Experience in the development of cooperation in household farms. World experience in the development of agricultural cooperation. New mechanism of concessional lending

© Obedkova L.V., 2011

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

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DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION IN MODERN RUSSIA

L.V. Obiedkova

The role of agricultural consumer cooperation in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the region as part of agro-industrial complex Russia. The practice of managing cooperative forms of organizing agricultural production in the Volgograd region is shown. It is noted that the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" and the State program "Development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2008-2012" gave an impetus to the revival of agricultural consumer cooperation - supply and marketing, processing and credit.

Key words: organizational forms, cooperative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumer cooperation, agricultural consumer cooperative.

The transition from the administrative-planned economy to the market one for the Russian cooperation was difficult and contradictory. We have to admit the fact that the potential of the cooperative sector in Russia in recent years can hardly be called fully or at least to a large extent unlocked. “If in the rest of the world cooperation is one of the constituent parts of economic system, where it fills the niche prepared for it, serving certain segments of the population who have a need to enter the market, but who cannot afford it.

If we do not interact with other carriers of the same needs, then in our country cooperation either disappears from social and economic life, or is declared a panacea for all ills. " However, despite this circumstance, cooperation continues to act as a unifying force Russian society, primarily in the agricultural sector.

In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia, associated with both the reform of property relations and the reorganization of agricultural, processing and service enterprises. This gave rise to not only a number of new economic processes and phenomena, but also forced to perceive in a different way the traditional for the economy of the Soviet era.

period economic forms. Agricultural cooperation remains one of these traditional forms of management in the agricultural sector. At present, the theorists and practitioners of the cooperative movement continue to discuss the process of modeling the organizational forms of the modern system of agricultural cooperation. In general, this process proceeds from the following methodological principles: the adequacy of cooperative activity to the nature and basic values ​​of cooperation, adaptation of cooperation to the external environment, the use of cooperative advantages and the use of innovative approach.

The essence of the principle of the adequacy of cooperative activity to nature and the basic values ​​of cooperation means for agricultural cooperation, first of all, an orientation towards its own capabilities inherent in it, based on its traditional values. It is not only about economic or material values, but also about moral and spiritual values. They play a significant role in the life of the cooperative and show a special ideological connection with its economic mechanism. The documents of the International Cooperative Alliance indicate that the main values ​​of cooperation in the third millennium are: cooperative ethics and business competence; democracy in government; flexibility and competitiveness; the promotion of a person and his needs in the first place, rather than benefits. The history of our country in the early 90s. XX century. showed that the rejection of "their spiritual roots" led to the elimination of various forms of cooperation.

The second principle is the principle of adaptation. For agricultural cooperation, it involves adaptation to various conditions economic activity... If we turn to the origins of cooperation abroad and in Russia, then historical experience shows that it owes its origin precisely to the unfavorable socio-economic situation in society and the state. A feature of cooperation is that neither the form of ownership nor the ideals of cooperation are created once and for all, therefore, the uniqueness of the cooperative

new form of management consists in its constant adaptation to the dominant forms of ownership and to cooperation with them. The question of choosing the organizational form of an agricultural cooperative in our country arises whenever the economic and socio-political environment in which they exist changes. For example, in the period of the command-administrative economy, these are collective and state farms. In modern conditions, this is agricultural production cooperation. In addition, the principle of adaptation of cooperative structures to the modern socio-economic environment is a kind of "protective process", which is able, while maintaining its values, to assimilate the rational elements of other organizational forms of the market economy, for example, agricultural firms, agricultural holdings and other integrated formations.

The third methodological principle is based on the use of cooperative advantages. Traditionally, the competitive advantages of agricultural cooperation include: the implementation of a communication role in rural areas, the presence of its own socio-economic base, the diversified nature of activities that contributes to the creation of an integrated economy, the presence of its own infrastructure at the local and regional levels that has survived since Soviet times.

The content of the principle of application of the innovative approach is that agricultural cooperation is characterized by a constant search for new solutions and options for applying this form of management to the needs rural population... This approach is primarily associated with the creation of an effective system of professional management in its very lowest level - the agricultural cooperative. In the world theory and practice of managing cooperative production, the main methods for solving this problem in the concept of "agency relations" have already been formulated. The responsible person (employer) hires an agent and uses his abilities and knowledge to get the results he wants. So, in an agricultural consumer cooperative, shareholders act as

employers, and executive managers, board members - as agents. Therefore, the main difficulty faced by a modern agricultural cooperative is the delineation of the functions of social and professional management... Public administration bodies are mainly assigned legislative and control functions, and professional administration bodies - entrepreneurial functions. In our opinion, an effective management system for an agricultural cooperative, in addition to separating the functions of public and professional management, should include organizational, economic, technological and social directions in the work of the cooperative. Organizational and economic direction means determining the optimal structure of production, choosing organizational structure, the introduction of business planning techniques, etc. The technological direction is associated with increasing the efficiency of land use, as well as fixed and circulating assets, with the introduction of resource-saving technologies, ensuring the competitiveness of products, etc. Social direction among other tasks, it is engaged in improving the social infrastructure of the village, for example, it solves the problem of unemployment.

The focus of modern agricultural cooperation is not only the principles of building organizational forms of the cooperative, but also the formation of an effective mechanism for the distribution of agricultural products. This is due to the fact that Russian market reforms in the agricultural sector have caused significant and deep structural changes in the system of production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. The most viable were large agro-industrial enterprises (associations) that are engaged in production, storage, processing, transportation and sale. finished products... In addition, there has been a change in the marketing channels for agricultural products. If in the pre-reform period the main buyers of agricultural products were state structures

tours - processing, procurement and trading enterprises and organizations, now there are new distribution channels. This is primarily the sale of products on the market, through our own trading network, including through dealers of agricultural products. This kind of restructuring of the economic mechanism led to a change in the system of relations between producers and consumers of agricultural products. The undoubted fact is that such agro-industrial enterprises as agrofirms will remain the leader in the agrarian sector. However, the functioning of agricultural enterprises based on personal interest and private property does not deny their joint activities,

on the contrary, it presupposes its necessity and expediency. In this regard, it is legitimate to say that agricultural producers have one of the most effective ways"Survival" remains cooperation in different forms its manifestations are agricultural, consumer, marketing, credit, etc.

