SCIENTIFIC - PRACTICAL WORK Topic: Methods of water purification. Completed by: 4th grade student of MAOU "Gymnasium No. 108" Savelyev Dmitry Supervisor: Kuznetsova N.V.

Relevance of the topic. Water stands out in the history of our planet. There is no natural body that could compare with it in terms of its influence on the course of the main, most grandiose geological processes. There is no earthly substance - a mineral, rock, a living body that would not contain it. All earthly matter is permeated and embraced by it.

Purpose of the research: to study the methods of water purification and their comparison with the help of experiment Objectives: 1. To study the methods of water purification from ancient times to the present day. 2. To study the effect of harmful substances contained in water on the human body. 3. Try to create a semblance of a water filter from available tools and compare its cleaning result with the result of cleaning using a modern household filter.

At the dawn of mankind, when the Earth was not yet so overpopulated, and people did not pollute it with their waste, drinking water was almost perfectly clean and did not require additional purification systems. People were only trying to give the water improved taste with the help of berries, flowers and fruits. And they got rid of the turbidity by simple settling drinking water.

The first purification systems for water filtration. Some kind of similarity of them was created in China and consisted of ordinary reed reeds impregnated with coagulants.

Hippocratic Sleeve. One of these simplest filters even went down in history as the "Hippocratic arm".

Preimages of modern filters. Their principle of action was close to natural purification processes and consisted in the passage of water through a layer of various substances: crushed stone, sand and charcoal.

But soon the data from the treatment systems became insufficient. At different ends of the planet, special treatment facilities began to be created, designed to store, accumulate and purify water.

Progress has forced the creation of new ways to purify water.

I conducted a survey in my class on the topic: Do you use household filters for water purification at home?

It turns out that most kids use filters, but there are a few people who don't use filters yet.

Experiment 1.

Clearer water began to drip from the straw.

Experiment 2.

Then I melted the ice.

The water has become cleaner.

Experiment 3.

The household filter purified the water much better.

Conclusions. There are different ways of water purification: settling, using reed reeds, the "Hippocratic Sleeve", boiling, exposure to sunlight, etc. A person can create a homemade filter from scrap materials, but it will purify water only from mechanical impurities. A modern household filter is able to purify water from harmful chemical impurities, therefore it is more effective.

Thank you for your attention!

Purpose of work: Purpose of work: To study the impact of water resources on human health, research on water quality and methods of purification and filtration of tap water. Objectives: Objectives: 1. Learn about the importance of water in human life; 2.Find out the functions of water in the body, physico-chemical water properties; 3. Get acquainted with the definition of water quality. 4. Consider ways to improve water quality. 5. Find out how much and when to drink.

Relevance of the topic According to the studied data ( social poll residents of the district) 99% of the respondents use tap water for drinking, the quality of which leaves much to be desired. Only 1% of respondents use filters or use bottled water (which is also subject to doubt).

CONTENTS: 1) Introduction 2) Physical - Chemical properties water 3) Influence of water resources on human health 4) Water pollution 5) Main sources of drinking water pollution 6) Methods of purification of drinking water 7) Types of water filtration 8) Changes in water properties 9) Determination of water quality 10) Conclusion

1. Introduction. Water is a very common substance on Earth. Almost 3/4 of the earth's surface is covered with water, forming oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. A lot of water is in a gaseous state as vapor in the atmosphere; in the form of huge masses of snow and ice, it lies all year round on the tops of high mountains and in polar countries. In the bowels of the earth, there is also water that permeates the soil and rocks.

2. Physicochemical properties of water. Water has unusual properties. Its highest density is observed at a temperature of 4C. With the cooling of fresh water bodies in winter, as the temperature of the surface layers decreases, denser masses of water sink to the bottom, and warm and less dense masses rise from below in their place. This happens until the water in the deep layers reaches a temperature of 4C. Thanks to this, life does not stop under the ice. Sea water freezes at a temperature of -1.91C. With a further decrease in temperature to -8.2C, sodium sulfate begins to settle, and only at a temperature of -23C sodium chloride precipitates from the solution. Since part of the brine leaves the ice during crystallization, its salinity is less than the salinity of seawater.

3. Impact of water resources on human health. Poor drinking water quality and diseases are classified into four types: diseases caused by contaminated water (typhoid, cholera, dysentery, poliomyelitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis). skin and mucous membranes resulting from the use of contaminated water for washing (from trachoma to leprosy). diseases caused by molluscs living in water (schistosomiasis and rishta). diseases caused by insects that live and reproduce in water - vectors of infection (malaria, yellow fever, sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply.)

Sometimes drinking water contains a lot of salts of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids (chlorides and sulfates). They give the water a salty and bitter-salty flavor. The use of such water leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of caries depends on how much fluoride is in the water. Fluoridation of water is believed to be effective in preventing tooth decay, especially in children. But in addition to useful impurities, there are others in the water that are dangerous to the human body: - sulfides (hydrogen sulfide) - arsenic - lead - nitrate - uranium - cadmium - aluminum

4. Water pollution. Few today doubt that the water that we drink and use in everyday life needs additional purification, wherever it comes from - from a well, an artesian well or a water supply system. According to statistics from the State Construction Committee of Russia, about 40% of the city's water supply network is now in an emergency state, not to mention country cottages and summer cottages, where the quality of natural water often goes beyond sanitary standards. In their reports at scientific conferences, scientists more and more often state that not only non-drinking water flows from our tap, but not even "household" water.

