Rationing organization and. Organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise. Types of labor standards and their characteristics

Year of issue : 2005

Genre : economy

Publisher:"Knorus"

Format: DjVu

Quality : Scanned pages

Number of pages: 320

Description : Subject academic discipline"Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is the study of the principles and methods of constructing labor processes, the establishment of labor standards for various categories of workers in various forms of organization of production, the use of various forms and systems of remuneration. V training manual discloses all areas of organization, rationing and remuneration, taking into account the changes that have occurred in recent years in the economy and organization of production at industrial enterprises as well as in theory and methodology.
This course provides for an integrated approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of the organization and regulation of labor, forms and systems of its payment. This course is intended primarily for the preparation of students of economic universities and faculties. Therefore, in study guide"Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" sets out not only theoretical and methodological foundations, but also practical aspects of organization, regulation and remuneration of labor of various categories of workers, examples of practical solutions to specific problems are given.

Chapter 1. Methodological foundations of labor organization
1.1. The essence and content of the organization of labor
1.2. Tasks and directions of work organization
1.3. Theoretical basis labor organization
Chapter 2. Division and cooperation of labor
2.1. The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor
2.2. Collective forms of labor organization
2.3. Combining professions and functions
2.4. Multi-line service
2.5. Division of labor of managers, specialists and employees and the forms of their cooperation
Chapter 3. Organization and maintenance of workplaces
3.1. Workplaces, their types and requirements for the organization
3.2. Specialization and equipping of workplaces
3.3. Workplace planning
3.4. Organization of service of workplaces

3.5. Integrated design of organization and maintenance of workplaces
Chapter 4. Certification and rationalization of jobs
4.1. The essence, goals and objectives of certification and rationalization of jobs
4.2. Accounting, certification and rationalization of workplaces
Chapter 5. Content of the labor process
5.1. The labor process, its content and requirements for the organization
5.2. Production operation as a separate part of the production process
Chapter 6. Methods and techniques of labor
6.1. Methods and techniques of labor: general provisions
6.2. Movement saving principles
6.3. Rationalization of techniques and methods of labor
Chapter 7. Working and rest conditions
7.1. Working conditions and factors that determine them
7.2. Assessment of working conditions
7.3. Certification of workplaces for working conditions
7.4. Regimes of work and rest
Chapter 8. Content and tasks of labor rationing
8.1. The essence and content of labor rationing
8.2. Labor rationing functions
8.3. Types of labor standards and their characteristics
8.4. Structure of a technically sound time rate
Chapter 9. Studying the cost of working time
9.1. Classification of labor costs
9.2. Methods for studying the cost of working time

• 9.2.1. Working time photography
• 9.2.2. Self photography
• 9.2.3. Timing

Chapter 10. Methodology for calculating labor standards
10.1. Analytical method labor rationing
10.2. Trace element rationing of labor
10.3. Standardization Methods Used in Foreign Countries
Chapter 11. Normative materials for labor standardization
11.1. The essence and variety of regulatory materials
11.2. Basic requirements for regulatory materials
11.3. Methodological provisions for the development of regulatory materials
Chapter 12. Standardization method certain types works
12.1. Rationing of work on metal-cutting machines
12.2. Rationing of fitter and assembly work
12.3. Calculation of the norm of piece time for assembly work performed on the conveyor
12.4. Labor rationing for multi-station service
12.5. Rationing of work on production lines of machining

12.6. Labor rationing in conditions automated production
12.7. Rationing of work performed on numerically controlled machines
12.8. Labor rationing in conditions of flexible production systems (FPS)
12.9. Labor rationing during the period of production development new products
12.10. Features of rationing in the conditions of brigade labor organization
12.11. Labor rationing of auxiliary workers
12.12. Labor rationing for managers, specialists and employees
Chapter 13. Organization of work on the regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.1. Work on the organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.2. Assessment of the level and tension of labor standards
13.3. Analysis of the state of the organization of labor at the enterprise
13.4. Analysis of the state of labor rationing
13.5. Introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards
13.6. Grade economic efficiency measures to improve the organization and work rate setting
Chapter 14. Material incentives for the labor of employees of the enterprise

