Presentation on the topic of the military industrial complex. Defense industrial complex of russia. Testing laboratories and polygons

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Study the structure of the military-industrial complex (MIC) Introduce the products of the Russian military-industrial complex Determine the geography of various branches of the military-industrial complex Give a concept of conversion Discuss the problems and prospects of the military-industrial complex

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The military-industrial complex (MIC) of Russia is a powerful system of enterprises and institutions of science and technology that produce military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The terms "military industry" and "defense industry" are also used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex.

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The military-industrial complex includes: research organizations (their task is theoretical developments); design bureaus (KB) creating prototypes ( prototypes) weapons; testing laboratories and proving grounds, where, firstly, prototypes are "fine-tuned" in real conditions, and secondly, testing of weapons that have just emerged from the factory walls; manufacturing enterprises where the mass production of weapons is carried out.

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Safety of the location of production facilities, taking into account the flight time of missiles and aviation from abroad Duplication - the location of backup enterprises in different regions of the country Concentration of production and research and production associations of the military-industrial complex in Moscow and around it, where Russia has the right to create and build up anti-missile defense means.

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Production location safety Science intensity High qualification of personnel Transport factor

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Branches of the military-industrial complex Nuclear weapons complex Aviation industry Rocket and space industry Production of small arms and artillery systems Armored industry Military shipbuilding

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The nuclear weapons complex is part of the Russian nuclear industry. It includes the following productions. 1. Extraction of uranium ore and production of uranium concentrate. In Russia, only one uranium mine is currently operating in Krasnokamensk (Chita Region). Uranium concentrate is also produced there. 2. Uranium enrichment (separation of uranium isotopes) takes place in the cities of Novouralsk (Svedlovsk-44), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45), Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Angarsk. 45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacities are concentrated in Russia. With the decline in nuclear weapons production, these industries are increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises go to both civil nuclear power plants and the production of nuclear weapons and industrial reactors for the production of plutonium. 3. Manufacturing of fuel elements (fuel rods) for nuclear reactors is carried out in Elektrostal and Novosibirsk.

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4. The production and separation of weapons-grade plutonium is now being carried out in Seversk (Tomsk-7) and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26). Plutonium reserves in Russia have been accumulated for many years to come, but nuclear reactors in these cities do not stop, since they provide them with heat and electricity. Previously major center plutonium was produced in Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65), where in 1957, due to the failure of the cooling system, one of the containers in which liquid production wastes was stored exploded. As a result, the territory of 23 thousand km was contaminated with radioactive waste. 5. The assembly of nuclear weapons took place in Sarov (Arzamas-16), Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45) and Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). The development of prototypes was carried out in Sarov and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). The first atomic and hydrogen bombs were developed in Sarov, where the Russian Federal Nuclear Center is now located. 6. Disposal of nuclear waste today is one of the most difficult environmental issues... The main center is Snezhinsk, where waste is processed and buried in rocks.

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The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at headquarters from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. The main factors of placement manufacturing enterprises- Convenience of transport links and the availability of skilled labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the design bureaus of Moscow and the Moscow region. Geography of the aviation industry

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The only exception is the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, where amphibious aircraft are produced. Anti-submarine aircraft - amphibian Be - 12 Multipurpose aircraft - amphibious A - 40

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Bombers - a combat aircraft designed to destroy enemy ground and sea targets Long-range (strategic) Front-line (tactical) TU-22 MZ SU-34

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Fighter - combat aircraft for the destruction of enemy aircraft and unmanned vehicles SU - 35 SU - 37

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Stormtrooper - combat aircraft, designed to destroy, mainly from low altitudes, small and mobile land and sea targets - SU - 25

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Military transport aviation is designed for the transportation of weapons and military equipment, landing AN - 72 AN - 22 AN - 12 AN - 26 AN - 124

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Naval aviation is designed to destroy the enemy's naval forces and provide cover for naval groupings. IL - 38 SU - 33 YAK - 141 YAK - 38

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The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. For example, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) contains up to 300 thousand systems, subsystems, individual devices and parts, and a large space complex - up to 10 million. Therefore, there are much more scientists, designers and engineers in this field than workers. Ballistic missile R - 21

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Research and development organizations of the industry are concentrated to a large extent in the Moscow region. It develops ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), and anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki). And the production of these products is scattered almost all over Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines - in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Booster rockets for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are produced there, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, Zheleznogorsk.

