How fixed assets are measured. Fixed assets of the enterprise. Structure and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets of enterprises, recorded in monetary terms, represent fixed assets. Monetary value of fixed assets is reflected in the accounting at initial, replacement, full and residual value.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation and gradual wear and tear in the production process by changing the conditions of reproduction during this period: according to the initial replacement and residual value.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use.

Scientific and technological progress affects the change in the conditions and factors of production of fixed assets, and, consequently, the change in their production costs and, accordingly, current market prices and tariffs. Currently, inflation has a primary impact on the current prices and tariffs at which fixed assets are purchased.

Over time, fixed assets are reflected on the balance sheet of the enterprise according to a mixed assessment, i.e. at the current market prices of their creation or acquisition. Thus, the valuation of fixed assets at their original cost in modern conditions management does not reflect their actual value and therefore there is a need to revalue fixed assets and bring them to a single cost measure. For this purpose, the assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is used.

Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of funds.

As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, their replacement cost increases sharply and, as a result, the financial and economic indicators of the enterprise deteriorate. Therefore, for enterprises, financial indicators which may deteriorate significantly as a result of revaluation, depreciation indexation decreasing coefficients are applied.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This is how the residual value of fixed assets is determined, which is the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Physical wear is understood as the gradual loss of fixed assets of their original use value, which occurs not only during their operation, but also during their inactivity (destruction from external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion) Physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on their quality, their technical improvement ( construction, type and quality of materials, quality of construction of buildings and installation of machines); features technological process(values of speed and force of cutting, feed, etc.); the time of their validity (the number of days of work per year, shifts per day, hours of work per shift), the degree of protection of fixed assets from external conditions; the quality of maintenance of fixed assets and their maintenance, from the qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear occurs unevenly even for the same elements of fixed assets. Distinguish between full and partial depreciation of fixed assets. When fully worn out, existing assets are liquidated and replaced with new ones (capital construction or current replacement of worn out fixed assets). Partial wear and tear are reimbursed through repairs.

The physical depreciation of fixed assets can be calculated by the ratio of the actual service life to the standard, multiplied by 100. Most correct method- This is an examination of the condition of an object in nature.

Obsolescence is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment under the influence of a reduction in social necessary costs on their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form); as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machinery and equipment (obsolescence of the second form). Under the influence of these forms of obsolescence, fixed assets become backward in their technical characteristics and cost effectiveness.

In modern conditions, accounting for obsolescence is becoming increasingly important. The emergence of new, more advanced types of equipment with increased productivity, better conditions maintenance and operation often makes it economically feasible to replace old fixed assets even before they are physically worn out. Untimely replacement of obsolete equipment leads to the fact that more expensive and poorer quality products are produced on it in comparison with those produced on more advanced machines and equipment. This is completely unacceptable in a competitive market.

The main source of coverage for the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets, in the transition to market relations, self-financing of enterprises are their own funds. They are accumulated over the entire service life of fixed assets in the form of depreciation charges.

In everyday practice, fixed assets are accounted for and planned at historical cost. It represents the cost of acquiring or creating fixed assets. Machines and equipment are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise at the price of their purchase, including the wholesale price of this type of labor, delivery costs and other procurement costs, installation and installation costs. The initial cost of buildings, structures and transmission devices is the estimated cost of their creation, including the cost of construction and installation work and all other costs associated with the implementation of work to put this object into operation.

Over time, fixed assets on the balance sheet of an enterprise are accounted for at a mixed estimate, i.e. at current prices and rates of the year of their creation or purchase.

Assessment of fixed assets at historical cost is needed to determine the amount of fixed assets assigned to a given enterprise.

The replacement cost expresses the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of their revaluation, i.e. it reflects the costs of acquiring and creating means of labor in prices, tariffs in force during the period of revaluation of their reproduction.

To determine the replacement cost, fixed assets are regularly revalued using two main methods:

1) by indexing their book value;
2) by direct recalculation of the book value in relation to the prices formed on January 1 of the next year.

With their help, it is possible to achieve a uniform assessment of the fixed assets of industry in accordance with the modern cost of their restoration, which makes it possible to more accurately establish wholesale prices for means of production, lending for capital investments.

The full value of fixed assets (book value) is calculated without taking into account the value that is transferred in parts to finished products.

Residual value is the difference between the original cost and the accrued depreciation (the value of fixed assets not transferred to the finished product). It allows you to judge the degree of depreciation of labor instruments, plan the renewal and repair of fixed assets. There are two types of residual value:

1) it is determined at the initial cost, determined as depreciation is charged;
2) at the replacement cost, determined by expert advice in the process of revaluation of means of labor.

The main production assets, participating in the production process, in parts transfer their value to the finished goods produced or services rendered. The monetary expression of the transferred part of the value of fixed assets is called depreciation. Depreciation is carried out to accumulate the necessary funds for the subsequent restoration and reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation charges are included in the cost of goods and are realized when they are sold. The amount of depreciation deductions (as a percentage of the book value of fixed assets) is the depreciation rate (set on the basis of cost reimbursement and accumulation of funds for their subsequent full and partial restoration). The depreciation rate represents the ratio of the annual amount of depreciation to the initial cost of any means of labor, expressed as a percentage, and is calculated using the formula:

where: Fb - book value;

Fl - liquidation value;

Тн is the standard service life of the means of labor.

The level of depreciation depends on each component of this formula, but the main value is the standard service life of the means of labor. The lower limit of the depreciation rate is the period of wear and tear of the means of labor, at which subsequent overhaul becomes unnecessary. Upper limit the depreciation rate is due to the shortest service life of fixed assets, at which the economic effect of replacing existing assets with new ones exceeds the effectiveness of their modernization and repair.

Depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets under the 1997 Law of Ukraine "On Taxation of Enterprise Profits", Article 8, is interpreted as a gradual attribution of costs for their receipt, production or improvement to reduce the adjusted profit of a taxpayer within the limits of depreciation deductions established by this Law.

Depreciation is a way of accumulating funds for the reproduction of fixed assets.

The amount of depreciation deductions (AB) is determined by the formula:

where: Фn - the cost of fixed assets,

Na is the rate of depreciation as a percentage.

