Technogenic hazards BZhD presentation. PP4 presentation - Technogenic accidents and disasters. Shumskaya Anna Eduardovna

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Technogenic hazards and risks

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Contradictions in the interactions of the elements of the system "natural environment - technosphere - society"

The inability of the natural environment to fully meet the growing needs of society;
overexploitation of natural resources against the background of limited opportunities for their restoration;
aggravation of the dilemma of scientific and technological progress: on the one hand, the high rates of development of the technosphere in the XX century and outstanding achievements(nuclear, space, aviation, energy and chemical engineering, electronics, genetic engineering, etc.), and on the other, the emergence and growth of potential and real threats to humans, society, and the environment from the objects of the technosphere.

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1. Trends in the field of natural and technological safety

contradictions in the interactions of elements of the system "natural environment - technosphere - society" have led to an increase in the number of emergencies(ES) natural-technogenic and technogenic character

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Feature of Russia

A specific feature of Russia is that the increase in the number of emergencies in the last decade was accompanied by a reduction in the rate and volume of production to 40-50% (in fund-forming industries - to 70-95%).

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An explosion in a Chinese mine - 68 people were killed. / 28.11.2005, 9:25 / As a result of an explosion at a mine in the north-eastern Chinese province of Heilongjiang, 68 miners were killed.
Germany is covered with snow - there are victims. / 28.11.2005, 9:05 / Two thousand accidents, about one and a half hundred injured, one dead and over six million euros of damage were the result of snowfall in Germany.
More than 100 thousand Germans are left without electricity after a snowstorm. / 27.11.2005, 14:31 / In the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, it is still not possible to restore the power supply, interrupted by a strong snowstorm. About 120 thousand people are left without light.
Two trains collided in India. / 25.11.2005, 9:48 / In the Indian state of West Bengal, at least two people were injured as a result of a collision of two trains. On Friday, at Panskura station (100 km from Kolkata), a passenger express train crashed into a stationary commuter train.

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Emergency accidents and catastrophes of one month

24.11.2005 // An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 was recorded in the Sea of Okhotsk.
24.11.2005 // A yacht under the Ukrainian flag is in disaster off the coast of Greece.
11/23/2005 // The Amur water contaminated during an accident in China can reach Khabarovsk.
11/23/2005 // In Turkey, a train collided with a truck, 9 people were killed.
11/22/2005 // The storm "Gamma" battered Honduras.
11/18/2005 // 172 people became victims of floods in Colombia.
11/16/2005 // Environmental accidents in Kerch - 50 thousand inhabitants were left without water.
11/15/2005 // 10 thousand people are evacuated in Colombia from the awakened volcano.
11/14/2005 // A series of explosions at a chemical plant in China: 1 killed, 70 injured.
11.11.2005 // An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Yakutia.

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Field accidents

near the city of Novy Urengoy, an accident occurred at the Pestsovoye field, owned by Gazprom.

The valve in the building of the steam fittings was depressurized and a gas leak occurred.
On Friday night, the valves were closed, the gas was released. Three fire brigades of the State Fire Service of the Okrug and employees of Urengoygazprom worked at the scene.
During the liquidation of the accident, seven employees of the enterprise were poisoned by natural gas. All victims received medical assistance. Currently, their condition is assessed as satisfactory.
The circumstances of the incident are being established. The company launched an investigation into the causes of the accident.

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The dynamics of the number of deaths in emergency situations for the period 1997-2004.

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It would seem that solid experience has been accumulated in the prevention and elimination of accidents, the causes and conditions of their occurrence have been analyzed and revealed, and subsequent appropriate safety measures are taken. However, the growth curves of the number and severity of man-made accidents do not show any noticeable tendencies towards a qualitative decrease.

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Why is the number of accidents and emergencies of a technogenic nature not decreasing?

BUT). Scientific and technological progress and the development of the productive forces of society lead to an ever-increasing saturation of the technosphere with man-made (technical) objects, in which artificially created energy reserves are accumulated, posing a potential danger to humans and his environment.
(Any technical facility that has or uses an artificial energy reserve is potentially dangerous. In addition, the rate of increase in the number of technical facilities in the technosphere is comparable to or greater than the overall increase in their reliability (although newly constructed HPFs have higher reliability, but the reliability of operating HPFs only decreases with time).

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Why is the number of accidents and emergencies of a technogenic nature not decreasing?

B). In practice, there is a priority of using methods of eliminating the consequences of an accident over methods of improving safety. Most of the security measures implemented at HIFs are in the nature of “fire brigade methods”. (Alas, these methods have a pronounced populist basis - the larger the accident, the more effective the rescue and the TV picture).

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The main reasons for the growth in the number of man-made emergencies:

an unacceptably high level of wear and tear of fixed assets and the depletion of the design resources of machinery and equipment (up to 50-80% in power engineering, petrochemicals, transport);
(decommissioning of potentially hazardous facilities that have exhausted their resource or service life is a complex scientific, technical, economic and social problem)

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low investment and, as a result, the impossibility

reconstruction and renovation of fixed assets (less than 1-5% annually);
insufficient regulatory framework in the field of natural and technological safety at the federal and regional levels.

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Causes of accidents at industrial facilities

in the oil and oil refining industry:
corrosion of pipe metal and damage to pipelines or tank structures (age composition of field pipelines: up to 15 years - 63%, over 15 years - 37% with an actual service life of 20 years);
unauthorized inserts by third parties;
violation by service personnel of safety measures and fire safety rules;
constructive flaws and poor-quality equipment repair; factory defect of pipes;
marriage admitted in the course of construction installation works, and violation of their norms by contractors etc.

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in gas industry:

stress corrosion;
unauthorized excavation by various non-departmental organizations in the protected zones of gas pipelines without taking into account the minimum (safe) distances from the axis of the pipeline.

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in the coal industry:

accidents in mines (explosions of methane and coal dust, fires and collapse of rocks, insufficiently qualified fastening of various equipment and replacement of lining, as well as difficult working conditions of combines in the face);
fires in mines caused by a fire in a conveyor belt, electrical equipment, as well as coal explosions;
other emergencies that can lead to very serious consequences (air inversion into a coal mine
power outages in mines

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in the electric power industry:

an increase in the volume of equipment worn out;
absence budget financing for the construction of new power plants;
extremely tense situation with the provision of power plants with fuel;
location of energy facilities in areas with unfavorable natural conditions (in zones of seismic activity, northern regions);
concentration of production facilities in a limited area and in close proximity to cities and towns;
miscalculations in design, unsatisfactory quality and deficiencies in construction and installation work at newly commissioned facilities, etc.

