To the norms costs labor includes, first of all, the rate of expenditure of working time - the rate of duration, rate of labor intensity and the rate of number.

To the norms labor results- production rates, standardized tasks.

Duration rate (Nd) defines the time in which a unit of work can be performed on one machine or one workplace. The duration rate is measured in units of time: minutes, hours.

Labor intensity rate of the operation(NT) determines the required time spent by one or more workers to complete a unit of work or manufacture a unit of production for a given operation. These costs depend not only on the duration of the operation, but also on the number of workers involved in its implementation. The labor intensity of the operation is measured in man-minutes, (man-hours)

The most common form of expression the normalized labor input is the time rate. Time rates take central to common system labor costs, since all other types of norms are determined on their basis.

I). Time rate- determines the necessary time spent by one employee or team to complete a unit of work. Measured in man-minutes or man-hours.

The value and quality of the norms of production, service, number, controllability depend on its quality.

To determine the rate of time, it is necessary to establish the composition of the costs of working time and their specific values ​​for the performance of this work. The composition of the time norm can be represented by the following formula:

T pz- preparatory and final time;

T op- operational time;

T obs- service time workplace;

T ex- time for rest and personal needs;

T Fri- time of regulated breaks caused by technology and organization production process;

t 0- main time;

tv – auxiliary time.

The specific amount of time spent in the norm is influenced by a number of factors: the nature of the equipment used; type and physical and chemical properties of the subject of labor, organization of labor and production.

Time norms are applied where the work of an individual employee or their group is diversified, i.e. there is a change in labor (transition to the manufacture of other products or the performance of other operations for the production of the same product)
The time norms, depending on the degree of consolidation, are subdivided into:

- operating standards- installed on separate technological operations (for example, operations for processing parts on lathes)

- consolidated norms- are installed for a complex of operations of one type of work (for example, for a complex of turning operations within a brigade set)

- complex norms- are installed on a complete set of various works for the manufacture of a brigade set, a unit, the construction phase

- labor intensity norms (labor intensity) - the aggregate of labor costs for the manufacture of a unit of production or the execution of a complete set of works.

Depending on the composition of labor costs, their role in the production process, the following are distinguished types of labor intensity:

- technological labor intensity - takes into account the labor costs carried out by the main workers.

- labor intensity of service takes into account the labor costs of workers serving the main workers and all workers of auxiliary shops and services

- production labor intensity - takes into account the labor costs of all workers

- labor intensity of management- includes labor costs of all categories of industrial and production personnel.

b) Production rate- the number of units of production (set amount of work), which must be manufactured for certain period time.

Used where an employee (group of employees) constantly performs the same operation or group of operations.

The production rate can be determined based on the time rate by the formula:

Nvyr. = Tsm / Hvr

Where is Tsm. - the duration of the shift.

Based on this, the size of the change in the rate of production (by X%) depending on the change in the rate of time (by Y%) and vice versa is determined by the formulas:

X = 100y \ (100 - y)

Y = 100x \ (100x)

in). Service rate- the required number of machines, workplaces, units of production area and other objects assigned to service for one worker or team.

G). Driving rate - is a kind of service rate

e). Normalized task- determines the required assortment and scope of work to be performed by the team for a certain period. Like the production rate, the standardized task determines the required result of the workers' activity, but unlike the output rate, it can be set not only in natural units, but also in standard hours and standard rubles.

e) population rate Is the reciprocal of the service rate. This is the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, required to perform specific functions or volumes of work in these organizational and technical conditions.
II. By methods of standardization distinguish between technically based norms and experimental statistical norms.

Technically sound norms are defined as norms established by analytical methods.

Experimental-statistical standards include norms that are established consolidated for the entire work, without dividing it into its constituent elements, based on data on the time spent on data or similar work or by expert advice. They record the actual state of production with all the existing shortcomings and therefore do not contribute to the growth of labor productivity and the improvement of its organization.
III. By time period distinguish norms

a) without a definite period of validity and

b) norms in force for a certain time.

The first type of norms acts on stable ones by org.-tech. conditions of enterprises. With the change of these conditions, the existing standards are replaced or revised.

The second type of regulation is valid for a certain period. Their use may be due to:

The need to master new products, new technology and technology, organization of production and labor

The seasonal nature of certain types of work

The emergence of the need to carry out emergency, accidental and other, unforeseen by technology and work plan

Working time is the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation refer to working hours.

Normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week.

The procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established duration of working time per week, is determined by the federal body executive power performing functions for the development public policy and labor regulations.

(part three was introduced by the Federal Law of 22.07.2008 N 157-FZ)

The employer is obliged to keep records of the time actually worked by each employee.

Article 92. Shortened working hours

Reduced working hours are established:

for employees under the age of sixteen - no more than 24 hours a week;

for employees between the ages of sixteen and eighteen - no more than 35 hours per week;

for employees who are disabled of I or II groups - no more than 35 hours per week;

for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous conditions labor - no more than 36 hours per week in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.

(Part one as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

Working hours of students educational institutions under the age of eighteen, who work during the academic year in their free time from school, cannot exceed half of the norms established by part one of this article for persons of the corresponding age.

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

This Code and other federal laws may establish reduced working hours for other categories of workers (pedagogical, medical and other workers).

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

Article 93. Part-time work

By agreement between the employee and the employer, part-time (shift) or part-time work can be established both upon hiring and subsequently. The employer is obliged to establish part-time work (shift) or part-time work week at the request of a pregnant woman, one of the parents (guardian, trustee) who has a child under the age of fourteen (a disabled child under the age of eighteen), as well as a person exercising caring for a sick family member in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

When working on a part-time basis, the employee is paid in proportion to the time worked by him or depending on the amount of work performed by him.

Part-time work does not entail any restrictions for employees on the duration of the main annual paid leave, the calculation of seniority and other labor rights.

Article 94. Duration of daily work (shift)

Duration daily work(shifts) cannot exceed:

for employees aged fifteen to sixteen years - 5 hours, for employees aged sixteen to eighteen years - 7 hours;

for students of general education institutions, educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education combining study with work during the academic year, at the age of fourteen to sixteen years - 2.5 hours, at the age of sixteen to eighteen years - 4 hours;

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

for disabled people - in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

For workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, where a reduced duration of working time is established, the maximum permissible duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

at 36 hours working week- 8 ocloc'k;

with a 30-hour work week or less - 6 hours.

The collective agreement may provide for an increase in the duration of daily work (shift) in comparison with the duration of daily work (shift) established by part two of this article for workers employed in work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, provided that the maximum weekly duration of the worker is observed. time (part one of Article 92 of this Code) and hygienic standards for working conditions established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(Part three as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

The duration of the daily work (shift) of creative workers of the means mass media, organizations of cinematography, television and video crews, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibiting) of works, in accordance with the lists of works, professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Trilateral Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, may be established collective agreement, local regulation, labor contract.

(Part four was introduced by the Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ, as revised by the Federal Law of 28.02.2008 N 13-FZ)

Article 95. Duration of work on the eve of non-working holidays and days off

The duration of a working day or shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday shall be reduced by one hour.

In continuously operating organizations and on certain types work where it is impossible to reduce the duration of work (shift) on the pre-holiday day, overwork is compensated by providing the employee with additional rest time or, with the employee's consent, by payment according to the norms established for overtime work.

On the eve of weekends, the duration of work with a six-day working week cannot exceed five hours.

Article 96. Work at night

Night time - time from 22:00 to 6:00.

The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without further working off.

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

The duration of work (shift) at night is not reduced for employees who have a reduced duration of working hours, as well as for employees hired specifically for work at night, unless otherwise provided by the collective agreement.

The duration of work at night is equal to the duration of work in the daytime in those cases when it is necessary for working conditions, as well as in shift work with a six-day working week with one day off. The list of these works can be determined by a collective agreement, local normative act.

Not allowed to work at night: pregnant women; employees under the age of eighteen, with the exception of persons participating in the creation and (or) performance of works of art, and other categories of employees in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Women with children under the age of three, disabled workers, workers with disabled children, as well as workers caring for sick members of their families in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation , mothers and fathers raising children under the age of five without a spouse, as well as guardians of children of this age, may be involved in work at night only with their written consent and provided that such work is not prohibited by them for health reasons in according to the medical report. In this case, these workers must be in writing aware of their right to refuse to work at night.