Depreciation methods:

Straight-line method (straight-line), that is, depreciation is charged in equal parts over the years of the term of service.

The double-declining balance method is a depreciation method at a rate that is twice as fast as compared to the straight-line depreciation method. In this case, the accrual of depreciation is applied not to the initial cost, but to its balance after write-offs made in previous years.

Accelerated depreciation method - intended for fixed assets, which belong to the third group of fixed assets, acquired after 1.01.99, and which are sent for the production of products with prices unregulated by the state. Accelerated depreciation rates:

1st year - 15%
2nd year - 30%
3rd year - 20%
4th year - 15%
5th year - 10%
6th year - 5%
7th year - 5%

The sum of years method is based on maximizing the rates of deductions in the first years of using fixed assets with their gradual decrease and minimization in the following years. In this case, depreciation deductions are annually reduced by a constant amount, which is called the difference.

Depreciation (depreciation) method, a cumulative method, in which the depreciation amount is distributed over the years during the standard operating life of an item of fixed assets through a cumulative number. The capitalization ratio consists of several components: risk-free rate, risk premium, low liquidity premium, investment management premium, compensation fund factor

Accrual of depreciation in proportion to the volume of production - the method of calculating depreciation based on the natural indicator of the volume of production in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the object and the estimated volume of production for the entire useful life of the object of fixed assets.

The half year principle is a depreciation method whereby all assets purchased during the year are depreciated as if they were purchased in the middle of the year.

Since July 1, 2000, maintenance accounting fixed assets began to be regulated by the Regulation (standard) of accounting 7 "Fixed assets".

All indicators of the use of fixed assets are combined into three groups:

* indicators of extensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use over time;

* indicators of intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use in terms of capacity (productivity);

* indicators of integral use, taking into account the cumulative influence of all factors.

The first group of indicators includes: the coefficient of extensive use of equipment, the coefficient of equipment replacement, the coefficient of equipment utilization, the coefficient of the alternating mode of the operating time of the equipment.

An important task of the national economy is to increase the utilization of fixed assets. The effectiveness of their use is characterized by a number of indicators. Indicators of the use of fixed assets in mechanical engineering are divided into two groups - generalizing and private.

The efficiency of the use of fixed assets in industry is determined by natural and cost indicators. General natural indicators:

* coefficient of the cost of equipment operation;

* indicators of equipment loading;

* coefficients of using the fund of working time, the use of equipment for machine and auxiliary time.

Partial natural indicators give a one-sided characteristic of the efficiency of fixed assets, therefore they resort to cost indicators:

* capital productivity;

* capital intensity;

* capital-labor ratio.

Generalizing indicators depend on many technical, organizational and economic factors and express the final result of the use of fixed assets. These include return on assets and capital intensity.

Return on assets for an enterprise or industry is determined by the ratio of commodity, gross or net, output to the average annual value of fixed assets. The rate of return on assets (output per 1 hryvnia of fixed assets) is calculated by the formula:

Ф ф = N B / Ф cf. , (1.3)

where: N B - annual commercial output (gross), pure products, UAH;

F Wed - the average annual cost of fixed assets, UAH.

The higher the return on assets, the better the fixed assets are used. The inverse of the rate of return on assets is called capital intensity and is the amount of fixed assets (in value) attributable to each hryvnia of manufactured products:

Private indicators characterize the level of use of fixed assets, depending on individual factors, for example, time, capacity (per unit of time), the degree of renewal.

The coefficient of extensive equipment utilization characterizes the level of its use in time and is determined for each group of the same type of equipment according to the formula:

k e.d. = F f.o. / F n. , (1.4)

where: F f.o. - time actually worked by the equipment, hours;

F p. - the time of possible use of the equipment (regime, planned or actual fund of time), h;

One of the important indicators of equipment utilization is the shift ratio. The actual shift factor of the equipment is determined by the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked out by the equipment of the enterprise, workshop per day, the number of installed equipment:

k o.m. = (h 1 + h 2 + h 3) / с 0, (1.5)

where: h1, h2, h3 is the number of actually worked machine shifts in shifts I, II and III;

c0 - total amount machines and equipment at the disposal of the enterprise, shop.

The shift ratio is currently not high enough. An increase in the shift ratio, even by a small amount, allows many enterprises to produce more products. In mechanical engineering, there is permanent job increasing the shift ratio and increasing the number of hours of equipment operation.

The level of utilization of machinery and equipment in terms of power and productivity is characterized by the coefficient of intensive use, which in general view calculated by the formula:

k r.m. = t tech / t fact, (1.6)

where t tech is a technically justified rate of time per unit of production (work);

t fact - actually spent time to change the unit of production (units of work).

The intensity of equipment loading is also characterized by the coefficients of its use in terms of machine time k m and power capacity k em. :

k m = t m / t pcs. ; k em = (M fakg - M x.x.) / M eff. , (1.7)

where: t m - machine time (in general);

t pcs. - piece time rate; Mfact - the actually used capacity of the equipment for the execution of the technological process;

Мх.х. - power consumed at idle;

M eff is the effective power of the equipment, equal to the product of the engine (drive) power by the efficiency (6).

Fixed assets are tangible assets acting in unchanged natural form during long period time and losing their value in parts as they wear out, are reimbursed only after several production cycles.

Fixed assets form the basis of the material and technical base of the organization, determine its technical level, range, quantity and quality of products, work performed, services rendered. Their composition reflects various material values used as means of labor in kind for a long time in the production of products, in the performance of work, in the provision of services or for the management needs of the enterprise. These funds must generate income for the company and cannot be used for resale.

The sources of the formation of the fixed assets of the enterprise are its financial resources... So, when an enterprise is founded, fixed assets are formed at the expense of authorized capital... In the future, in the course of the enterprise's activities, fixed assets are replenished and updated at the expense of sales income and non-operating income.

The sources of the formation of fixed assets can also be loans, subsidies, etc.

The cost of fixed assets often constitutes a significant part of the total value of the organization's property, and due to their long-term use in the organization's activities, fixed assets over a long period of time have an impact on the financial results of activities.

