Presentation on coding of text information. Encoding of text information. Language as a way of presenting information - presentation. Editing and formatting

"Texts in computer memory" - Texts in computer memory. "Abracadabra". Text encoding. Code table, international ASCII standard. The word will take 14 bytes = 112 bits of memory, since 1 byte = 8 bits. Example 1: How many bits of computer memory does the word MICROPROCESSOR occupy? Computer alphabet. Principle of sequential coding of the alphabet:

"Coding in Informatics" - About what? where is it stored? how is it coded? Comparison chart. Solving tasks for coding information. The essence of coding. Homework: Gen. DNA structure. Properties of the genetic code. Storage of hereditary information. ABOUT WHAT? Hereditary information. Genetic code.

"Determination of the amount of information" - Objectives To study methods of determining the amount of information: quantitative; alphabetical. N = 2I. Not matter and not energy ...? We measure ... An alphabetical approach to quantifying information. The amount of information. Don't be surprised, information can be quantified. Purpose: to find out how information can be measured.

"Sign systems for coding information" - Coding information. What methods and organs of sense does a person use to reproduce information? Electromagnetic waves (radio, television, cell phone). Perception: Visual. Give examples of the use of information and communication technologies. Information coding using sign systems.

"Sign system" - Homework (to prepare for the survey): Give examples of sign systems. Information coding using sign systems. 1. Signs: form and meaning. Information coding. For long-term storage, characters are recorded on storage media. The sign system is based on a set of characters called the alphabet.

"Numbers in the computer" - +. Number forms of signed integers. Representation of numbers in computer memory. Number 3910 = 100111 2 in two-byte format: 1) A and B are positive: Signed numbers. They have a different view. 3) A - positive, B - negative, | B |<|A|. Арифметические действия. Число 3910 = 100111 2 в однобайтовом формате:

There are 15 presentations in total

Piyaeva Olga Nikolaevna

Place of work: municipal budgetary educational institution "Taraskovskaya secondary school"

Position: IT-teacher

School address: Moscow region Kashirsky district Taraskovo village 22 Komsomolskaya street

Grade: 8

Lesson topic: Encoding of text information. (the first lesson on the topic "Coding information")

Lesson type: learning new knowledge

Lesson type: traditional information technology

Goals:

Educational:

to acquaint students with methods of encoding information in a computer;

consider examples of problem solving;

Developing:

contribute to the development of the cognitive interests of students.

Educational:

to cultivate endurance and patience in work, a sense of camaraderie and mutual understanding.

Tasks:

Educational:

to form students' knowledge on the topic “Coding of text information”;

Developing:

develop the skills of analysis and introspection;

to promote the formation of figurative thinking in schoolchildren;

Educational:

to form the ability to plan their activities.

Equipment:

workplaces of students (personal computer),

teacher's workplace,

multimedia projector,

Software: PC, PowerPoint, tables, diagrams.

Lesson Information Card:

№ p / p

Lesson stage

At-

measure-

new time

Didactic

what purpose

Forms and methods of work

Types of student activities

Organizational

ny moment

2 minutes

Include students in a business rhythm, prepare the class for work

Oral communication from the teacher

The mood for a productive

active

ness

Study

new

material

18 minutes

Form cognitive motives. Ensure learners accept the purpose of the lesson. Form concrete ideas about the coding of text information.

Explanation of the new material using

presentation

Listening and memorizing, answering the teacher's questions, completing the assignment for decoding

information

Physical education

2 minutes.

Prevent fatigue in children

Exercise

Consolidation of the acquired knowledge

10 min.

Organize activities to apply new knowledge

Practical work

Practical

work

Initial test of understanding

8 minutes

Reveal the level of primary assimilation of new material

Frontal poll

Differentiated independent work

Answering teacher's questions

Do independent work

Homework

2 minutes.

Give information on homework and instructions on how to complete it

Homework briefing

Writing homework in diaries

Summing up the lesson (reflection)

3 min.