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3. The theory of safety of technological systems

An independent field of fundamental science, develops at the junction of the theory of reliability, system analysis, probability theory, statistics, informatics, engineering and technical knowledge

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3.1 Sources of man-made hazards

Activities (industrial, defense) that can lead to the emergence of hazards in the environmental sphere,
- potentially dangerous objects
or enterprises, organizations, institutions carrying out the corresponding type of activity
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Radiation (radiation fields),
Mechanical (shock loads, ground vibrations),
Ballistic (fragmentation fields),
Thermal (heat flux),
Electromagnetic (lightning),
Excessive concentrations of radioactive substances, carcinogens and toxicants
Poisoning with chemically hazardous substances
Bacteriological contamination
Explosive and shock waves
Impulse acceleration

Damaging factors arising from hazardous events:

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object hazard

Its property, which consists in the ability, during operation, under certain circumstances, to cause damage to a person and an OPS

Accumulated hazard potential
- by the mechanism of damage
- by type of danger
- by the nature of the emergency

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3.3 Requirements for the safety declaration of certain types of production facilities

3.4 Man-made risk analysis

Technogenic safety

Characteristics of technogenic hazards Technogenic hazard is a state inherent in a technical system, industrial or transport facility, realized in the form of damaging effects of a source of a technogenic emergency on a person and the environment when it occurs, or in the form of direct or indirect damage to humans and the environment in the process normal operation of these facilities. Technogenic emergencies include emergencies, the origin of which is associated with industrial and economic human activities at the facilities of the technosphere. As a rule, man-made emergencies arise as a result of accidents accompanied by spontaneous release of matter and (or) energy into the surrounding space. The basic classification of emergencies of a technogenic nature is based on the types and types of emergency events that initiate emergencies: · transport accidents (disasters); · Fires, explosions, the threat of explosions; · Accidents with the release (threat of release) of CW; · Accidents with release (threat of release) of radioactive substances; · Accidents with release (threat of release) of biologically hazardous substances; · Sudden collapse of buildings, structures; · Accidents on electric power systems; · Accidents in communal life support systems; · Accidents at treatment facilities; · Hydrodynamic accidents.

Consequences of the impact of man-made hazards on the natural environment Enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries are the main sources of a variety of toxic substances. These primarily include organic solvents, amines, aldehydes, chlorine, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, phosphorus and mercury compounds. Also, in addition to industry, transport and agriculture, the sources of soil pollution are residential buildings and household enterprises. Pollutants are household waste, food waste, faeces, construction waste, worn out household items, garbage, etc. Air pollution is expressed in a lack of oxygen, high noise levels, acid precipitation, destruction of the ozone layer. A sharp deterioration in the sanitary and hygienic indicators of water quality is associated with thermal pollution, that is, with a change in the temperature regime of water bodies under the influence of industrial effluents. Most of the polluting heat is generated by power plants, steel rolling shops, oil refineries, chemical and pulp and paper mills.

Generalized causes of man-made disasters: 1. Plane crashes: The causes of plane crashes are: engine malfunction, pilot error, adverse weather conditions, terrorist attacks, collision with a foreign object, defeat by military weapons. March 27, 1977 - two Boeing 727s collided on the runway of Tenerife airport in the Canary Islands. The number of victims is 582. 2. Explosions: Causes of explosions: errors and counts of people, presence of poisonous gases, excess of explosive dust, storage of old ammunition, ship overload, terrorist attacks. February 12, 1931 - a mine in Manchuria. The number of victims is 3000. 3. Railway accidents Reasons: faulty and overloaded trains. July 9, 1918 - Two passenger trains collide on the road between Nashville and St. Louis, USA, the worst train disaster in the country's history. Number of victims 101. 4. Fires Causes: human error, negligence and malice; earthquakes, wars. August 20, 1949 - a cinema in Abadan, Iran. The number of victims is 422. 5. Environmental disasters Reasons: neglect of safety measures, negligence of the personnel of enterprises, political and administrative ambitions, greed, thoughtless desire to save money and to misinformation or complete withholding of information about the catastrophe. January 24, 1991 - Iraq has started dumping crude oil from Kuwaiti wells into the sea. The Persian Gulf has become an ecological disaster zone.

Various accidents 1. Accidents at hydraulic structures (accidents at hydroelectric power plants) The risk of flooding of low nearby areas due to the destruction of dams, dams and waterworks. A swift and powerful stream of water can wash away the soil with all vegetation, and wash away the black soil. There is a risk of mudflows. With sufficiently high waves, animals on the territory of the flooded area are selected on a hill, they can spend a lot of time there. 2. Accidents at nuclear power plants Hypothetical severe accidents at nuclear power plants can lead to the formation of a "black pillar", when emissions from an accident spread to the atmosphere and soils, plants and animals suffer the most from radiation. In animals, as in humans, there are cases of radiation sickness. Also, the consequences of radiation are the inhibition of vegetation growth, a decrease in animal populations in the nearby territories of the accident. The damaging factors include a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination of the area and an electromagnetic pulse. The greatest indirect injuries will be observed in settlements and in the forest. The light emitted from a nuclear explosion is a flux of radiant energy that includes ultraviolet, visible and infrared light. Accidents with release (threat of release) of radioactive substances (RS) Exposure to radiation leads to the death of living organisms. As a result of radiation contamination, radiation sickness develops, disrupting the genetics of the organism. The appearance of radiation is associated with the operation of enterprises using radioactive materials, accidents at nuclear installations and the activities of organizations for the processing and disposal of radioactive waste. Accidents with the release (threat of release) of biologically hazardous substances of CWA Biologically hazardous substances of CWA are substances that can cause massive infectious diseases of humans and animals when ingested in negligible amounts. BOV includes pathogenic microbes and bacteria, causative agents of various especially dangerous infectious diseases: plague, cholera, smallpox, anthrax, etc.

The concept of technogenic safety The concept developed by Academician V.A. Legasov in 1986-87 is the result of his work on eliminating the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster and analyzing its causes. It states that the scientific and technological revolution has brought the world to the brink of the most powerful crisis phenomena that threaten human life. Nine "facets" are named - the reasons that threaten life in the final analysis: the threat of a nuclear and, in general, a military catastrophe; the threat of a destructive effect of major industrial accidents, comparable to a military one; the increasing stationary impact of developing human activities on the environment and human health; violation of social, economic, resource harmony, both interpersonal and interstate; pumping an excess share of intellectual resources from humanitarian to technical area; loss by a significant part of society of previously mined moral rules and, as a consequence, the spread of drug addiction, prostitution, new diseases; alienation of an increasing number of people employed in production from solving the problems of this production, from managing it; aggravation, up to armed conflicts, racial, national, class and religious contradictions; development of terrorism as a means of resolving personal, national or political conflicts. According to V.A. Legasov, the sum of the listed factors means that the stage of the industrial revolution, which lasted for four centuries, has been completed. Thoughtless linear continuation of the established traditions, institutions, ways of solving problems for any of the above reasons can lead the world to an irreversible catastrophe.

All measures have been taken in Vladimir to ensure security during the elections. On March 13, the meeting of the city anti-terrorist commission, which took place in the Vladimir administration, was discussed on ensuring security during the preparation and conduct of the elections. According to the head of the city police department, Alexander Razov, for these purposes, a plan for the protection of law and order and public security for this period has been developed, employees are assigned to each polling station, with whom the necessary classes have been conducted. Immediately before the elections, each polling station in the city will be additionally examined with service dogs, and the entire staff of the Internal Affairs Directorate will be transferred to an enhanced service option. In addition, 100 employees of private security companies will be involved in ensuring law and order on Election Day.

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Feelings of fear and danger of being different
spheres. The first is to the realm of instincts. The second is to the sphere of reason.
The first must be suppressed, the second must be developed.
/ And Shevelev /

Modular block of discipline questions
"Life safety"

Novosibirsk 2013

Topic: EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF NATURAL, MAN-GENERAL AND MILITARY

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF NATURAL, MAN-GENERAL AND WAR
1.1 Emergency situations of natural and man-made character, their possible consequences
1.2 natural and man-made
1.3 Military emergencies
1.4 Measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations

NATURAL AND MAN-GENERAL EMERGENCIES, THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES
EMERGENCY SITUATION (ES) is a situation in a certain territory or water area resulting from an accident, hazardous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or did entail human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material loss and violation of the living conditions of people.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

On the surface of the Earth and in the layers of the atmosphere adjacent to it, many complex physical, physicochemical, biochemical, geodynamic, heliophysical, hydrodynamic and other processes are taking place, accompanied by the exchange and mutual transformation of various types of energy. These processes underlie the evolution of the Earth, being the source of constant transformations in the appearance of our planet.
A person is not able to suspend or change the course of these processes, he can only predict their development and, in some cases, influence their dynamics.
RUSSIA, which has an extremely wide variety of geological, climatic and landscape conditions, is exposed to more than 30 types of natural hazards.
The most destructive of them are floods, flooding, erosion, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, karsts, suffosions, rock bumps, avalanches, hurricanes, storm winds, tornadoes, severe frosts, various permafrost phenomena.
The greatest danger is posed by earthquakes.
Other hazards of geological origin include landslides, avalanches, mudflows, abrasion, processing of reservoir banks, and permafrost processes.