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Air defense - a set of measures to repel the strikes of various enemy air attack weapons. Launchers of the anti-aircraft missile system S - 200 S - 75 S - 125

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Anti-aircraft missile launchers SAM - "Volna" SAM - "Favorite" SAM - "Kub - MZ"

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In Russia, now the only operating cosmodrome is in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region (near the Plesetsk station). Anti-aircraft missile systems are being tested at the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region. The military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones - from the mission control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

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The most famous and widespread type of small arms produced is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is used in at least 55 countries (and in some it is even depicted on the state emblem).

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The main centers for the production of small arms are Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Vyatskiye Polyany (Kirov region), and the leading research center is located in Klimovsk (Moscow region). Automatic rifle Tokarev VT - 40 Carbine "Tiger" Submachine gun PP - 93 Geography of small arms production

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Geography of artillery systems Artillery systems are produced mainly in Yekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod Tunguska-M anti-aircraft gun and missile system Msta-S self-propelled howitzer

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Naval artillery - consists of the armaments of ships (naval artillery) and coastal missile and artillery troops (coastal artillery) - artillery mounts AK - 100 AK - 130 AK - 630 M

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Armored industry. Historical features of development. The armored industry was one of the most developed branches of the military-industrial complex. Over the last period, 100 thousand tanks were produced at the factories of the former USSR. Now a significant part of them are subject to destruction within the framework of the Treaty on the Limitation of Arms in Europe. Before the revolution, despite the presence of several original projects, tanks were not produced in Russia (only two prototypes were built). Based on domestic and mainly foreign cars The Izhora, Putilov and Obukhov factories in the country's leading machine-building center - the Petrograd plant - assembled armored vehicles.

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During the civil war, the production of armored vehicles, including half-track ones, continued. The first small series of light tanks (15 units) was built at the Sormovsky plant in Nizhny Novgorod in 1920. A captured French tank was used as a sample. As a result of the development of the concept of the first Soviet tank at the Leningrad plant "Bolshevik" (Obukhov plant) in 1927-1931. The first large series of light tanks MS-1 (900 units) was produced, and in Kharkov, the leading industrial hub of Ukraine, at the Kharkov Comintern Steam Locomotive Plant (KhPZ) in 1930, the production of a small series of T-24 medium tanks was organized. Since the beginning of the 30s. began large-scale production of tanks based on advanced foreign models.

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During the Great Patriotic War the geography of domestic tank building expanded sharply, especially to the territory of the Urals and the Volga region. The T-34 tanks, which found the most widespread use in the war, were produced at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in Gorky, as well as at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (STZ) and Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil. " The Moscow Ordzhonikidze Plant was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, the Leningrad Kirov Plant to Chelyabinsk, and the Voroshilov Leningrad Plant to Omsk and Barnaul. There was the main production of armored vehicles. In the postwar years until the end of the 80s. continued mass production of armored vehicles. The main centers of tank building remained Nizhny Tagil, Omsk, Kharkov, Leningrad, Chelyabinsk.

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Of the four Russian factories, tanks are now produced only at two - in Nizhny Tagil and Omsk (T-80U tanks), and the factories in St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk are being redesigned. Armored personnel carriers (APCs) are produced in Arzamas, and infantry fighting vehicles (BMPs) - in Kurgan. Medium tank T-34 Light tank BT-7 T - 80 KV - 2

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Geography of military shipbuilding Military shipbuilding is difficult to separate from civilian, since until recently the majority of Russian shipyards worked for defense. The largest shipbuilding center since the time of Peter the Great is St. Petersburg, where about 40 enterprises of this industry are located. Almost all types of ships were built here. Nuclear submarines were previously produced in Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Currently, their production is preserved only in Severodvinsk. Other centers of military shipbuilding are a number of cities on the rivers where small ships are produced (Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.)

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Anti-submarine ships - anti-submarine surface ships Anti-submarine cruiser Small PK - 204

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Landing ships - surface warships for the transport and disembarkation of amphibious assault Hovercraft Landing assault boat

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Conversion - the transfer of military production to the production of civilian products. The defense complex developed and produced not only military equipment. For example, in 1989, the share of non-food consumer goods and civilian products in the total production of the defense complex was 40%. This, in particular, was facilitated by the transfer in 1987 to the defense complex of enterprises of the reformed Ministry of Light and Food Industry... There are frequent cases when the share of military production at the enterprises of the defense complex did not exceed 10%, and whole line enterprises belonging to the defense ministries did not produce any military products at all.