(as amended by Federal Laws of 24.07.2002 N 97-FZ, of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

The procedure for work at night for creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, television and video filming teams, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibiting) of works, in accordance with the lists of works , professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, may be established by a collective agreement, local normative act, labor agreement.

(as amended by Federal Laws of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ, of 28.02.2008 N 13-FZ)

Article 97. Work outside the established working hours

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

The employer has the right, in accordance with the procedure established by this Code, to attract an employee to work outside the working hours established for this employee in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, collective bargaining agreements, agreements, local regulations, an employment contract (hereinafter - the working time established for the employee):

for overtime work (Article 99 of this Code);

if the employee works on irregular working hours (Article 101 of this Code).

Article 98. Abolished. - Federal Law of June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ.

Article 99. Overtime work

(as amended by Federal Law of 30.06.2006 N 90-FZ)

Overtime work is work performed by an employee on the initiative of the employer outside the established working hours for the employee: daily work (shift), and in the case of cumulative recording of working hours - in excess of the normal number of working hours for the accounting period.

Engaging an employee to work overtime by the employer is allowed with his written consent in the following cases:

1) if necessary, perform (finish) the work begun, which due to an unforeseen delay in technical specifications production could not be performed (completed) during the working hours established for the employee, if the failure to perform (non-completion) of this work may result in damage or loss of the employer's property (including the property of third parties held by the employer, if the employer is responsible for the safety of this property), state or municipal property, or create a threat to the life and health of people;

2) during the performance of temporary work on the repair and restoration of mechanisms or structures in cases where their malfunction may cause the termination of work for a significant number of employees;

3) to continue work in the absence of a shift worker, if the work does not allow for a break. In these cases, the employer is obliged to immediately take measures to replace the shift with another employee.

Engaging an employee to work overtime by an employer without his consent is allowed in the following cases:

1) during the performance of work necessary to prevent a catastrophe, industrial accident or eliminate the consequences of a catastrophe, industrial accident or natural disaster;

In accordance with Federal Law No. 417-FZ of 07.12.2011, from January 1, 2013, in paragraph 2 of part three of this article, the words "water supply, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewerage systems," will be replaced by the words "centralized hot water supply systems, cold water supply and (or) water disposal, gas supply systems, heat supply, lighting, ".

2) when performing socially necessary work to eliminate unforeseen circumstances that disrupt the normal functioning of water supply, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewage, transport, communications systems;

3) in the performance of work, the need for which is due to the introduction of a state of emergency or martial law, as well as urgent work in emergency conditions, that is, in the event of a disaster or threat of disaster (fires, floods, hunger, earthquakes, epidemics or epizootics) and in other cases, endangering the life or normal living conditions of the entire population or part of it.

In other cases, overtime work is allowed with the written consent of the employee and taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization.

It is not allowed to involve pregnant women, employees under the age of eighteen years, other categories of employees in overtime work in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Involvement of disabled persons, women with children under the age of three years, in overtime work, is allowed only with their written consent and provided that it is not prohibited for them for health reasons in accordance with a medical certificate issued in the manner prescribed by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. At the same time, disabled people, women with children under the age of three years, must be informed against signature of their right to refuse overtime work.

Overtime work must not exceed 4 hours for each employee on two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.

It is the employer's responsibility to ensure that each employee's overtime work is accurately recorded.

I. Handicrafts of all types of production .

Individual production, all types of work:

, but ABOUT in EXL

Calculation time rate, used to calculate the unit cost, is calculated by the formula:

Tsht.k = Tsht * Kpz,

where Bullpen- coefficient taking into account the costs of the preparatory and final time.

Kpz = 1 + Tpz / (Tsm-Tpz),

II. Machine and machine hand work in mass production .

Piece time rate calculated by the formula:

where but - the norm of time for organizational maintenance of the workplace OB (ORG) here Top, in - the norm of time for rest and personal needs (EXL) here Top, with - the amount of time for maintenance of the workplace ABOUT (TECH) here That.

III. Machine and machine-hand work in serial production .

Piece time rate calculated by the formula:

where but - the norm of time for servicing the workplace ( ABOUT) in% of the operational time, in - - the norm of time for rest and personal needs ( EXL) in% of the operational time.

In serial production, the rate of calculation time for 1 piece includes the rate of piece time and that part of the preparatory and final time for a batch of parts that falls on one piece.