Self-examination by students of understanding the topic

Receiving an unfinished offer

Discussion of what they learned and how they worked

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Guys, I am glad to see you in full force, in a good mood and I hope for a fruitful lesson.

Sit down.

Now we will conduct a lesson readiness raid with you:

show diaries

show pens

show the tutorials

show notebooks

Everything is ready for the lesson, we can start.

Learning new material

Today we are starting to study the big topic "Coding and Processing of Textual Information", and our first lesson is called "Encoding Textual Information"
On the screen is the first slide of a multimedia presentation with the topic of the lesson.

In today's lesson, we will get acquainted with the methods of coding text that were invented by people at various stages of the development of human thought, with binary coding of information in a computer, we will learn how to determine the numeric codes of characters, enter characters using numeric codes and re-encode Russian-language text in a text editor.

The problem of protecting information has worried people for several centuries.

Codes appeared in ancient times in the form of cryptograms (which in Greek means "secret writing"). Sometimes the sacred Jewish texts were encrypted using the replacement method. Instead of the first letter of the alphabet, the last letter was written, instead of the second - the penultimate, etc. this ancient cipher was called atbash.

Slide show # 2

Before you are several methods of coding text that were invented at various stages in the development of human thought.

- cryptography- it is secret writing, a system of changing the letter in order to make the text incomprehensible to the uninitiated;

- morse code or a non-uniform telegraph code in which each letter or character is represented by its own combination of short electric current chips (dots) and triple-duration chips (dashes);

- surdogesty- sign language used by people with hearing impairments.

Question: What other examples of encoding text information can be given?

Students give examples . ( Vigineer cipher, replacement cipher)

Slide show # 3

One of the earliest known encryption methods is named after the Roman emperor Julius Caesar (1st century BC). This method is based on replacing each letter of the encrypted text with another, by shifting in the alphabet from the original letter by a fixed number of characters. So the word byte when shifted three characters to the right, encoded with a word dgmh ... The reverse process of decoding a given word - it is necessary to replace each encrypted letter, with the third one to the left of it.

Slide show number 4

In Ancient Greece (II century BC), a cipher was known, which was created using the Polybius square. For encryption, a table was used, which was a square with six columns and six rows, which were numbered from 1 to 6. One letter was written in each cell of such a table. As a result, each letter corresponded to a pair of numbers, and encryption was reduced to replacing the letter with a pair of numbers. The first digit indicates the row number, the second the column number. The byte word is encoded in this case as follows: 12 11 25 42

Slide show number 5.

Decipher the following phrase using the Polybius square

"33 11 35 36 24 32 16 36 11 45 43 51 24 32 41 63"

Question: What did you do?

Student response: We learn from examples

The answer is compared with the correct answer that appears on slide 5.

Binary encoding of text information in a computer

Teacher: Information expressed in natural and formal languages in writing is commonly referred to as text information.

Slide show number 6.

To represent textual information (uppercase, lowercase letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets, numbers, signs and mathematical symbols), 256 different characters are sufficient.

If you add up all the signs:

33 lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet + 33 uppercase letters = 66;

For the Latin alphabet 26 + 26 = 52;

Numbers from 0 to 9

it turns out that you need 127 characters. There are still 129 values that can be used to designate punctuation marks, arithmetic signs, service operations (line feed, space, etc.)

Slide show number 7

According to the formula N = 2 I you can calculate how much information is needed to encode each character:

N = 2 I  256 = 2 I  2 8 = 2 I  I= 8 bits

To process textual information on a computer, it is necessary to represent it in a binary sign system. We have calculated that to encode each character requires 8 bits of information, that is, the length of the binary code of the character is eight binary characters. Each character must be associated with a unique binary code from the interval from 00000000 to 11111111 (in decimal code from 0 to 255).

When text information is entered into a computer, it is binary encoded. The user presses a signed key on the keyboard, and a specific sequence of eight electrical impulses (binary code of the sign) is sent to the computer. In the process of displaying on the computer screen, reverse transcoding is performed, i.e. converting binary code into its image.

