Gross and marketable agricultural products. Gross livestock production Gross production from production
Gross agricultural production represents the value of the aggregate product created as a result of the production of agricultural raw materials, their processing and bringing them to the final consumer form. In the agricultural sphere of the agro-industrial complex under the gross output means the value of products obtained as a result of growing plants, animals and their economic use per certain period time (day, month, quarter, season, calendar year etc.).
Gross product value Agriculture consists of:
1. the value of the means of production expended in the production process during a given period (year), i.e., from the value transferred to the product created by past labor (the value of material production costs, i.e., the value of seeds, feed, fuel and other material resources consumed in the production process);
2. newly created value by labor of employees during a given period (year), or pure products Agriculture.
The gross agricultural output is made up of the gross crop and livestock output.
The gross crop production includes:
1. the cost of the gross harvest of agricultural crops;
2. the cost of growing perennial agricultural plantings;
3. the value of the increase in work in progress (usually winter crops) from the beginning to the end of the year.
Gross livestock production includes the cost of products of raising animals, i.e. offspring, gain and weight gain, as well as products obtained from the economic use of animals (milk, wool, eggs, etc.).
The volume of agricultural production can be determined for a calendar, agricultural year and other periods. For this, two indicators are used:
1. gross production determined by the gross turnover method, i.e., as a simple sum of raw crop and livestock products (characterizes the size of agricultural production);
2. gross production without re-counting or final production(more accurately reflects the volume of production that can be used for non-productive consumption and accumulation within the enterprise and outside it).
End products agriculture is calculated by subtracting from the gross product the value of crop and livestock products consumed in the process of agricultural production in a given year.
The value of gross agricultural output is distinguished:
1. the cost of material production costs, that is, the cost of seeds, feed, fuel and other material resources expended in the production process;
2. newly created value, or net agricultural products.
Pure production agriculture is defined as the difference between the gross production of a given period (year) and the cost of material production costs in the production process of these products. It is part of the country's national income.
Gross production is divided into two parts by the nature of use:
1.commodity (that part of the gross output that is sold by agricultural organizations to the side (sold, given in exchange, for services, etc.));
2.non-product (used for on-farm needs, and in personal subsidiary plots of workers and employees - also for personal consumption (food)).
The main types it is customary to consider those products for which production is organized and functions (grain, flax products, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables, milk, gain in live weight of cattle, pigs, eggs). They play a leading role.
From many crops and groups of animals, two or more types of products are simultaneously obtained, which are called related ... Conjugated species are those products that can be obtained in parallel with the main one. When growing flax, the main product is flax straw, conjugated - flax seeds. Milk in dairy production - main products, offspring of animals - conjugate.
Products that are obtained simultaneously with the main product and which are not the purpose of production are called collateral In crop production, by-products include straw, green fodder, tops, etc., and in animal husbandry, manure, bird droppings, down, feathers, etc.
Gross production of the auxiliary sector- the cost of the entire volume of work and services intended for the normal functioning of the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex during a certain period.
Gross output of the processing sector- the total cost of all types of final products produced by the processing organizations of the agro-industrial complex within a certain period of time.
Gross product of the trade and marketing sphere represents the cost of work performed and services for the preparation, delivery, sale of agricultural products and food and consumer goods created in the agro-industrial complex.
Gross agricultural output is the total amount of products produced in the industry for a certain period. It consists of gross crop production and gross livestock production.
Gross crop production includes the gross harvest of agricultural crops, taking into account by-products, the cost of planting perennial plantings, the cost of growing young perennial plantations and the increase in work in progress.
Gross livestock production consists of finished products not related to the slaughter of animals (milk, wool, eggs), offspring, the increase in reared young and adult cattle, as well as by-products.
Gross agricultural output is recorded in physical and value terms. In physical terms, it is determined by individual types of products. The cost of gross production is calculated in comparable or current prices (its commodity part - at sales prices, non-commodity part - at cost price).
The gross agricultural output differs from the gross output of an agricultural enterprise. The composition of the latter, along with agricultural products, includes products of subsidiary industries and industrial production, as well as income from work and services performed on the side.
The part of the gross product intended for sale is called commercial products. Part of marketable products released outside the industry (enterprise) and paid for by a consumer or a trading organization is called implemented aboutduction. However, in practice and in agricultural literature, these concepts are used as synonyms, since by marketable products they mean sold, represented by monetary earnings. In the reporting and statistical materials, marketable agricultural products are not determined.
