, and contributions from the profit will go to investors Thus, the payback period refers to fixed assets in monetary terms, abstracted from their real carriers, and the depreciation period refers to specific means of labor - machines, instruments, etc. This is the third feature of the payback period.

Currently, the payback period is calculated by the formula

which at EH = 0.12 will be 8.3 years. Since the settlement for a loan is not made one-time, but through periodic payments, in order to pay off both the debt and the interest on it, it is necessary to pay the CPF amounts annually.

where K is the loan amount, T is the payback period.

If we consider the payback period according to the formula T = 1 / Enp> then with Enp = 0.08 it will be 12.5 years. Calculations show that at a constant interest rate (rate of return), an increase in the loan repayment period (payback period) leads to an increase in the total amount of payments for the loan

Distinguish between calculations of total (absolute) and relative economic efficiency. The need to use two types of calculations of economic efficiency is associated with two types of problems. To solve the question - what to produce, the overall economic efficiency is determined, and to solve the question - how to produce, the comparative economic efficiency is determined.

The indicator of the overall cost-effective s- t and is used in two versions

- for economic systems large scale- the national economy as a whole, industries;
- for associations and enterprises.

For industries, the absolute economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the increase in profit P to capital investments K, which caused this increase

EOTR= R / K

In essence, this indicator represents the return on assets, calculated as the ratio

EF = PP / (SSR + SOB)

where CP is a normatively pure product.

For associations and businesses, absolute economic efficiency is measured by the return on capital investment, which was discussed in detail earlier.

When determining the comparative economic efficiency, savings are determined as the difference between the reduced costs when using old and new objects of labor or options for carrying out any production activities The size of the annual economic effect is determined by the formula

EG = (C1 + ENK1) - (C2 + EnK2)

When comparing several (more than two) options, it is more convenient to use the reduced cost indicator, since it makes it possible to directly select an option with the lowest cost

ЗП = С + ЕН Е = min

The determination of the comparative economic efficiency of new technology is carried out according to a general method, but at the same time it has some peculiarities.

First, the choice of a base for comparison. According to the existing industry methods at the stage of developing new technology, the best foreign or domestic equipment, and at the stage of operation - replaced by this enterprise technique. Naturally, the older in age and the more worn out the equipment being replaced, the more ill the intended effect should be. However, it is known that the initial capital-labor ratio greatly affects the capital productivity:

dFO / dFV = (a - 1) b / Fv2

where a is the growth (in%) of labor productivity for each percentage of growth in the capital-labor ratio; b - individual labor productivity

This means that the lower the capital-labor ratio of the enterprise before the rearmament, the greater the fall in capital productivity (in proportion to the square of the capital-labor ratio), and in this case it is impossible to get the expected calculated effect from the new technology.

Secondly, these are performance indicators. Two typical cases can be pointed out. When determining efficiency, it is released! products ( final product) with the same consumer value, the most economically efficient will be the one for the production of which less social labor was spent (with a lower cost). The effectiveness of the main production assets is estimated primarily by the minimum payback period.

Third, it is the definition of productivity and labor growth. As a rule, the increase in labor productivity a< 1 , т.е. производительность труда растет значительно медленнее, чем фондовооруженность. Следовательно при перевооружении предприятия необходимо принять меры, не связанные с фондовооруженностью (по совершенствованию организации и управления производством, по улучшению коэффициентов использования оборудования), которые позволяют повысить производительность труда.

The annual economic effect of using new technology is determined by the difference between the reduced costs in the estimated year for the basic and new technology

EP = (3P1 - ZP2) = [(C1 + EH K1) - (C2 + EH K2)] Q2,

where 3P1 and ZP2 are the reduced costs per unit of product produced, respectively, by the old and new technology; Q2 is the annual volume of products produced in the reporting year by new equipment; C1 and C2 - unit current costs in the production of products using old and new equipment; K1 and K2 - specific capital costs for the purchase of old and new equipment; ЕН - standard coefficient of economic efficiency.