NATURAL HAZARDS AND THREATS

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

The processes of plane and ravine erosion, processing of the shores of reservoirs and seas, and swelling of soils are relatively less dangerous because of the smaller volumes and speeds of the simultaneous movement of masses of rocks and water.
The most devastating and dangerous atmospheric processes are squalls, hurricanes, typhoons, hail, tornadoes, heavy showers, thunderstorms, blizzards and snowfalls.
Of all natural processes and phenomena, the greatest economic damage is caused by floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes, they are also the most dangerous for human life and health.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL HAZARDS allows us to conclude that, despite the scientific and technological progress, the protection of people and the material sphere from the formidable phenomena and processes of nature does not increase.
The annual increase in the death toll from natural disasters in the world is 4.3%, victims - 8.6%, and the amount of material damage - 10.4%.
World Health Organization (WHO) data 2012

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Man-made dangers and threats humanity felt and realized a little later than natural.
Only after reaching a certain stage in the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters intruded into human life, the sources of which are accidents and man-made disasters.
The danger of the technosphere for the population and the environment is due to the presence in industry, energy and utilities of a large number of radiation, chemical, biological, fire and explosive technologies and industries.
There are about 50 thousand such productions in Russia alone.
The possibility of accidents on them is currently aggravated by the high degree of wear of the main production assets, non-fulfillment of the necessary repair and preventive work, a fall in production and technological discipline.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND THREATS

Radiation hazardous facilities

Chemically hazardous facilities

Technogenic hazards and threats

Gas and oil pipelines

Transport

Hydraulic structures

Explosive and fire hazardous objects

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Radiation hazardous facilities

Chemical hazardous facilities

there are 10 nuclear power plants(NPP), 113 research nuclear installations, 12 industrial enterprises of the fuel cycle, 8 research organizations working with nuclear materials, 9 nuclear ships with facilities for their support, as well as about 13 thousand other enterprises and organizations operating with the use of radioactive substances and products based on them. Almost all nuclear power plants are located in the densely populated European part of the country. More than 4 million people live in their 30-kilometer zones. In addition, the system for the disposal of nuclear waste generated at these facilities poses a great danger to the population.

In Russia, there are more than 3.3 thousand economic facilities with significant quantities of chemically hazardous substances (AHOV), mainly enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. More than 50% of them use ammonia, about 35% - chlorine, 5% - hydrochloric acid. The total stock of hazardous chemicals stored at the country's enterprises reaches 700 thousand tons.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Fire and explosive objects

In our country, there are over 8 thousand fire and explosion hazardous facilities. Explosions and fires most often occur at enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. They lead, as a rule, to the destruction of industrial and residential buildings, damage to production personnel and the population, significant material damage

Gas and oil pipelines

More than 200 thousand km of main oil pipelines and about 350 thousand km of field pipelines, more than 800 compressor and oil pumping stations, of which, most of them, were put into operation in the 60-70s biennium last century. Hence, it follows that practically the entire existing network of oil pipelines has largely exhausted its resource and requires serious reconstruction, representing a significant source of danger.
The main causes of pipeline accidents are underground corrosion of metal (21%), defects in construction and installation works (21), defects in pipes and equipment (14), mechanical damage (19%).

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Transport

More than 3.5 billion tons of cargo are transported in Russia annually by various modes of transport, including rail - up to 50%, road - 39, inland waterways - 8, sea - 3%.
Daily transportation of people exceeds 100 million people: by rail - 47%, by road - 37, aviation - 15, river and sea vessels - 1%.

The most dangerous is road transport, during the operation of which an average of 33,415 people die. for 1 billion passenger kilometers. For comparison, in aviation this figure is 1.065 people. In railway accidents, human losses are much lower.
It should also be noted that transport is a serious source of danger not only for passengers, but also for the population living in the areas of transport highways, since they carry a large amount of flammable, chemical, radioactive, explosive and other substances that pose a threat to life and health in an accident. of people.
Such substances make up about 12% of the total volume of cargo transportation.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Hydraulic structures

On the territory of Russia there are more than 30 thousand reservoirs, including 60 large - with a capacity of more than 1 billion m3, located, as a rule, within or upstream of large settlements, as well as more than 800 reservoirs created for the accumulation of industrial wastewater and waste ...
More than 300 hydraulic structures retaining water reserves in reservoirs and containing polluted waters, and waste in reservoirs have been operated without reconstruction for more than 50 years and are in an emergency condition, which can create many problems and are objects of increased risk. Their destruction can lead to catastrophic flooding or pollution of vast territories, many cities, villages and other economic facilities, to a long cessation of shipping, agricultural and fishing industries.

Utilities facilities

In the housing and communal services of our country, there are about 2370 water supply and 1050 sewer pumping stations, about 138 thousand transformer substations, over 51 thousand boiler houses. The length of water supply networks is approximately 185 thousand km, heat (in two-pipe calculation) - 101 thousand km and sewerage - about 105 thousand km.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

About 220 major accidents occur annually at utility facilities, material damage of which amounts to tens of billions of rubles.
In recent years, every second accident took place in networks and heat supply facilities, and every fifth in water supply and sewerage systems.
The main causes of man-made accidents and disasters are as follows:
1) the complexity of production is increasing, often this is due to the use of new technologies that require high concentrations of energy, substances hazardous to human life and have a strong effect on the components of the environment;
2) the reliability of production equipment and vehicles decreases due to a high degree of wear;
3) violation of technological and labor discipline, low level of training of workers in the field of safety.
In addition, sometimes the causes of a number of accidents and man-made disasters are various hazardous natural processes and phenomena.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES
NATURAL

For the purpose of a unified approach to assessing emergency situations and choosing a form of response to them, these situations are classified by types, types, extent of distribution, severity of consequences and some other signs. On practice general classification emergency situations, as a rule, are produced on the basis of their causes, sources and the most important indicators of their manifestation.

Meteorological and agrometeorological
(storm, hurricane, tornado, drought, frost)

Marine hydrological (typhoon, tsunami)

DANGEROUS PHENOMENA

Geophysical (earthquake, volcanic eruption)

Geological (landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches)

Infectious diseases of farm animals

Hydrological (flood, jam, jam)

Natural fires
(forest, steppe, peat)

Damage to agricultural plants by diseases and pests

Human infectious diseases

Natural emergencies

Hydrogeological
(low and high groundwater table)

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES
TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTER

Technogenic emergencies

DANGEROUS PHENOMENA

Transport accidents and disasters

Fires, explosions and explosion threats

emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV)

Discharge accidents (threat of discharge)
radioactive substances

Discharge accidents (threat of discharge)
Biologically hazardous substances

Power system accidents

Accidents on communal life support systems

Accidents at sewage treatment plants

Hydrodynamic accidents

Sudden collapse of buildings and structures

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

In addition, it is important to classify emergencies, reflecting their scale and severity of consequences. This classification takes into account such indicators as the number of injured people, the number of people who have been found to be, the living conditions are violated, the amount of material damage, the boundaries of the zones of action of damaging factors.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies"
Regulations on the classification of natural and man-made emergencies,
according to which, according to the scale of distribution and severity of consequences, emergency situations are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.