The basic production assets of enterprises make an economic cycle, which consists of the following stages: depreciation of fixed assets, depreciation, accumulation of funds for the complete restoration of fixed assets, their replacement by making capital investments.

Any objects of fixed assets are subject to physical and moral deterioration, i.e. under the influence of physical forces, technical and economic factors, they gradually lose their properties, become unusable and can no longer perform their functions. The physical deterioration is partially restored through the repair, reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets. Obsolescence is manifested in the fact that outdated fixed assets in their design, productivity, efficiency, quality of products are lagging behind the newest models. Therefore, periodically there is a need to replace fixed assets, especially their active part.

A distinctive feature of fixed assets is their repeated use in the production process, preservation of the original appearance over a long period.

Under the influence of the production process and external environment they wear out gradually and transfer their original cost to the cost of finished goods during their standard service life through depreciation at established rates. This transfer takes place in such a way that during the period of operation of fixed assets, they are reimbursed.

Reimbursement of fixed assets by including part of their value in the cost of output or work performed is called depreciation. This is a monetary expression of physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets. It is carried out with the aim of accumulating funds for the subsequent full or partial reproduction of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation deductions depends on the cost of fixed assets, the time of their operation. All fixed assets are subject to depreciation, except for land.

The amount of value included in production costs through depreciation is depreciation expense.

Depreciation deductions are made on the basis of depreciation rates, which are set for each type of fixed assets. They are determined by referring the amount of annual depreciation deductions to the cost of fixed assets.

Accounting for fixed assets is determined not only by the need to know what fixed assets and in what volume the enterprise has, but also by the requirements of the production economy. This is due to the fact that the share of fixed assets in the total amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise reaches 70% or more. Consequently, the development of its economy depends on how they are used.

Accounting and planning of fixed assets is carried out in kind and in cash.

When evaluating fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, the size of production areas and other quantitative values are established. These data are used to calculate the production capacity of enterprises and industries, planning the production program, reserves for increasing the production of equipment. For this purpose, inventory and certification of equipment, accounting for its disposal and arrival are being carried out.

For more full characteristics the state of the means of labor should be certified for each workplace, which is a comprehensive assessment of its compliance with regulatory requirements and best practices in such areas as the technical and economic level, working conditions and safety. This form of accounting allows you to determine not only the material structure of fixed assets, but also their technical level, to draw up a balance of equipment.

Fixed assets of enterprises, recorded in monetary terms, represent fixed assets .

The procedure for classifying objects as fixed assets and their composition is regulated by legislative and other regulations. To identify the assets of an organization as fixed assets, it is necessary to take into account their definitions contained in the accounting regulations, taking into account that these definitions have some differences.

Fixed assets are recognized as such at the moment of their acceptance for accounting.

According to clause 46 of the Accounting Regulations and accounting statements v Russian Federation, fixed assets are a set of material assets used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for managing an organization for a period exceeding 12 months, or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.

In the normative acts that directly regulate the organization of accounting of fixed assets, there is no condition on the material content of an asset when it is recognized as an object of fixed assets.

In these documents, fixed assets are understood as assets that the organization does not intend to resell, which are capable of bringing the organization economic benefits and are used by the organization for the production of products, performance of work, provision of services or for management needs for a long time ("useful life") exceeding 12 months or normal operating cycle if longer than 12 months.

The final decision on which items and objects to include in fixed assets is made by the head of the organization, depending on the nature and condition of its economic activity... Usually it is taken not for each subject separately, but in relation to a group of objects and is drawn up as an element of the accounting policies of organizations.

The monetary, or value, assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine the total value of fixed assets, their dynamics, structure, planning the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of depreciation and the amount of depreciation deductions, the economic efficiency of capital investments, i.e. without which it is impossible to judge the state of the economy of the enterprise.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation and gradual wear and tear in the production process, changes in the conditions of reproduction during this period: in terms of initial, replacement and residual value.

Over time, fixed assets are reflected on the balance sheet of the enterprise according to a mixed assessment, i.e. at current market prices: creation or acquisition. Thus, the assessment of fixed assets at their original cost in modern economic conditions does not reflect their actual value, and therefore it becomes necessary to revalue fixed assets and bring them to a single cost measure. For this purpose, the assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is used.

Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of funds.

As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, their replacement cost increases sharply and, as a result, the financial and economic indicators of the enterprise deteriorate. Therefore, for enterprises whose financial performance may significantly deteriorate as a result of revaluation, depreciation indexation decreasing coefficients are applied.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This is how the residual value of fixed assets is determined. , representing the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Thus, the material base of the enterprise is formed by means of labor and objects of labor, which are combined into means of production. Labor instruments are accounted for in the form of fixed assets. Fixed assets in value terms represent fixed assets recorded in the accounting system. Depending on the purpose, fixed assets are divided into fixed production and fixed non-production assets. Fixed assets include those fixed assets that participate in production process directly or create conditions for the production process. Basic non-production assets are objects of a cultural and household purpose, medical institutions, canteens, etc. Not all OPPF elements play the same role. Some of them are directly involved in the production process and therefore they are referred to the active part of the OPPF. Others ensure the normal functioning of the production process and represent the passive part of fixed assets. Also, OPPFs are divided according to the principle of functional and specific composition, by affiliation and depending on the sectors of the economy.

Fixed assets (hereinafter PF) are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

The production fixed assets include those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), create conditions for its normal implementation (industrial buildings, structures, power grids, etc.) and serve to store and move objects labor.

Depending on the degree of impact on the subject of labor, fixed assets are divided into active and passive. The active ones include those types of PFs that are directly involved in the production process, affect the objects of labor and cause changes in their form or qualitative parameters.

In the geodetic industry, the active part

fixed assets is about 60%. Buildings, structures, inventory belong to the passive part of fixed assets. The composition and structure of the fixed assets of the geodetic industry are generally similar to the composition and structure of the funds of other industries, but there are also differences, for example, in the fixed assets of the geodetic industry, more than 30% (in value) are measuring and adjusting devices,

Accounting and planning of fixed assets are carried out in kind and in cash.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation in the production process, changes during this period in the conditions of reproduction in terms of initial, replacement and residual values.