When determining the annual economic effect, the comparability of basic and new technology should be ensured by the types of products produced, by quality parameters, by special factors of production and use of products, etc. The time factor in calculating the annual economic effect is taken into account by bringing the costs to the beginning of the calculated year by multiplying the costs of the corresponding year by the reduction factor

VLOOKUP = (1 + ERP) t,

where t is the time lag separating the costs and results of a given year from the beginning of the estimated year.

Before embarking on the introduction of certain new technologies and equipment, it is necessary, in addition to the corresponding calculations, to determine the technical and organizational level of the existing production and its readiness to perceive the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Otherwise, the calculated level of economic efficiency cannot be expected.

When determining the overall economic effect in topographic and geodetic production, the specific features of the industry should be taken into account.

1. The effectiveness of topographic geodetic works does not always decrease over time, i.e. the products manufactured by the industry also contain a potential effect that can: be realized in the coming years.
2. The economic effect of large-scale topographic surveys decreases faster than small-scale surveys.
3 The economic effect of topographic materials may appear not constantly, but cyclically, as they are used by other sectors of the country
4. There may be cases when some topographic and geodetic material, which is the fund of the state, becomes obsolete over time without bringing an economic effect.

The economic efficiency of topographic and geodetic work also arises when using its materials in other spheres of the national economy, science and defense of the country.

The economic effect of reducing the time for performing topographic and geodetic works, arising in other industries due to the early commissioning of capital investments, is calculated by the formula

Ed = (Kt + Kd) En? T,

where Кt is the estimated cost (capital investments) of topographic and geodetic works performed ahead of schedule; Кд - capital investments made ahead of schedule in the industries; ? t - shortening the time for performing topographic and geodetic works.

New methods of performing geodetic works ( space survey, shooting in a multispectral spectrum, etc.) lead to the fact that topographic and geodetic materials act in other industries as a new technique, creating almost the entire economic effect in the industries. At the same time, two types of beneficial effect are created in industries:

The economic effect of reducing the reduced costs in a particular industry on increasing the volume of reserves of useful resources, which is determined as follows

E = (Qp2 - Qp1)? Зп

where Qp1 and Qp2 - the volume of resource reserves in physical terms before and after the use of topographic and geodetic materials; ? Zp

- reduction of the reduced costs for obtaining a unit of reserves in this industry.
- the economic effect of an increase in resource reserves in monetary terms is determined by the formula

M = (Qp2 - Q1) Ts

where C is the price of a unit of resource reserves.

When calculating the comparative economic efficiency in topographic and geodetic production, the specific features inherent in the industry should be taken into account.

1. The physical and geographical conditions in the area where the work is performed determine the receipt of different economic benefits from the use of the same type of new technology. Thus, in areas with a longer field season, the period of use of new equipment increases, which creates the preconditions for obtaining a greater economic effect than in areas with a shorter field season. Even in conditions of equal duration of the field season, the volume of field work performed by new equipment is influenced by such factors as relief, vegetation, hydrography, weather conditions, etc.
2. The efficiency is also influenced by the economic factors prevailing in the area of work:

different cost of materials, transport services in different regions;

- belt coefficients to tariff rates and official salaries of engineers and technicians;
- additional payments for special conditions of work (high mountains, waterlessness, performance of work in an unfavorable period of the year, etc.).
3. A complex set of auxiliary production processes performed by different tools in different conditions. Some types of new technology not only do not provide tangible savings in the implementation of certain production processes, but can even increase the cost of their implementation. And the economic effect from their use is obtained when performing related operations or production processes. In some cases, the use of new equipment or technology does not reduce either labor or cost per unit of production, but it significantly reduces the time it takes to complete the work, which ultimately leads to an economic effect.
4. The uniqueness of new technology Many types of new technology created and used in topographic and geodetic production are unique optical and electronic devices, digital Computer techologies, having limited use and therefore manufactured in small batches at specialized factories. In this regard, it is difficult to accurately establish the standard value of capital costs for their manufacture and standardize the payback period of these costs. The rare repeatability of the manufacture of such devices causes certain difficulties when choosing a base for comparison.