Therefore, in modern conditions, the goal of agricultural cooperatives as socially oriented forms of management is to optimally combine the economic interests of all its participants with an increase in the efficiency of production and sale of agricultural products. Achievement of this goal is ensured by solving such problems as the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, mineral fertilizers and seeds; repair, maintenance of equipment, performance of a certain type of work requiring special equipment; organization of nurseries, research and demonstration fields, breeding farms and entire farms; organization of a cheap loan for production purposes; provision of advisory and information services, etc. The main result of solving these problems is the linkage into a single technical and economic chain of production, processing and sale of agricultural products.

However, a paradoxical situation is emerging - there is experience, motivation and material and technical base for the development of agricultural cooperatives, but the model, structure

tours, directions and procedures for their creation have not been sufficiently worked out. The overwhelming majority of the population does not perceive cooperative organizations as more attractive and alternative to other organizational and legal forms of business. Similar views on cooperative economic structures were formed under the influence of such Soviet forms of cooperation as the former collective and state farms. The formal privatization processes carried out in most of them do not facilitate their participation in the development of cooperation. It is the differentiation that has arisen that enhances the desire of agricultural producers to protect their living conditions, promotes their self-organization and creates the basis for the formation of an organizational structure that would not allow the exclusion and exclusion of this group of people from participation in the socio-economic life of society. Therefore, speaking about the problems of adaptation of an agricultural producer to market conditions, it should be emphasized again that the development of agricultural cooperation in the current conditions is an effective direction for both the development of production and marketing of agricultural products, and the development of the agricultural sector as a whole. Currently, of all forms of agricultural cooperatives, trade-procurement, supply-marketing and processing cooperatives have the most significant impact on the growth of production and sale of agricultural products and, as a consequence, on the organization and stable functioning of the domestic food market.

The next rise of agricultural cooperatives became especially noticeable after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2006 N ° 264-FZ "On the development of agriculture", as well as during the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" and the State program "Development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2008-2012 ”. Despite the presence of such negative phenomena as active promotion industrial and commercial capital in the agricultural sector, a decrease in the number of production cooperatives

tiv, including in land use, the first achievements in this area convincingly testify to the preservation of the Russian agricultural cooperative movement. Thus, according to Rosstat data, as of January 1, 2008, there were 5.6 thousand agricultural consumer cooperatives in the country, including: credit - 1,634, processing - 880, procurement and supply and marketing - 1,974. In recent years, financial support for agricultural consumer cooperatives has also significantly increased. Thus, OJSC Rosselkhozbank, which is the main creditor of these associations, allocated 6 billion rubles to help them, including: credit cooperatives - 1,352 million rubles, processing, purchasing and selling and servicing - 3,977 million rubles. Significant contribution to financial support agricultural cooperatives were contributed by the Fund for the Development of Rural Credit Cooperatives, which provided loans to cooperatives in the amount of over 8 billion rubles. ... Among others, the leading positions in the creation of agricultural cooperatives continue to be occupied by the republics of Mordovia and Chuvashia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Volgograd, Belgorod, Kaluga, Penza regions. This is evidenced by at least the fact that personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) households began to be involved in the sphere of agricultural consumer cooperation, and in a number of regions an attempt is being made to create agricultural consumer cooperatives on the basis of privatized processing enterprises.

As the practice of developing cooperative forms of management in the Volgograd region has shown, as of January 1, 2010, 216 agricultural consumer cooperatives were created in the region. So, in the Mikhailovsky municipal district of the Volgograd region, 18 agricultural cooperatives have been created. In addition, within the framework of the project for the intensive development of small-scale commodity production municipality in the Mikhailovsky district, it is planned to create in 2011 in the Bezymyansky rural settlement as a pilot project 8 family dairy farms with 100 cows each and one milk processing cooperative.

It is here that commercial milk production is most developed on personal subsidiary plots and conditions have been created for the implementation of the federal program "Family Dairy Farms", in particular, there is an unemployed population ready to create family farms, there are necessary pastures and farms ready to produce grain fodder and other fodder. Also, the specified project involves the organization of a business incubator on the basis of the Troitsky agricultural consumer service cooperative (SPOK) to train cooperators in supplying, procurement and processing activities.

In the Chernyshkovsky district of the Volgograd region, in the course of the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex", a serving consumer agricultural cooperative "Victoria-Agro" was created. It included 11 farms, 11 private household plots and 3 legal entities a. For them, the cooperative has become the "main assistant" in the implementation of technical and technological modernization. In the Surovikinsky district of the Volgograd region, 37 farms have created an agricultural marketing and supply cooperative "AKKOR". As a result, the members of the cooperative had the opportunity not only to share machinery and equipment, but also to introduce intensive technologies for growing agricultural products.

In the Bykovskiy District of the Volgograd Region, agricultural cooperatives are represented by the agricultural consumer cooperatives Prostor and Zarya, which are actually the only “town-forming enterprises” in the countryside. They are engaged in providing personal family subsidiary plots with fuel, fertilizers, seeds, fodder, etc., and also provide production services. So, the cooperative "Prostor" included 25 personal family subsidiary farms, each member of the cooperative contributed his property share, which they got when leaving the state farm "Krasnoselsky" in the process of its reform. SPOK "Zarya" is organized on the basis of four pigsties, carries out not only the organization of services for the provision of shareholders

breeding pigs for growing and fattening with the subsequent harvesting and sale of pigs through various channels, but also buys grain from farmers-shareholders and makes compound feed from it.