5. The main sources of drinking water pollution. 1. Municipal waste. Municipal waste water - contains both chemical and microbiological contamination and is a serious hazard. The bacteria and viruses contained in them are the cause of dangerous diseases: typhus and paratyphoid fever, salmonellosis, bacterial rubella, cholera embryos, viruses that cause inflammation of the peri-cerebral membrane and intestinal diseases.

1. Industrial waste. In groundwater, they are present in slightly smaller quantities than in surface waters. Most of this waste goes directly to rivers. Besides, industrial dust and gases that settle directly or in conjunction with precipitation and accumulate on the soil surface. plants, dissolve and penetrate deeply. Therefore, no one who is professionally engaged in water purification will not be surprised by the content of heavy metals and radioactive compounds in wells located far from metallurgical centers - in the Carpathians.

6. Methods of purification and filtration of tap water. National average hygiene requirements practically every third sample of "tap" water does not correspond to sanitary and chemical indicators and every tenth - according to sanitary and bacteriological indicators. For example: 1) Some urban water bodies contain from 2 to 14 thousand synthesized chemicals; 2) Only 1 percent of surface water sources meet the first class requirements for which our traditional water treatment technologies are designed. At the entrance to the water supply system of the apartment, it is advisable to put a coarse filter, with a mesh of of stainless steel or polymer cartridges that can trap suspension and rust.

7. Types of water filtration .. Bulk-type treatment systems .. Mesh and disc filters mechanical cleaning, removing undissolved mechanical particles, sand, rust, suspensions and colloids .. Ultraviolet sterilizers that remove germs, bacteria and other microorganisms .. Oxidizing filters that remove iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide .. Compact household softeners and ion-exchange filters, softening, as well as removing iron, manganese, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, heavy metal salts, organic compounds. Adsorption filters that improve organoleptic characteristics (taste, color, odor) and remove residual chlorine, dissolved gases, organic compounds. Combined filters - complex multistage systems .. Membrane systems - reverse osmosis systems for the preparation of drinking water, the highest degree of purification.

8. Changing the properties of water. 1. Boiling water. When boiling water, bacteria are destroyed, colloidal particles of dirt coagulate, water softens, volatile organic substances and part of free chlorine evaporate. But the concentration of salts, heavy metals, pesticides, organic substances is increasing. Chlorine associated with organic matter, when heated, turns into a terrible poison - a powerful carcinogen-dioxin, belonging to the category of poisons especially dangerous for health. We drink boiled water, and it worsens our health, slowly kills us.

2. Water settling. When the water settles for at least 3 hours, the concentration of free chlorine decreases, but iron ions, heavy metal salts, carcinogenic organochlorine compounds, radionuclides, and part of non-volatile organic substances are practically not removed.

Distillation of water. Distilled water is unsuitable for continuous use, as it does not contain trace elements necessary for the body. Continuous use of it leads to disorders of the immune system, heart rhythm, food digestion and health.

Filtration of water. Filter selection is a tricky business. In order to figure out which filter to buy (and their mass: coal, membrane, bactericidal, complex, etc.), you first need to have information about the composition and characteristics of your water. Only then it is necessary to select a filter based on the specified properties. This can only be done by a professional. A home filter is essentially a mini water recycling plant.

9. Definitions of water quality. The best water is the water of springs, but not all springs, but those flowing on clean ground or on stony ground, which is better preserved from decay. Good water in a spring, open to the sun and wind, and in a stream flowing along a clay bed, since clay purifies the water, takes away impurities from it, makes it transparent. Rainwater is well absorbed by the body and contains a minimum amount of harmful impurities. It promotes better digestion and assimilation of food. Retains skin moisture, keeps it in balance. But all of this applies to clean rainwater.

Snow water is very cold. The warmth of the stomach hardly warms her up. Snow water should also be used with caution due to high level snow pollution. Through experiments, scientists have established that snow water is living water in the full sense of the word.

MELT WATER IS VERY USEFUL. In structure, it is similar to water, which is part of the blood and cells. Therefore, its use frees the body from additional energy costs for structuring water. It is effective in the treatment of atherosclerosis, cleanses the body of toxins, increases its defenses, stimulates the mechanisms of reproduction, and helps to rejuvenate the body. Specific cleansing of various organs with melt water: Cleansing the nose with water. Oral cavity cleaning: teeth cleaning; massaging the gums with a brush; rinsing the mouth after eating with salt water. Rules for keeping a toothbrush between brushing your teeth. Cleansing the tongue. Throat cleansing. Cleansing the ears. Eye cleaning. Hair and scalp cleaning. DISTILLED WATER. P. Bragg, after 50 years, drank distilled water and advised others to do so. He considered it one of the medicinal means and emphasized: “it is not dead water. It is the purest water that a person can drink. Distilled water helps dissolve toxins that accumulate in the body of a modern civilized person, it passes through the kidneys, leaving no inorganic residues of stones there. It is soft water. Wash your hair in distilled water and you'll see for yourself. " Bragg was wrong in extolling the virtues of distilled water. One and the most important disadvantage of this water is its purity from microelements necessary for the vital activity of the body.