Tsht.k = Tsht + Tpz / p, where NS - the number of pieces in a batch of simultaneously processed blanks.

The time limit for processing a batch of parts:

Tpar = Tsht * n + Tpz

Tpar = Tsht.k * n,

where NS- the number of parts in the batch.

In mass and large-scale production, the piece time rate is at the same time the piece-calculation time rate, since the preparatory and final functions are performed by special workers.

51 The use of norms in operational and tactical planning in the enterprise.

Tactical planning is inextricably linked with strategic planning, since where it is used strategic planning, there is a need for tactical planning.

Tactical planning is the detailed planning, definition and development of issues within technical lines. Tactics can be viewed as certain steps, steps towards the top - the overall goal provided by the strategy.

The tactical planning process consists of two interrelated stages: the preparation of the plan and its adoption. The preparation of the plan includes the collection, systematization and clarification of various information on the activities of the enterprise, analysis of the information received, treating the goals and objectives of planning, setting tasks by the manager of an individual structural units and employees to develop a plan, determine the activities to be included in the plan.

In addition to tactical planning, one should distinguish between current, or operational, planning.

Ongoing, or operational, planning is what a manager does on a daily basis. This includes planning the work of an enterprise for a short period of time. It can be either a day or a month, a quarter, half a year or even a year. It depends on the strategic and tactical goals of the enterprise.

Ongoing planning is usually driven by the need to respond to many factors. For example, there should be an instant reaction of the manager to the fact of the occurrence of force majeure circumstances that can cause the death of people. These include natural disasters (flood, fire, earthquake, etc.). Strikes are also referred to as force majeure circumstances. The manager must quickly respond to emergencies, changes in external or internal environment enterprises in order to prevent unwanted consequences or to maximize the benefits for the enterprise. This can also include the resolution of current problems and tasks, such as conflicts.

52 The concept, essence and classification of labor standards.

Labor standards- these are regulated predetermined labor costs for performing a unit of work in the most rational organizational and technical conditions.

According to the standards, reasonable labor standards are determined for work performed at various workplaces, enterprises and in various industries. The application of labor standards ensures unity in labor standards for similar work performed at enterprises, since they express the relationship between the required labor costs and the factors influencing them. The establishment of norms according to the standards available at the enterprise significantly reduces the labor costs for operational planning.

For the correct use of labor standards in determining standards, they are classified according to the following criteria:

By the degree of enlargement distinguish: elemental (differentiated), enlarged standards.

Elemental (differentiated) standards set at separate receptions or labor actions... The most common are differentiated standards designed to fulfill certain labor practices and intended for the calculation of specific norms in the conditions of mass, large-scale and serial production.

Enlarged standards – these are the time standards for the implementation of a complex of technologically and organizationally related labor techniques.

By time expenditure category allocate standards: for certain categories of costs, operating time standards, part time standards, unit time standards.

By scope allocate: intersectoral, sectoral, local standards.

Cross-industry standards are intended for the regulation of labor of workers of the same professions and specialties, engaged in the implementation of homogeneous technological processes at enterprises of different sectors of the national economy.

Industry standards They are used to rate labor at work performed at similar production enterprises, and take into account the specifics of the industry's labor.

Local regulations are established for types of work specific for one or several similar enterprises that are not included in industry standards. Such standards are approved by the administration of the enterprise in agreement with the workers' trade union.

53 Formation of a system of standards at the enterprise.

The formation of a system of strategic goals and target standards is consistently carried out according to the previously considered stages of the strategic process.

One of these stages is the formation of a system of main strategic goals of financial activity, ensuring the achievement of its main goal. The system of such goals is usually formed in the context of the dominant spheres of strategic financial development enterprises.

In the first dominant sphere, which characterizes the potential of formation financial resources, as the main strategic goal it is proposed to choose the maximization of the growth of the net cash flow of the enterprise. In the second dominant area, which characterizes the efficiency of distribution and use of investment resources, when choosing a strategic goal, one should give preference to maximizing the profitability of the invested equity capital enterprises.