The importance of the development of agricultural cooperatives for the agricultural sector is also evidenced by the foreign experience of many countries with developed market economies. They function most effectively in Sweden, Italy, France, Denmark, Germany, etc. At the same time, the specificity of the cooperative form is so great that, for example, in the French legal system, in which societies are divided into civil and commercial, agricultural cooperatives do not belong to those nor to others. The main goal uniting marketing consumer cooperatives abroad is to ensure the protection of the interests of farmers in the national production and sale of agricultural products, especially those that do not withstand price competition with imported similar products. The practice of the cooperative movement in Russia only partially uses the accumulated cooperative experience of developed countries. One of the promising areas for the development of agricultural cooperation in rural areas is serving cooperatives to assist the participants in the cooperation in purchasing fuel, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, equipment, and obtaining loans. It is also necessary to note the integrated development of pilot rural settlements, and the increase in the territorial availability of goods to rural residents by stimulating development through the system of consumer cooperation and the private sector in rural areas. settlements, small-scale trade enterprises, and the creation of a system of state information support, information and consulting services, and measures to promote the sale of agricultural products through the creation of a trade and logistics system on a cooperative basis.

The synergistic effect arising in cooperative structures ensures not only an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in production costs, an increase in the financial stability of an enterprise, but also contributes to the development of rural areas, an increase in the employment of labor resources in the countryside, the preservation and

updating the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex. So, according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the share of agricultural cooperatives among all agricultural producers is more than 45% in 2009. Consequently, modern world practice and the accumulated Russian experience recent history indicate that the further development of agriculture will largely be determined by the use of the advantages of cooperation, and the most acceptable way to solve the problems of servicing family farms and small agricultural enterprises is to create agricultural cooperatives.

The reviving Russian agricultural cooperation in modern conditions is not just a type of production or a form of management, but an economically justified ideology of the survival of an agricultural producer in harsh conditions market economy and the globalization of the economic space.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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tsiferova // International Agricultural Journal. - 2009. - No. 3. - S. 18-20.

2. Belikova, E. V. Cooperation of small-scale production as a condition for ensuring food security and increasing employment of the rural population / E. V. Belikova, A. S. Cherkashina // Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises. - 2010. - No. 8. - S. 58-61.

3. Gutman, G. V. The relationship of economic and social functions consumer cooperation / G. V. Gutman, N. I. Chukin, V. V. Kalmykov. -M. : Marketing, 2002 .-- 176 p.

4. The concept of sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 // Agricultural Economics. - 2009. -№ 3. - S. 64-80.

5. On the development of agriculture: Feder. law of 29 December 2006 No. 264-FZ. - M.: Jurist, 2006 .-- 26 p.

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AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA

The author discusses the role of agricultural consumers ’cooperative society as part of the agroindustrial complex in Russia and shows its realization in the agrarian policy of Volgograd region in terms of managing co-operative organizational forms of agrarian production. It is marked that a revival of agricultural consumers' cooperation - purchase-sale, processing and crediting ones - has been given by implementing the priority national project "The development of the AIC" and the State program "The 2008-2012 development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural produce, raw stuffs and food ".

Key words: organizational form, co-operative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumers 'cooperation, agricultural consumers' cooperative.

The most important feature of the development of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries is the present stage is cooperation peasant farms with public agricultural production.

To intensify the production activities of peasant farms, it is necessary to search for ways to improve material and technical supply and services, to develop supply and production and marketing peasant cooperatives, which requires the development of specific recommendations for the practical implementation of this task, taking into account the prevailing regional conditions.

The experience of Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Japan, the USA and Holland shows that the technical equipment of production allows small farms to achieve high efficiency. Thanks to the extensive mechanization of agricultural work, American farmers are expanding the size of their farms and raising labor productivity. Making up less than two percent of the total population, they produce so much that they not only feed their compatriots, but also ensure the export of agricultural products.

At present, in most developed capitalist countries, agricultural cooperatives are the most massive economic organization of farmers. The cooperative movement in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands and Japan is characterized by almost one hundred percent coverage of the agricultural population. In France and the Federal Republic of Germany, cooperatives unite at least eighty percent of all rural enterprises.

In the modern structure of agricultural cooperation, one can distinguish associations for the processing and marketing of agricultural products, the supply of means of production, credit, production services, as well as cooperatives in the field of production. In most developed countries, significant positions belong to cooperation at the junction of agriculture with related sectors of the economy. The role of farmer cooperatives in organizing the marketing of agricultural products, both in general and in its individual types, is especially significant. In some cases, cooperatives organize the processing and marketing of specialized products for both the domestic and foreign markets, creating appropriate value-added systems.

In France, Italy, Portugal and Germany, whose winemaking largely determines the situation on the world wine market, 35 - 46% (in France up to 70%) of its production and marketing is carried out by cooperatives. In the Netherlands, which accounts for a third of the world's starch production, cooperative organizations provide the bulk of its processing and marketing, supplying the market with 75% of mushrooms and flowers. Danish cooperatives sell 98% of their furs. Products produced by individual firms are usually sent for processing to cooperative-owned enterprises, which are also taken into account by industry statistics. Therefore, the high proportion of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural products indicates that they also control a significant part of the food industry. For example, in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, France and Sweden, the cooperative sector provides 45-50% of the food industry. The sphere of cooperative activities almost entirely includes such an important branch of the food industry as milk processing. In a number of countries, cooperatives have a high share in the processing of meat (Scandinavia), cereals (Sweden, Netherlands, France), vegetables and fruits (Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany), olive oil (France, Spain), alcohol (France , Sweden).

The cooperative food industry in developed countries is usually distinguished by a high technical level and high quality products. The stable share of the cooperative sector in food production is evidence that, in the face of tough competition, cooperatives are constantly improving production base the food industry enterprises owned by them through the transition to deep processing of agricultural raw materials based on waste-free technology, responsive to consumer demand and market conditions.