WARM WATER. The water is warm and slightly warmed up, useful for patients with epilepsy. Warm water, when consumed in large quantities, weakens the stomach, and if drunk in small portions and often, it flushes the stomach and weakens. Hot water increases the flow of blood during menstruation, urine flow, and soothes pain. It does not quench thirst immediately and often leads to dropsy and thinness, drains the body. STANDING WATER. It is undesirable to use this water, since standing water is oversaturated with microorganisms and carries negative energy. Stagnant water can cause tumors, intestinal ulcers, and various skin diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to determine its composition. THE WATER IS COLD. In moderation, it is most suitable for healthy people and for persons with too porous skin, suffering from effusions from any organs. It helps with fainting, hangover, vomiting, dizziness, thirst, fever, liver and blood diseases, and poisoning. Drinking cold water in small sips stimulates the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines and promotes the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the appetite, improves digestion and promotes proper stool.

10. Conclusion. Water is the matrix of life, the basis of metabolism, changing its structure, its physical and chemical properties, it regulates life processes. Without water, any form of life is impossible - carbon silicon, etc. The water of the blood and lymph delivers all the necessary metabolites to the cells and tissues and removes metabolic products. Water is essential for the existence of all living organisms; Since ancient times, it has been considered the primary source of life along with fire, air and earth. Water covers about 510 million square kilometers of the earth's surface (about ¾ of the surface). The total amount of fresh water on Earth is about 24 million cubic meters. km.

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Presentation on the topic: Drinking water purification methods

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Aims and objectives of the research: - acquaintance with the theory on this problem; - carrying out environmental monitoring of the state of drinking water in selected areas; - identification of the main water pollutants; - establishment of compliance of drinking water quality with sanitary standards; - comparison of the quality of the investigated water; - determination of chemical indicators of additionally treated water; - drawing up tables and graphs for this material

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What is drinking water? Drinking water is considered drinkable and meets quality criteria - that is, water is safe and tastes good. In the world, these criteria were approved by the European Community, and then adopted with some adaptation by each of the countries. In our country, since January 1, 2002, a document with the name " Sanitary rules and standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 ".

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Our existence is impossible without water. And without good water, a good existence is impossible. Water delivers nutrients to the cells of the body and carries away waste products, participates in the process of thermoregulation and respiration. For normal work of all systems, a person needs at least 1.5 liters of water per day. Paradoxical fact: water is essential for life, but it is also one of the main causes of morbidity in the world. The danger of drinking poor-quality water can be microbiological: water in nature contains many microorganisms, some of which cause diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis or gastroenteritis in humans. Water pollution can also be chemical. At the same time, the consequences of drinking dirty water can occur both immediately and after several years.

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The main methods of water purification for domestic drinking water supply The problem of water purification covers the issues of physical, chemical and biological changes in the process of treatment in order to make it fit for drinking, i.e. cleaning and improving its natural properties. The main methods of water purification for domestic drinking water supply are clarification, discoloration and disinfection.

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Clarification of water by sedimentation of suspended solids This function is performed by clarifiers, sedimentation tanks and filters. In clarifiers and sedimentation tanks, water moves at a slower speed, and suspended particles precipitate. In order to precipitate the smallest colloidal particles, a coagulant solution (aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride) is added to the water. As a result, flakes are formed, which carry away suspensions and colloidal substances during sedimentation.

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Filtration Filtration is the most common method of separating solids from liquids. In this case, not only dispersed particles, but also colloids can be isolated from the solution. During the filtration process, suspended solids are retained in the pores of the filter medium and in the biological film surrounding the particles of the filter material. The water is freed from suspended particles, coagulant flakes and most of the bacteria.

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Discoloration Discoloration of water, that is, the elimination or discoloration of various colored colloids or completely dissolved substances can be achieved by coagulation, the use of various oxidants (chlorine and its derivatives, ozone, potassium permanganate) and sorbents (activated carbon, artificial resins).

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Disinfection of water (disinfection) Since neither sedimentation nor filtration gives complete release of water from pathogenic bacteria, the following methods are used for the purpose of disinfection: introduction of strong oxidants into the water (chlorine, iodine, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite , liquid chlorine and bleach), capable of killing bacterial cell enzymes; heating water to a temperature of 80 ° С (pasteurization) - 100 ° С (sterilization); irradiation of water with ultraviolet rays; ozonation; exposure to ultrasound; the introduction of silver or other metals into water that have an oligodynamic effect on microorganisms. Methods 1, 3 and 4 have found practical application.

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To eliminate the chlorine odor, ammonia is added to the treated water simultaneously with chlorine in small amounts (water ammonization). Chlorine introduced into water forms hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid according to the equation Cl2 + H2O = = HOCl + HCl. Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an unstable compound that dissociates to form hypochlorite ion OCl. In this case, both hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion exhibit an oxidative effect on organic substances, including bacteria. Hydrochloric acid combines with carbonates in water. To eliminate the chlorine odor, ammonia is added to the treated water simultaneously with chlorine in small amounts (water ammonization). Chlorine introduced into water forms hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid according to the equation Cl2 + H2O = = HOCl + HCl. Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an unstable compound that dissociates to form hypochlorite ion OCl. In this case, both hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion exhibit an oxidative effect on organic substances, including bacteria. Hydrochloric acid combines with carbonates in the water.