EMERGENCY

Local emergency

Local emergency

Territorial emergency

Regional emergency

Federal emergency

Cross-border emergency

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

LOCAL EMERGENCY - a situation as a result of which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were violated, or material damage amounted to no more than 1,000 people. minimum sizes wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond the territory of the industrial or social facility.
LOCAL EMERGENCY - a situation as a result of which from 10 to 50 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 100, but not more than 300 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 1 thousand, but not more than 5 thousand of the minimum size wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond settlement(city, district).
TERRITORIAL EMERGENCY - a situation as a result of which from 50 to 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 300, but not more than 500 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 thousand, but not more than 500 thousand minimum wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

REGIONAL EMERGENCY - a situation as a result of which from 50 to 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 500, but not more than 1000 people were violated, or material damage amounted to over 0.5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of occurrence, and its zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY - a situation that resulted in more than 500 people injured, or more than 1000 people living conditions were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of its occurrence, and its zone extends beyond more than two subjects Russian Federation.
CROSS-BORDER EMERGENCY - a situation, the damaging factors of which go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or a situation that has occurred abroad and affects the territory of the Russian Federation.
CONCLUSION -
The classification of emergencies adopted in Russia in practice makes it possible to assess their causes and scale, to determine the forces and means, financial, time and other resources necessary for their elimination.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

MILITARY EMERGENCIES

In recent years, the world has undergone significant changes in the military-political and socio-economic areas.
Experts believe that in the course of war and military conflicts, not only military facilities and troops, but also economic facilities and the civilian population will be under attack, and when large-scale wars are deployed, the sources of military emergencies will be the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these. action.

It is customary to distinguish three classes (classifications) of these types of hazard, including:

1. Dangers arising from direct action of means of destruction - represent defeat by conventional means of armed struggle, as well as by radioactive, chemical and bacteriological weapons and defeat by non-lethal weapons (psychotropic, high-frequency and laser).
2. Dangers arising from the indirect effects of means of destruction (secondary factors of destruction) - representing damage in the form of destruction of buildings, the appearance of radiation, chemically and hydrodynamically dangerous objects, the occurrence of fires and foci of bacteriological contamination.
3. Dangers associated with changes in the living environment of people, which can lead to their death or cause serious harm to health - are injuries that led to the loss of dwellings, disruptions in water supply systems, food, the inability to provide medical care the population.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

The dangers of wartime have characteristic, inherent features only, including:
firstly, they are planned, prepared and carried out by people, therefore, they are more complex than natural and man-made;
secondly, the means of destruction are also used by people, therefore, in the implementation of these dangers there is less spontaneous and accidental, weapons are used, as a rule, at the most inopportune moment for the victim of aggression and in the most vulnerable place for her;
thirdly, the development of means of attack always outstrips the development of adequate means of defense against their impact, therefore, for a certain period of time, they have superiority;
fourthly, the latest scientific achievements are used to create means of attack, the best specialists and the most advanced scientific and industrial base are involved; this leads to the fact that it is virtually impossible to defend against some means of destruction (nuclear missiles);
Fifth, an analysis of trends in the evolution of military dangers indicates that future wars will increasingly acquire a terrorist, inhuman character, and that the civilian population of the belligerent countries will serve as an object of armed pressure in order to undermine the enemy's will and ability to resist.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Dangers of a military nature will arise from the use of nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons.

Nuclear weapons are by far the most powerful weapon of mass destruction. The damaging factors of this weapon are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse. In terms of the scale and nature of their action, nuclear weapons differ significantly from other weapons of warfare. The almost simultaneous effect of its damaging factors determines the combined nature of the effect on people, equipment and structures.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Chemical weapons are also a type of weapon of mass destruction. Its damaging effect is based on the use of combat toxic chemicals (BTXV). Combat toxic chemicals include toxic substances (OM) and toxins that have a damaging effect on humans and animals, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used to damage various types of vegetation.
Binary chemical munitions are a type of chemical weapon.
These ammunition is based on the principle of refusal to use a finished toxic product and transferring the final stage technological process receiving OV in the ammunition itself.
This stage is carried out in a short period of time after the projectile has been fired (launching a rocket, dropping a bomb).
During this time, the destruction of the devices that isolate the separately safe components of the OM and intensive mixing of the components occurs in the ammunition, which contributes to the rapid development of the reaction of the formation of the poisonous substance.
The use of chemical weapons can have severe environmental and genetic consequences, the elimination of which will take a long time and great efforts.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Bacteriological weapons are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxic products of their vital activity), spread by living infected vectors of diseases (rodents, insects) or in the form of powders and suspensions in order to cause mass diseases of people, farm animals and plants. ...
Pathogens of various especially dangerous infectious diseases can be used as bacterial agents: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural smallpox.
Bacteriological weapons have some features that distinguish them from other means of destruction.
These include:
1) the ability to cause massive diseases in humans and animals;
2) long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax bacteria retain their damaging properties for several years);
3) the difficulty of detecting microorganisms and their toxins in the external environment;
4) the ability of pathogens and their toxins, together with the air, to penetrate into unsealed shelters and premises, infecting people and animals in them.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

TO CONVENTIONAL MEANS OF DAMAGE include fire and strike weapons using artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition filled with conventional explosives, precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition, incendiary mixtures and substances, as well as some of the latest types of weapons (infrasonic, radiological, laser).
Cruise missiles occupy a special place among high-precision weapons.
These missiles are equipped with a complex combined control system that guides them to targets according to pre-drawn flight maps, including at low altitudes, which complicates their detection and greatly increases the probability of hitting a target. Guided aerial bombs, reconnaissance and strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems are also precision weapons.
In recent years, volumetric explosion ammunition has become widespread. The principle of operation of such ammunition (vacuum bombs) is based on the principle of undermining the fuel-air mixture. Their main damaging factor is a shock wave, the power of which is several times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive. In addition, during the explosion, the temperature reaches 2500–3000 ° C. As a result, a lifeless space about the size of a football field is formed at the site of the explosion.
The damaging effect of an incendiary weapon is based on the direct effect on a person of high temperatures created during the combustion of incendiary substances and mixtures. Incendiary weapons are subdivided into incendiary mixtures (napalms), metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel), termite and thermite compounds, and white phosphorus.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

International and domestic terrorism poses a significant threat to the world community, including Russia.
In world legal practice, this type of threat to life safety is considered as the most dangerous crime.

Types of terrorism

FOR IMPACT

BY THE SCALE OF IMPACT

Political terrorism

Nationalist terrorism

Religious terrorism

Selfish terrorism

Unaddressed (psychological) terrorism

Individual terrorism

Group terrorism

State terrorism

International terrorism

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Political terrorism aims to conquer political power in the country. There are two types of such terrorism. Leftist terrorism arising as a result of social conflict when the economic situation of the state and the population deteriorates sharply. Right-wing terrorism expresses the desire of some part of society to establish a reactionary totalitarian regime. As a rule, he is imbued with the spirit of chauvinism, racism, Nazism and anti-communism. Class terrorism is a kind of political terrorism. However, its object is not politicians or public figures, but representatives of a certain class (social group).
Nationalist terrorism is organized and carried out by ethnic groups that seek to achieve independence from the state, or to ensure the superiority of their nation over others. The purpose of such terrorism can also be the protection of territorial integrity or the preservation of their ethnic group.
Religious terrorism is usually carried out in order to establish their religion as the main one. In this case, the target of terror can be not only religious figures, but also people professing a different religion.
Self-serving terrorism aims at improperly obtaining financial resources by taking hostages. Sometimes terrorists put forward political demands along with financial ones.
Unaddressed (psychological) terrorism is usually not motivated. At the same time, mental aggression is practically the only reason for committing a terrorist act and is demonstrative in nature.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Individual terrorism is violence perpetrated by one person against another.
It can also be characterized as a personal rebellion against society.
Group terrorism is organized and carried out by a group of people who pursue certain goals and have an organizational structure.
This type of terrorism is the most widespread and widespread.
State terrorism is expressed in the policies pursued by politicians and parties in power in the country.
The activities of the fascist regimes in Germany and Italy, the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia can be cited as examples of state terror.
International terrorism, as a rule, is carried out on the territory of several countries. It can be carried out not only against citizens and various organizations but also generally against states.
A striking example of such terrorism is the destruction of the buildings of the World Trade Center in the United States (2001), the explosion in the Moscow subway (2004), the explosions in Spain (2004).