The initial cost is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of the company's assets, indicators of their use:

Fperv = Fpriobr + Fdost + Fust,

where F acquired - the cost of acquiring fixed assets; F dost - the cost of delivery of funds F mouth - the cost of installation, installation and commissioning. The replacement cost is the cost of reproducing fixed assets in modern conditions, as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of assets.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be the residual value of fixed assets, which is the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

where Ф к.р - the cost of capital repairs for the entire period of use of fixed assets, rubles;

Na - depreciation rate,%;

Тф - the term of the actual use of funds, years. This method provides a more accurate estimate of the cost of fixed assets, since it allows you to take into account the degree of their actual wear and tear.

An important accounting indicator is the average annual cost of fixed assets, since during the year it changes due to the introduction of new and disposal of worn-out fixed assets.

Fperv. early year - the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise for

the beginning of the year;

Фвв - the cost of the fixed assets introduced;

Fvyv - the cost of the OF withdrawn during the year; k - the number of months of using the funds in a given year.

Basic production assets wear out during operation. There are two types of wear - physical and moral.

Wear and tear is understood as the loss of their original qualities by means of labor.

A number of indicators are used to characterize the physical deterioration of fixed assets.

Physical depreciation rate of fixed assets,%

If = (I / Fperv) 100%, where

And - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (accrued depreciation) for the entire period of their operation;

Fperv - the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets. Or

If = (Tf / Tn) 100%, where

Tf is the actual service life of this OB object;

Тн is the standard service life of this OB object. The OP usability coefficient (%) characterizes their physical condition in a larger way as of a certain date (%),

K gf = 100% -K i.phys.

These formulas assume uniform physical wear of the OF, which does not always coincide with reality, this is their main drawback.

Obsolescence - a decrease in the cost of equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form); reduction of their cost as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machinery and equipment (obsolescence of the second form).

The main source of coverage for the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets in the transition to market relations are the company's own funds. They accumulate over the entire service life of fixed assets in the form of depreciation deductions -:

Depreciation is a gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to manufactured products. The amount of depreciation depends on the value of the fixed assets, the time of their operation, and the cost of modernization.

The ratio of the annual amount of depreciation to the cost of fixed assets, expressed in%, is called the depreciation rate (Na),

where the values are FL - the liquidation value of the OF; Ta - standard service life (depreciation period of fixed assets), years. The amount of depreciation deductions is determined different methods: uniform, uniformly accelerated and accelerated. For a long time, the Belarusian economy has been (and is still using) a uniform (linear) depreciation method, i.e. each year, the cost of production includes the same part of the cost of the production facility. Example 1.

If At = 10%, Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, then A year = 10 * 10000/100% = 1000 rubles.

That is, with a uniform method, 1000 rubles will be transferred every year. and the entire cost will be carried over for 10 years

The relativity of carrying cost accounting is due to a number of circumstances.

First, the straight-line method assumes that the residual value at end-of-life is 0.

Secondly, this method provides for the uniform wear of the OFs over their entire service life.

But during the service life there are equipment downtime, its breakdown and incomplete loading per shift, i.e. v real production the equipment wears out unevenly and the cost of the production plant is transferred to finished products unevenly.

Another disadvantage of the uniform method is the lack of accounting for the obsolescence of the processing plant, which reduces the cost of manufactured machines or reduces the consumer value due to the commissioning of new, more efficient machines and equipment. This leads to the early retirement of obsolete equipment and leads to its under-depreciation, the value of which is determined by the formula

HA = (Fostat + Rl) - Fl,

where HA is the under-depreciated part of the value of fixed assets retired before the expiration of the depreciation period, rubles; Fost - residual value, rubles;

Rl - expenses associated with the liquidation of the specified PF, rubles; Fl is the liquidation value of the fixed assets, rubles

In addition to the straight-line method, accelerated depreciation methods are used in world practice.

Among the methods of accelerated depreciation, the double rate method and the cumulative method ("the method of the sum of numbers"), which uses an arithmetic progression, are most often used abroad. Consider the double depreciation method.

Fperv = 10 thousand rubles, At = 20%. Annual depreciation will be:

Consequently, the entire initial cost of the fixed assets will be transferred to the finished product in 5, not 10 years (at Ha = 10%).

Cumulative method. It is calculated by dividing the number of years remaining until the end of the depreciation period) by the cumulative number, which is the sum of the numbers of the members of the arithmetic progression (from 1 to 10 with a service life of 10 years). The cumulative number will be:

(1 + 10)10 / 2=55.

The depreciation rates will be equal: in the first year (when there are 10 years of PF service)

10 * 100% / 55 = 18.18%; in the second year 9 * 100% / 55 = 16.36%;

1*100% / 55=1.82% .

When using this method, in the first five years, the depreciation fund will accumulate about 73% of the cost of cars, and after 8 years, about 95%, while in the case of a uniform one - only 80%. This method is more cost-effective, especially when considering obsolescence.

Currently, the method of uneven depreciation has become widespread, in which most of the cost of equipment is included in production costs in the first years of operation.

For example, in the first year - 50%, in the second - 30%, in the third - 20%. This allows the enterprise in conditions of inflation to recoup its costs faster and direct them to further renewal of the equipment park.

After studying the materials in Chapter 6, the student should:

know

The essence of fixed assets and working capital as material resources of the company;

be able to

Analyze the structure of the firm's fixed assets and the factors affecting it;

own

Composition revolving funds and the working capital of the company and the factors influencing its changes.

Fixed assets of the company. The essence and value of fixed assets

The successful functioning of the company is possible with the effective use of all property and, first of all, fixed assets and working capital.

■ Fixed assets (OF)- these are material values used as means of labor, which operate in an invariable natural form for a long period of time and in parts transfer their value to the cost of products, works, services.

In the practice of accounting and statistics, fixed assets include labor instruments with a service life of at least one year and a cost not less than the established standard. Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the process of expanded reproduction, they are divided into production and non-production fixed assets.

Production fixed assets function in the sphere of material production, repeatedly participate in the production process, wear out gradually, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product in parts as it is used. They are replenished by capital investments.