An important indicator is level of marketability, which is understood as the ratio of products sold to gross, expressed as a percentage.
Gross production in physical form is represented by means of production and consumer goods. The means of production include products that are used in agriculture itself for production purposes (seeds, feed, etc.), as well as products that are used as raw materials for industry. Consumer goods include that part of the gross output that goes into consumption directly, bypassing industrial processing.
Gross agricultural output consists of two types of value: consumed means of production (C) and newly created value ( V+ M). In general, in terms of value, gross agricultural output looks like this: С + V+ M.
The distribution of gross agricultural output at enterprises is shown in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Distribution of gross output at agricultural enterprises
The main condition for reproduction (simple and extended) is the replacement of consumed means of production. For this, a compensation fund is formed, which represents part of the value of the gross product created by past labor and transferred to the produced product. Another part of the value of gross output is gross income.
At the expense of gross income, a consumption fund (personal and public) and an accumulation fund are formed. The gross income is divided into two parts: the personal consumption fund (wages with deductions for social needs) and net income.
Net income is used to pay taxes to the budget, form public consumption and accumulation funds.
Thus, as a result of the distribution of gross agricultural output, three reproduction funds are formed: a compensation fund, a consumption fund, and an accumulation fund.
Compensation fund represents a part of the value of gross output used to renew the objects and means of labor consumed in the production process. It is equal to the sum of material costs, taking into account depreciation deductions.
Consumption fund- a part of the gross income, that is, the newly created value, which goes to pay for labor and meet the personal and social needs of the team. It consists of a wage fund and a portion of net income used for consumption.
Accumulation fund - part of the net income intended for expanded reproduction.
The formation of reproduction funds in kind has features in agriculture. A significant part of the funds in terms of natural-material composition is formed from products own production... Seeds and feed used up are reimbursed from a portion of the harvested crop. Reproduction of seed and fodder funds (accumulation fund) is also carried out mainly at the expense of their products. Replacement of culled livestock (compensation fund) and expansion of livestock (accumulation fund) are carried out, as a rule, at the expense of young animals raised on the farm. The consumption of the population is to a large extent ensured by the products produced in the economy in kind (consumption fund).
National economic importance of livestock production
Livestock - provides valuable food products - meat and milk, as well as raw hides. The role of the industry as the most important source is irreplaceable organic fertilizers... In the structure of gross agricultural output (in current prices), the share of animal husbandry accounts for 48.4%, of which livestock raising 28.8%.
Meat is the most important food product, a source of protein. In the meat balance, beef and veal account for 49%. Beef cattle breeding allows productive use of labor and material resources throughout the year.
Milk has no analogues in chemical composition and nutritional properties, since it contains complete proteins, fat, milk sugar, as well as a variety of minerals, vitamins, and a large number of enzymes. It is easily digested and well absorbed by the body. In total, milk contains more than 200 different substances. On average, the digestibility of protein is 95%, fat and milk sugar - 98%. Milk is widely used in both in kind(whole milk), and for the preparation of a variety of fermented milk products, cheeses and butter.
However, the level of dairy production is far from meeting the needs of society. The actual consumption of milk and dairy products in 1998 was 221 kg per capita per year, with a scientifically grounded nutritional norm of 360 kg. Compared to 1991, the consumption of dairy products has decreased by 126 kg, or 36%.
Per capita consumption of meat and meat products for the same period decreased from 69 to 48 kg, or by 30.4%. At the same time, the import of meat products increased from 1521 to 1706 thousand tons, or 1.2 times. In 1998, our country produced 226 kg of milk and 32 kg of meat per capita.
There are the following areas of use of cattle: milk, milk and meat, meat and milk and meat. Each of them corresponds to a certain structure of the herd, breed composition, system of keeping, the nature of feeding the animals.
In dairy farming, cattle are used to produce milk. In the structure of the herd, the proportion of cows reaches 65%. The dairy direction has been developed in suburban areas.
The dairy and meat business combines milk production with raising and fattening livestock. At the same time, milk predominates in the structure of livestock products. The share of cows in the herd is 40-45%. Dairy and beef cattle breeding is the most widespread in our country.
The meat and dairy business is characterized by the production of mainly beef and partly milk. In the structure of the herd, cows account for 35-40%.