14.1. The essence wages and incentive systems in market economy
14.2. Functions of wages and principles of its organization
14.3. The system of organizing wages at the enterprise
14.4. Tariff system and its elements
14.5. Forms and systems of remuneration
14.6. Tariff-free wage system

• 14.6.1. The wage system using scores labor contribution
• 14.6.2. Remuneration based on ratios in wages of various quality
• 14.6.3. A payment system that ensures the application of the 1st category tariff rate at the level living wage
• 14.6.4 Collective-share system of remuneration
• 14.6.5. A payment system based on an assessment of the employee's labor contribution to overall results team labor

14.7. Remuneration of labor of managers, specialists and employees
14.8. Premium system
14.9. Mechanism of surcharges, allowances and compensations
Literature

The methodological foundations of the organization of labor, the processes of its division and cooperation, the issues of organization, maintenance, certification and rationalization of workplaces are considered. The content of the labor process, methods and techniques of labor are analyzed. Great attention paid to the regulation of labor, in particular to the method of calculating labor standards. The systems of labor incentives are described. Numerous practical examples... For students, graduate students and university professors, as well as for economists, accountants, managers.

For effective work modern production, based on the use of complex equipment and technologies, characterized by a large number of intra-industrial relations and information flows in the field of management, a clear organization of the labor process, progressive norms and standards, effective systems of material incentives for high-performance labor as the basis not only for organizing work at workplaces, but also planning, organization of production processes and production management. The conformity of the forms of labor organization, the quality of its regulation and the availability of effective material incentives corresponding to the level of development of technology and technology, as well as the level of social economic relations, are the main conditions for achieving high production efficiency. Being an important part of the organization of the production process, the organization and remuneration of labor as an independent area of ​​economic work at the enterprise has a special content, scope of research and methods of study. production activities person. The science of labor organization, which emerged at the junction of many scientific disciplines, is based on the use of mathematics, physiology and psychology of labor, social aspects labor activity. This allows, on the one hand, a comprehensive approach to the choice of optimal options for human interaction with technical means production, on the other hand, dividing complex phenomena into simple ones, thoroughly investigate them and find the most effective solutions through modeling. Thus, all decisions in the field of labor organization are made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, accurate accounting, scientifically based methods.
In a market economy, there is an objective need to increase the role of organization and regulation of labor, a closer link between the results of labor and its material incentives... In a market economy, there is no and cannot be an effective wage system without high level labor rationing. Labor for wages is, first of all, an assessment of labor costs and labor results from the standpoint of their compliance with labor standards. The low quality of labor rationing means a decrease in the level of organization of labor and production, therefore, a decrease in labor productivity and a decrease in material interest in work. With the emergence of enterprises of various forms of ownership, the expansion of their rights, the effectiveness of their activities and the wages of workers directly depend on the effective use of factors of production. And this can be achieved only by using modern methods organization and regulation of labor and appropriate forms and systems of remuneration. This is the most expedient path that does not require significant costs. According to practice, reducing labor costs, as a rule, provides a simultaneous reduction in unit costs. As a result, a reduction in the cost of production is achieved, even at enterprises with a low share of wages in its composition. For this, it is necessary that the organization and regulation of labor fully fulfill their functions. Therefore, when establishing labor standards, first of all, organizational and technical conditions should be taken into account that ensure the effective use of equipment, technology and working time.
The subject of the discipline "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is the study of the principles and methods of constructing labor processes, the establishment of labor standards for various categories of workers in various forms of organization of production, the use of various forms and systems of remuneration. The training manual reveals all areas of organization, rationing and remuneration, taking into account the changes that have taken place in the economy and organization of production at industrial enterprises in recent years, as well as in theory and methodology. This course provides for an integrated approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of the organization and regulation of labor, forms and systems of its payment. This course is intended primarily for the preparation of students of economic universities and faculties. Therefore, it sets out not only the theoretical and methodological foundations, but also the practical aspects of the organization, rationing and remuneration of various categories of workers, provides examples of practical solutions to specific problems.