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Deodorization of water To remove substances from water that cause undesirable tastes and odors, the following treatment methods are used: aeration (based on the volatility of most substances that cause tastes and smells); oxidation with chlorine, ozone, potassium permanganate and other oxidants (to remove odors from the water caused by the vital activity of microorganisms and algae); sorption by active carbon.

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Water treatment stages Considering the composition of tap water, which often contains chlorides, fluorides, sulfides, sulfates, metals, chlorine and organochlorine compounds, as well as industrial pollution in the form of chromium, nickel, mercury, lead, arsenic, copper, radionuclides, most manufacturers offer multistage filters. water treatment. In the process of passing through such a filter, at each stage of purification, water loses certain impurities.

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The first stage is mechanical water purification, during which foreign particles such as sand, silt, and rust are removed. It is carried out using a polypropylene mesh, depending on the size of the holes in which only impurities (microfiltration) or impurities and bacteria (ultrafiltration) are retained. The first stage is mechanical water purification, during which foreign particles such as sand, silt, and rust are removed. It is carried out using a polypropylene mesh, depending on the size of the holes in which only impurities (microfiltration) or impurities and bacteria (ultrafiltration) are retained.

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2nd stage - removal of chlorine, pesticides, odors. Adsorption occurs, that is, the absorption of particles in the pores of a material. The most common adsorbent is natural filtrant carbon; synthetic fibers are also used. 2nd stage - removal of chlorine, pesticides, odors. Adsorption occurs, that is, the absorption of particles in the pores of a material. The most common adsorbent is natural filtrant carbon; synthetic fibers are also used. Coal cleans, absorbing residual chlorine, organic compounds and bacterial spores, and improves the taste, smell, color of drinking water. Many manufacturers use Activated carbon from coconut shell, the adsorption capacity of which is 4 times higher. To prevent the growth of bacteria inside the filter, the activated carbon is coated with a layer of silver. Some filters use aqualene polymer carbon fiber, a mixture of carbon and synthetic materials.

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The cheapest - mechanical cleaning - is used for the release of suspended matter. The main methods are straining, settling and filtering. They are applied as preliminary steps. Chemical treatment is used to separate soluble inorganic impurities from wastewater. When wastewater is treated with reagents, it is neutralized, dissolved compounds are released, and the effluent is discolored and disinfected. Physicochemical treatment is used to treat wastewater from coarse and finely dispersed particles, colloidal impurities, and dissolved compounds. A high-performance yet expensive cleaning method. Biological methods are used to remove dissolved organic compounds. The method is based on the ability of microorganisms to decompose dissolved organic compounds. The cheapest - mechanical cleaning - is used for the release of suspended matter. The main methods are straining, settling and filtering. They are applied as preliminary steps. Chemical treatment is used to separate soluble inorganic impurities from wastewater. When wastewater is treated with reagents, it is neutralized, dissolved compounds are released, and the effluent is discolored and disinfected. Physicochemical treatment is used to treat wastewater from coarse and finely dispersed particles, colloidal impurities, and dissolved compounds. A high-performance yet expensive cleaning method. Biological methods are used to remove dissolved organic compounds. The method is based on the ability of microorganisms to decompose dissolved organic compounds.

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Currently from total mechanical wastewater treatment is 68% of all wastewater, physical and chemical - 3%, biological - 29%. In the future, it is planned to increase the share of biological treatment to 80%, which will improve the quality of the treated water. The main method of improving the quality of cleaning harmful emissions to enterprises during market economy is a system of fines, as well as a system of fees for the use of sewage treatment plants. At present, out of the total amount of wastewater, 68% of all wastewater is subjected to mechanical treatment, physical and chemical - 3%, biological - 29%. In the future, it is planned to increase the share of biological treatment to 80%, which will improve the quality of the treated water. The main method of improving the quality of treatment of harmful emissions by enterprises in a market economy is a system of fines, as well as a system of fees for the use of treatment facilities.

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Study of the quality of drinking water in Krasnodar The object of the study was water from the microdistrict Komsomolsky, Yubileiny, Cheryomushki. Research objectives: - acquaintance with the theory on this problem; - carrying out environmental monitoring of the state of drinking water in selected areas; - identification of the main water pollutants; - establishment of compliance of drinking water quality with sanitary standards; - comparison of the quality of the investigated water; - determination of chemical indicators of additionally treated water; - drawing up tables and graphs for this material

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Organoleptic characteristics of water. Suspended solids content. This indicator of water quality is determined by filtering water through a paper filter and then drying the filter cake in an oven to constant weight. For analysis, 500 ml is taken. water. The filter is weighed before work. After filtration, the filter cake is dried to constant weight at 105 ° C, cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The balance should have high sensitivity, it is better to use an analytical balance. The content of suspended solids in mg / l in the test water is determined by the formula: (m1 - m2) 1000 / V, where m1 is the mass of a paper filter with a sediment of suspended particles, g; m2 is the mass of the paper filter before the experiment, g; V is the volume of water for analysis, l. MPC = 10mg / g.