Beef cattle breeding mainly involves the production of cattle meat. The share of cows in the herd is 35-40%.
Dairy cattle breeds include black-and-white, Kholmogory, red-steppe; for meat and dairy - Simmental; to meat - Aberdeen-Angus, Kazakh white-headed, Kalmyk, etc.
In dairy and dairy-beef cattle breeding, stall, stall-pasture and stall-lager systems for keeping livestock are used, in meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding - stall and stall-pasture systems.
In Russia, livestock raising is widespread. The largest number of cattle is in the Ural (18.1%), Central (13.1%), Volga (14%), West Siberian (13.1%), North Caucasian (11.8%), Central - Black earth (8%) economic regions. 66% of the total livestock is concentrated here and 77% of milk and 78% of meat are produced.
For 1991-1998 the number of cattle in farms of all categories decreased by 50%, including cows by 34.1%; milk production decreased by 35.8%, beef - by 42.5%; milk yield per cow decreased by 8.2%. A particularly sharp decline in the productivity of the industry is observed at agricultural enterprises. Here, the number of livestock decreased by 56.4% and milk production fell by 56.4%. At the same time, the number of livestock in personal subsidiary plots of the population increased by 10.5% and amounted to 10 425 thousand heads. The number of cattle increased and in farms-up to 518 thousand heads. However, the growth in the number of livestock in personal subsidiary plots and farms did not compensate for the decline in agricultural enterprises.
Agricultural enterprises are still the main producers of dairy products. They contain 65.3% of the cattle population, including 55.3% of cows; they produce 50.2% of milk. 33% of livestock are concentrated in personal subsidiary plots, including 42.9% of cows, and their share in gross production is 48.2%. The role of farms in milk production is small (1.5%).
There are objective reasons hindering the development of cattle breeding in farms.
Dairy farming is the most complex branch of agricultural production that requires a systematic approach. It is distinguished by its high labor intensity, which necessitates the introduction of comprehensive mechanization of the main technological processes. The industry's high capital intensity is also a constraining factor. For the successful development of dairy cattle breeding, a high level of zootechnical work is required. Serious requirements are imposed on the organization of full-fledged feeding, which predetermines the need to create a solid forage base. The development of cattle breeding in farms is also constrained by the fact that the products of the industry are perishable. Failure to implement it in a timely manner leads to large losses.
Livestock products are of two types:
- a) obtained in the process of economic use of animals, primarily adults (milk, eggs, down, honey, wax, antlers, etc.);
- b) obtained as a result of raising animals (meat products). Its use involves the slaughter of animals.
Livestock products, as well as in crop production, include raw products, without processing. Processed products - meat, leather, cheeses, etc. - are products of the processing industry.
The indices of the gross product of the economic use of animals are, first of all, the natural indicators of its actual yield or collection, similar to the actual gross harvest of products in crop production. First, they are obtained in their original weight or form, and then conditionally-natural indicators of the volume of products are calculated in terms of a certain quality.
Unlike crop production, where products are obtained. as a rule, once a year when harvesting, milk, eggs and cultivation products are obtained continuously, therefore, volume indicators are determined not only for a year, but also for shorter periods of time - a quarter, a month, and in economic practice for a day, for one milking. Therefore, statistical observation is carried out regularly throughout the year. The main form of state statistical observation for livestock products - form 24, which also provides information on the number and reproduction of animals, is submitted by enterprises and organizations on a monthly basis and according to a more expanded program - on a quarterly basis and at the end of the year.
Statistical bodies receive data on the gross output of agricultural enterprises in the manner of federal statistical observation. By peasant farms a continuous, as well as a special sample survey of the production of milk and other animal products is organized.
For households of the population, gross production is determined by calculation based on data on the number of animals obtained during the annual census or counting the number as of January 1, and data on the average productivity of 1 head, determined based on the materials of a sample survey of households.
Let's consider the main indicators of the volume of gross livestock production. Gross milk yield includes all actually milked milk for a certain period (excluding milk sucked by calves from dairy cows or beef cows). Its volume is recorded by pitchfork (cow, sheep, goat, mare) and, in general, in natural weight terms.
Due to the fact that milk is of different quality, primarily in terms of nutritional value, when determining rotational production in economic practice, conditional natural indicators are obtained:
- a) milk of one percent fat content. Its volume is calculated by multiplying the actual weight of milked milk Q by the actual percentage of fat in it X 1.