Name: Organization of rationing and wages at the enterprise.

The methodological foundations of the organization of labor, the processes of its division and cooperation, the issues of organization, maintenance, certification and rationalization of workplaces are considered. The content of the labor process, methods and techniques of labor are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the regulation of labor, in particular the methodology for calculating labor standards. The systems of labor incentives are described. Numerous practical examples are provided.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword. 7
Chapter 1. Methodological foundations of labor organization
1.1. The essence and content of the organization of labor. nine
1.2. Tasks and directions of work organization. 13
1.3. Theoretical foundations of the organization of labor. 15
Chapter 2. Division and cooperation of labor
2.1. The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor. 19
2.2. Collective forms of labor organization. 24
2.3. Combining professions and functions. 27
2.4. Multi-line service. 29
2.5. Division of labor of managers, specialists and employees and the forms of their cooperation. 37
Chapter 3. Organization and maintenance of workplaces
3.1. Jobs, their types and requirements for the organization. 41
3.2. Specialization and equipping of workplaces. 43
3.3. Workplace planning. 46
3.4. Organization of service of workplaces. 50
3.5. Comprehensive design of the organization and maintenance of workplaces. 55
Chapter 4. Certification and rationalization of workplaces
4.1. The essence, goals and objectives of certification and rationalization of jobs. 70
4.2. Accounting, certification and rationalization of jobs. 76
Chapter 5. Content of the labor process
5.1. The labor process, its content and requirements for the organization. 79
5.2. Production operation as a separate part of the production process. 83
Chapter 6. Methods and techniques of labor
6.1. Methods and techniques of labor: general provisions. 86
6.2. The principles of economy of movements. 87
6.3. Rationalization of techniques and methods of labor. 89
Chapter 7. Conditions of work and rest
7.1. Working conditions and factors that determine them. 94
7.2. Assessment of working conditions. 95
7.3. Certification of workplaces for working conditions. 98
7.4. Regimes of work and rest. 105
Chapter 8. Content and tasks of labor rationing
8.1. The essence and content of labor rationing. 113
8.2. Labor rationing functions. 116
8.3. Types of labor standards and their characteristics. 119
8.4. The structure of a technically grounded rate of time. 121
Chapter 9. Studying the cost of working time
9.1. Classification of labor costs. 124
9.2. Methods for studying the cost of working time. 129
9.2.1. Photo of working hours. 129
9.2.2. Self-photography. 147
9.2.3. Timing. 148
Chapter 10. Methodology for calculating labor standards
10.1. Analytical method of labor rationing. 158
10.2. Trace element rationing of labor. 161
10.3. Standardization methods used in foreign countries. 175
Chapter 11. Normative materials for labor rationing
11.1. The essence and variety of regulatory materials. 182
11.2. Basic requirements for regulatory materials. 185
11.3. Methodical provisions for the development of regulatory materials. 186
Chapter 12. Methodology for the regulation of certain types of work
12.1. Rationing of work on metal-cutting machines. 193
12.2. Rationing of fitter and assembly work. 197
12.3. Calculation of the norm of piece time for assembly work performed on the conveyor. 202
12.4. Labor rationing for multi-station service. 206
12.5. Rationing of work on production lines of machining. 210
12.6. Labor rationing in conditions of automated production. 216
12.7. Rationing of work performed on numerically controlled machines. 219
12.8. Labor rationing in conditions of flexible production systems (FPS). 223
12.9. Labor rationing in the period of mastering the production of new products. 226
12.10. Features of rationing in the conditions of the brigade labor organization. 229
12.11. Labor rationing of auxiliary workers. 230
12.12. Labor rationing for managers, specialists and employees. 235
Chapter 13. Organization of work on the regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.1. Work on the organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise. 242
13.2. Assessment of the level and tension of labor standards. 247
13.3. Analysis of the state of the organization of labor at the enterprise. 251
13.4. Analysis of the state of labor rationing. 253
13.5. Introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards. 259
13.6. Assessment of the economic efficiency of measures to improve the organization and work rate setting. 261
Chapter 14. Material incentives for the work of employees of the enterprise
14.1. The essence of wages and incentive systems in a market economy. 270
14.2. Functions of wages and principles of its organization. 273
14.3. The system of organizing wages at the enterprise. 275
14.4. Tariff system and its elements. 276
14.5. Forms and systems of remuneration. 280
14.6. Tariff-free wage system. 287
14.6.1. The system of remuneration using points for labor input. 288
14.6.2. Remuneration based on ratios in wages of various quality. 292
14.6.3. A payment system that ensures the application of the 1st category tariff rate at the subsistence level. 295
14.6.4 Collective-share system of remuneration. 297
14.6.5. A payment system based on the assessment of the employee's labor contribution to the overall results of the work of the team. 299
14.7. Remuneration for the work of managers, specialists and employees. 302
14.8. Premium system. 306
14.9. Mechanism of surcharges, allowances and compensations. 310
Literature.