Slide show number 8

The assignment of a specific binary code to a sign is a matter of convention, which is fixed in the code table. An international agreement has been adopted to assign a unique code to each character. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code table is adopted as an international standard.

This table contains codes from 0 to 127 (letters of the English alphabet, signs of mathematical operations, service symbols, etc.), and codes from 0 to 32 are assigned not to symbols, but to function keys.

Write down the name of this code table and the range of characters to be encoded.

Codes 128 through 255 are allocated for the national standards of each country. This is sufficient for most developed countries.

For Russia, several different code table standards have been introduced (codes 128 to 255).

Slide show number 9.

Here are some of them. Let's consider and write down their names:

KOI - 8 , Windows, MS-DOS , Mac, ISO.

There are approximately 6,800 different languages in the world. If you read a text printed in Japan on a computer in Russia or the United States, you will not be able to understand it. So that the letters of any country could be read on any computer, two bytes (16 bits) were used to encode them.

Let's, with you, also determine the number of characters that can be encoded according to this standard:

N = 2 I = 2 16 = 65536

this number of characters is enough to encode not only the Russian and Latin alphabets, but also the Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and other alphabets.

Physical education

And now let's have a physical education: first, with the tip of your nose, write figuratively on the ceiling "I like computer science."

Physical education for the eyes:

Blink quickly, close your eyes and sit quietly, slowly counting to 5. Repeat 4-5 times.

Extend your right arm forward. Follow with your eyes, without turning your head, for slow movements of the index finger of an outstretched hand to the left and right, up and down. Repeat 4-5 times.

Look at the index finger of your outstretched hand at 1-4, then move your gaze into the distance at 1-6. Repeat 4-5 times.

At an average pace, do 3-4 circular movements with the eyes to the right side, the same amount to the left. Relaxing the eye muscles, look into the distance at a count of 1-6. Repeat 1-2 times.

Consolidation of the acquired knowledge.

No wonder the Roman fabulist Phaedrus said: "Science is the captain, and practice is the soldiers." So now let's move from theory to practice.

Open the textbook to page 152, find practice # 8, read it.

Write down in a notebook the topic of practical work "Coding of text information", the purpose of the work: to learn how to determine the numeric codes of characters, enter characters using numeric codes and re-encode Russian-language text in a text editor.

Turn on your computers and we'll do the job together.

Task number 1. In the Word text editor, define the numeric codes of several characters:

in Windows encoding;

in Unicode encoding (Unicode)

Launch a text editor Word

enter the command (Insert - Symbol ...). The Symbol dialog box appears. The central part of the dialog box is occupied by the symbol table.

To determine the decimal numeric code of a character in Windows encoding using the drop-down list from: select the Cyrillic encoding type (dec.).

Select a symbol from the symbol table. The character code: appears in the Character Code: text box.

To define a Unicode hexadecimal numeric code using the drop-down list from: select the Unicode encoding type (hex).

Select a symbol from the symbol table. A hexadecimal numeric character code appears in the Character Code: text box.

Using an electronic calculator, convert the hexadecimal numeric code to the decimal number system:

0586 16 = X 10; 1254 16 = X 10; 8569 16 = X 10;

Task number 2. In the text editor Notepad, enter a sequence of characters in Windows and MS - DOS encodings using numeric codes.

Initial test of understanding

Teacher questions

1. What is the principle of encoding text information used in a computer? (When text information is entered into a computer, it is binary encoded. The user presses a signed key on the keyboard, and a certain sequence of eight electrical impulses (binary sign code) is sent to the computer. converting the binary code to its image.)

2. What is the name of the international character encoding table?( ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange - American standard code for exchange information )

3. List the names of encoding tables for Russian-language characters. (KOI - 8, MS - DOS , Mac, ISO , Windows )

The teacher gives out cards with individual assignments. (Petya and Kolya write e-mails to each other in KOI - 8. Once Petya made a mistake and sent a letter in Windows encoding. Kolya received the letter and, as always, read it in KOI - 8. The result was a meaningless text in which the word *** was often repeated *** What word was in the original text of the letter?