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Color (color) When the reservoir is polluted by sewage industrial enterprises water can have a color that is not characteristic of the color of natural waters. For sources of domestic and drinking water supply, the color should not be detected in a column 20 cm high, for reservoirs for cultural and domestic purposes - 10 cm. Color diagnostics is one of the indicators of the state of the reservoir. A glass vessel and a sheet of white paper are used to determine the color of water. Water is drawn into the vessel and its color is determined on a white background of paper (blue, green, gray, yellow, brown) - an indicator of a certain type of pollution.

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Transparency The transparency of water depends on several factors: the amount of suspended particles of silt, clay, sand, microorganisms, and the content of chemical compounds. To determine the transparency of water, a transparent measuring cylinder with a flat bottom is used, into which water is poured, a font is placed under the cylinder at a distance of 4 cm from its bottom, the height of the letters is 2 mm, and the thickness of the lines of the letters is 0.5 mm, and the water is drained until until this font is visible through the water layer from above. The height of the column of remaining water is measured with a ruler and the degree of transparency is expressed in centimeters. If the water transparency is less than 3 cm, water consumption is limited. A decrease in the transparency of natural waters indicates their pollution.

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Smell The smell of water is due to the presence of odor substances in it, which come naturally and with wastewater. The smell of water in reservoirs, found directly in water or (reservoirs for household and drinking purposes) after chlorination, should not exceed 2 points. The definition is based on an organoleptic study of the nature and intensity of water odors at 20 ˚ and 60 ˚С.

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The presentation on the topic "Drinking water purification methods" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Social studies. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 41 slide (s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

Drinking water purification methods

Completed by: K.S. Sabadashov pupil 11 "B" of gymnasium №25 Head: Bezik Yu.B. Krasnodar city

Slide 2

Research goals and objectives:

- acquaintance with the theory on this issue; - carrying out environmental monitoring of the state of drinking water in selected areas; - identification of the main water pollutants; - establishment of compliance of drinking water quality with sanitary standards; - comparison of the quality of the investigated water; - determination of chemical indicators of additionally treated water; - drawing up tables and graphs for this material

Slide 3

What is drinking water?

Drinking water is considered drinkable and meets quality criteria - that is, water is safe and tastes good. In the world, these criteria were approved by the European Community, and then adopted with some adaptation by each of the countries. In our country, since January 1, 2002, a document entitled "Sanitary rules and regulations SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01" has been in effect.

Slide 4

Our existence is impossible without water. And without good water, a good existence is impossible.

Water delivers nutrients to the cells of the body and carries away waste products, participates in the process of thermoregulation and respiration. For the normal operation of all systems, a person needs at least 1.5 liters of water per day. Paradoxical fact: water is essential for life, but it is also one of the main causes of morbidity in the world. The danger of drinking poor-quality water can be microbiological: water in nature contains many microorganisms, some of which cause diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis or gastroenteritis in humans. Water pollution can also be chemical. At the same time, the consequences of drinking dirty water can occur both immediately and after several years.

Slide 5

The main methods of water purification for household and drinking water supply

The problem of water purification covers the issues of physical, chemical and biological changes in it during treatment in order to make it fit for drinking, i.e. cleaning and improving its natural properties. The main methods of water purification for domestic drinking water supply are clarification, discoloration and disinfection.

Slide 6

Clarification of water by precipitation of suspended solids

This function is performed by clarifiers, sedimentation tanks and filters. In clarifiers and sedimentation tanks, water moves at a slower speed, and suspended particles precipitate. In order to precipitate the smallest colloidal particles, a coagulant solution (aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride) is added to the water. As a result, flakes are formed, which carry away suspensions and colloidal substances during sedimentation.

The coagulation of water impurities is the process of enlargement of the smallest colloidal and suspended particles, which occurs as a result of their mutual adhesion under the action of the forces of molecular attraction.

Slide 7

Filtration

Filtration is the most common method for separating solids from liquids. In this case, not only dispersed particles, but also colloids can be isolated from the solution. During the filtration process, suspended solids are retained in the pores of the filter medium and in the biological film surrounding the particles of the filter material. The water is freed from suspended particles, coagulant flakes and most of the bacteria.

Slide 8

Bleaching

Discoloration of water, i.e. the elimination or discoloration of various colored colloids or completely dissolved substances can be achieved by coagulation, the use of various oxidants (chlorine and its derivatives, ozone, potassium permanganate) and sorbents (activated carbon, artificial resins).

Slide 9

Disinfection of water (disinfection)

Since neither settling nor filtration gives the complete release of water from pathogenic bacteria, the following methods are used for the purpose of disinfection: introduction of strong oxidants (chlorine, iodine, manganese-sour potassium, hydrogen peroxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, liquid chlorine and chlorine lime), capable of killing bacterial cell enzymes; heating water to a temperature of 80 ° С (pasteurization) - 100 ° С (sterilization); irradiation of water with ultraviolet rays; ozonation; exposure to ultrasound; the introduction of silver or other metals into water that have an oligodynamic effect on microorganisms. Methods 1, 3 and 4 have found practical application.

Slide 10

To eliminate the chlorine odor, ammonia is added to the treated water simultaneously with chlorine in small amounts (water ammonization). Chlorine introduced into water forms hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid according to the equation Cl2 + H2O = = HOCl + HCl. Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an unstable compound that dissociates to form hypochlorite ion OCl. In this case, both hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion exhibit an oxidative effect on organic substances, including bacteria. Hydrochloric acid combines with carbonates in the water.