In topographic and geodetic production, new devices and technologies, increasing labor productivity, as a rule, do not require significant accompanying capital investments and an increase in operating costs.

Production efficiency is highly dependent on the optimal location of the factories. Besides directly production factors(labor productivity, quality of equipment) it is also influenced by transport costs, the level of infrastructure development, complexity, population density, geographical location of enterprises and other factors and prerequisites.

Production efficiency is determined by two components: the effect of production and the cost to achieve it. The effect should strive for the maximum possible, and the costs - to the minimum. The general efficiency formula is

E - efficiency; E f - effect; B - costs.

The effect can manifest itself as an increase in production, an increase in profits (for an individual enterprise) or national income (for a region or a country as a whole. General and comparative efficiency are distinguished. The overall efficiency of national economic activities is determined by the ratio of the resulting increase in national income to capital expenditures. Comparative efficiency is calculated when choosing the most profitable option placing an object out of several possible. Costs are made up of capital expenditures TO and running costs WITH(production cost). At the same time, it is impossible to sum up costs and investments in annual calculations, since the investment does not pay off in one year.

In the case of annual calculations, the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments is used E, it is the reciprocal of the payback period T, i.e.

Thus, the quantity E denotes that part of the investment that pays off throughout the year. There are standard payback periods T n... In a planned economy, they are calculated by the state on the basis of the level of productivity of social labor in a given period of the country's development. In a market economy T n is not regulated, but objectively there is such an average payback period of investments, the increase of which makes the costs ineffective. Accordingly, there is also a normative indicator of efficiency E n. It is not the same for different sectors of the economy. Individual investment efficiency should not be lower than this indicator.

The general cost formula will look like this:

B i = C i + E n NS K i

This is a formula for reduced costs, since all costs are reduced to annual units. These costs are one of the components in the calculations of the so-called comparative economic efficiency. As, comparative effectiveness serves to select from several options such that the effect is achieved at the lowest cost, then

C i + E n NS K i min

The formula of reduced costs is often used when analyzing the location of production. You can, for example, calculate what is more profitable: to build one large plant or several medium-sized ones that produce similar products. Usually (though not always), operating costs go down as capital expenditures increase.

Such a decrease is not always proportional, so the reduced costs must be calculated for each option. It may turn out that a further increase in capital investments, an increase in production volumes, stimulates a decrease in operating costs, but not to the extent that will reduce overall costs.

Let's look at an example. There are four options for the location of enterprises, differing in the amount of capital investment; at the same time, with the growth of capital investments, current costs decrease. It is necessary to determine the option with the lowest cost. Initial data are given in conventional monetary units.

K 1 = 1,000,000	C 1 = 200,000
K 2 = 1,200,000	C 2 = 160,000
K 3 = 1,400,000	C 3 = 125,000
K 4 = 1,600,000	C 4 = 100,000

I - 200,000 + 0.15 x 1,000,000 = 350,000

II - 160,000 + 0.15 x 1,200,000 = 340,000

III - 125,000 + 0.15 x 1,400,000 = 335,000

IV - 100,000 + 0.15 x 1,600,000 = 340,000

Thus, the best option is the third. In the fourth option, costs rise again despite the fact that current costs are halved, and capital investments increase 1.6 times compared to the first option. When cost options are considered relative to the territory, it is imperative to calculate the costs of transporting raw materials, fuel and finished products... They can be attributed to current costs. WITH, but for clarity, it is advisable to separate them, since they are the most important spatial factor. Then B i = C i + E i + K i + T i, where T - unit costs of the enterprise for the transportation of raw materials, fuel and finished products.

The essence of the economic effect

In order to determine the main ways to improve the social and economic efficiency of the management of Russian organizations, it is necessary to assess the effect. The effect can be expressed as an absolute value, which can be used to reflect the achievable result in the process of performing a certain procedure.