Option 1 - ULBOET (scanner)

Option 2 - RBNSFSH (memory)

Option 3 - RTYOFET (printer)

Option 4 - DYULEFB (diskette)

Option 5 - FTELVPM (trackball)

Option 6 - NPOIFPT (monitor)

Option 7 - RTPGEUUPT (processor)

Option 8 - LMBCHIBFHTB (keyboard)

Option 9 - NBFETYOULBS RMBFB (motherboard)

Option 10 - FBLFPCHBS YUBUFPFB RTPGEUUPTB (processor clock frequency)

Homework

According to the textbook of N. Ugrinovich, clause 3.1. pp. 74 - 77

Encode your name and surname in the KOI - 8 code. Write the result as:

binary code

decimal code

Additional task (on the card): decode the text using the KOI -8 encoding:

254 212 207 194 205 213 196 210 207 214 201 218 206 216 208 210 207 214 201 212 216, 218 206 193 212 216 206 193 196 207 194 206 207 206 197 205 193 204 207,

228 215 193 215 193 214 206 217 200 208 215 193 215 201 204 193 218 193 208 207 205 206 201 196 204 209 206 193 222 193 204 193:

244 217 204 213 222 219 197 199 207 204 207 196 193 202, 222 197 205 222 212 207 208 207 208 193 204 207 197 211 212 216,

233 204 213 222 219 197 194 213 196 216 207 196 201 206, 222 197 205 215 205 197 211 212 197 21 203 197 205 208 207 208 193 204 207.

(To live life wisely, you need to know a lot,

Remember two important rules to start with:

You better starve than just eat anything

Informatics and information technology. Textbook for grade 8 / N. D. Ugrinovich. - M. BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2011 .-- 205 p .: ill.

Journal "Informatics and Education", No. 4,2003, No. 6,2006

Informatics 7 - 9 cl. / A.G. Kushnirenko, G.V. Lebedev, Ya.N. Zaidelman, M.: Drofa, 2001 .-- 336 p .: ill.

LESSON DEVELOPMENT "Coding text information"

Grade: Grade 9

Lesson type:

§ familiarization with new material,

§ a practical lesson.

Lesson type: combined.

Lesson Objectives:

§ Didactic: to provide initial understanding of the new content of the material.

§ Pedagogical: lead students to understand the reasons and ways of transforming and storing text information on a computer in the form of binary code.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

§ Introduce the concepts of text information, coding of text information, code table.

Developing:

§ To teach how to determine the character code and symbol by code using code tables and a text editor.

§ Teach to encode and recode text information.

Educational:

§ Continue the formation of interest in the subject, the formation of a worldview.

§ To foster a culture of behavior in the lesson, accuracy, independence, the ability to listen.

§ Develop personal qualities: activity, the ability to cooperate and work in a group.

§ Prepare students for life in a rapidly changing information world.

Lesson equipment:

§ Textbook by N.D. Ugrinovich Informatics Grade 9, BINOM, Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.

§ Teacher's workplace.

§ Workplaces of students: PC with Windows XP operating system installed.

§ Text editor Notepad.

§ Multimedia projector.

§ Presentation "Coding of text information".

§ Practice cards.

§ Encoding tables.

Forms of education : frontal, individual, group (work in pairs).

Teaching Methods and Techniques: explanatory and illustrative, partly search, verbal (frontal conversation), visual (demonstration of a computer presentation), practical (doing practical work on a PC), reflection (frontal survey).

During the classes

Lesson stage

Activity

Time (min)

Organizational
moment

Checking readiness for the lesson (students have notebooks, textbooks)

Updating
knowledge, repetition of what has been learned

Preparation for the study of new material, frontal survey

Learning new
material

Lecture accompanied by a multimedia presentation, writing on the board and in notebooks

Practical work

Practicing on a computer

Anchoring.
Working in pairs

Self-compilation of an assignment for your friend, checking the correctness of the implementation

Lesson summary. Reflection

Teacher message, frontal survey

Homework

Diary entry

After completing a topic, students should

know:

§ the principle of coding text information in a computer;

§ the principle of storing text information;

§ the concept of the encoding table;

§ modern encoding tables;

be able to:

§ determine the character code in the given encoding table;

§ find a character by a given code;

§ select and change different character encodings for text.