- 6) milk in terms of standard, officially established for a given area, fat content X Art.
- c) milk fat yield. The yield of dry matter is also calculated, including, in addition to fat, protein, milk sugar, and minerals.
When purchasing milk, depending on the quality, contamination and cooling, it is differentiated by grades - 1-2 non-graded.
The gross shearing of wool is taken into account as a whole, as well as by animal species (sheep, goat, camel) and types of wool (fine, semi-fine, semi-coarse, coarse).
An indicator of its volume is the actual clipping of the unwashed wool in terms of weight. Wool-distillation obtained by shearing previously bought out sheep is also transferred to unwashed wool. Wool of slaughtered and dead animals (sour wool) is not included in the gross production.
The gross shearing of wool is also determined in the volume of washed wool. It is determined by the actual yield of washed wool after its primary processing or by calculation by the coefficients of the yield of washed wool from unwashed wool obtained in previous years.
The gross collection of eggs includes all collected eggs of different types (chicken, duck, goose, quail). The egg is counted in pieces and by weight. When implemented, it is subdivided into categories - 1, 2, non-standard. Separately, I take into account the egg from the main flock (adult layers) and pullets, the egg from the breeding herd, suitable for incubation, and obtained with the cage keeping of layers for food purposes.
Beekeeping products include the actual yield of honey (including those left for the wintering of bees) and wax. In fur farming, the output of skins (furs) is taken into account by species - fox, arctic fox, mink, nutria. In karakul sheep breeding, the output of skins and trusses is determined, in rabbit breeding, in addition to meat, the number of harvested skins, in pond fish farming, the actual output of marketable fish.
Gross meat production is characterized by the mass of farmed livestock and poultry. The rearing product is the actual weight of the obtained offspring, the weight gain of reared young stock of all ages, as well as the weight gain of adult fattening animals. The weight and weight gain of animals is determined by weighing them at birth, transferring from one group to another, feeding and removing from it, transferring to the main herd and selling. The production of livestock and poultry is determined by the species of animals and poultry, as well as in general, primarily in live weight. but live weight animals different kind incomparable in terms of meat yield and quality. In this regard, another indicator is used - gross meat productivity in slaughter weight, representing the weight of the carcass, including fat, the weight of category 1 meat by-products used for food (tongue, brain, liver, kidneys, heart, udder, diaphragm, etc.), but without the weight of the skin. head, viscera, lower legs. Slaughter weight is determined by the actual yield of meat products at slaughter or by slaughter yield ratios varying from 49% for sheep and goats. 58% on average for cattle, up to 77% for pigs and 80% for poultry.
In Russia, with the accelerated development of such early maturing species of animals as poultry and pigs, which also require relatively lower costs per 1 kg of meat products in comparison with large and small ruminants, the average slaughter yield increased from 63.6% in 1966-1970. biennium
Up to 65.5% in 1981-1983, and by 1995, due to a sharp decline in pig and poultry farming, it decreased to 62.0%, including at agricultural enterprises to 61.7%. In households, it amounted to 62.5%.
Slaughter weight is also incomparable due to the different calorie content of meat and the unequal share of the production of replacement, especially pedigree, young animals, the value of which is determined not by the yield of meat products, but by the expected high productivity. Therefore, along with the general indicators of cultivated products, it is also necessary to consider the volumes of its most valuable parts. In the practice of calculating the products of animal rearing, two different methods are used, depending on the availability of initial data:
- 1. According to the income scheme used by statistics authorities as the sum of the weight of offspring, weight gain of young and fattening cattle minus the weight of dead young and adult fattening livestock.
- 2. According to the expenditure (balance) scheme, from the sum of the weight of young and fattening cattle at the end of the period, the weight of the sold, transferred, slaughtered and transferred to the main herd, the weight at the beginning of the period, the input from the outside and from the main herd for fattening is subtracted.
In statistical practice, gross meat production is calculated only for young and fattening cattle without taking into account changes in the live weight of adult animals used as the main means of production. Meanwhile, after the transfer of young stock to the main herd, the weight of queens and broodstock increases by 15-25% during their productive use, and with deterioration of housing conditions, it can decrease. These changes are monitored during the annual grading of animals at enterprises, and by statistics - when taking into account the live weight of all animals, including the main herd, as of January 1 of each year (the so-called meat potential).