Slide 11

Deodorization of water

To remove substances from the water that cause undesirable tastes and odors, the following treatment methods are used: aeration (based on the volatility of most substances that cause tastes and odors); oxidation with chlorine, ozone, potassium permanganate and other oxidants (to remove odors from the water caused by the vital activity of microorganisms and algae); sorption by active carbon.

Slide 12

Water treatment stages

Considering the composition of tap water, which often contains chlorides, fluorides, sulfides, sulfates, metals, chlorine and organochlorine compounds, as well as industrial pollution in the form of chromium, nickel, mercury, lead, arsenic, copper, radionuclides, most manufacturers offer multi-stage water purification filters. In the process of passing through such a filter, at each stage of purification, water loses certain impurities.

Slide 13

The first stage is mechanical water purification, during which foreign particles such as sand, silt, and rust are removed. It is carried out using a polypropylene mesh, depending on the size of the holes in which only impurities (microfiltration) or impurities and bacteria (ultrafiltration) are retained.

Slide 14

2nd stage - removal of chlorine, pesticides, odors. Adsorption occurs, that is, the absorption of particles in the pores of a material. The most common adsorbent is natural filtrant carbon; synthetic fibers are also used. Coal cleans, absorbing residual chlorine, organic compounds and bacterial spores, and improves the taste, smell, color of drinking water. Many manufacturers use activated carbon from coconut shells, the adsorption capacity of which is 4 times higher. To prevent the growth of bacteria inside the filter, the activated carbon is coated with a layer of silver. Some filters use aqualene polymer carbon fiber, a mixture of carbon and synthetic materials.

Slide 15

Slide 16

Water purification methods

There are several methods of water purification, but they all fall into three groups of methods: - mechanical methods; - physical and chemical methods; - biological methods.

Slide 17

The cheapest - mechanical cleaning - is used for the release of suspended matter. The main methods are straining, settling and filtering. They are applied as preliminary steps. Chemical treatment is used to separate soluble inorganic impurities from wastewater. When wastewater is treated with reagents, it is neutralized, dissolved compounds are released, and the effluent is discolored and disinfected. Physicochemical treatment is used to treat wastewater from coarse and finely dispersed particles, colloidal impurities, and dissolved compounds. A high-performance yet expensive cleaning method. Biological methods are used to remove dissolved organic compounds. The method is based on the ability of microorganisms to decompose dissolved organic compounds.

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At present, out of the total amount of wastewater, 68% of all wastewater is subjected to mechanical treatment, physical and chemical - 3%, biological - 29%. In the future, it is planned to increase the share of biological treatment to 80%, which will improve the quality of the treated water. The main method of improving the quality of treatment of harmful emissions by enterprises in a market economy is a system of fines, as well as a system of fees for the use of treatment facilities.

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Study of drinking water quality in Krasnodar

The object of the study was the water of the microdistrict Komsomolsky, Yubileiny, Cheryomushki. Research objectives: - acquaintance with the theory on this problem; - carrying out environmental monitoring of the state of drinking water in selected areas; - identification of the main water pollutants; - establishment of compliance of drinking water quality with sanitary standards; - comparison of the quality of the investigated water; - determination of chemical indicators of additionally treated water; - drawing up tables and graphs for this material

Slide 20

Organoleptic characteristics of water. Suspended solids content.

This indicator of water quality is determined by filtering water through a paper filter and then drying the filter cake in an oven to constant weight. For analysis, 500 ml is taken. water. The filter is weighed before work. After filtration, the filter cake is dried to constant weight at 105 ° C, cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The balance should have high sensitivity, it is better to use an analytical balance. The content of suspended solids in mg / l in the test water is determined by the formula: (m1 - m2) 1000 / V, where m1 is the mass of a paper filter with a sediment of suspended particles, g; m2 is the mass of the paper filter before the experiment, g; V is the volume of water for analysis, l. MPC = 10mg / g.

Slide 21

Color (coloring)

When a reservoir is polluted by industrial effluents, the water may have a color that is not characteristic of the color of natural waters. For sources of domestic and drinking water supply, the color should not be detected in a column 20 cm high, for reservoirs for cultural and domestic purposes - 10 cm. Color diagnostics is one of the indicators of the state of the reservoir. A glass vessel and a sheet of white paper are used to determine the color of water. Water is drawn into the vessel and its color is determined on a white background of paper (blue, green, gray, yellow, brown) - an indicator of a certain type of pollution.

Slide 22

Transparency

The transparency of water depends on several factors: the amount of suspended particles of silt, clay, sand, microorganisms, and the content of chemical compounds. To determine the transparency of water, a transparent measuring cylinder with a flat bottom is used, into which water is poured, a font is placed under the cylinder at a distance of 4 cm from its bottom, the letter height of which is 2 mm, and the thickness of the letter lines is 0.5 mm, and the water is drained until until this font is visible through the water layer from above. The height of the column of remaining water is measured with a ruler and the degree of transparency is expressed in centimeters. If the water transparency is less than 3 cm, water consumption is limited. A decrease in the transparency of natural waters indicates their pollution.