Definition 1

Economic effects are the result of the use of human labor, which can be directed to the creation of certain material goods. In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result, but also to determine with the help of which it was achieved.

As a basis for calculating economic efficiency, specialists should take the annual economic effect, including the costs of achieving it. In addition, in addition to the absolute magnitude of the effect, the magnitude of the effect is needed, which is calculated by the ratio of the total result obtained to the cost of resources to obtain it.

Efficiency can be measured by the degree of profitability. The performance indicators are relative and are used for comparison with the existing standard or with other variants of the effect.

The benefit from the implementation of the effect can be determined through three circumstances:

minimal costs for holding events,
maximum effect from implementation,
the term for obtaining the effect.

In accordance with the fact that the economic efficiency of what needs to be measured, the costs can be capital investments for the acquisition of new equipment, technologies, fixed assets, Money that are invested in a specific project.

Thus, we can say that the economic effect is the result of the human labor used, aimed at creating appropriate benefits or a better result.

In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result itself, but also those forces with the help of which the result was achieved. For this reason, economic efficiency is calculated in terms of the annual economic effect, including the costs or costs of achieving it.

In addition, after determining the absolute value of the effect, the relative value is determined, which is calculated through the ratio of the total result to the cost of resources for obtaining the effect.

Economic benefit formula

The formula of the economic effect characterizes the final economic result resulting from the implementation and implementation of appropriate measures that can improve the performance of the company.

The best result is an absolute indicator that is measured in monetary units.

IN general view obtaining an effect is based on the initial implementation of certain costs, and in the future, in obtaining an additional amount of profit from the activities carried out. In general, the economic effect can be expressed in the form of additional income that the organization can receive by means of an additional amount of profit, minimization of labor and material costs, an increase in production volumes, and an increase in the quality of products expressed in price.

There is no definite formula for the effect, but several different formulas are often used in the calculations. So, the total amount of the economic effect can be determined as follows:

$ Etobs = (НР - СР) - З $, where:

$ НР $ - new result,
$ CP $ - old result,
$ З $ - discounted amount of costs for the entire period of implementation and implementation of changes.

The annual amount of the economic effect is determined in accordance with the formula:

$ GE = (NR - SR) - Z GO $

$ GO $ - annual normative amount of return on investment.

The value of the formula for the economic effect

The essence and significance of the formula for calculating the economic effect is to determine the degree of efficiency, which in turn is capable of determining the degree of profitability. The effect indicator is considered relative, for this reason it is most often used when compared with the existing standard.

In the general sense, the benefit from the implementation of the effect is characterized by several facts: the costs of the measures taken should be small, the effects from the implementation should be large, preferably maximum, the period during which the effect is expected to occur.

Depending on the nature of the measures taken to increase the effect, its calculation is carried out in different ways. There is no general formula for the economic effect, it is determined according to the sources of this effect.

If, in the calculation, it is necessary to obtain an annual effect from the implementation of measures, then to obtain the total amount of the effect, it must be multiplied by the number of years that can bring this effect.

Sources of problems effective management in Russian organizations mainly consist in the low quality of management personnel. In Russian practice, a small number of people who have the practice of effective management. The majority of managers receive only theoretical knowledge in universities, not reinforcing it with practice. For this reason, at the exit, individuals with little life and management experience are included in the work.

Another important problem of management efficiency in Russia is the high proportion of corruption at all levels of government. If we consider the practice of management in Western states, then there government officials separated from the distribution of wealth. In our country, there is a large proportion of officials who become owners of large fortunes.

Remark 1

Low management efficiency at the state level is also associated with a large number of managers, since in Russia it is the management of state resources that is profitable and efficient business... At the same time, the sector of private enterprises lacks highly qualified high-level specialists.

If we consider enterprises separately, then the main problem of management is ineffective use of their working time by Russian leaders.