The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor.
Modern production is characterized by the isolation of individual processes and work, which allows you to specialize tools and workers, reduce production cycle, increase labor productivity. However, the labor of all those working in enterprises is collective labor. Its results depend on the extent to which the observance of the necessary quantitative and qualitative proportions in the distribution of labor among individual links of production and workplaces and the cooperation of labor of individual performers and primary production collectives are ensured.

The separation of processes and works presupposes, first of all, the division of labor. The division of labor in an enterprise is understood as the delimitation of the activities of workers in the process of joint labor, as well as their specialization in performing a certain part of the joint work.

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Goals and objectives of the organization and regulation of labor

Labor organization - a set of technical, organizational, economic, ergonomic and physiological and psychological measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of use

The organization of labor acts as a complex system of rationalizing the use of means and objects of labor by workers, the interaction of workers with each other. The fundamental principle is a certain order of labor operations and adherence to the sequence of the labor process. Taken together, the organization of labor is the direction of increasing the socio-economic results of the enterprise.

The technical basis for the organization of labor is labor rationing.

Labor rationing - the establishment of a measure of labor, or minimum necessary costs time to complete certain work.

For the effective use of labor potential and increasing the efficiency of business processes at enterprises, measures are taken to standardize labor activity in the main and auxiliary production processes.

The goals and objectives of the organization and regulation of labor are determined by the organizational and technical conditions in which the enterprise carries out labor activities.

The purpose of the organization and regulation of labor- the creation of fair working conditions and a labor system that increase the efficiency of enterprises.

Tasks of the organization and regulation of labor

Thus, this area of ​​economic work at the enterprise is focused on improving the cultural and technical level of workers, including increasing the level of technical knowledge, developing professional skills, training, retraining and advanced training. This also includes the provision of sanitary and hygienic working conditions, work safety, and preventive measures.

From the point of view of the content of individual production processes, the organization and regulation of labor affects the following aspects:

• Rational
• Maintaining a certain level
• Enhancement
• Enhancement

When self-organizing your work, it is of paramount importance.

Thus, the organization and regulation of labor includes 7 elements.

Elements of the organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise

Division of labor in the enterprise

The operational and functional division of labor makes it possible to organize at the enterprise a labor process of varying complexity, depending on the nature of the products, in the following order:

1. Determination of the ultimate goal;
2. Formation of a list of production operations;
3. Determination of the sequence of necessary labor operations;
4. Separation of all labor operations between employees;
5. Building organizational structure production process management;
6. Adaptation of workplaces for the convenience of work;
7. Organization of auxiliary work;
8. Development of rational techniques and methods of labor;
9. Establishment of labor standards;
10. Determination of forms of remuneration.

Thus, the division of labor can be represented by the system related operations, on which the organization of labor is based, a lot of subsystems are formed at the output " Workplace".

The "Workplace" subsystem allows you to create finished products and provides the ability to monitor the implementation of production operations.

Thus, the division of labor allows for efficient use.

Principles and methods of labor organization at the enterprise

In accordance with these principles, the following areas of work in this area are being implemented:

• development of rational forms of division and cooperation of labor;
• improving the organization and maintenance of workplaces;
• study of advanced methods and techniques of labor;
• improvement of training and professional development of personnel;
• improvement of labor rationing;
• improving working conditions;
• all-round human development.