In the third dominant area, which characterizes the level of financial security of an enterprise, the main strategic goal is to optimize the structure of its capital (the ratio of its own and borrowed types). And finally, in the fourth dominant area, which characterizes the quality of financial management of an enterprise, we recommend that we choose the formation of an effective organizational structure financial management (the formation of such an organizational structure integrates the requirements for the qualifications of financial managers of individual departments, the need for the volume and breadth of information for making managerial decisions at the appropriate level, the requirements for the technical equipment of managers, the level of used or financial technologies and tools, the delineation of control management functions etc.).

The developed system of goals and target standards serves as a criterion for assessing the success or failure of implementation financial strategy enterprises in the coming period.

54 Registration of standards and their implementation in the practice of the enterprise.

Normative materials for labor rationing contain: general section; characteristics of the equipment and tooling used, technology of the regulated process; optimal options organization of labor and production; regulatory section.

When developing it, the Normative Section determines the form of presentation of the normative values ​​(empirical, graphical or tabular). The most common form is a normative table, which usually consists of a main part and correction factors. Its content corresponds to the layout drawn up at the preparatory stage.

When developing a regulatory table, the values ​​of the main factors affecting the standard values ​​of labor costs, the typical labor process and the conditions for its implementation are clarified and adjusted; correction factors that take into account changes in standard values ​​depending on the influence of unaccounted for factors (qualitative and quantitative); the construction of standards (series of the required standard values) is carried out, ensuring the required accuracy of establishing reasonable labor standards in specific production conditions.

Meaning quantitative factors are usually given in the form of intervals or a specific value (average for two adjacent values ​​of the factor) with the entry "to" (for example, "mass in kg" or "mass in kg before"), and the standards - in the form of a specific value that is the average for a given factor interval.

In order to ensure the specified accuracy, all standard series should be close to the series of a geometric progression, i.e. the value of each subsequent value should be equal to the previous one, multiplied by the denominator of the geometric progression adopted for this series.

Digitization of normative tables can be done either directly from the graphs or using formulas.

For the convenience of using the standards, the numerical values ​​of the factors and guideline values ​​should be rounded off.

56 Labor rationing for key workers.

The variety of works performed by engineers and employees, the lack of uniform algorithms for their implementation, the subjective features of the thinking process when processing the necessary information and forming decisions exclude the possibility of using traditional methods of direct, direct rationing of their work.

However, the need for an objective quantitative measurement of their labor is not eliminated by this, but the development the required system time standards is significantly complicated, since the study of labor traditional methods study by observation is impossible.

Only some systematically repetitive work of a strictly defined content (for example, control, testing of a certain quality parameter of a product, printing, etc.) can be normalized by the results of a direct study of the time of their execution.

For all other types of engineering, managerial labor and production service processes, time standards are established indirectly according to statistical or actual data, taking into account the main factors affecting the labor intensity of the standardized work.

Time standards for rationing the labor of engineers and employees can be expressed in the form of labor intensity or standards for the number of performers for a certain type and amount of work performed.

The standards for the labor intensity of engineering and management works, depending on the method of their establishment and accuracy, can be:

· Differentiated, i.e. by process elements and factors that determine duration;

· Enlarged, established as a whole for a certain type of work, or in the form of the permissible number of performers to perform certain functions.

The standards for the number of personnel engaged in the performance of certain functions have been developed at the Research Institute of Labor.

In particular, a methodology has been developed for standardizing the labor of engineering and technical personnel and employees by management functions, based on the methods of correlation analysis and given calculation formulas to determine the number of engineering and technical personnel and employees in the main divisions of the enterprise management apparatus (table 3).

On the basis of these formulas, special tables can be developed, in which the number obtained by calculation is given for specific values ​​of the factor.

57 Features of rationing in the conditions of brigade labor organization.

The object of labor rationing in the conditions of its brigade organization is the collective labor process.

The basis for establishing a complex time standard for the team is the operational time norms designed for individual work. Moreover, if each operation is performed by one worker, the formula is used:

Where Tsht.i is the norm of time i-th operation;

Kef is a coefficient that takes into account the effect of collective labor;

n is the number of operations assigned to the brigade.

If some operations employ several workers, then the rate is calculated by the formula:

where Нчi is the norm of the number of workers performing the i-th operation.

If a team produces several units (sets) of products, then the rate is calculated by the formula:

where m is the number of units (sets) of products manufactured by the team.