Stage 1 of the lesson. Organizing time

Greetings. Checking readiness for the lesson.

Message of the topic of the lesson "(slide 1).

Setting the goals of the lesson (slide 2):

§ Get acquainted with the concepts of text information, coding of text information, code table.

§ Learn to determine the character code and symbol by code using code tables and a text editor.

§ Learn to encode and recode text information.

2nd stage of the lesson. Knowledge update. Repetition of what has been learned

The children are invited to answer the questions (slide 3):

1. What is information?

Answer: this is information about the surrounding world (object, process, phenomenon);

it is a reflection of the surrounding world in the form of signals and signs.

2. What types of presentation information do you know?

Answer: Numeric, text, graphic, sound, video, combined.

3. What is encoding?

Answer: The process of presenting information using a sign system.

Stage 3 of the lesson. Learning new material

Text information is information expressed in natural or formal languages in writing (slide 4).

Text information includes:

§ Russian alphabet letters

§ Latin alphabet letters

§ Numbers

§ Signs

§ Math symbols

Question: What is natural language and what is formal language?

Answer: A natural language is a language that has developed historically and that has arisen naturally. For example, Russian spoken.

A formal language is an artificial language with strict rules. For example, the language of algebra, the language of the computer.

256 different characters are enough to encode text information! Let's recall the basic formula of informatics and calculate the amount of information required to encode 1 character (slides 5, 6):

N = 2 i, where

N - the number of code combinations

i Is the length of the binary code

256 = 2 i 28 = 2 i I = 8 bits

To process textual information in a computer, it is necessary to represent it in a binary sign system. A person distinguishes characters by their outline, and a computer - by their binary codes. When we enter textual information into the PC, its binary coding occurs, i.e. the image of the sign is converted into its binary code. When you press a key, a sequence of 8 electrical impulses is sent to the computer. The character code is stored in RAM (slide 7).

In the process of displaying on the screen, the reverse process occurs (slide 8).

Question: which device is engaged in converting information into binary code and vice versa?

Answer: microprocessor.

The assignment of a specific binary code to a sign is a matter of agreement, which is fixed in the code table (slide 9).

Encoding table- this is a table in which all the symbols of the computer alphabet are assigned serial numbers - codes.

The international standard for PC is the table ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).

The first 33 codes in this table correspond not to characters, but to operations (space, line break, paragraph mark, and others). Codes from 33 to 127 are international (characters of the Latin alphabet, numbers, signs of arithmetic operations, punctuation marks). Codes from 128 to 255 are national, i.e. in different national encodings, the same code corresponds to different characters (slide 10).

There are currently 5 different encodings for encoding Russian letters ( Windows, MS - DOS, Mac, ISO, KOI-8) (slide 11).

Historically, it so happened that the national part of the code tables appeared inconsistently in different countries and in different operating systems. Code tables ISO and KOI-8 appeared in the USSR. Code table MS - DOS was designed for the operating system Microsoft DOS , code table Windows - for the operating system Microsoft Windows ... Code table Mac used in operating systems Mac OS (slide 12).

Texts created in one encoding will not display correctly in another!

Sometimes it becomes necessary to use more than two languages in one text document. For example, when printing text on geometry, you may need Russian characters, Latin letters, Greek letters. How to be in such a situation?

In 1991, a new code standard was proposed, where 2 bytes of memory were allocated for each character. The code table was named Unicode ... In the code table Unicode 65536 characters. This number of code combinations allows you to encode the signs of languages of almost all alphabets of the world! (slide 13).

4th stage of the lesson. Practical work on the computer

Let's remember the objectives of the lesson. The first goal - to get acquainted with the concept of coding text information, code table - we have achieved.

Learn to encode text information, determine the character code and symbol by code using code tables and a text editor,practical work will help us (slide 14).