The implementation of the principles of labor organization is carried out using two methods:

1. The empirical method is the introduction of various measures of labor organization in the practice of the enterprise in an experimental way, the results of which are necessarily monitored and analyzed, or by using the experience of other enterprises or experienced skilled workers in similar labor operations.
2. The scientific method - uses the economic laws of production development and is based on the results of the analysis of the current situation, the labor process, the cost of working time, specific measures are developed on the basis of calculations and economic justification of the proposed solutions for implementation in production.

Both methods have equal rights for application and can be used by enterprises in a complex. In specific cases, the choice of the method is carried out depending on the content of the labor process, the specifics of the production site and the list of tasks that are supposed to be solved.

The main provisions of labor rationing

Rationale for labor standards includes technical, operational and resultant rationale.

1. A technical rationale is used to ensure the correct placement of workers.
2. Operational rationale is used to determine the sequence of operations.
3. The resulting rationale means the need to identify time reserves and study best practices by comparing with the current characteristics of the work process and individual operations.

The scientific substantiation of the norms is the basis of labor rationing.

The concept of labor rationing at the enterprise

Labor rationing allows you to properly organize labor processes, regulate the implementation of basic production operations, formulate the procedure for performing auxiliary work and determine the time limit for rest. As a result, the organization of the labor process makes it possible to identify reserves of working time, introduce new technologies in labor activity, use the experience of other enterprises and improve.

Types of labor costs

The organization and rationing of labor at the enterprise is based on three types of labor costs that are amenable to technical justification.

Types of labor costs

Time norms represent the time period required to produce a unit of products, services, or perform a specific job. Also used to determine the time it takes to complete a particular operation.

Time rates include all categories of labor time costs that are required under normal conditions. Determined by the formula:

HB = Tpz + To + TV + Tobs + Tot.dl.n.

Нв - time norm

Тп - time for preparatory operations

That is the main time

Tz - time for final operations

TV - auxiliary time

Tobs - time to service the workplace

Thoth - time for regulated breaks and rest

The norms of time change within the framework of the organization of labor, depending on the conditions of production and business processes at the enterprise.

Production rates are calculated as the number of units of production that must be manufactured in a separate period of time, hour, shift.

Most often, the rate of production per shift is applied, which is calculated by the formula:

Нvyr = Tsm / Нв

Nvyr - production rate

Tcm - shift duration

Нв - time norm

Workplace maintenance rate is defined as the number labor resources(i.e., the number of workers of relevant qualifications), which is necessary for the fullest use of the production capabilities of the machine, the mechanism for performing a given work at a given time.

Depending on the nature of the application and the goals of labor rationing at enterprises, several types of norms are applied, which are classified according to different criteria.

Labor rationing requirements

Labor rationing methods

In practice economic activity enterprises apply 3 methods of labor rationing:

1. Analytical method - the calculation of the norm is based on a thorough analysis of the production capabilities of the workplace, technological process, individual operations and constituent elements of the labor process.
2. Statistical method - the norm is established on the basis of the results of numerous measurements, during which the same labor operation or a set of such operations is performed.
3. Empirical method - the norm is established on the basis of the results of experiments and experiments, the purpose of which is to find the best option performing labor operations.

The analytical method, in turn, has two varieties:

• Analytical calculation method - the operational time is determined by calculations. With this method, the constituent elements of the time norm are determined along the chain according to the corresponding calculations.
• Analytical research method - the operational time is determined based on the results of special observations. Components time norms are determined in the course of observations.

Labor rationing is carried out differentially according to the elements of norms and labor operations, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy of calculating specific norms of labor costs by taking full account of all factors that affect the labor process.

The main ways of labor rationing:

• experimental studies of operating modes;
• timing and photo timing of production operations;
• minute-by-minute recording of the work process;
• photo of the working day;
• physiological research;
• study of the ergonomics of the workplace;
• system analysis of the workplace.

Data processing is carried out using statistical methods(first of all, correlation-regression analysis) and graphic-analytical method.