Non-productive fixed assets - residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, other cultural and household facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike production fixed assets, they do not participate in the production process, their value disappears in consumption. They are reproduced at the expense of the firm's net profit.

The role of fixed assets in the labor process is determined by the fact that in their totality they form the production and technical base and determine the capabilities of the enterprise for the production of products, the level of technical equipment of labor. The accumulation of fixed assets and an increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, impart a creative character to labor, and raise the cultural and technical level of society.

The overwhelming and most important part of the material resources of society is embodied in fixed assets. They make up the main part national wealth country.

Fixed production assets should be systematically updated. The growth of fixed assets, especially tools of labor, and the improvement of their quality on the basis of the latest technical and scientific achievements increase the technical equipment of labor, are the most important condition for the production of high-quality products with lower labor costs, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in production costs.

Composition, structure, types and valuation of fixed assets

Despite its economic homogeneity, fixed assets differ in their intended purpose and service life. Fixed production assets are classified according to the following criteria:

- by types (groups): land plots and natural resources belonging to the enterprise on the basis of property rights; building; structures; transmission devices; cars and equipment; measuring and control devices, devices and laboratory equipment; Computer Engineering; vehicles; tools and devices with a service life of more than 12 months; production and household equipment; on-farm roads; capital investments in land improvement and in rented buildings, premises, equipment and other objects related to fixed assets, etc .;
- according to the degree of activity in the production process: active and passive;
- by belonging: own and rented;
- for participation in the production process: cash, installed, working according to plan and actually working, reserve and spare, mothballed.

The enterprise distinguishes between the production (species) and age structure of fixed assets.

Production (specific) structure of fixed assets Is the share certain types fixed assets in their total value (percentage).

The most important factors affecting the specific structure of fixed assets are:

- the scope of the enterprise;
- the nature of the products, works, services;
- the level of mechanization and automation of production;
- the level of specialization of production;
- the volume of production;
- the territorial location of the enterprise.

The higher the share of the active part of fixed assets, the higher the output, other things being equal, the higher the rate of return on assets. Therefore, improving the structure of fixed assets is considered as a condition for the growth of production, reducing the cost of production, increasing the firm's cash savings.

The ratio of individual age groups of active fixed assets (in percent) represents the age structure of fixed assets. In practice industrial enterprises active fixed assets are divided into such age groups: equipment with a service life of up to 5 years, from 5 to 10 years, from 10 to 15 years, from 15 to 20 years, over 20 years.

Factors affecting the age structure of fixed assets:

- the age of the enterprise;
- progressiveness of the products;
- enterprise development strategy;
- innovation and investment policy of the enterprise;
– financial condition enterprises.

The structure of fixed assets can be improved by:

- equipment renewal and modernization;
- improving the structure of equipment by increasing the share of progressive types of machine tools and machines, especially machines for performing finishing operations, automatic and semi-automatic machines, universal modular machines, automatic lines, machine tools with numerical control;
- optimal use of buildings and structures, installation additional equipment in free areas;
- Correct development of construction projects and high-quality implementation of construction plans for enterprises;
- elimination of excess and little-used equipment and installation of equipment that provides more correct proportions between its individual groups.

For effective management fixed assets great importance has their objective assessment. In the practice of accounting and analysis of fixed assets, natural and monetary forms are used. When evaluating fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, the size of production areas and other quantitative values are established. This data is used to calculate the production capacity of an enterprise, plan a production program, etc.

Monetary, or value, assessment of fixed assets is necessary for planning the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and tear and the amount of depreciation, indicators of the use of fixed assets, calculating their structure, compiling the balance sheet of the enterprise.

There are the following types of valuation of fixed assets.

Full initial cost fixed assets - this is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or acquiring funds, their delivery, intermediary and consulting services, installation work, etc. It is used to determine the depreciation rate and the amount of depreciation charges, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use. At this cost, the newly acquired funds are credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Replacement cost- these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; it is established during the revaluation of funds. Enterprises have the right not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) to revalue fixed assets at replacement cost by indexation or direct recalculation with the attribution of the arising differences to the additional capital of the company, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude from them the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be residual value fixed assets, which is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Liquidation value fixed assets - this is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Under physical wear and tear understand the gradual loss of fixed assets of their initial use value, which occurs not only during their operation, but also during their inactivity (destruction from external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion). The physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on the quality of fixed assets, their technical improvement (design, type and quality of materials, the quality of construction of buildings and installation of machines), the characteristics of the technological process (values of speed and cutting force, feed, etc.), their duration (the number of days of work per year, shifts per day, hours of work per shift), the degree of protection of fixed assets from external conditions, the quality of maintenance of fixed assets and their maintenance, from the qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear occurs unevenly even for the same elements of fixed assets. Distinguish between full and partial depreciation of fixed assets. At complete depreciation, existing assets are liquidated and replaced by new ones (capital construction or current replacement of worn-out fixed assets), partial wear and tear is reimbursed by repair. The physical wear and tear of fixed assets can be calculated by the ratio of the actual service life to the standard, multiplied by 100. The most correct method is to examine the condition of the object in kind.

Obsolescence- this is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form) or a decrease in their value as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machines and equipment (obsolescence of the second form). Under the influence of these forms of obsolescence, fixed assets become backward in their technical characteristics and economic efficiency.

Obsolescence of the second form can be considered as partial and complete wear and tear, as well as its latent form. With partial obsolescence, there is a partial loss of the use value and value of the machine. Its gradually increasing size in individual operations eventually reaches such values when it becomes expedient to use it in other operations, in other production conditions, where it will still be quite effective. Full obsolescence means complete depreciation of the machine, when its further operation becomes unprofitable. An outdated car is either disassembled for spare parts, or written off as scrap metal. The latent form of obsolescence implies the threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that there is a task to develop new, more productive and economical equipment.

In modern conditions, accounting for obsolescence is becoming increasingly important. The emergence of new, more advanced types of equipment with increased productivity, better service and operating conditions often makes it economically feasible to replace old fixed assets even before they are physically worn out. Untimely replacement of obsolete equipment leads to the fact that more expensive and poorer quality products are produced on them compared to those manufactured on more advanced machines and equipment, and this is absolutely unacceptable in conditions of market competition.