Another important area of ​​cooperative activity is the production supply of farms. The share of procurement and supply cooperatives in the United Europe accounts for about 50% of the volume of supplies to producers of the means of production they need. The basis of cooperative procurement activities is the provision of mineral fertilizers and feed. The share of such cooperatives in the USA, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Norway is 50 - 65%. In a number of countries, cooperatives play a significant role in providing seed to farmers. For example, in Denmark, they account for 35% of the supply of all seed material, in Ireland - 55%, in the USA - 15%, in France - 73%. It should be noted that in modern conditions, the cooperative movement is characterized by tendencies to diversify the activities of cooperatives of various types, to deepen ties between them, to combine several functions of economic services for farms within one cooperative organization. For example, in Germany, about 60% of credit cooperatives are simultaneously engaged in sales and procurement operations. By developing technologies for the processing and marketing of agricultural products, ensuring the production supply of farms, cooperatives contributed to the creation of a modern infrastructure of the food sector, including not only the food industry, but also mechanized transport and storage facilities. Relieving the farmer of the difficulties associated with the sale of products and the acquisition of means of production makes it possible to increase the efficiency of farm production, and ultimately the productivity of the agricultural sector as a whole depends on this. In addition to specialized cooperatives, marketing and supply cooperatives also carry out a variety of production services for farmers.

In all developed capitalist countries, cooperatives conduct extensive consulting and information activities based on the use of an extensive network of institutions and services related to research work, the introduction of scientific achievements in industrial practice... So, in the Netherlands, in the system of cooperative organizations, there is an institute for the study modern methods keeping and feeding pets, poultry institute, several seed-growing centers, a widely ramified advisory service.

The experience of the functioning of agricultural cooperation in developed countries testifies to the diversity of its organizational forms and structures. However, under all conditions, the basis of the organizational structure of the agricultural cooperative movement is formed by primary cooperative organizations based on individual membership. Carrying out links of individual farming production with related sectors of the economy within the agro-industrial complex, they are the main element of the cooperative business system. In order to increase the efficiency of their activities and to protect their interests, primary cooperatives unite in unions and associations, creating cooperatives of cooperatives. In the practice of most developed countries, this association is carried out according to the sectoral, territorial or territorial-sectoral principle.

Acting in the interests of their members, agricultural cooperatives accelerate the industrialization of agriculture. In addition, by developing links between agriculture and related industries, cooperatives thereby most profitably use the financial resources they accumulate, which contributes to strengthening their positions in the fight against usurious and intermediary capital. The creation of their own cooperative system of credit servicing of agriculture in a number of countries contributes to a certain extent to reducing their dependence on commercial banks. Organizing in the interests of farmers a system of servicing agricultural production and marketing of products, cooperatives act at the same time in the interests of the whole society, the normal functioning of which is impossible without a high level of agricultural development.

Of course, the cooperative movement did not immediately reach such a high level. This took at least a hundred years. As for Russia, two periods of some revival in the development of agricultural cooperation can be noted: the functioning of credit cooperatives in the middle of the 19th century and specialized credit cooperatives during the NEP period. However, civilized forms of cooperation in our country were never destined to manifest themselves for well-known reasons. And only in our days rural credit cooperation, which is so necessary for the development of agricultural entrepreneurship, has begun to revive. But the pace of its formation is still too small to talk about development as such. For example, in the Urals, in its former territorial dimension, where 20 million people live, there is not a single noticeable credit cooperative. But it was with rural credit cooperatives that the development of agricultural cooperatives began in the now developed countries.

Suffice it to recall the Raiffeisen Credit Institutions in Austria-Hungary. Having cheap credit, peasants get the opportunity to develop their farms, consolidating their position by participating in other cooperatives (production and processing, supply and marketing, agricultural service, consulting). After all, a foreign farmer is a member of several cooperatives, which is why their agricultural cooperatives are strong.

But, perhaps, the strength of farmer cooperation is not only in this. The development of integration with other spheres of the agro-industrial complex and even sectors of the economy is of great importance. For example, several tens of thousands of Swedish farmers, pooling their funds through cooperation, buy up controlling stakes in feed and processing enterprises, machine-building firms and even oil refineries and become powerful cooperative-corporate structures working for the interests of farming.

It is precisely this direction of development of agricultural cooperation and agro-industrial integration that should be considered strategic for our multimillion peasantry in Russia - the country that is the birthplace of the world famous agrarian economist Alexander Vasilyevich Chayanov, who was shot in the 30s of the XX century for his ideas of peasant cooperation that runs counter to Stalin's pseudo-cooperation. But it is thanks to the ideas and recommendations of a talented scientist that foreign cooperation has received such a wide development.

Voronezh farmers abandon their land - they are tired of working "in spite of". Meanwhile, they produce a total of half of the regional agricultural products and are capable of more.

Farmers without land

In our area, a quarter of farms have collapsed in a few years, and the situation is the same for our neighbors. There is no strength to endure such a hassle: they gave you land for up to 11 months, so you can guess whether the contract will be extended or not. And if not, then all the work is in vain. Because of this, many leave the land on their own ... - says the Verkhniy Monsk farmer Sergei Solovyov with pain.

He is echoed by Vladimir Brezhnev from Ertilsky district:

For five years, less than 75 of our 127 farms survived. And now the lease term for those who once took it for ten years is coming to an end. Only a few received 25 or 49. The deadline will come out - the contract will be renewed for a year. What then is the point of investing in the land, making fertilizers?

The decision to switch to such unfavorable lease terms was made by the regional duma several years ago.

Even the Department of Agrarian Policy was not consulted! - the head of the regional association of peasant (farmer) households and agricultural cooperatives "Niva" Anna Rozhdestvenskaya is indignant. - As a result, they prefer to give land to large investors. Half of the district heads directly put pressure on the farmers: you, they say, will work here for a long time, or maybe you can help to leave?

However, this year there is no need to help much: rent in a number of districts has doubled, and in some places it has doubled. Some farmers pay 150 rubles per hectare, others - 500-600, and still others - 907. The maximum reasonable rate they consider is 300 rubles per hectare.

The regional government raised this issue at the suggestion of farmers quite recently. According to the head of the department of property and land relations Maxim Uvaydov, the situation is being analyzed:

It is necessary to trace how rental rates are formed in different areas, from where such a price difference comes from. Perhaps there are also objective reasons. As for the terms of the lease of agricultural land, it is wrong to conclude contracts for 11 months. In order for the farmers to be interested in their work, they need to give land for 25 years. But for this they will have to change regulatory framework... And not everything can be solved at the regional level.