Along with this, the indicator of meat production (sale of meat products for slaughter) is determined. It includes the weight of young stock sold for slaughter (without the sale of pedigree young stock and piglets up to 2 months), the weight of all sold adult cattle, including culled from the main herd, as well as the weight of slaughtered animals within the farm. The number of livestock sold for meat and slaughtered on farms represents the meat contingent.
Meat production, as well as meat production, is accounted for in live and slaughter weight.
Meat production can be greater than rearing products due to an increase in the weight of adult livestock in the main herd, as well as a decrease in the total number of livestock on farms.
To assess the comparative level and dynamics of livestock production, statistics use relative rate- the output of gross livestock production per unit of land area (usually 1 and 100 hectares).
Their calculation is due to the fact that the basis for the development of animal husbandry is crop production and fodder production. Depending on the nature of the feed base, the calculation of indicators is differentiated.
The yield of eggs and poultry meat is determined per 100 hectares, the sowing of grain crops, the production of which is the main feed for poultry. Pork output is calculated per 100 hectares, arable land, milk, meat, wool and all gross livestock production (taken in value terms) per 100 hectares of agricultural land.
Degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in food and goods mass consumption from agricultural raw materials depends on the final results production activities agricultural enterprises. Depending on the economic content and purpose of these results, the following types are distinguished: gross production, commercial products, sold products, net production and profit.
Gross agricultural output - this is the initial result of the interaction of production factors, the material and cost basis of other final results, in kind is represented by all primary products of crop, livestock and fish farming produced during the year, and in value terms - it is estimated at comparable prices for the corresponding year.
Determination of the volume of gross agricultural production in kind is necessary for:
Estimates of the size of natural assets from the point of view of their sufficiency to meet the needs of the population and the processing industry in certain types of raw materials;
Determination of the volume of transportation and storage of products, the need for vehicles and storage facilities;
Justification of the needs of enterprises in their own agricultural products is used for production purposes (feed, seeds, etc.) for the subsequent reproduction cycle;
Planning of production volumes and sales of products, conclusion of contracts, implementation of export-import operations;
Determination of natural indicators of production efficiency certain types products (labor intensity and cost per unit of production, its energy and water consumption, etc.).
In monetary terms, gross agricultural output is calculated in comparable prices (currently in 2005 prices) in order to determine:
The volume of its production as a whole by enterprises, individual regions and at the state level;
A number of cost economic indicators, characterizing the level of annual, daily and hourly labor productivity, productivity (capital productivity) of fixed and working capital, material consumption of production, its capital intensity, etc .;
Growth rates of gross output, labor productivity and other quality indicators in general for agriculture, its complex industries (crop and livestock), for individual enterprises and to achieve comparability of these indicators in time and space.
When determining the value of gross agricultural output, it includes the cost of the main, by-product and related products of crop and livestock production, the increase in work in progress in these sectors and the cost of growing young cultural plantings per year (before they enter the fruiting period).
Table 7.1
DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE of gross agricultural output in comparable prices 2010
The indicator of gross production per 1 hectare of agricultural land in value terms characterizes the level of efficiency of land use, and therefore its growth indicates an improvement economic activity enterprises, and vice versa. During the years of the economic crisis of the 90s, as can be seen from the data in Table. 7.1, the mentioned indicator decreased significantly, in particular in 2000. By 46.6%. In subsequent years, the volume of gross output began to grow, but in 2013 it did not reach the level of 1990. And it was less by 10.6%. This led to a decrease in the rest of the final results of economic activity - marketable, final and net products and profits.
The gross output for its individual types in physical terms per unit of land area also characterizes the achieved level of economic efficiency. A number of factors affect the level of such production, and therefore it is important to know which of them led to an increase in these indicators, and which ones - to a decrease. So, to determine the quantitative influence of factors on the volume of production of certain types of livestock products per 1 hectare of the corresponding land, you can use the formula
where Pr1 and Pr0 are the annual productivity of animals (milk yield per cow, q; annual increase in live weight per one average annual head of animals for growing and fattening, etc.), respectively, in the reporting and base years; P1 and P0 - average annual
the number of animals in the reporting and base years, respectively (for the dairy herd - the number at the beginning of the year); S 1 and S 0 - the area of a certain type of land in the reporting and base years.
The first partial index of the formula reflects the impact on the volume of livestock production per 1 ha of land of changes in livestock, the second - the annual productivity of animals, the third - changes in the area of land use of the enterprise.