Slide 23

The smell of water is due to the presence of odor substances in it, which come naturally and with wastewater. The smell of water in reservoirs, found directly in water or (reservoirs for household and drinking purposes) after chlorination, should not exceed 2 points. The definition is based on an organoleptic study of the nature and intensity of water odors at 20 ˚ and 60 ˚С.

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Determination of water quality by methods of chemical analysis. Hydrogen exponent (pH).

Drinking water should be neutral (pH around 7). The pH value of water in reservoirs for economic, drinking, cultural and domestic purposes is regulated in the range of 6.5 - 8.5. There are many ways to measure pH. 1. The approximate pH value is determined as follows. 5 ml of test water, 0.1 ml of a universal indicator are poured into a test tube, mixed and the pH is determined by the color of the solution: pink-orange - pH about 5; light yellow - 6; greenish-blue - 8. 2. You can determine the pH using a universal indicator paper, comparing its color with the scale.

Slide 28

Hardness of water

Distinguish between general, temporary and permanent water hardness. The overall hardness is mainly due to the presence of soluble calcium and magnesium compounds in the water. Temporary hardness is otherwise called removable or carbonate. It is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. Permanent (non-carbonate) hardness is caused by the presence of other soluble calcium and magnesium salts. The total hardness varies widely depending on the type of rocks and soils that make up the catchment basin, as well as on the season of the year. The value of the total hardness in centralized water supply sources is allowed up to 7 mmol equiv. / L, in some cases, in agreement with the authorities of the sanitary and epidemiological service - up to 10 mmol equiv. / L. With a hardness of up to 4 mmol equiv. / L, water is considered soft, 4 - 8 mmol equiv. / L - medium hardness, 8 - 12 mmol equiv. / L - hard, more than 12 mmol equiv. / L - very hard. The methods of chemical analysis are usually used to determine the total hardness (RH) and carbonate (LH), and non-carbonate (LH) is calculated as the difference between RH - LH.

Slide 29

Detection of lead cations.

Reagent: potassium chromate (dissolve 10 g of K2CrO4 in 90 ml of H2O). Reaction conditions 1. pH = 7.0. 2. Room temperature. 3. The precipitate is insoluble in water, acetic acid and ammonia. Performing the analysis Place 10 ml of water sample in a test tube, add 1 ml of reagent solution. If a yellow precipitate forms, then the content of lead cations is more than 100 mg / l: Pb2 + + CrO2- = PbCrO4 yellow

Slide 30

Detection of iron cations.

Reagents: ammonium thiocyanate (dissolve 20 g of NH4CNS in distilled water and make up to 100 ml); nitric acid (conc.); hydrogen peroxide (ω (%) = 5%). Reaction conditions 1. pH 3.0 2. Room temperature. 3. By the action of hydrogen peroxide, Fe (II) ions are oxidized to Fe (III). Performing the analysis Add 1 drop to a 10 ml water sample nitric acid, then 2 - 3 drops of hydrogen peroxide and introduce 0.5 ml of ammonium thiacyanate. At a concentration of iron ions of more than 2.0 mg / l, a pink color appears, at a concentration of more than 10 mg / l, the color turns red: Fe3 + + 3CNS– = Fe (CNS) 3 red

Slide 31

Chloride - ion detection.

Reagents: silver nitrate (dissolve 5 g of AgNO3 in 95 ml of water); nitric acid (1: 4). Reaction conditions 1. pH 7.0 2. Room temperature. Analysis To 10 ml of water sample add 3-4 drops of nitric acid and add 0.5 ml of silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate forms when the concentration of chloride ions is more than 100 mg / l: Cl– + Ag + = AgCl white

Slide 32

Detection of sulfate ions.

Reagent: barium chloride (10 g BaCl2 x 2H2O dissolve in 90 g H2O); hydrochloric acid (16 ml of HCl (p = 1.19) dissolve in water and bring the volume to 100 ml). Reaction conditions 1. pH 7.0. 2. Room temperature. 3. The precipitate is insoluble in nitric and hydrochloric acids. Performing analysis. To 10 ml of water sample add 2 - 3 drops of hydrochloric acid and add 0.5 ml of barium chloride solution. When the concentration of sulfate - ions is more than 10 mg / l, a deposit falls out: Ba2 + + SO42- = BaSO4 white

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Changes in the quality indicators of drinking water in the Cheryomushki microdistrict as a result of additional processing

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from the study of the quality of drinking water in Krasnodar, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The quality of drinking water in terms of organoleptic and most chemical indicators complies with the standards The World Organization Healthcare (WHO), European Community (EU) and State Standard (GOST). 2. Drinking water in our area is of medium hardness, but tap water is softer than natural water. 3. When driving on many kilometers of highways made of cast iron and steel pipes, which are prone to corrosion, the content of iron ions in the tap water increases.

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4. It is recommended to carry out additional treatment of drinking water directly at the place of consumption: a) settling of tap water; in this case, residual free chlorine evaporates, which is used to disinfect water. b) boiling water; the main purpose of the boiling process is to disinfect water and reduce carbonate hardness. c) freezing water; it is believed that such water is the purest, it penetrates better through biological membranes, and is faster excreted from the body by excretory organs. d) filtration; filters reduce its hardness and free chlorine content. 5. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in our area, it is much more valuable in quality and the most reliable in sanitary terms.