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

Measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations

The main directions of emergency warnings

1) monitoring and forecasting emergencies

2) rational placement of productive forces and settlements on the territory of the country, taking into account natural and technological safety

3) systematic reduction of the accumulating destructive potential of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena

4) prevention of accidents and man-made disasters by improving technological safety production processes and operational reliability of equipment

5) development and implementation of engineering and technical measures aimed at preventing the emergence of sources of emergency situations

7) training of production personnel and improvement of technological and labor discipline

6) preparation of economic objects and life support systems of the population for work in emergency situations

8) declaration of industrial safety

9) licensing of hazardous production facilities

10) carrying out state expertise in the field of emergency prevention

11) state supervision and control on natural and technological safety

12) insurance of liability for damage caused by the operation of a hazardous production facility

13) informing the population about potential natural and man-made threats in the territory of residence

14) training the population in the field of protection from emergencies in peacetime and wartime

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

MONITORING is understood as a system of constant monitoring of phenomena and processes occurring in nature and the technosphere in order to foresee the growing threats to humans and their environment. The main purpose of monitoring is to provide data for accurate and reliable forecasting of emergency situations based on the combination of intellectual, information and technological capabilities of various departments and organizations involved in monitoring separate types dangers. Monitoring information serves as the basis for forecasting, as a result of which hypothetical data on the future state of an object, phenomenon, process are obtained.

Emergency forecasting is a proactive assumption about the likelihood and development of an emergency based on an analysis of the causes of its occurrence and its source in the past and present.
The main thing in this process is information about the predicted object, which reveals its behavior in the past and present, as well as the patterns of this behavior.
All methods, methods and techniques of forecasting are based on heuristic and mathematical approaches.
The essence of the heuristic approach is to study and use the opinions of experts.
The mathematical approach consists in using data on some characteristics of the predicted object after processing them by mathematical methods to obtain a dependence connecting these characteristics with time, and calculating using the found dependence of the characteristics of the object at a given moment in time.
Forecasting in most cases is the basis for preventing natural and man-made emergencies. In the mode of daily activity, the possibility of such situations is predicted: their place, time and intensity, possible scale and other characteristics. In the event of an emergency, a possible development of the situation, the effectiveness of certain measures to eliminate the situation, the required composition of forces and means are predicted.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

It is almost impossible to prevent most natural emergencies. However, there are a number of dangerous natural phenomena and processes, the negative development of which can be prevented.
This can be accomplished by taking measures to prevent hail damage, early descent of avalanches and discharge of mudflow lakes formed as a result of blockages of mountain river beds.
Localization or suppression of natural foci of infections, vaccination of the population and farm animals can also be referred to measures to prevent such situations.

In the technogenic sphere, work to prevent accidents is carried out in accordance with their types at specific facilities.
The most effective measures to reduce the risk of possible emergencies are:
1) improvement of technological processes;
2) quality improvement technological equipment and its operational reliability; timely updating of fixed assets;
3) the use of technically competent design and technological documentation, high quality raw materials, materials and components;
4) availability of qualified personnel, creation and application of advanced systems of technological control and technical diagnostics, trouble-free production stoppages, localization and suppression of emergency situations, and much more.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

One of the ways to effectively reduce the scale of emergency situations is the construction and use of protective structures for various purposes.
These should include hydraulic protection structures that protect watercourses and reservoirs from the spread of radioactive contamination, as well as structures that protect the land and hydrosphere from some other surface contamination.
Dams, sluices, embankments, embankments and bank fortifications are used for flood protection. An important role in reducing damage to the environment is assigned to municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
To reduce the negative impact of landslides, mudflows, landslides, talus and avalanches in mountainous areas, protective engineering structures are used on communications and in settlements.
Protective forest plantations are used to mitigate erosive processes.
To protect the personnel of economic facilities and the population from wartime dangers, as well as from natural and man-made emergencies, civil defense protective structures are used.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

One of the ways to reduce the scale of emergency situations is to take measures to increase the physical resilience of objects during natural disasters, accidents, natural and man-made disasters. These measures, first of all, include earthquake-resistant construction in earthquake-prone areas and seismic strengthening in these territories of buildings and structures built earlier without taking into account seismicity, as well as increasing the physical resistance of especially important objects, protecting unique equipment, cultural, historical, state values, reserves the most important resources.
Effectively contributes to reducing the scale of emergency situations (especially in terms of losses) the creation and application of warning systems for the population, personnel and government bodies, primarily a centralized warning system at the federal, regional, territorial, local and facility levels. Thanks to this system, it is possible in the shortest possible time to notify the majority of the population of the country or certain territories about the danger.
Timely notification allows you to take measures to protect the population and thereby reduce losses. At potentially dangerous facilities, local warning systems operate, controlled by the facility's duty personnel or specialists from the city's centralized warning system. The task of the local warning system is to provide timely warning of the danger of people living near a potentially dangerous object. In case the staff on duty is unable to activate the warning system in a timely manner, local or combined automated systems detection of dangerous natural and man-made factors and notification about them. Such automated radiation monitoring systems are already in use at some domestic nuclear power plants.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

One of the most important measures to prevent the emergence and development of emergencies, primarily of a man-made nature, is the training of production personnel and the improvement of technological and labor discipline.
The situation that has developed in recent years in the field of operation of industrial production, especially potentially hazardous, is characterized by high level accidents and injuries.
Fires, explosions, release of toxic products and other industrial accidents are often the cause of emergencies.
Despite significant efforts in the development of technical safety and protection systems, the accident rate in our country has grown significantly in recent years.
In most cases, this is due to low training of personnel and non-compliance with technological and labor discipline.
Due to the "human factor", more than half of all man-made accidents and disasters occur at economic facilities, industrial and agricultural production, land, air and water transport.
Russian legislation provides for the adoption of appropriate measures, for example, according to the requirements Federal law RF "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies", all categories of employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations must be trained in the rules of behavior, methods of protection and actions in emergencies.

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

For managers of all levels, in addition, mandatory advanced training in the field of civil defense and protection against emergencies is provided upon appointment to a position, and subsequently at least once every five years.
Measures that reduce the scale of emergency situations should also include keeping shelters and shelters in readiness, sanitary-epidemic and veterinary-antiepizootic measures, evacuating the population from unfavorable or potentially dangerous zones, educating the population, keeping the command and control bodies and forces in readiness and much more. as well as declaring the industrial safety of the facility.
An industrial safety declaration is developed at each industrial facility, the activity of which is associated with increased danger. It provides control over the observance of safety measures and allows you to assess the sufficiency and effectiveness of measures to prevent and eliminate emergency situations.
To implement measures to ensure the natural and man-made safety of objects for various purposes, even at the stage of their design, state expertise is carried out in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies.
A huge potential in reducing the risks of emergencies lies in the use of an integrated system of federal, regional and local information centers connected to various terminal devices for displaying information for operational information and notification of the population. Installed, for example, in places of mass presence of people, external and internal electronic displays with video cameras (to provide feedback and preventive observation).