If any of the first two partial indices has a value greater than one, then this indicates its positive effect on the studied result, and if their value is less than one, then negative impact, that is, these factors led to a decrease in production. The nature of the action of the latter factor is opposite to that indicated.
An important qualitative indicator, to a certain extent, characterizes the degree of development of agriculture as a whole in the country, is the organic structure of gross output, which shows the share of crop and livestock production in it.
Progressive trends in the development of this industry cause a gradual increase in the share of livestock products in the total gross output. Compared to 1990. This indicator in the structure of gross agricultural output for all categories of farms in Ukraine has significantly decreased - from 48.5 to 30.4% in 2013, which is a reflection of negative trends in the development of the industry.
When formulating conclusions on individual agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to use the indicator of the share of livestock products in the structure of gross output rather carefully, since its level depends significantly on their specialization. In large livestock complexes, this figure can reach 100%, while in crop production enterprises - only 15% or less, and in some even close to zero.
A characteristic feature of gross agricultural output as the initial end result of production activity is that it includes repeated counting, and therefore, in terms of its economic content, it represents the gross turnover of an agricultural enterprise. The amount of repeated counting in gross production is directly proportional to the volume of own production (feed, seeds, planting material, organic fertilizers) that is consumed for production purposes for the next production cycle.
Note that in 2013 the volume of gross agricultural output in our country was determined with incomplete consideration of world statistical practice. A somewhat different methodological basis for such a definition also leads to incomplete comparability of domestic indicators of gross production with similar indicators used in the system of national accounts of countries with developed market economy, as well as international organizations eg Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO.
Economic calculations in world practice are based on such indicators of gross output as harvested output, total gross agricultural output and gross agricultural output.
Index total production its content coincides with the indicator of gross agricultural output, which is calculated at current and comparable prices. At current prices, the total volume of agricultural production is considered as a component of the domestic product of the state and at the same time as an estimated result of the current activities of enterprises, which is important for each of them to know for the effective organization of production in market conditions.
In comparable prices, the total volume of agricultural production is determined for the purpose of measuring and assessing changes in the physical volume of production, regardless of changes in its actual value in current prices. Due to these properties, this indicator is widely used, except for the previously mentioned cases, to measure the volume of agricultural production per capita and per unit of land area.
Gross agricultural production calculated by subtracting from the total production of that part of it that was used for industrial consumption (seeds, feed, eggs for incubation, manure, straw for bedding livestock, wax). As you can see, this indicator is cleared from repeated counting. At the same time, the volumes of intermediate production consumption are also estimated at current and comparable prices.
Agricultural enterprises, especially large ones, can produce many types of agricultural products that have different purposes and different economic efficiency. For example, in some enterprises of the Kagarlitsky district, up to 4 - 5 types of crop production and 2 - 3 types of livestock products are produced for sale. Farms produce fewer types of products, but this does not remove the problem of our consideration.
In market conditions, each enterprise must make a decision of the "product - product" type, determine the combination of types of products, that is, establish what types and in what volumes it will produce with the available limited resources and with the appropriate conjuncture prevailing on the agricultural commodity market, for while obtaining the maximum economic effect.
This is a rather difficult economic problem to solve, since it requires taking into account a number of factors, including such as technological compatibility and the relationship of certain types of products. Depending on the degree of this compatibility and relationship, all types of agricultural products are divided into those that complement each other, are non-competing or competing.
Complementary (complementary ) types of products - these are types of products when an increase in the production of one of its types leads to an increase in the production of another type, all other things being equal. Such a technological relationship is well traced between the expansion of cultivated areas, an increase in the production of legumes (peas, vetch, soybeans, etc.), perennial grasses and the level of productivity and production of those agricultural crops for which they are predecessors. There is also a direct relationship between feed production and livestock production.
Non-competing (complementary) types of products technologically compatible in the sense that the technological cycles of their production in time do not coincide or almost do not coincide. Therefore, a change in the volume of production (of course, up to certain limits) of one of the types of non-competitive products does not lead to a change in the volume of production of another type.
These types of products complement each other, since in addition to the mismatch in time of working periods, their production requires different kinds material resources (excluding land). For example, the production of most types of crop and livestock products is to a certain extent autonomous, non-competitive, like, say, the production of winter wheat and sugar beet.