It is possible to eliminate wear by renewing fixed assets.

Depreciation- this is the transfer in parts of the value of fixed assets during the standard service life or standard operating time for manufactured products and the subsequent use of this value to reimburse the consumed fixed assets. The transferred value of fixed assets in the composition of products leaves the sphere of production and enters the sphere of circulation. After the sale of products, a part of the amount of money corresponding to the transferred value of fixed assets goes to sinking fund, in which it accumulates to a value corresponding to the original cost. The amortization fund is used to purchase new fixed assets to replace worn-out ones.

Depreciable property is divided into depreciation groups in accordance with the period of its normative (useful) use. The enterprise determines the standard period of use independently on the date of commissioning of this facility based on the classification of fixed assets.

The useful life of an item is determined based on the expected life of the item, taking into account its productivity and capacity; expected physical wear and tear, depending on the mode and operating conditions and other factors; regulatory and other restrictions on the period of use (for example, use under a lease).

Fixed assets are combined into the following depreciation groups: Group I - with a period of use from 1 to 2 years inclusive; II - over 2 to 3 years inclusive; III - over 3 to 5 years inclusive; IV - over 5 to 7 years inclusive; V - over 7 to 10 years inclusive; VI - over 10 to 15 years inclusive; VII - over 15 to 20 years inclusive; VIII - over 20 to 25 years inclusive; IX - over 25 to 30 years inclusive; X - useful life over 30 years.

Depreciation is calculated using one of the following methods:

- uniform method (linear);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the standard volume of products, works (method of units of production);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the useful life of the object (method of the sum of numbers);
- diminishing balance method (double residual method). Application of any of the depreciation methods for

a group of homogeneous objects of fixed assets is produced during the entire standard period of use of objects. During the reporting year, depreciation deductions, regardless of the method used, are accrued in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.

1. Uniform method is the most common. Its essence is in the uniform accrual of the annual depreciation amount during the entire standard service life of the object. With this method, depreciation is calculated based on the initial cost of the object of the fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated from the standard service life of this object.

By linear method annual rate depreciation for each object of depreciable property is determined by the formula

where is the annual depreciation rate to the original (replacement) value of the depreciable property (in percent); - the standard service life of the given object.

where is the amount of depreciation charges for the year; - the full initial cost of the object.

Example 6.1. An object worth 630 thousand rubles was purchased. with a standard service life of 5 years. The annual depreciation rate will be

The disadvantage of this method is that during the life of the equipment there are downtime, breakdowns and incomplete loading. This leads to the fact that in real production the equipment wears out unevenly over time. In addition, this method does not take into account the obsolescence of fixed assets.

2. Product unit method it is recommended to apply for those fixed assets, the wear of which is most influenced by the number of goods, works, services produced with their help (for example, for Vehicle). With this method, the depreciation rate per unit of product (work, services) is determined by the formula

where is the depreciation rate per unit of production; - the normative quantity of products for a given object.

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

where is the actual or planned volume of production.

Example 6.2. The initial cost of the object is 840,000 rubles. Standard volume of production in value terms -

1,000,000 tons. Actual output in the billing period is 45,000 tons.

The depreciation rate per unit of production will be

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be

Methods 3 and 4 are accelerated depreciation methods, since they make it possible to write off most of its value in the early years of the facility's service. These methods are recommended for those objects that quickly become obsolete and with an increase in the service life of which the costs of their maintenance increase, the cost of their services (computers, communications, etc.) decreases.

3 Method of the sum of numbers. The essence of this method is that the annual depreciation rate decreases with an increase in the standard service life of the object.

The annual depreciation rate is determined by the formula

where is the next year of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order); - the sum of the number of years of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order).

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

Example 6.3. The initial cost of the object is 300,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years.

The sum of the numbers of years of the standard service life of the object required to calculate depreciation with this method is determined as 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 (years).

The annual depreciation rate will be: in the 1st year:

in the 2nd year:

in the 3rd year:

in the 4th year:

in the 5th year:

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be: for the 1st year

for the 2nd year

for the 3rd year

for the 4th year

for the 5th year

4. Double residual method

Differences compared to the linear method.

1. The annual depreciation rate calculated in the 1st way is multiplied by the rate increase factor, which is equal to or close to 2:

where is the rate of increase in the norm.

2. The annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined not from the full initial cost of the object, but from its residual value at the beginning of each reporting year:

where is the residual value of the object.

Example 6.4. An object worth 50,000 rubles was purchased. standard service life of 4 years. The rate of acceleration of the norm is 2.

Annual depreciation rate

The annual rates of the depreciation amount are as follows:

for the 1st year: ; residual value - 300,000 (rubles);

for the 2nd year: ; residual value - 120,000 (rubles).

Forms of reproduction of fixed assets

With this method, depreciation is charged in two stages. At the first stage - using the double residual method until 80% of the total initial cost of the object is written off. At the second stage, when the residual value of the object reaches 20% of its full initial cost, depreciation is charged on it in the following order:

- the residual value of the object is fixed as its base value for further calculations;
- the amount of depreciation deductions for a month is determined by dividing the base cost by the number of months remaining until the end of the standard period of use of the object.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a complex process that includes the following interrelated stages: creation, consumption, depreciation, restoration and replacement.

The reproduction of fixed assets can be extended and simple.

Forms of extended reproduction of fixed assets:

- construction of new enterprises. The advantages of this form are that the enterprise is equipped with new technology, can produce new types of products, new jobs are created. The disadvantage is that large investments are required, their payback period is long, and the period for mastering production capacities is long;
- expansion of production is an increase in the volume of production by operating enterprise due to the construction and commissioning of new workshops, buildings. Advantages: less investment is required per unit of production, capacities are quickly mastered. Disadvantage: a significant proportion of investment goes to passive funds;
- reconstruction of the enterprise - involves not only rebuilding and redeveloping workshops, but also re-equipping them with new equipment. Benefits: Most of the investment goes to active funds, less investment is required per unit of output. Disadvantage: stoppage of production for the period of reconstruction;
- technical re-equipment is the replacement of active fixed assets without changing passive ones. Benefits: Almost all investments go to active funds. Disadvantage: outdated passive funds;
- modernization of equipment is the improvement of existing equipment by replacing individual outdated parts of it with more progressive ones and (or) installing various devices that make it possible to increase labor productivity and product quality. Benefits: minimal investment. Disadvantage: The technique remains outdated.