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For a long time, the defense complex was provided as a priority financial resources, scientific and technical personnel, material resources. During November-December 1991, the sectoral management structure of the military-industrial complex was dismantled, State Commission Council of Ministers of the USSR on military-technical issues, which played an important role in the old sectoral structure of industrial management. The privatization program occupied an important place in the government's plans to transform the defense complex. In accordance with this program, the demilitarization of the manufacturing sector of industry and the R&D sphere was planned to be carried out on the basis of the development of non-state forms of ownership and entrepreneurship, the reduction of state subsidies and the curtailment of inefficient industries and enterprises, and the gradual lifting of restrictions on foreign competition.

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The main tasks in the field of conversion at this stage should have been to preserve the most important elements production and scientific and technical potential of enterprises of the defense complex of Russia, their maximum use for economic reconstruction, development social sphere, to create import-substituting industries, expand the country's export capabilities. Enterprises deeply specialized in the production of weapons and military equipment, the conversion process at which is extremely difficult, as well as large research institutes and design bureaus, where the most complex and expensive equipment is concentrated, which could only be used for the development and testing of samples of weapons and military equipment, it was planned to transform into state enterprises and basic state scientific and technical centers.

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Russia inherited 80% of the USSR's defense industry. This means that the degree of militarization of the economy turned out to be higher in comparison with other republics of the former Soviet Union. True, the number of people employed in the military-industrial complex has decreased to 5.4 million people, but it still remains excessive. Thus, the share of those employed in the defense industry is 23.5% of the total number of employed in the country, and about 2 million people are now producing weapons and military equipment directly. As of the beginning of 1999, the Russian military-industrial complex included about 700 defense research institutes and design bureaus, as well as 1,700 enterprises and organizations and eight industries. In addition, more than 1,500 subcontractors in 10 CIS countries are associated with them. The objects of the defense industry produce 20% of the total volume of machine-building products in the country.

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The military-industrial complex enterprises are located on the territory of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation extremely unevenly. Some districts and more than 70 city-plants, including closed administrative-territorial formations, are completely dependent on the operation of the complex, since there are practically no other areas of employment in them. Regions with a high share of employment at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex form a great potential for mass migration of labor to other regions, which, in the absence of sufficient investment in the production and housing and communal sectors, creates economic and social tension. Therefore, in these regions, it is important to take into account the local employment opportunities for workers released from the defense industries. Russia inherited some of these difficulties from Soviet Union and some of them are the result of economic policy mistakes.

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However, the main problem of the military-industrial complex is scanty funding. In this area, generally accepted in world statistics are indicators of annual military expenditures per one soldier and one resident of the country. In 1997, expenditures per serviceman in Russia amounted to 14 thousand dollars, and in the United States - 176 thousand, in Great Britain - 200, in Germany - 98. In the same year, military expenditures per capita were: in Russia - 233 dollars, in the USA - 978, in the UK - 578, in Greece - 517 dollars. The actual expenditures of the state budget for defense needs in 1993 amounted to 4.4% of GDP; in 1994 - 5.6%, in 1995 - less than 4%, in 1996 - 3.5%, in 1997 - 2.7%. At the same time, the volume of GDP itself has been steadily declining.

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Undertaken in recent times steps to straighten things out in the military-industrial complex, including a number of organizational and financial measures, began to yield positive results. Thus, in 1998, a relative stabilization was outlined in the defense industry of the Russian Federation. In particular, the total volume of production for 8 months amounted to 97.2% against the same period in 1997, including 92% for civil and 107% for military, which indicates an increase in the share of the latter. At the same time, a fairly significant increase in production took place in the rocket and space (119.9%) and radio industries (109%), the situation in the aviation (90.1%) and ammunition (93.3%) industries stabilized.

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The concept of the Defense Industrial Complex of Russia (the military-industrial complex, in educational publications the Military-Industrial Complex, the military-industrial complex) is a set of research, testing organizations and industrial enterprises that carry out the development, production, storage, putting into service of military and special equipment, ammunition, ammunition, etc. . item mainly for state power structures, as well as for export.

Public policy Administered Russian Federation are: defense and security; defense production; determination of the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of poisonous substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; Article 71, Constitution of Russia

On December 1, 2000, Putin signed a decree according to which the Committee of the Russian Federation on Military-Technical Cooperation with Foreign States (KVTS) was formed, a federal body executive power on the regulation and control of arms exports.

In 2006, the Russian state program for the development of weapons for years was approved, which provides for the purchase and development of military equipment for the Russian army. A total of 4.9 trillion rubles were allocated to finance this program during its operation.

In 2006, the Military Industrial Commission was formed under the Russian government. The commission was entrusted with the tasks of implementing the state military-industrial policy and issues of military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement and state security.

The State Armaments Program for the period of years was adopted, for the implementation of which more than 19 trillion rubles were allocated.