Confidence crisis

Short-term lease is also dangerous because it does not allow farmers to take out loans and equipment on lease. After all, when the terms of the loan and leasing exceed the lease term, the land cannot be mortgaged in the bank to receive money. Often all the property of the farm (livestock, more or less decent equipment) has already been mortgaged. And develop on own funds extremely difficult.

Leasing is available to 10-15 percent of farmers, credit is available only to five. The amount of the loan has decreased by four timesSince January, farmers in Voronezh have taken out twice as few loans compared to last year. The loan amount was cut almost fourfold. According to Anna Rozhdestvenskaya, loans are available only to 5 percent of farmers, leasing - 10-15.

The heads of strong farms are perplexed: why do banks not agree to issue loans to conscientious clients without collateral? Farmers, as a rule, do not need millions: two or three hundred thousand rubles are enough to buy livestock, fuels and lubricants or fertilizers. And with the credit history, as assured in the association "Niva", the majority of farms are all right. But banks are not tempted by this: in the agro-industrial complex high risks, there is a crisis in the economy ...

Crashed on sales

One way or another, farmers manage to get high yields, milk yield, weight gain ... And here another obstacle awaits them: they cannot sell their products profitably.

For example, almost all sugar factories in the region are owned by one company.

For large producers, it has the same prices, for small producers, others - farmer Alexander Kozlov does not understand how, under these conditions, to fulfill the governor's order to increase sugar beet production.
Vladimir Brezhnev also moved in a "priority" direction for the region - he raised pigs:

Translated all of them this year. There were two hundred heads, the largest farm in the area - and nowhere to go. Wherever you call - they don't take it! Such a batch is too small for dealers. The meat-packing plant was refused - there are no slaughterhouses! Like, hammer it yourself and bring it. Can you imagine the sanitary conditions on the farm ?! And there is no way out. Slaughtered the pigs - all covered in blood, fly ... Disgrace!

The farmer focused on processing cereals - but there are barriers there too:

Seven years ago, cereals were going with a bang. Now - forty tons are dead weight, mice are devouring this stuff ... You can get a job at the market in the regional center, but there are small sales volumes. And my farm produces at least 400 tons per month! All that remains is to hand over the goods to the base for next to nothing. Because chain stores import everything from other regions. It’s impossible to add Voronezh products there.

The regional government said that they are ready to arrange a meeting for farmers with the leadership of trading companies. Networkers will be asked to set a limit for local production.

However, most farmers are not involved in processing. This means that they strive to participate in government interventions. It is not easy for small farms to do this directly; they have to resort to the services of dealers.

All collective farm

Many problems of farmers can be removed by cooperation. Together, everything is easier - and buy fertilizers or seeds in bulk, and form a lot for government purchases, and arrange processing. The cooperative can take out loans, including those that are subsidized within the framework of the national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex". Or he can give money loans to shareholders himself. The interest rate is slightly higher than in banks. But the procedure is also simpler: you do not need to draw up a business plan, collect a bunch of documents, and prove your worth. You can't hide in the village - everyone knows who's worth what.

Governor Alexei Gordeev instructed the heads of the districts to support agricultural cooperatives (SEC). But - he only mentioned that farmers' associations should be provided with points of sale. And this is not the main thing. Cooperatives ask the authorities for something else - a collateral base for lending. So that municipal property or budgetary funds allocated to a special fund were a money-back guarantee for banks. Cooperatives cannot develop only at their own expense: there are few shareholders, they have small amounts of money.

That is why agricultural cooperation in the region has been "stalled" for several years already. In 2005, there were 31 cooperatives in each district. Today there are fewer of them, with 5-6 working. One of them is headed by Natalya Komova:

We were the first to work in the region, and for the first time a bank became an associated member of our SEC. There were many hopes ... Now we issue loans to shareholders at the expense of our own funds - this is only 3.5 million rubles. We are not credited - the regional administration does not provide a collateral base. There is a cooperative in Voronezh, which includes the best farmers in the region: they collected a decent mutual fund, won a bank tranche of 10 million. The money was supposedly transferred, but it did not work out to use it - also due to the lack of a pledge base.

The law on agricultural cooperation says that SECs are created with the support of the state. Farmers often point this out to officials. But the position of the latter is clear: it is scary to give a guarantee for a cooperative before the bank, what if the loan will not be returned? Farmers consider these fears far-fetched in many respects and only shrug their shoulders: the farms will not last long on sheer enthusiasm, without borrowed funds. One cannot expect that the children of today's farmers, looking at the hardships of their fathers, will willingly replace them.

Natalia Komova, head of the farm:

In most areas, farmers face misunderstandings from officials. And we always got the worst lands, and the idea of ​​the cooperative was ruined in the bud. And we are all very concerned about pricing. We do not know the prices for grain, so we cannot properly plan the management of our farm.

Alexey Gordeev, Governor of the Voronezh Region:

Support for agriculture in 2009 has not been reduced. We are developing a number of new programs (for meat and milk), we are raising the question of creating family dairy farms. There are agreements with two banks to continue lending to agricultural producers. I would like to note that farmers as representatives of small businesses can count on the support of the Department of Entrepreneurship. Yes, product prices are the main problem. We never learned how to regulate the market. In the EU countries, agricultural production is subject to quotas so that prices are fair. And then - their farmers are protesting against low prices. And we are still far from that.

Help "RG"

There are 3900 farms in the Voronezh region. If we take into account the personal subsidiary plots of the farmers themselves, it turns out that they cultivate almost a third of the arable land in the region. If, in general, in all sectors of the economy, small and medium business produces less than 40 percent of products, then in agriculture for farmers - 45.7. According to the regional association of farmers, their share in the production of vegetables reaches 95 percent, meat - up to 65 percent, milk - up to 56 percent.

INTRODUCTION The term "agricultural cooperation" is increasingly found in the agrarian sector, in agricultural literature, on newspaper strips. This phenomenon is almost unknown to modern man, which negatively affected the development of all agriculture. This happened against the background of the large-scale development of agricultural cooperation in the leading countries of the world with intensive highly developed agricultural technologies.

During the years of market transformations, peasant farms, personal subsidiary plots, which, nevertheless, constitute the individual-family sector of agriculture, as well as small agricultural organizations, have become an integral part of the diversified rural economy and the national economy as a whole.