Forms of simple reproduction of fixed assets:

- replacement of physically worn-out equipment with exactly the same or similar new one;
- equipment repair: a) routine (minor), which is carried out without stopping the production process, without disassembling equipment (elimination of minor breakdowns); b) medium (partial disassembly of equipment, replacement of individual worn parts); c) overhaul (complete disassembly of equipment with the replacement of all worn out parts). As a rule, modernization is carried out simultaneously with a major overhaul.

Indicators of the use of fixed production assets

All indicators of the use of fixed assets are divided into private and generalizing.

Private indicators characterize the efficiency of using only certain types of fixed assets. For example, the efficiency of using a blast furnace is characterized by the indicator: iron removal from 1 m2 of the blast furnace hearth. This indicator cannot characterize the efficiency of using any other types of fixed assets.

Generalizing indicators characterize the efficiency of using various types of fixed assets. Among these indicators, the following are most common.

Return on assets. The result of the better use of fixed assets is, first of all, an increase in the volume of production. Therefore, the generalizing indicator of the efficiency of fixed assets should be based on the principle of commensuration of the produced product with the entire set of fixed assets used in its production. This will be the indicator of output per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets (return on assets). To calculate the value of return on assets, the formula is used

where is the return on assets, rubles; - annual production volume marketable products, rub.; - the average annual cost of fixed assets:

where is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year; - the cost of the introduced fixed assets during the year; - the cost of retired fixed assets; NS - the number of months from the date of commissioning of fixed assets to the end calendar year; T - the number of months from the date of disposal of fixed assets until the end of the calendar year.

Capital intensity production - the reciprocal of the return on assets. It shows the share of the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of manufactured products. If capital productivity should tend to increase, then capital intensity - to decrease.

Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets characterize their use over time.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Ke) is determined by the ratio of the actual or planned number of hours of equipment operation to the effective fund of equipment operation time on average per year

where is the actual (planned) time fund of a piece of equipment on average per year, h; - effective (useful) fund of time for a piece of equipment on average per year, h.

The effective (useful) life of a piece of equipment is calculated as follows:

where is the number of calendar and non-working (weekends and holidays) per year, respectively; - the number of work shifts; - duration of the shift, h; % pr is the percentage of regulated downtime for equipment repairs.

Extensive use of equipment is also characterized by shift ratio its work, which is defined as the ratio of the total number of equipment worked out during the estimated period of machine-tool shifts to the total number of machines:

where is the number of worked-out machine shifts; M is the total number of cars.

Enterprises should strive to increase the shift factor of the equipment, which leads to an increase in output with the same available funds.

The main directions of increasing the shift in the work of equipment:

- an increase in the level of specialization of workplaces, which ensures an increase in the serial production and equipment utilization;
- increasing the rhythm of work;
- reduction of downtime associated with shortcomings in the organization of maintenance of workplaces, providing machine operators with workpieces, tools;
- the best organization of repair work, the use of advanced methods of organizing repair work;
- mechanization and automation of labor of basic and especially auxiliary workers. This will free up labor and transfer it from heavy auxiliary work to main work in the second and third shifts.

Equipment intensive use ratio is determined by the ratio of the actual (planned) volume of production on the main technological equipment to its power. To calculate this indicator, use the formula

where Uf (p) is the actual (planned) volume of production.

Integral equipment utilization factor characterizes its use in terms of time and power at the same time and is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment.

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets

The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully extensive and intensive factors for improving their use are realized. Extensive improving the use of funds implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of the existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the share of the operating equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.

The most important areas for increasing the operating time of equipment:

- reduction and elimination of in-shift equipment downtime by improving the quality of equipment repair service, timely provision of main production with labor force, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products;
- reduction of all-day equipment downtime, increase of the shift ratio of its work.

An important way to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is to reduce the amount of unnecessary equipment and the rapid involvement of unidentified equipment in production. The death of a large number of means of labor reduces the possibility of an increase in production, leads to direct losses of materialized labor due to their physical wear and tear, because after long-term storage equipment often becomes unusable. Other equipment in good physical condition turns out to be morally obsolete and is written off as physically worn out. Although the extensive way to improve the use of fixed assets has not yet been fully mastered, it has its limits.

Intensive improving the use of fixed assets presupposes an increase in the degree of equipment utilization per unit of time. An increase in the intensive load of equipment can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation. Work under the optimal mode of the technological process ensures an increase in production without changing the composition of fixed assets, without increasing the number of employees and with a decrease in the consumption of material resources per unit of production.

The intensity of the use of fixed assets is also increasing through the technical improvement of tools of labor and the improvement of production technology, through the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process; reducing the time to achieve the design productivity of equipment, improving scientific organization labor, production and management, the use of high-speed methods, advanced training and professional excellence workers.

The development of technology and the related intensification of processes are not limited. Therefore, the possibilities of intensively increasing the use of fixed assets are not limited either.

An essential direction of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the improvement of their structure. Since the increase in output is achieved only in the leading shops, it is important to increase their share in the total value of fixed assets. An increase in fixed assets of auxiliary production leads to an increase in the capital intensity of production, since there is no direct increase in output in this case. But without the proportional development of auxiliary production, the main shops cannot function with full dedication. Therefore, the establishment of the optimal production structure of fixed assets at the enterprise is the most important direction for improving their use.

In a set of measures to improve the use of fixed assets, the correct application of economic levers and incentives is essential. The improvement of operational planning, automated accounting of work and a comprehensive analysis of the use of labor instruments are aimed at the same. The increase in capital productivity is facilitated by the improvement of the qualifications of employees, as well as material and moral encouragement of employees for the careful and efficient use of equipment.

Conducted in volume and value terms.