The creation of a formula for calculating economic efficiency could significantly simplify the life of enterprises. In order to increase the volume of profits, each company tries to improve the quality of products and increase its income or invest money in manufacturing process in order to reduce costs.

Types of efficiency

Effectiveness falls into two categories. The first is economic. The second is socio-economic.

With economic efficiency, the criterion is the company's ability to maximize its profit. The criterion of socio-economic efficiency is the level of satisfaction of the interests and needs of the population.

Classic efficiency calculation

The general formula for calculating economic efficiency is as follows:

EkEf = P / Z, where

EkEF - economic efficiency;

P is the result obtained from investment;

З - costs incurred to achieve the result.

This formula can be used to calculate the economic efficiency of activities, the duration of which is calculated for a short period of time. In another case, this indicator is not able to reflect the feasibility of investment, since additional variables appear in the above formula.

Absolute efficiency

There is also a formula that displays absolute efficiency. It looks like this:

EE abs = (Eph 1 - Eph 0) / (I + K * K n), where

EE abs - economic efficiency;

Eph 1 - overall result after the events;

Ef 0 - the result before the events;

And - total costs;

K - capital investment for events;

Standard coefficient

This index shows what the minimum acceptable efficiency can be in a particular area. The parameter is the same for all types of activities in a particular industry, but may differ depending on the area.

The ratio value ranges from 10 to 33 percent. In trade, this figure is 25%, in the industrial sector - 16%.

Efficiency of the use of production factors

Any enterprise has labor resources, basic and circulating means of production. The production process is unrealistic without them. Companies are also trying to improve their investment performance to improve performance.

To calculate the efficiency of using each of these factors, different methods are used. Some of them are based on the same principles.

Employee efficiency

Two dimensions are used to measure how effectively a business is using its workers. The first is development. The second indicator is labor intensity. Production is calculated as the ratio of the number of goods produced to the personnel costs:

B = O / Z, where

B - production;

The labor intensity indicator is the opposite to the previous indicator and displays how much money must be spent on the personnel of the enterprise in order for one unit of production to be manufactured.

T = Z / O = B -1 = 1 / B, where

T - labor intensity;

B - production;

О - the volume of products manufactured at the enterprise;

З - the costs incurred by the enterprise for labor resources.

The formula for calculating the economic efficiency for labor resources companies can be displayed as follows:

EE tr = ((O 1 * C - Z 1) - (O 0 * C - Z 0)) / I, where

EE tr - economic efficiency for labor resources;

О 1 - the volume of products produced after investment in personnel;

C - product price;

О 0 - the volume of sales of products before investment in labor resources;

Fixed assets (OF)

There are two main parameters for calculating the efficiency of using PF: capital productivity and capital intensity. Return on assets is calculated as the ratio of the value of all products that were produced by the enterprise during one year to the average annual value of assets.

F about = VP / S this year, where

VP - all products of the company in monetary terms (including the cost of semi-finished products and work in progress);

F about - return on assets;

Since this year - the cost of PF per 1 year on average.

The capital intensity indicator is the inverse of the return on fixed assets. You can determine the value of the coefficient using several formulas.

Ф e = (Ф о) -1 = 1 / Ф о, where

F e - capital intensity;

F about - return on assets.

In the event that the return on fixed assets (OS) indicator is not found, the capital intensity can be determined as follows:

Ф е = (С с.г. / ВП), where

F e - capital intensity;

VP - the cost of gross output in monetary terms;

Since this year - the average annual cost of fixed assets.

All companies are trying to reduce capital intensity and increase capital productivity. An example of the formula for calculating the economic efficiency of investments in fixed assets is presented below:

EE of = ((O 1 * C 1 - Z 1) - (O 0 * C 0 - Z 0)) / I, where

EE of - economic efficiency for fixed assets;

О 1 - the volume of products produced after investment in the fixed assets;

Ц 1 - product price after investment;

C 2 - the price of products before investing in fixed assets;

З 1 - the cost of manufacturing products after the events;

О 0 - the volume of sales of products before investments in fixed assets;

З 0 - the cost of manufacturing products before the event.