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LITERATURE:

1. Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Muravyov A.G., Gushchina E.V. Ecology workshop: tutorial... Moscow, Publishing house of MDS JSC, 1998. 2. Ashikhmina T. Ya School ecological monitoring. Publishing house "Agar", 2000. 3. Brown T., Lemay G. Chemistry - in the center of sciences. Per. from English Moscow "Mir", 1983. 4. Migunov LN, Migunova MI Nature and Society. Stary Oskol, 2000. 5. Muravyov A.G. Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Indicators by Field Methods. - SPb .: Krismas +, 1999 6. Nebel B. Science about environment... Per. from English - M., "Mir", 1993. 7. Novikov Yu.V. and other Methods for the study of water quality in reservoirs. - M .: Medicine, 1990 8. Paus K.F. Fundamentals of industrial ecology, Belgorod, 2001

Relevance. Aggression is an integral problem in the life of society, which mostly carries only negative consequences. Aggression...

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Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

Private institution professional educational organization TECHNICUM "BUSINESS AND LAW" INDIVIDUAL PROJECT Belorechensk 2018 Topic MODERN METHODS OF WATER DISINFECTION By discipline Chemistry Performed by Maria Ganusevich, Albina Anchokova Course - 1, group F-1a Specialty 33. 02. 01. Pharmacy Scientific L. I. I. Zh. supervisor

2 slide

Slide Description:

Purpose: To study and find out the main methods of water disinfection, to develop a presentation that can be used in chemistry lessons as a multimedia tool. Tasks: Analyze the importance and necessity of water for human life, the features of its disinfection. To study in various literary and Internet sources the types of microorganisms-water pollutants, to consider their quantitative content, permissible according to state standards... Consider different methods disinfection of water. Develop a presentation on this topic that can be used in chemistry lessons as a multimedia tool.

3 slide

Slide Description:

“Water ... You have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described - you enjoy you, not knowing what you are. You are not just necessary for life, you are life itself. You are a deity, you are perfection, you are the greatest wealth in the world, Her Majesty is Water! " Antoine de Saint-Exupery.

4 slide

Slide Description:

The importance of water for life Water is necessary to replenish the water balance in the body, mineral water treat diseases of the intestines and kidneys, dousing with cold water helps to cope with diseases of the cardiovascular system, calm the nerves and temper the body.

5 slide

Slide Description:

Salmonella. Leptospira Shigella Vibrios Pasteurella Microorganisms-water pollutants

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7 slide

Slide Description:

Hygienic tasks of drinking water disinfection To create a reliable and manageable barrier to the possible transmission of intestinal infections and other equally dangerous diseases through water, its disinfection is used, i.e. destruction of live and virulent pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria and viruses.

8 slide

Slide Description:

When using chemical methods for disinfecting drinking water, in order to achieve a stable disinfecting effect, it is necessary to correctly determine the dose of the introduced reagent and ensure a sufficient duration of its contact with water. With physical methods, it is necessary to bring a given amount of energy to a unit volume of water, defined as the product of the intensity of exposure (radiation power) by the time of contact.

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Slide Description:

Reagent methods of drinking water disinfection Chlorination - allows not only to purify water from unwanted organic and biological impurities, but also to completely remove dissolved salts of iron and manganese. For water chlorination it is used: Chlorine gas. Liquid chlorine. Chlorine is the most common of all substances used to disinfect drinking water. Very important and valuable quality the use of chlorine - its aftereffect.

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Slide Description:

Chlorine dioxide - has a higher bactericidal and deodorizing effect, the absence of organochlorine compounds in the processing products, an improvement organoleptic qualities water, no need to transport liquid chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite - the technology of application is based on its ability to decompose in water with the formation of chlorine dioxide. Water solution chlorine dioxide.

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Ozonation In addition to its unique ability to kill bacteria, ozone is highly effective in killing spores, cysts and many other pathogenic microbes. From a hygienic point of view, ozonation of water is one of the better ways disinfection of drinking water.

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Slide Description:

Other reagent methods of water disinfection The use of heavy metals for the disinfection of drinking water is based on the use of their "oligodynamic" properties. To chem. The methods of disinfection of drinking water also include disinfection with bromine and iodine compounds.

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Slide Description:

Physical methods disinfection of drinking water Boiling is the most common and reliable method. Boiling destroys most bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, antibiotics and other biological objects, removes gases dissolved in water and decreases hardness.

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Slide Description:

Ultraviolet radiation - light with a wavelength of 254 nm is used, the disinfecting properties of such light are due to their effect on cell metabolism and especially on the enzyme systems of a bacterial cell, bactericidal light destroys not only vegetative, but also spore forms of bacteria.

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Slide Description:

Electric impulse method - the use of impulsive electrical discharges (IED). The essence of the method lies in the occurrence of an electrohydraulic shock, the so-called L.A. Yutkin effect. Water treated with IER acquires bactericidal properties, which persist for up to 4 months.

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Slide Description:

Disinfection by ultrasound Ultrasonic action on potentially dangerous microorganisms is not often used in filters for disinfection of drinking water, but its high efficiency suggests that this method is promising, despite its high cost. Radiation disinfection Gamma radiation has a depressing effect on the activity of microbial dehydrases. At high doses of gamma radiation, most of the causative agents of such dangerous diseases as typhoid, poliomyelitis, etc., die.