There are 261.4 thousand peasant (farmer) households in the country (total land area 19200.4 thousand hectares, on average 73 hectares per farm); 16.0 million personal subsidiary plots (7014 thousand hectares; 0.44 hectares); 14.5 million families are engaged in gardening (1259 thousand hectares, 0.09 hectares), 4.3 million families are gardening (408 thousand hectares, 0.10 hectares), 19.3 thousand small agricultural organizations (in them employs 203 thousand workers).

In the future, the socio-economic role of the individual-family sector (first of all, peasant (farm) households and high-value personal subsidiary plots) is increasing, especially in filling local and regional agri-food markets, in the production of "ecological agriculture", in the provision of public goods (conservation rural settlement, rural lifestyle and culture; meeting recreational needs; ensuring social control over the territory).

As a result of the reform of large and medium-sized insolvent agricultural enterprises, a significant part of their land, material, technical and labor resources will move to small enterprises, to peasant (farmer) and high-value personal subsidiary plots.

Currently, the production and social potential of farms and other small forms of farming is not used effectively enough. Farm owners, rural entrepreneurs experience a number of significant legal, economic and social problems... As the world and domestic experience shows, the most acceptable way to solve the problems of servicing individual family farms and small agricultural enterprises is the creation of consumer cooperatives by agricultural producers.

In this work, I would like to consider:

1. What is a "consumer cooperative"

2. Identify the problems that hinder the development of agricultural consumer cooperation.

3. And the role of the state in supporting consumer cooperatives.

1 .Basic concepts of agricultural consumer cooperation

This paper uses the definitions of the concepts given in the current Federal Law "On Agricultural Cooperation". Here are a few concepts necessary for this work:

Agricultural cooperation- the system of agricultural production and agricultural consumer cooperatives and their unions;

Agricultural cooperative- an organization created by agricultural producers and (or) citizens leading personal subsidiary plots on the basis of voluntary membership for joint production or other economic activities based on the combination of their property share contributions in order to meet the material and other needs of the members of the cooperative. An agricultural cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a cooperative) may be created in the form of an agricultural production cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a production cooperative) or an agricultural consumer cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a consumer cooperative);

Cooperative member- an individual or legal entity taking personal labor participation in the activities of a production cooperative or an individual or legal entity taking part in the economic activities of a consumer cooperative, who meet the requirements of this Federal Law and the charter of the cooperative, who have made a share contribution in the amount and procedure established by the charter of the cooperative, accepted into the cooperative with the right to vote and bearing subsidiary liability for the obligations of the cooperative;

Associate member of the cooperative- an individual or legal entity that has made a share contribution, for which it receives dividends, bears the risk of losses associated with the activities of the cooperative, within the value of its share contribution and has the right to vote in the cooperative, subject to the restrictions established by this Federal law and the charter of the cooperative;

Share contribution of a member of the cooperative - property contribution of a member of a cooperative or an associate member of a cooperative to the cooperative's mutual fund in money, land plots, land and property shares, or other property or property rights that have a monetary value. The share contribution of a member of the cooperative can be mandatory and additional;

Mandatory share contribution- the share contribution of a member of the cooperative, which is obligatory and gives the right to vote and the right to participate in the activities of the cooperative, to use its services and benefits provided for by the charter of the cooperative, and to receive relying cooperative payments;

Additional share- the share contribution of a member of the cooperative, which he makes at his own request in excess of the mandatory share contribution, according to which he receives dividends in the amount and in the manner provided for by this Federal Law and the charter of the cooperative;

Share- part of the property of the cooperative, reflecting the amount of participation of the member of the cooperative or associate member of the cooperative in the formation of the property of the cooperative and accounted for in value terms. The share of a member of the cooperative consists of his share contribution and the incremental share. The share of the associate member of the cooperative is equal to his share contribution;

The indivisible fund of the cooperative- part of the property of the cooperative, which during the existence of the cooperative is not subject to division into shares of members of the cooperative and associated members of the cooperative or payment upon termination of their membership in the cooperative and used for the purposes specified by the charter of the cooperative;

In world practice, there are two types of agricultural cooperatives: consumer cooperatives and production cooperatives.

Consumer cooperative a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities on the basis of membership is recognized for the purpose of satisfying the material and other needs of the participants, carried out by combining property shares by its members. Agricultural consumer cooperatives - non-profit organizations citizens- owners of peasant (farm) farms, personal subsidiary plots, legal entities - producers of agricultural products to reduce costs or generate additional income by transferring to the cooperative the functions of selling, supplying, processing products and other activities for servicing participants.

To implement the functions transferred to the cooperative, its members form a mutual fund at the expense of monetary and other contributions. The property of the cooperative is its property. Cooperative members lead independent activity for the production of agricultural products within their farms, using the services of a cooperative. The activities of the cooperative are carried out in the interests of its members, the income from the activities of the cooperative is distributed among its members. To maintain the staff of employees, strengthen its material and technical base, members of the cooperative make annual membership fee... A consumer cooperative can also serve any farms whose owners are not members of the cooperative. The profit received from this type of activity is the property of the cooperative and is subject to taxation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The characteristic features (principles) of cooperative forms of activity are:

Voluntary membership based on economic interest, awareness by business entities of the need and profitability of the association;

Self-management, economic and administrative independence of the enterprise, which implies functioning at its own peril and risk in the interests of its members (shareholders);

Equality of the members of the cooperative among themselves on the principle of "one member - one vote";

The control of the elected bodies of the cooperative to its members and the construction of an organizational system of cooperation according to the "bottom up" principle;

Pooling by members of the cooperative on a voluntary basis financial and material resources necessary for the functioning joint venture by participating in the formation of share capital, the creation of common funds, self-financing, material responsibility;

The direct participation of members of the cooperative in its operations, the distribution of the income received is proportional to this participation, and not to the size of the share capital.

The main goal of the activity a cooperative enterprise or organization is not profit maximization, but servicing the economic interests of the united commodity producers, achieving certain benefits for their members (including increasing the profitability of farms).