Military industrial

complex of Russia

Grade 9

geography teacher

MAOU "Secondary School No. 18", Kazan

Kalyanova S.P.

Topic study plan

The role of the military-industrial complex in the Russian economy.

The structure and sectoral composition of the military-industrial complex.

Principles and factors of the deployment of the military-industrial complex.

The geography of the military-industrial complex.

Problems and prospects of the military-industrial complex.

What is a military-industrial complex?

A powerful system of enterprises producing military equipment, weapons and ammunition.

Testing laboratories and polygons

(there is a "fine-tuning" of prototypes and testing of weapons)

Design bureaus

(create prototypes of weapons)

Research organizations

(engaged in theoretical developments)

The structure of the military-industrial complex

Manufacturing enterprises

(mass production of weapons is carried out)

The place of the military-industrial complex in the system

intersectoral complexes

The military-industrial complex partially includes the production of other complexes, for example, in mechanical engineering, the share of defense plants is more than 60%.

Exercise: Using Figure 31 and Table 19. define the role of intersectoral complexes in the production of military products.

Basic principles

deployment of the military-industrial complex

1. Placement security

3. Concentration of production in and around Moscow

2. Duplication of enterprises

Placement of the most important centers and enterprises in the hinterland regions of the country.

Placement of backup enterprises in different regions of the country.

In Moscow and the Moscow region, Russia has the right to create and build up anti-missile defense assets.

What is the peculiarity of the geography of military-industrial complex enterprises?

BUT (Closed administrative-territorial unit)

In the Soviet Union, as part of the military-industrial complex, there were many special closed cities, many of which had special names: Arzamas - 16 , Chelyabinsk - 65 and - 70 , Krasnoyarsk - 26 and - 45, Tomsk - 7. Especially important objects of the military-industrial complex were concentrated in them. Some of them may become promising technopolises.

Exercise: Define modern names cities

Military strategic
Military strategic (Security and preservation of military potential)

science intensity
science intensity

Highly qualified personnel
Highly qualified personnel

transport
transport

Placement factors

The composition of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space

industry

Aviation industry

Military

shipbuilding

Armored industry

Artillery systems production

Nuclear weapons production

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Nuclear weapons production

The most important complex of branches of the military-industrial complex is the nuclear complex - a shield that ensures the country's security. Its main members are two Russian nuclear center: in Sarov (Arzamas 16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk - 70).

The geography of the military-industrial complex

The rocket and space industry has become the most important complex of the military-industrial complex. It was important to prepare a scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocketry. The first large research and production centers were created in the Moscow region (Energia corporation in Koroleva ).

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space industry

Since 1946, under the leadership of the well-known rocket designer SP Korolev, work has been carried out to create ballistic missiles, artificial earth satellites and spacecraft have been created, including the Vostok, on which the first cosmonaut Yury Gagarin flew. Ballistic missiles are produced in the Urals, Siberia, launch vehicles - in Samara, Omsk , rocketry in St. Petersburg .

S.P. Korolev

Yuri Gagarin East - 1

Artificial satellite ballistic missile

Cosmodromes

The main cosmodrome of Russia, from which all the main military spacecraft were launched and military satellites were launched, is located near the city of Mirny (st. Plesetsk ) south of Arkhangelsk. WITH Baikonur ships with astronauts on board were launched. Cosmodrome Kapustin Yar(Astrakhan region) turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome has been created - " Free "- in the Amur region.

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Rocket and space industry

To control the military space forces of Russia, a center was created in the Moscow region - Krasnoznamensk , and for manned space flights - the Mission Control Center (MCC) in city of the Queen.

Cosmonaut training center

V Zvezdny the cosmonaut training center is located.

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Aviation industry

The geography of the aviation industry in Russia is associated with the largest industrial hubs that have good transport links with hundreds of related factories. Strategic security and highly qualified personnel are also important factors.

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Aviation industry

The largest aircraft manufacturing centers are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Samara, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude, Komsomolsk - on - Amur.

Helicopters produce in Rostov - on the Don, Kazan, Arseniev (Primorye).

Kazan is a large center

aviation industry

TU - 214R strategic reconnaissance aircraft

Tu-214-ON - designed for aerial photography

Kazan is a large center

aviation industry

TU 160 supersonic strategic missile bomber

Kazan is a large center

aviation industry

Mi-8MTV-5 / Mi-17V-5 an amphibious transport helicopter is a modern modification of the Mi-8MT helicopter, developed taking into account the experience of combat use.

Mi-8 for EMERCOM of Russia.