Working capital (Rev. S.)

To determine the effectiveness of using the working capital of the enterprise, three indicators are used:

turnover ratio;
turnover period;
load factor Vol. WITH.

Turnover ratio Turnover C. Is the same as the return on assets for the OS. It is calculated by the formula:

K about = RP / S obs, where

K about - the coefficient of turnover;

The utilization rate is the inverse of the turnover rate:

K z = (K about) -1 = 1 / K about = C obs / RP, where

K z - load factor;

K about - the coefficient of turnover;

RP - goods sold by the company in monetary terms;

With obs - the average amount of the remainder of Vol. WITH.

The turnover period is the number of days required for the circulating assets to make one full turnover, calculated as follows:

T about = D / K about = D * C obs / RP, where

T about - turnover time;

D - the number of days of the analyzed period;

K about - the coefficient of turnover;

RP - goods sold by the company in monetary terms;

With obs - the average amount of the remainder of Vol. WITH.

The formula to improve the use of working capital is based not so much on additional profits as on cost savings.

EE obs = E y / I, where

EE obs - economic efficiency of working capital;

E y - conditional saving of working capital;

And - the size of the attachments.

Economical effect

Formulas for calculating economic efficiency and are widely used among companies that make short-term cash injections to improve certain aspects of their activities. The formula for calculating it is as follows:

Eph = D - I * K, where

Ef - economic effect;

D - income or savings from events;

And - the costs of holding events;

K n - standard coefficient.

Advertising efficiency

Advertising is a collection of marketing tools, the purpose of which is to disseminate information about goods, services, people, companies, as well as to attract customers. The formula for calculating the economic efficiency of advertising displays the result obtained after conducting advertising campaign... The formula for determining the coefficient looks like this:

EE p = (VD 1 - VD 0) / I, where

When calculating the effectiveness of the use of advertising media, it is very difficult to determine how much the gross income of an enterprise has grown precisely because of advertising. There is no guarantee that the company's revenue would not increase if the company did not advertise itself or its product. Despite this, the cost-effectiveness of advertising is still considered.

Economic efficiency of the company

The main indicator in the company's work is net profit, a part of the proceeds that remains after all costs have been deducted and all taxes have been paid. There is no point in increasing revenues if costs increase the same or even faster.

Thus, the classical calculation of economic efficiency cannot always reflect how the proposed measures will ultimately affect the final result. This is due to the fact that it is calculated as the ratio of the result to the costs only for its achievement. In cases where the result is gross income, the indicator of economic efficiency is not accurate, since it does not take into account the possible increase in the volume of production costs.

The formula for calculating the economic efficiency of an enterprise can be expressed as follows:

EE n = (CP 1 - CP 0) / I, where

EE n - the economic efficiency of the enterprise;

CP 1 - net profit after investment;

BH 0 - net profit before investment.

Long-term investment project

All of the above methods of calculating efficiency can be used only for short-term activities (up to one year). IN long term the formula for the calculation does not take into account the discount factors that make it possible to calculate the feasibility of ownership, taking into account alternative income.

As such, there is no formula for calculating the economic efficiency of a project that is designed for a long term. The feasibility of the investment is calculated on the basis of the net present value, as well as the payback period, which reflects how long it takes for the investment project to pay off completely and start making a profit.

Net is calculated as the sum of all payments and investment income, taking into account discount factors for each period. The TTS formula can be represented as follows:

ChTS = (CF / (1 + p) 1) + (CF / (1 + p) 2) + (CF / (1 + p) 3) + ... + (CF / (1 + p) n), where

NPV - net present value;

CF - flow of payments (difference between income and expenses);

p - calculation interest;

n is the term of the investment project.

This parameter shows how effectively the investment funds are used. If the size of the NPV is higher or equal to zero, this means that it is advisable to carry out an investment project. In the event that the net present value is negative, the internal interest should be calculated to see how much the money has paid off.