The main differences between agricultural production and consumer cooperatives, recorded in Russian legislation, are presented in table. 1.

1

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia was the world leader in the development of cooperative forms of management and ranked first in the world in terms of the number of cooperatives and their members. This explains the birth in that period of a powerful flow of literature on cooperation. An analysis of the modern cooperative movement in our country suggests that cooperatives have at their core a significant unrealized potential and should take a more significant place in solving long-term economic problems of society as a whole. Promising directions for the stabilization and development of agricultural cooperatives should be: improving measures of state support for rural cooperatives, including support for cooperatives through the provision of land, state guarantees, tax preferences; modernization of the material and technical base of existing cooperatives; support of activities of economically significant regional programs for the development of cooperation and logistics centers; development of the federal union of agricultural cooperation; widespread popularization and dissemination of ideas of agricultural cooperation among the population, etc.

agricultural cooperation

agricultural production cooperative

agricultural consumer non-credit cooperative

agricultural consumer credit cooperative

1. Brutskus B.D. The agrarian question and agrarian policy. - SPb .: Pravo, 1922 .-- 234 p.

2. Martynov V.D. Farmer cooperation in the agro-industrial complex of the Scandinavian countries and Finland. - M .: VNIITEIagroprom, 1988 .-- 55 p.

3. Matusevich V. Farming and agricultural cooperation in the United States. - M .: Knowledge, 1991 .-- 48 p.

4. Serova E.V. Agricultural cooperation in the USSR. - M .: Agroprimizdat, 1991 .-- 160 p.

5. Yugay G.A. The Middle Way of Russia and Eurasianism // www.politology.vuzlib.org/book_o165_page_2.htm (date accessed: 13.03.13).

6. Chayanov A.V. The main ideas and forms of organizing agricultural cooperation. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 456 p.

In recent years, hopes for the revival of agriculture in our country are increasingly associated with cooperation. There are reasons for this. The domestic experience of the beginning of the 20th century and the existing world practice prove that agriculture has no prospects outside of cooperation. However, the Soviet period in the development of agricultural cooperation was a period of destructive rather than constructive experiments in the field of the cooperative movement according to a previously outlined theoretical plan. The agricultural cooperation that has survived to this day has essentially lost its principles and contains only some of its minor elements. Insufficient development of agricultural cooperation in Russia at present is confirmed by many scientists and practitioners. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to study state of the art agricultural cooperatives and determining the prospects for their development.

Material and research methods

The data of the official AKKOR website were used as an information base for the study. The study is based on the use of methods of monographic, logical analysis, as well as economic and statistical methods.

Research results and their discussion

Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, immediately after the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861, the cooperative movement rapidly gained momentum. According to S. Prokopovich's observations, over 10 years, from 1902 to 1912. the number of different partnerships has increased more than tenfold. By the beginning of 1917, the cooperative movement in Russia had a diverse, largely developed organizational network and united the broad masses of the population. At that time, Russia ranked first in the world in terms of the number of cooperatives and their members. About one and a half million peasant farms, mostly of the middle and poor strata of the countryside, were involved in cooperatives.

The opinion about the important role of the cooperative movement in the economic and social life of the country was widely accepted. N. Totomiants noted that no other social movement in Russia can compare with cooperation in terms of popularity and power. B. Brutskus wrote that the development of the cooperative movement aroused great moral satisfaction among the Russian intelligentsia, which actively participated in it, and among its broad strata - great hopes for the embodiment of future transformations of society.

G.A. Yugai already in modern conditions notes: “This is where the manifestation in life in practice of the Russian logos - the identity of matter and spirit - free, conciliar, cooperative. This is where the priority and somewhere even the primacy of spirit, ideal in relation to material being, is. And was it not this practice, life that inspired Russian writers, poets, philosophers, historians and other thinkers and figures to praise the Russian soul, its greatness and nobility! This was a continuation of the traditions of Russian culture, which was formed at the beginning of the 19th century, more on a spiritual, ideal than on a material and materialistic basis or on the philosophy of mercantilism and Western utilitarianism, consumerism. "

This explains the birth in that period of a powerful stream of literature on cooperation, which cannot in any way be compared with today. The main scientific conclusion made by another prominent scientist of that time, A. Chayanov, is that only cooperation of peasants can ensure the creation and development of a balanced production potential of the agrarian sector, its commercially beneficial use, eliminate the contradiction between the advantages individual labor and at the same time the advantages of large forms of production in agriculture. Moreover, the cooperative concentration turns out to be the more economically profitable, the further the sphere of agrarian activity subject to cooperation is separated from the direct work of the peasant with biological organisms.

In our country, these fundamental provisions have been undeservedly forgotten, the cooperation of peasant-proprietors has not become widespread enough. Soviet period The development of agricultural cooperation was a period of destructive rather than creative experiments in the field of the cooperative movement. The state regulated all aspects of the activities of cooperatives, including collective farms, which actually became one of the links in the national economic system. In Soviet economic science, for many years, the problems of the cooperative movement were studied mainly from the ideological and socio-political points of view, only in connection with consumer cooperation and collective farms.

At present, the undertaken agrarian transformations, the cooperation has not yet acquired its former glory, despite the fact that the experience of foreign countries also testifies to the wide possibilities and functions of cooperation, the diversity of its forms. In many of them, cooperatives play a very significant role in the system of interconnections between the agrarian sector and related sectors of the economy. Almost one hundred percent participation in farmer cooperatives is traditional for the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, Ireland, Japan. In a number of continental European countries, in the United States, about 80% of all farms are united in cooperatives. Cooperatives are somewhat less widespread in Great Britain and Italy, where about 35-40% of all farms participate in them.

An analysis of the modern cooperative movement in our country suggests that cooperatives have at their core a significant unrealized potential and should take a more significant place in solving long-term economic problems of society as a whole.

At present, the activities of cooperative formations in Russia are mainly regulated by the Federal Law No. 193 "On Agricultural Cooperation" and the Law of the Russian Federation No. 3085-1 "On Consumer Cooperation (Consumer Societies, Their Unions) in the Russian Federation".

Table 1 shows the modern structure and number of rural cooperatives as of January 1, 2012.