Competing products are those types of products between which there is a technological incompatibility through the coincidence in time of work cycles, as well as feedback, when a decrease in the production of one of them leads to an increase in the volume of production of the other, and vice versa
In crop production, for example, the types of products of spring grain and fodder crops - barley, oats, spring wheat, vicosumishi, etc. are competing. The production of these types of products requires the same factors of production - equipment, fertilizers, pesticides and almost the same qualifications of the labor force. It is clear that it is possible to attract more resources for the production of one of these types of products only by reducing the volume of use of the same resources for the production of another type of competing product.
It is also important to know that non-competing products can become competing if the production of one of them increases excessively, which requires a reallocation of resources, land and management time in favor of it. Moreover, even complementary types of products can compete, when land is allocated for sowing one of the complementary crops in such a significant amount, this reduces the volume of production of another complementary crop (an increase in its yield due to better predecessors does not compensate for a decrease in production from a decrease in the sown area allocated for sowing. ).
The availability of the considered types of products requires the selection of such a combination, at which the maximum economic efficiency production. Priority is given to those of the competitive products that are the most profitable.
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¨ Gross volume of products of normal vital activity of animals (milk, wool, eggs, etc.) - in kind or in a form comparable in quality (milk of standard fat content, washed wool, weight of eggs);
¨ Gross meat production of certain types of livestock (litter weight, gain and weight gain of young and fattening cattle: a) in live weight; b) in terms of slaughter weight;
¨ The total volume of gross livestock production of all types of livestock in value terms (in current or comparable prices).
Animal productivity:
¨ Milk yield per cow at the beginning of the year (in kind, in terms of basic fat content, etc.);
¨ Milk yield per 1 average annual cow of a dairy herd;
¨ Average gain in live weight of 1 head of cattle: a) during the period of rearing (stay) in this group; b) per average annual head per year;
¨ Average weight one head.
Livestock output per unit of land area:
¨ Yield per 100 hectares of agricultural - x. lands: milk, cattle fattening products; wool;
¨ Pork yield per 100 hectares of arable land;
¨ Output of gross livestock production in value terms per 100 hectares of agricultural production. lands -? SiUiPi, where Si is the density of certain livestock species per 100 ha of agricultural. of land, Vi is the productivity of 1 head of livestock of a given species, Pi is the price of 1 centner of production in current or comparable prices.
The level of zootechnical measures, the intensity of animal husbandry:
¨ Feed consumption per 1 head of livestock - total or by type of feed (concentrated, including compound feed, coarse, juicy, green, etc.);
¨ Feed costs for 1 quintal of milk, 1 quintal of weight gain, 1000 eggs, etc. - in kind and monetary value;
¨ Consumption of fodder per year per 100 kg of live weight of livestock in c.f .;
¨ Provision with basic means of production per 100 hectares of agricultural land (total, including livestock);
¨ The total cost of animal husbandry per 100 hectares of agricultural - x. land.
Agricultural production intensification:
¨ Capital supply in agriculture - the cost of fixed assets of agricultural production per 100 hectares of agricultural production. land;
¨ Capital-labor ratio of a worker in agriculture - the cost of fixed assets of agricultural production per 1 average annual worker employed in agricultural production;
¨ Labor-to-labor ratio - the cost of agricultural fixed assets per unit of labor input (1,000 man-hours);
¨ The average annual number of workers employed in agricultural production - per 1 farm, per 100 hectares of agricultural production. land;
¨ Production costs in agriculture (including crop production, animal husbandry) per 100 hectares of agricultural land.
Production specialization:
The ratio of industries and industries (structure indicators):
¨ at the cost of marketable products;
¨ at the cost of gross production;
¨ production costs;
¨ according to the crops of the agricultural sector. cultures;
¨ the number of livestock.
Production dimensions:
Per 1 enterprise:
¨ the cost of gross production;
¨ the cost of marketable products;
¨ number of livestock;
¨ land area (agricultural land, arable land, crops of agricultural crops);
¨ the number of average annual employees;
¨ the cost of fixed assets.
Results and economic efficiency of production:
¨ The cost of gross production - per 100 hectares of land, 1 employee, per 100 rubles. fixed assets;
¨ The cost of marketable products - per 100 hectares of land area, 1 employee, per 100 rubles. fixed assets, per 100 rubles. costs of core activities;
¨ Cost price of 1 centner of production (commercial);
¨ Mass of profit (loss) from product sales;
¨ Cost effective.
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