Postcodes - Volokolamsk - Chukhloma - Olonets - Boguchar - Surgut

Binary coding ABVABV

How many characters do you need? In the texts we use: uppercase and lowercase Russian letters Аа Бб Вв ... uppercase and lowercase Latin letters Аа Bb Cc ... punctuation marks !,?. … Numbers… signs of arithmetic operations + - ×… other symbols ([\… 256 different symbols are enough.

With 1 byte, you can get 256 different binary code combinations and display 256 different characters using them. Coding means that each character is assigned a unique decimal code from 0 to 255 or the corresponding binary code from to.Thus, a person distinguishes characters by their style, and a computer - by their code.

ENCODING OF INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER A Q B R C S D T E U F V G W

Code tables The correspondence between symbols and codes is set using special code tables. In code tables, each character is assigned a unique string of eight zeros and ones. Symbol Decimal code Binary code! ... ABC! ... ABC 33 ... ...

The assignment of a specific code to a character is a matter of convention, which is fixed in the code table. A code table is the internal representation of characters in a computer. The ASCII table (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is accepted as a worldwide standard.

Recently, a new international standard Unicode has appeared, which allocates not one byte, but two for each character, and therefore it can be used to encode not 256, but different characters. This encoding is supported by the latest versions of the Microsoft Windows & Office platform (since 1997)

Windows code table SymbolDecimal codeBinary codeSymbolDecimal codeBinary code Space! * +, -. / =? ABVGDEZHZIYKLMNOPABVGDEZHZIYKLMNOP RSTUFKHTSZHSCHYYEYUYARSTUFHTSZHSCHYEYUYA

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Slide captions:

11.04.17 Encoding text information

11.04.17 Information expressed using natural and formal languages in writing is called text information

Historical background Cryptography is a cryptography, a system of altering a letter in order to make the text incomprehensible to the uninitiated Morse code or an uneven telegraph code, in which each letter or sign is represented by its own combination of short elementary messages of electric current (dots) and elementary parcels of triple duration (dashes) Surdojesty is a sign language used by people with hearing impairments

Caesar Code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z 1 Julius Caesar (1st century BC) Replace each letter of the encrypted text to another by shifting in the alphabet from the original letter by a fixed number of characters! Encode B A Y T - shift it by 2 characters to the right We get: G V L F

Assignment: Decipher the phrase of the Persian poet Jalaladdin Rumi "kgnusm yoogkg fesl - ttsfhya fzuzhschz fhgrzkh yoogksp", encoded using the Caesar cipher. It is known that each letter of the source text is replaced by the third letter after it. Rumi 1207-1273 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Answer: Close your eyes - let the heart become an eye

Binary coding of text information To encode 1 character, 1 byte of information is used. 1 byte 256 characters 66 letters of the Russian alphabet 52 letters of the English alphabet 0-9 numbers Punctuation marks

When processing textual information in a computer, each character is represented by a binary code 1 character 8 bits From 00000000 to 11111111 Assigning a specific binary code to a sign is a matter of agreement, which is fixed in the code table

ASCII code table A merican S tandard Code f or Information Information Interchange codes 0 to 32 function keys codes 33 to 127 English letters, mathematical operations, punctuation marks

Tables of encoding of Russian-language characters KOI-8 MAC ISO

Unicode encoding 1 character - 2 bytes (16 bits) that can encode 65,536 characters

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information. Units of information measurement. Encoding text information

First lesson in grade 8. Synopsis and homework ...

"Coding of text information. Encodings of the Russian alphabet". Practical work "Coding of text information".

Lesson summary “Coding of text information. Encodings of the Russian alphabet "is intended for teachers of informatics teaching in the 8th grade. The lesson is divided into two stages. On the first - it is planned to study ...

Processing of text information. Entering text in a word processor WordPad.

Outline of an open lesson on the study of the word processor WordPad. It is offered to help teachers of informatics and ICT in the study of the topic "Processing of text information" in the fifth grade. NS...