Ansat

Mi-8MTV-5-1

Mi-17V-5

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Military shipbuilding

The largest center for military shipbuilding - St. Petersburg- 40 enterprises. Produced from boats and submarines to nuclear missile cruisers. Nuclear submarines are manufactured in Severodvinsk (near Arkhangelsk).

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Armored industry

The tanks are produced at two factories:

Nizhny Tagil and Omsk.

Armored vehicles are produced in Kurgan and Arzamas.

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Artillery production

Important centers for the production of artillery weapons - Yekaterinburg, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd.

The geography of the military-industrial complex

Small arms production

The Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich assault rifle is used in 55 countries of the world. Small arms production centers - Tula, Kovrov (Vladimir region), Vyatskiye Polyany (Kirov region), Izhevsk, Klimovsk.

MIC conversion

conversic - change, transformation. Transfer of military production to civilian production.

conversion

Businesses not eligible for conversion

Enterprises producing dual-use products

In the future, they can completely switch to the production of civilian products

Question : What is the conversion of the military industry? What opportunities does it open up for the country's economy?

Questions for discussion

1. There are several points of view on the conversion problem.

Some people think that conversion is necessary for Russia. Others believe that the US defense industry motto should be adhered to: "Arms exports are better than conversion."

- What is your point of view?

2. Is there a need to liquidate the military-industrial complex in Russia?

Justify your arguments.

Export

Russian weapons

Exports are $ 1.7-4 billion
Russia ranks fourth among exporting states
The military-industrial complex gives less than 4% of the volume of Russian exports

The main regions for the export of Russian weapons

Near East

Southeast Asia

Latin America

Question : Why is Russia selling military equipment to other countries? Doesn't this weaken its military potential?

« I don’t know what weapons they will use to fight in the third world war, but in the fourth, clubs and stones will be used. »

Albert Einstein

Literature

1.E. A. Zhizhina Lesson development in geography grade 9, Moscow "VAKO", 2007

2. V.P.Dronov, V.Ya.Rom Geography of Russia.

Population and economy grade 9,

Moscow "Bustard", 2014

3. Online Resources

Slide 1

Military-industrial complex of the Moscow region

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Definition of the military-industrial complex and its composition, industries and features of placement
Military industrial complex (MIC) - a set of research, testing organizations and industrial enterprises that carry out the development, production, storage, putting into service of military and special equipment, ammunition, ammunition, etc., mainly for state power structures, as well as export.

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The military-industrial complex includes: - research organizations (their task is theoretical developments); - design bureaus (KB), creating prototypes (prototypes) of weapons; - testing laboratories and proving grounds, where, firstly, prototypes are "fine-tuned" in real conditions, and secondly, testing of weapons that have just emerged from the factory walls; - production plants where weapons are mass produced.

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The military-industrial complex consists of several main branches: - Production of nuclear weapons - Aircraft industry - Rocket and space industry - Production of small arms - Production of artillery systems - Military shipbuilding - Armored industry.

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Virtually all significant cities of Russia, where it was closely associated with "civilian" machine building, became centers of military production. chemical industry and other industries. The most famous of them, Arzamas-16, can serve as an example of a closed city.

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MIC of the Moscow region
Nuclear weapons complex - part of the Russian nuclear industry

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The aviation industry is located, as a rule, in large industrial centers, where finished products are assembled at headquarters from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of subcontractors. The main factors in the location of manufacturing enterprises are the convenience of transport links and the availability of skilled labor. And the design of almost all types of Russian aircraft is carried out by the design bureaus of Moscow and the Moscow region.

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The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. Research and development organizations of the industry are concentrated to a large extent in the Moscow region. It develops ICBMs (in Moscow and Reutov), rocket engines (in Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles (in Dubna and Reutov), and anti-aircraft missiles (in Khimki). And the production of these products is scattered almost all over Russia. ICBMs are produced in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), ballistic missiles for submarines - in Zlatoust and Krasnoyarsk. Booster rockets for launching spacecraft are produced in Moscow, Samara and Omsk. Spacecraft are produced there, as well as in St. Petersburg, Istra, Khimki, Korolev, Zheleznogorsk. The military space forces and all unmanned spacecraft are controlled from the city of Krasnoznamensk (Golitsyno-2), and manned ones - from the mission control center (MCC) in the city of Korolev, Moscow Region.

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NIIEM OJSC (Istra, Moscow Region), - MZEMA OJSC (Moscow), - PKP Iris OJSC (Rostov-on-Don), - NPO Novator OJSC (Mirny, Arkhangelsk Region) , - CJSC "Novator" (Istra, Moscow region).
JSC "MZEMA"