Thus, the complex team norm is established on the basis of the norms for the piece time of operations (work), which are calculated by the analytical method. The correction factor, taking into account the effect of collective labor, should be established on the basis of data of time observations carried out by a sample at several workplaces of brigades.

Essential element labor organization, including wages, is rationing - the establishment of reasonable costs and results of labor of individual workers or groups of workers.

According to the principles of labor rationing adopted in our country, the time norm for an operation is the sum of the following time elements:

TH = tPZ + tBSP + tOSN + tOOB + tTOB + tOLN + tTP, (1.14)

where tПЗ - preparatory and final time;

tБСП - auxiliary time;

tОСН - basic (machine) time;

tООБ - time of organizational service of the workplace;

tTOB - time of maintenance of the workplace;

tОЛН - time for rest and personal needs;

tTP - the time of organizational and technical breaks due to the specifics (technology) of production.

58 Labor rationing of auxiliary workers.

RATING OF LABOR OF AUXILIARY WORKERS - establishing necessary costs labor based different types labor costs (time, output, service, number), the choice of which depends on the service function, the nature of the work performed, the type of production. The most widespread are received during the N.t.v. r. service standards and staffing standards (equipment adjusters, locksmiths and electricians for overhaul of equipment and electrical equipment, work distributors, storekeepers, etc.). The norm of time for N.t.v.r. are used in cases where the work they perform is regulated in composition and content, and their volume can be measured in specific units. (locksmith and machine work in the tool production of the enterprise, loading - unloading work etc.). Production rates can be set for auxiliary workers engaged in one regularly repeated work (preparation of molding and core sands, intrashop transportation at enterprises with a mass production type, preparation of paints, solutions, etc.). The choice of one or another type of norms depends significantly on the type of production. So, in mass production, the labor of product quality controllers can be rationed using time norms. In small-scale and individual types of production with a large range of products, the accounting of work performed by controllers becomes very laborious. In this case, it is advisable to apply service standards that determine the number of main workers who must be served by a product quality controller.

59 Tasks, content and stages of the analysis of the organization and regulation of labor.

Labor rationing for modern enterprise- This essential tool formation and distribution labor resources and the prerequisite for sound planning of production and economic activities of the enterprise.

Any labor activity becomes the subject of economic science and the object of improvement only if it can be measured with the degree of accuracy necessary and sufficient for practice. The measurement of labor is usually understood as the establishment of the necessary expenditure of time for a qualified worker to perform a specific job at a certain level of labor intensity by applying different methods and funds.

The main task of technical regulation of labor (TNT) is to establish a scientifically grounded measure of labor costs for all types of work and for each type of employee employed both in production and in its management.

TNT plays a fundamental role in most production calculations: production capacity, number of employees, labor intensity of products, production volumes of a particular product.

TNT allows:

a) most fully identify and use the reserves for increasing labor productivity;

b) assess the possibilities of saturating the sales market with specific products;

c) reduce the cost of production;

d) improve the use of production facilities;

e) rebuild the most rational move labor process and its organization.

Requirements for the quality of norms:

1 progressiveness - it is determined by the degree to which it (norm) takes into account the achievements of science and technology, the prospects for their development, and advanced production experience;

2 the objectivity of the norm - it is established by factors that do not depend on the personal qualities of an individual performer (i.e., the norm for one type of work under the same organizational and technical conditions is one for all performers);

3 physiological validity - those psychophysical characteristics of the human body that are inherent in the performer, as well as the influence of the working environment (fatigue, gas pollution, high temperature, etc.) are taken into account;

4 economic feasibility - the lowest labor costs of the worker and equipment.

60 The system of indicators for assessing the level of labor organization at the enterprise.

The system of indicators characterizing the level of labor organization at the enterprise:

The turnover ratio for acceptance is determined by the formula:

Cop = Chpr / Chsr H 100,

where Kop is the coefficient of turnover for admission; Chpr - the number of employees hired for the period; Chsr - average headcount over a period.

The turnover ratio for disposal is determined by the formula Kv = Chuv / Chsr H 100,

where Kv is the coefficient of turnover on disposal; Chuv is the number of employees dismissed for all reasons during the period.

The flow factor is determined by the formula Kt = Chut / Chsr H 100,

where Kt is the yield factor; Chut is the number of employees laid off due to staff turnover.