NSU. Faculty of Law. Discipline "life safety"

In order to ensure the safety of the population in the context of the ongoing struggle against terrorism, a set of special measures is being developed and implemented:
1) clarification of the list of objects most likely to carry out terrorist acts; 2) development of measures to prevent unauthorized entry of unauthorized persons and forecasting possible emergencies, incl. terrorist attacks; 3) introduction of a system of insurance of liability for causing harm to citizens, including from accidents as a result of terrorist acts; 4) licensing the activities of hazardous industries, declaring safety and increasing readiness for the localization and elimination of accidents; 5) training of special reconnaissance groups for the detection and identification of hazardous substances, as a rule, used to commit terrorist acts; 6) determination of the list and development of special measures for the detection and neutralization of means of committing technological terrorist acts.
It is advisable to use the following as preventive measures at sites: 1) strengthening of the control regime at the entrance and entrance to the territory of objects; 2) installation of alarm systems, audio and video recording; 3) careful selection and verification of personnel; 4) use special means and devices for detecting explosives; 5) organizing and conducting, together with law enforcement officers, briefings and practical training with working staff; 6) regular anti-terrorist and anti-vandal inspection of territories and premises.
7) installation of means of remote video control and video surveillance of controlled areas.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Slide 2

Electrical safety Educational questions: 1. Basic concepts 2. The effect of electric current on the human body 3. Factors determining the danger of electric shock 4. Conditions for electric shock 5. The main causes of electric shock Step voltage 6. Technical methods and means of protection 7. Means protections used in electrical installations

Slide 3

Literature: Bury A.Z. Life safety. Tutorial SPb GK, 1997, part I. Rusak O.N. and other Safety of life. Tutorial. Doe. 2000, Section II, §7.4. 3. Belov A.V. and other Safety of life. Textbook for Universities. graduate School... 1999, Section 1, §3.2.5, Section 2, §§5.5-5.6 4. Hwang TA, Hwang PA Life safety. Tutorial. Rostov-on-Don. 2000, Topic # 1, §1.3.8.

Slide 4

Electrical safety - a system of organizational and technical measures and means to protect people from harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.

Slide 5

Organizational measures include: training in safe methods of work; control of knowledge and adherence to safety measures when performing work; medical control

Slide 6

protection against accidental contact with live parts; voltage drop on metal non-live parts of electrical installations in case of its accidental appearance due to insulation failure or other reasons. Technical methods and means of protection used to ensure electrical safety:

Slide 7

Electric current is the ordered movement of electric charges. The ordered movement of free electric charges that occurs in a conductor is called a conduction current. Conduction currents are: electric current in metals, created by the ordered movement of free electrons, the current in electrolytes, carried out by the ordered movement of ions, current in gases, where ions and electrons move in an orderly manner.

Slide 8

Current strength is the amount of electricity passing through the cross-section of the conductor in an infinitely small period of time, i.e.: I = dq / dt where: I is the current strength, A, dq is the amount of electricity passing through the cross-section of the conductor, dt is infinitesimal time interval. If for any equal time intervals the same charges pass through the cross-section of the conductor, the current is called constant (in magnitude and direction) and denoted by the letter I. Ampere (A) is taken as a unit of current in the SI system. A variable is a current whose strength or direction (or both) changes over time.

Slide 9

The current passing through the human body (I h, A) is conventionally determined according to Ohm's law: I h = U pr. / R h., Where: I h - current passing through the human body, U pr - touch voltage, R h - the resistance of the human body. An electric arc is a long-term self-sustained electric discharge in gases, maintained by thermionic emission from a negatively charged electrode - cathode. An electric shock to the human body is called electrical injury.

Slide 10

The effect of electric current on the human body The effect of electric current on the human body is diverse. Passing through the human body, electric current causes: thermal, electrolytic, biological action. The thermal effect of the current manifests itself in burns of individual parts of the body, heating to a high temperature of organs located in the path of the current, causing significant functional disorders in them.

Slide 11

The electrolytic effect of the current manifests itself in the decomposition of blood and other organic body fluids and causes significant disturbances in their physicochemical composition. The biological effect of the current manifests itself as irritation and excitement of the living tissues of the body, which is accompanied by involuntary convulsive contractions of muscles, including the lungs and heart. This variety of actions of electric current can lead to two types of injury: electrical injury, electrical shock. ...

Slide 12

Electrical trauma is a pronounced local damage to body tissues caused by exposure to electric current or electric arc. electrical trauma electrical burns electrical signs electrophthalmia skin metallization mechanical damage

Slide 13

Electrical burns are the most common electrical injury. Burns are of two types: current (or contact) and arc burns. A current burn is caused by the passage of current through the human body as a result of contact with a live part and is a consequence of the conversion of electrical energy into heat. There are four degrees of burns: I - skin redness; II - the formation of bubbles; III - necrosis of the entire thickness of the skin; IY - carbonization of tissues. The severity of the damage to the body is determined not by the degree of the burn, but by the area of the burned surface of the body. Current burns occur at voltages no higher than 1-2 kV and are in most cases I and II degree burns; sometimes there are severe burns.

Slide 14

Arc burn. At higher voltages, an electric arc is formed between the live part and the human body (the arc temperature is above 3500 ◦ C), which causes an arc burn. Arc burns, as a rule, are severe - III or IY degree. Electrical signs are clearly defined spots of gray or pale yellow color on the surface of human skin that has been exposed to the current. Signs are in the form of scratches, wounds, cuts or bruises, warts, skin hemorrhages, and calluses. In most cases, electrical signs are painless and their treatment ends well.

Slide 15

Metallization of the skin is the penetration of the smallest particles of metal into the upper layers of the skin, melted under the action of an electric arc. This can occur during short circuits, disconnection of circuit breakers under load, etc. Metallization is accompanied by skin burns caused by the heated metal. Electrophthalmia - eye damage caused by intense radiation from an electric arc, the spectrum of which contains ultraviolet and infrared rays harmful to the eyes. In addition, splashes of molten metal may enter the eyes. Protection against electrophthalmia is achieved by wearing goggles that are UV-resistant and provide eye protection from molten metal splashes.

Slide 16

Electric shock is the excitation of living tissues of the body by an electric current passing through it, accompanied by involuntary muscle contractions. Depending on the outcome of the effect of the current on the body, electric shocks are conventionally divided into the following four degrees: I - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness; II - convulsive muscle contraction, loss of consciousness, preservation of breathing and heart function; III - loss of consciousness and impaired cardiac activity or breathing (or both together); IY - clinical death, i.e. lack of breathing and blood circulation.

Slide 17

Electric shock is a severe, peculiar neuro-reflex reaction of the body to severe irritation with an electric current, accompanied by profound disorders of blood circulation, respiration, metabolism, etc. The state of shock lasts from several tens of minutes to a day. After this, complete recovery may occur as a result of timely medical intervention or the death of the body due to the complete extinction of vital functions.