Natural units are used to measure the volume of a certain type of fixed assets (number of pieces of equipment, total capacity of equipment, residential buildings are measured in square meters of area, etc.).
Value accounting in a comparable form allows you to determine the volume, structure, dynamics and degree of use of fixed assets.

The following types of valuation of fixed assets are distinguished:

full initial cost (PPP);
PPP less depreciation;
full replacement cost (PVS);
PVS minus depreciation;
book value (BC);
market value (RS).

Initial cost

Initial cost of fixed assets- This is the actual amount of costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The cost is expressed in terms of prices in effect at the time of purchase of the item. At the initial cost, fixed assets are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise, it remains unchanged throughout the entire service life and is revised when revaluating the fixed assets of the enterprise or is specified during modernization or overhaul... also accrued at historical cost.

Recovered value

Full replacement cost fixed assets are determined by revaluation of existing fixed assets, taking into account their physical and moral deterioration.

The differences between the initial and replacement value of fixed assets depend on changes in prices for their individual elements. At the same time, the replacement cost can be either more or less than the initial cost, which depends on the direction of changes in prices for materials, the cost of construction and installation work, transport tariffs, the level of labor productivity, etc.

Assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is comparable and allows unification of fixed assets put into operation in different periods. It is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments and to analyze the reproduction of fixed assets. Fixed assets are valued exclusively at replacement cost.

In conditions of revaluation of fixed assets at the enterprise allows:

objectively assess the true value of fixed assets;
more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sales of products;
more accurately determine the amount of depreciation deductions sufficient for simple reproduction of fixed assets;
to establish objectively the selling prices for the fixed assets being sold and the rent (in the case of their leasing).

Replacement cost less depreciation is determined by multiplying the full replacement cost obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets by the factor of their depreciation.

Residual value

Residual value is the difference between the original or replacement value and the depreciation amount, i.e. this is the part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.

Assessment of fixed assets at their residual value is necessary, first of all, in order to know their qualitative condition, in particular, to determine the coefficients of validity and physical wear and tear.

Other types of valuation of fixed assets

Liquidation value Is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Book value of fixed assets- the cost of fixed assets, according to which they are accounted for in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Fixed assets held by enterprises and organizations until the last revaluation are accounted for at their full replacement cost, and that part of fixed assets that was put into operation after the revaluation is accounted for at their full original cost. Thus, BS is a mixed assessment.

Market price- this is the most probable estimate of the sale of fixed assets, taking into account their real condition, physical and moral depreciation, levels of actual and expected use, expected profitability from operation, the ratio of purchasing demand and supply.

Periodic revaluations of fixed assets make it possible to eliminate the mixed nature of their valuation. In conditions of relative price stability that existed before the transition to market economy, the revaluation of fixed assets was carried out approximately once every ten years.

During the transition to, which was accompanied by a significant increase in prices, it became necessary to conduct more frequent revaluation of fixed assets. In recent years, revaluations of fixed assets have been carried out as of July 1, 1992, January 1, 1994, January 1, 1995, January 1, 1996 and January 1, 1997.

As a result of revaluations of 1991-1997. the cost of fixed assets increased 4.3 thousand times, including production fixed assets - 4.0 thousand times.

Indicators of the condition of fixed assets

Indicators of the state of fixed assets are represented by the wear rate and the expiration rate.

Wear factor

The depreciation (amortization) ratio of fixed assets is the sum of the accrued depreciation of fixed assets divided by the initial cost of fixed assets.

To wear.n.y. = (Fixed Assets n.a. - Fixed Assets n.a. (at residual value)) / Fixed Assets n.a.

Expiry factor

Fixed assets usability ratio can be defined in two ways:

The usefulness ratio of fixed assets is the residual value of fixed assets divided by the original value of fixed assets

Method II:

The usability factor of fixed assets is 1 minus the depreciation factor.

By the year of the present year. = OF n.y. (at residual value) / OF n.y.

To wear + To usefulness = 1 or 100%

These ratios are moment indicators, that is, they characterize the degree of the physical condition of the assets at a certain date.

Task

According to the accounting data, at the enterprise as of January 1, the total book value of fixed capital was 8000 million rubles, and the residual value was 6400 million rubles. In the reporting year, fixed capital was received at full initial cost for 910 million rubles, including new fixed assets for 810 million rubles were put into operation, and the rest of the amount was received as a gratuitous transfer from other enterprises (with a total depreciation of 10 %). Amount of depreciation charges accrued for the year - 900 million rubles. Fixed capital in the amount of 400 million rubles was disposed of, of which 110 million rubles were liquidated due to complete depreciation, and the remaining amount was transferred to other enterprises. Depreciation of the transferred funds amounted to 20 million rubles.

Define:

full and residual value at the end of the year;
wear and tear rates at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
coefficients of receipt, renewal, disposal and liquidation for the reporting year.

We calculate the full cost at the end of the year

1. Availability at the beginning of the year at full cost 8000
2. Received in the reporting year 910
3. Disposed of in the reporting year at full cost 400

Availability at the end of the year at full cost: 8000 + 910-400 = 8510

We calculate the residual value at the end of the year

1. Availability at the beginning of the year at a residual value of 6400
2. Commissioning at residual value 810 + 90

Total received at residual value 900

3. Disposal at residual value (400-110-20) = 270
4. Depreciation 900

Availability at the end of the year at residual value: 6400 + (810 + 90) - 270 - 900 = 6130

Coefficients of shelf life and wear

To the suitability of n.y. = cost of fixed assets minus depreciation / total cost of fixed assets = 6400/8000 = 0.8
By the expiration date. = 6130/8510 = 0.72
To wear n.y. = depreciation amount / total cost of fixed assets = (8000-6400) / 8000 = 0.2
To the wear of the c.g. = (8510 - 6130) / 8510 = 0.28

The coefficient of renewal, disposal, receipt, liquidation

To receipts (updates) = OF entered / OF at the end of the year = 910/8510 = 0.1
By disposal = fixed assets disposed of / fixed assets at the beginning of the year = 400/8000 = 0.5
To liquidation = PF liquidated / PF at the beginning of the year = 110/8000 = 0.01375