As follows from the table. 1, the most massive organizational form of agricultural cooperation in modern conditions is an agricultural production cooperative (SEC). SEC is a commercial organization created by citizens in order to meet their material and other needs for joint activities in the production, processing and sale of agricultural products, as well as to perform other activities not prohibited by law, based on the combination of their property shares and personal labor participation members of the cooperative. SPK dynamics for 1995-2012 is presented in table. 2.

Table 1

The number of agricultural cooperatives in the Russian Federation as of 01.01.2012

Cooperative type	Registered cooperatives	Incl. working
			percent
SEC (as of 01.01.2011)

As follows from the table. 2, despite the fact that the SEC is the most common form of organizing agricultural cooperative production, their number tends to decrease. In 2012, their number was 10,319, which is 33% less than in 2001. One of the main reasons explaining this trend is the fact that, according to the current classification, the SEC does not belong to “small forms of farming in the countryside,” even if they meet the criteria established for a small business entity. This deprives them of the opportunity to use a certain preferential treatment provided for small forms of farming in the countryside. They are entitled to the same forms of state support as agricultural organizations of other organizational and legal forms. Although it is more difficult for them than for other organizational forms to carry out their production activities. Most SPKs operate on leased land. There are frequent cases of predatory appropriation of the property of the SEC by individuals by means of their illegal transformation into various joint stock companies, deliberate bankruptcy, raider seizures. As a result, SEC members often remain without their property shares, without land and without work. In a real agricultural cooperative, even if it is a production cooperative, the right to a share in joint property must be unshakable. Otherwise, it will mean socialization, nationalization, elimination of the economic independence of the members of the cooperative.

table 2

Dynamics of the number of agricultural production cooperatives in the Russian Federation in 1995-2012, units

Agricultural consumer non-credit cooperatives (SPoK) - non-profit associations of citizens - owners of private household plots, peasant (farm) farms, legal entities - producers of agricultural products, created to reduce their costs or generate additional income by transferring to the cooperative the functions of selling, supplying, processing products, construction , insurance services and other activities to service members. These cooperatives are usually referred to as marketing, procurement, processing, service, or a combination of these. Building cooperatives have stood out among those serving in recent years.

According to estimates, the role of cooperatives differs significantly across the regions of the country. The development of this kind of agricultural cooperatives takes place primarily in those of them in which they are provided with a certain financial and economic support. First of all, we are talking about financing the capital expenditures of cooperatives. Since such costs are incurred once, and activities based on this are carried out for many years.

At the federal level, agricultural consumer non-credit cooperatives receive support in the form of reimbursement of part of the cost of paying interest on loans and borrowings.

Agricultural consumer cooperatives of this form are at the earliest stage of their development. The dynamics of their numbers is presented in table. 3.

As follows from the table. 3, the number of consumer non-credit cooperatives in the Russian Federation in 2006-2012. constantly increasing, which indicates the prospects of this form of organizing agricultural cooperation in our country.

Table 3

Dynamics of the number of agricultural consumer non-credit cooperatives in the Russian Federation in 2006-2012, units

Agricultural consumer credit cooperatives (SECC) are non-profit associations of agricultural producers and rural population that issue loans to their members at the expense of funds raised from members, associate members, credit organizations and other sources.

In modern conditions, SPKK more than 6% meet the needs of small rural entrepreneurship in borrowed funds, while occupying the third place after OJSC Rosselkhozbank and OJSC Sberbank of Russia. However, the difficulties in obtaining bank loans in some cases make agricultural consumer credit cooperatives the only source of borrowed funds available to a rural resident for organizing and maintaining entrepreneurial activity... The dynamics of the number of these types of cooperatives is presented in table. 4.

Table 4

Dynamics of the number of agricultural consumer credit cooperatives in the Russian Federation in 1996-2012, units

As you can see from the table. 4, the development of agricultural consumer credit cooperatives in the Russian Federation has intensified strongly since 2006. This is explained by the fact that at first the SPKKs were formed mainly at the expense of their own financial resources. The conditions of their activities have changed significantly since the beginning of the implementation of the Priority National Project "Development of the agro-industrial complex". During the implementation of this project, SPKK gained access to loans from Rosselkhozbank, which provided a number of cooperatives with significant funds as an associate member's contribution. For example, for 2006-2009. this amount was about 710 million rubles. At present, the SPKK do not receive direct financial and economic support at the federal level, which explains their uneven spasmodic development.

Thus, the cooperative movement in the agrarian sector of the country is developing slowly and contradictory. The development of cooperative foundations is largely impeded by the insufficient and ineffective state support and state regulation agricultural cooperation, lack of adequate financial and economic conditions for the creation and development of cooperatives, lack of understanding and skills of economic self-government on a democratic cooperative basis, cooperative illiteracy of the population, insufficient promotion of ideas and principles of cooperation, etc. , the construction principles of which are an indispensable condition for the development of agricultural cooperation.

Promising directions for the stabilization and development of agricultural cooperatives should be:

Improving measures of state support for rural cooperatives, including support for cooperatives through the provision of land, state guarantees, tax preferences;

Modernization of the material and technical base of existing cooperatives;

Support for activities of economically significant regional programs for the development of cooperation and logistics centers;

Development of the Federal Union of Agricultural Cooperation;

Widespread popularization and dissemination of ideas of agricultural cooperation among the population.

These and other areas should be comprehensive, have clear targets linked to specific deadlines, stages and possible resources to achieve them, combine federal and regional approaches within a single system.

Reviewers:

Polushkina TM, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Economics of Cooperation and Entrepreneurship of the Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch) of ANO VPO Tsentrsoyuz RF "Russian University of Cooperation", Saransk;

Imyarekov S.M., Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of World Economy and Management of the Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch) of the ANO VPO Tsentrsoyuz RF "Russian University of Cooperation", Saransk.

The work was received on April 22, 2013.

Bibliographic reference

Maslova S.I. STATE AND PROSPECTS OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT // Fundamental Research. - 2013. - No. 6-3. - S. 704-708;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=31578 (date of access: 03.24. We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"