Slide 18

Factors that determine the danger of electric shock electrical resistance of the human body environmental conditions and other factors level of voltage applied to a person type and frequency of electric current path of current through the human body duration of exposure to electric current

Slide 19

Electrical resistance of the human body The human body is a conductor of electric current, non-uniform in electrical resistance. The greatest resistance to electric current is provided by the skin, therefore the resistance of the human body is determined mainly by the resistance of the skin. The stratum corneum in a dry, uncontaminated state can be considered as a dielectric: its volume resistivity reaches 10 5 - 10 6 Ohm · m, which is thousands of times higher than the resistance of other skin layers. 20 V) ranges from 3 to 100 kΩ or more, and the resistance of the inner layers of the body is only 300-500 ohms. The resistance of the human body equal to 1000 ohms is used as a calculated value at an alternating current of industrial frequency.

Slide 20

Current strength. The main factor that determines the outcome of an electric shock is the strength of the current passing through the human body. Perceptible current is an electric current that causes tangible irritations when passing through the body: alternating current 0.6-1.5 mA, constant current - 5-7 mA. Unreleasing current is an electric current that, when passing through a person, causes irresistible convulsive contractions of the muscles of the arm in which the conductor is clamped. Alternating current 10-15 mA, constant - 50-60 mA. Fibrillation current is an electric current that causes cardiac fibrillation when passing through the body: alternating current 100 mA, constant 300 mA for a duration of 1-2 s. Current loops: arm - arm, arm - legs.

Slide 21

Duration of exposure to electric current. The danger of electric shock due to cardiac fibrillation depends on which phase of the cardiac cycle coincides with the time of passage of the current through the region of the heart. If the duration of the passage of the current is equal to or exceeds the time of the cardiocycle (0.75-1 s), then the current "meets" all phases of the heart (including the most vulnerable), which is very dangerous for the body. If the time of exposure to the current is less than the duration of the cardiocycle by 0.5 s or more, then the probability of the coincidence of the moment of passage of the current with the most vulnerable phase of the heart's work, and, consequently, the risk of injury is sharply reduced. This circumstance is used in high-speed residual current devices, where the response time is less than 0.2 s.

Slide 22

The path of the current through the human body. There are many possible current paths in the human body, which are also called current loops. The most common current loops: arm-arm, arm-legs, leg-toe. The most dangerous loops are head-arms and head-legs.

Slide 23

Environmental conditions. № p / p Hazard class Environmental conditions 1 Premises without increased danger Characterized by the absence of conditions that create an increased or special danger. 2 Premises with increased danger of one of the following conditions: a) dampness (relative humidity of air for a long time exceeds 75%; b) high temperature (above +35 ○ С); c) conductive floors (metal, earth, reinforced concrete, brick, etc.); e) the possibility of simultaneous contact of a person with the metal structures of buildings, technological devices, mechanisms, etc., which have connections to the ground, on the one hand, and the metal cases of electrical equipment, on the other.

Slide 24

3 Especially dangerous premises of one of the following conditions a) special dampness (relative humidity is close to 100%: ceiling, floor and walls, objects in the room are covered with moisture; b) chemically active or organic environment (destroying insulation and live parts of electrical installations); c) simultaneously two or more conditions of increased danger. Such premises also include areas of work on the ground in the open air or under a canopy.

Slide 25

Conditions for electric shock The voltage between two points in a current circuit that a person touches at the same time is called contact voltage. Situational analysis of electric shock The most typical two cases of closure of the current circuit through the human body: when a person touches two wires at the same time and when he touches only one wire. With regard to AC networks, the first circuit is usually called two-phase touch, and the second one-phase.

Slide 26

Two-phase touch I h = U l / R h = √3 U ph / R h, I h. = 1.73 220/1000 = 380/1000 = 0.38 A (380 mA)

Slide 27

Single-phase touch a) network with isolated neutral I h = U f / (R h + R os + R about + R from / 3) When substituting numerical values: R h = 1 kOhm, R os. = 30 kOhm, R about = 20 kOhm and R from = 150 kOhm I h = 220 / (1000 + 30 000 + 20 000 + 150 000/3) ≈ 2.2 mA under the conditions: R o = R about = 0 I h = 220 / (1000 + 150,000 / 3) = 4.4 mA

Slide 28

Network with grounded neutral I h = U ph. / (R h. + R o. + R about. + R o) R o = 0; R about = 0 I h. = U f. / R h. = 220/1000 = 0.22 A = 220 mA if R os = 30 kΩ and R rev = 20 kΩ, I h = 220/1000 + 30,000 + 20,000 = 4.4 mA

Slide 29

The main causes of electric shock: • Radiant contact with live parts that are energized as a result of: erroneous actions during work; malfunctions of protective equipment with which the victim touched live parts, etc. the appearance of voltage on metal structural parts of electrical equipment as a result of: damage to the insulation of live parts; short circuit of the mains phase to ground; falling of a wire (under voltage) on the structural parts of electrical equipment, etc. the appearance of voltage on disconnected live parts as a result of: erroneous switching on of a disconnected installation; short circuits between disconnected and energized live parts: a lightning discharge into an electrical installation, etc. in the event of a step voltage on a land plot where a person is located, as a result of a phase closure to ground; removal of potential by an extended conductive object (pipeline, railroad rails); faults in the protective grounding device, etc.

Slide 30

Step voltage is the voltage between the ground points caused by the spreading of the earth fault current while touching them with the feet of a person.

Slide 31

Technical methods and means of protection To ensure electrical safety, the following technical methods and means of protection are used separately or in combination with one another: inaccessibility of live parts that are under voltage, electrical separation of the network, low voltages, double insulation, potential equalization, protective grounding, protective grounding, protective shutdown, etc.

Slide 32

The inaccessibility of live parts of electrical installations for accidental contact can be ensured in a number of ways: insulation of live parts, fencing, various interlocks, placing live parts at an inaccessible distance. Insulation is the main method of electrical safety in networks up to 1000V, since the use of insulated wires provides sufficient protection against voltage when touched. In accordance with the Rules, the insulation resistance of each phase relative to earth and between each pair of phases in each section between two successively installed protection devices (fuses, circuit breakers, etc.) must be at least 0.5 megohm.

Slide 33

Fences in the form of housings, casings, casings are used in electrical machines, apparatus, and devices. Solid fences are mandatory for electrical installations located in places where non-electrical personnel (cleaners, etc.) stay. Mesh fencing with a mesh size of (25 x 25) mm. are used in installations with voltages both up to and above 1000 V. In closed rooms, their height should be at least 1.7 m, and in open rooms - at least 2.0 m, in order to exclude or greatly complicate access to electrical installations by accidental or intoxicated persons. Mesh fences have doors that can be locked with a padlock.

Slide 34

Mechanical interlocks are used in electrical devices - circuit breakers, starters, circuit breakers, etc., operating in conditions in which increased safety requirements are imposed (ship, underground and similar electrical installations). Electrical interlocks break the circuit with special contacts that are installed on fencing doors, covers and casing doors. With remote control of the electrical installation, the interlocking contacts are included in the control circuit of the starting device, and not in the power circuit of the electrical installation. Radio equipment uses block circuits with plug connections that automatically break the circuit.

Slide 35

The location of live parts at an inaccessible height or in an inaccessible place allows you to ensure safety without fences. This takes into account the possibility of accidentally touching live parts by means of long objects that a person can hold in their hands. Therefore, outdoors, bare wires with voltages up to 1000 V should be located at a height of at least 6 m, and indoors - at least 3.5 m. Electrical separation of networks is a separation electrical network into separate electrically unconnected sections with the help of isolation transformers This protection measure is used in a branched electrical network, which has a significant capacity and, accordingly, a low insulation resistance to ground.

Slide 36

Low voltage is a nominal voltage not exceeding 42V, used to reduce the risk of electric shock. Double insulation is a reliable means of protecting a person from electric shock. Consists of main and additional. The main (working) electrical insulation of the current-carrying parts of the electrical installation ensures its normal operation and protection against electric shock, and the additional one serves to protect against injury in case of damage to the main one.

Slide 39

A protective shutdown is a fast-acting protection that automatically shuts down an electrical installation in the event of a shock hazard.

Slide 40

Protective equipment used in electrical installations Basic electrical protective equipment is a means of protection, the insulation of which can withstand the operating voltage of electrical installations for a long time and which allow you to touch live parts that are energized. (Insulating bars. Insulating pliers. Electrical measuring pliers Voltage indicators Bench and assembly tools with insulating handles Portable grounding Dielectric gloves). Additional electrical protective equipment is a means of protection that supplements the basic means, as well as serves to protect against touch voltage and step voltage, which by themselves cannot provide protection against electric shock at a given voltage, but are used in conjunction with basic electrical protective equipment. (Dielectric galoshes or boots. Insulating pads and pads. Dielectric mats.)

Slide 44

First aid methods. - lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; - check for the presence of the victim's pulse, breathing; - find out the state of the pupil - narrow or dilated; -call a doctor, regardless of the condition of the victim; - start providing appropriate assistance to the victim. The injured person is conscious, but before that he was in a state of fainting, or was under current for a long time, It is convenient to lay on a mat, cover with something (clothes) and, until the doctor arrives, ensure complete rest, continuously observing breathing and pulse; Consciousness is absent, but stable pulse and breathing are preserved. It is convenient to lay the victim on a mat, unfasten the belt and clothes, provide fresh air and complete rest, let the victim sniff ammonia and spray it with water;

Last slide of the presentation: HAZARDOUS HAZARDS

There are no signs of life (breathing, heartbeat, pulse). Begin artificial respiration and cardiac massage immediately. Only a doctor can give a conclusion about the death of the victim.

Fundamentals of life safety Technogenic accidents and catastrophes Boshkaeva L. T. - Ph.D. , ass, professor

Technological emergencies Transport accidents Accidents with the release of biologically hazardous substances Accidents with the release of chemically hazardous substances Accidents with the release of radioactive substances Accidents in communal systems Accidents in electric power systems Hydrodynamic accidents. Accidents at treatment facilities Fires and explosions Sudden collapse of buildings and structures

THE MAIN CAUSES CAUSING ACCIDENTS AND DISASTERS OF A MAN-GENERAL NATURE: deterioration of technological equipment, vehicles and fixed assets; low level of quality of devices for monitoring hazardous and harmful factors (including collective and individual protective equipment); insufficient technological reliability of security systems and control systems; insufficient production culture and a decrease in the level of competence and responsibility of specialists;

an increase in the use of explosive, fire, chemical, radiation, biologically hazardous substances and technologies; inadequacy and inconsistency of measures to prevent accidents and disasters; placement of hazardous industries and potentially hazardous facilities directly in the center of cities; insufficient control over the state of potentially hazardous industries and facilities; a sharp decrease in the volume of construction and the maintenance of collective means of protection for the population; lack of the required number of local warning systems.

Technogenic hazards are prevented by the improvement of technology. By impact on humans: Mechanical (falling, moving, rotating objects): energetic and potential physical, chemical, psychophysiological

Psychophysiological danger In psychology, several sections are distinguished: labor psychology, engineering psychology, and safety psychology. Labor psychology (psychotechnics) studies psychological aspects labor activity... Engineering psychology studies processes communication person with technical systems, as well as the requirements for the design of machines and devices, taking into account mental properties person. In terms of goals and objectives, ergonomics is close to engineering psychology. Safety psychology - studies the psychological aspects of activity, mental processes, the state and properties of a person that affect safety conditions.

Mental processes and states Mental processes are divided into: cognitive, emotional and volitional (ie, sensations, perceptions, memory, etc.).

Unfavorable factors that increase stress are divided into the following groups: physiological discomfort, that is, inadequacy of living conditions to regulatory requirements; biological fear; lack of time for service; increased difficulty of the task; increased significance of erroneous actions; the presence of relevant interference; failure due to objective circumstances; lack of information for adoption; information underload (sensory derivation); information overload; conflict conditions, that is, conditions under which the fulfillment of one of them requires the implementation of actions that contradict the fulfillment of the other condition.

Classification of stress in accordance with mental functions: - intense stress - stress caused by the frequent use of intellectual processes in the formation of a service plan, due to the high density of the flow of problematic situations of service. - sensory tension - tension caused by suboptimal conditions of activity of sensory and perceptual systems and arising in case of great difficulty in perceiving the necessary information. - monotony - tension caused by the monotony of the actions performed, the inability to switch attention, increased requirements for both concentration and stability of attention.

- polytony - tension caused by the need to switch attention, frequent and unexpected directions. - physical stress - the stress of the body caused by increased stress on the human motor apparatus. - emotional stress - stress caused by conflict conditions, increased likelihood of an emergency, unexpectedness or prolonged stress of other types. - expectation stress - stress caused by the need to maintain the readiness of the work function in the absence of activity. - motivational stress is associated with the struggle of motives, with the choice of criteria for making a decision. - fatigue - stress associated with a temporary decrease in performance caused by long-term work.

Classification of harmful substances The effect of toxic effects depends on the amount of accidental chemically hazardous substances (AHOV) that have entered the body, their physical and chemical properties, the duration and intensity of intake, interaction with biological media (blood, enzymes).

According to selective toxicity, there are: 1) cardiac with a predominant cardiotoxic effect (metal salts - barium, potassium, cobalt, radium); 2) nervous, causing impaired mental activity (carbon monoxide, organophosphorus compounds, alcohol, drugs, sleeping pills); 3) liver (chlorinated hydrocarbons, poisonous fungi, phenols and aldehydes); 4) renal (heavy metal compounds, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid); 5) blood (aniline and its derivatives, nitrates, arsenous hydrogen); 6) pulmonary (smog, tar, gases).

The threshold of harmful action is the minimum concentration of a substance, upon exposure to which biological changes occur in the body at the organismal level that go beyond the limits of adaptive reactions, or latent pathology.

According to GOST 12. 0. 003-74, harmful substances are subdivided: 1) toxic, causing poisoning of the whole organism or affecting individual systems (central nervous system), causing pathological changes in the liver, kidneys; 2) irritants, causing irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, lungs, skin;

3) sensitizing, acting as allergens (formaldehydes, solvents, varnishes based on nitro and nitro compounds); 4) mutagenic, leading to a violation of the genetic code, a change in hereditary information (lead, manganese, radioactive isotopes); 5) carcinogenic, causing malignant neoplasms (cyclic amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, chromium, nickel, asbestos); 6) affecting reproductive (childbearing) function (mercury, lead, styrene, radioactive isotopes).

Russian language English language Kazakh language Road traffic accident (RTA) Zhol -transport you қ t tenshe zha dailar To sibi ta dow ә ң Glossary

Main literature: 1. Suvorovtsev A. A., Melnikov E. N., et al. "Life safety". Tutorial. AShS RK. 2004 2. Belov S. V. Safety of life: Textbook for universities - M.: Higher school, 2005. 3. Life safety. Study guide, book 1. - Almaty: Republican courses of emergency situations and civil defense, 2002. Additional literature: 1. Prikhodko NV Safety of life. Lecture course. - Almaty: GSHP "Adilet", 2000. IWS Technogenic hazards (report 3-5 pages) IWSI Industrial accidents, disasters and their consequences (report 3-5 pages)

Assignment at home: What emergencies of a man-made nature are possible in our region? What kind of technogenic emergencies have you personally observed? Tell us about your actions in various man-made emergencies, if they happen now.