To analyze the degree of stability labor collectives the coefficient of composition constancy is used, which is determined by the formula Kps = Chop / Chsr H 100,

where Kps is the coefficient of composition constancy; Chop is the number of employees who have worked for the entire reporting period.

Assessment of work organization consists in determining the level of work organization, its impact on the use of working hours and fixed assets, working capacity and health of workers, the possibility of harmonious development of each participant social production, as well as in identifying the reasons for non-compliance existing organization labor to the planned level.

To analyze the use of labor, study working conditions, develop and conclude collective labor agreements, information on working hours is needed. In enterprises, several funds of time are taken into account.

Calendar fund of time is calculated both in man-days and in man-hours. When determining the calendar fund of time in man-days, it is equal to the sum payroll employees of the enterprise for all calendar days of the period (month or year), and when determined in man-hours - the fund in man-days should be multiplied by the normal average working day.

The time fund is the difference between the calendar fund and man-days that come on weekends and holidays.

The maximum possible fund of working time is determined by the difference in the personnel fund and man-days falling on regular vacations.

61 Assessment of the level of labor rationing at the enterprise.

To characterize the quality of norms at the enterprise, the following indicators are used:

1. The proportion of technically sound norms, as an absolute indicator, gives only an approximate idea of ​​the quality of the existing norms. ;

2. The average level of fulfillment of the norms is defined as the ratio of the actually spent time to the normalized one - Kvn = Tf / Tn.

Applying the theory of probability, it is possible to determine the degree of deviation of the average percentage of fulfillment of norms for a department from a similar indicator for the enterprise as a whole, caused by the quality of the existing norms. For this purpose, for each department, the maximum permissible deviation in the level of fulfillment of norms is calculated due to differences in the individual productivity of workers according to the formula:

D = Kvnp. * M / √ 100 * Chr., Where

Квнп - the average percentage of compliance with the standards for the enterprise;

M is the maximum deviation of the individual labor productivity of individual workers from the average level, taken equal to 33% for machine and machine - manual work and 50% for handicrafts.

Cz - the number of workers - pieceworkers in the given division.

If the average compliance with the norms for the division exceeds the value of D, then this indicates the low quality of the existing norms.

To successfully solve the problem of work organization great importance has an assessment of the level of this work. IN guidelines Research Institute of Labor "Quantitative assessment of the level of organization of labor, production and management at the enterprise" provides a system of coefficients with which you can assess the level of organizational labor, identify reserves for the growth of production efficiency, determine the direction of improving the organization of labor.

1. The level of division of labor - Cr.t. = 1-∑Tn.z / (Tsm. * Chr), where

∑Тн.р. - total time of performance of work not provided for by the assignment during the shift, min .;

2. The level of organization of the r.m. - Korg.m. = Np.t.p ../ Ntot.

Nr.t.p. - the number of rm, organized according to standard projects.

3. The level of equipment of the r.m. - Cosn.m. = Sph. / Stp

Сф - the number of equipment and tools actually used on the RM, Stp. - on those process.

4. The level of centralized service r.m. - Cobs = Nr.ts. / Ntotal

Similarly, by comparing the actual values ​​with the normative or planned ones, the coefficients in other areas of labor organization are determined:

Cooperation of labor,

Specializations,

Mechanization,

Monotony of labor, and others.

62 Assessment of the level of use of working time.

The use of working time is analyzed by comparing the reported data with the planned indicators. But first of all it is necessary to give overall assessment use of working time. In this case, the object of analysis is the deviation of the actually worked time in man-hours in the reporting period from the same indicator for the previous period or from the planned indicator.

When calculating the increase in output by reducing the loss of working time that occurred through the fault of the organization, the planned average hourly output should be multiplied by the loss of working time.

The following main indicators are used to analyze the use of working time:

Total actual working hours = Total number of man-hours worked per shift (including overtime) + Number of workers worked per shift

Actual hours average working hours = Total number of man-hours worked by workers on schedule - Number of workers worked per shift

Working hours = Total number of man-hours that workers must work on schedule + Number of workers per shift

Indicators characterizing the use of working time:

1. Average number of days of work of one worker: Dsr = ФЧД / Lsp

where PDF - actually worked man-days;

2. Average number of hours of work of one average worker: СЧЧр = ФЧЧ / Lsp

where FFC - actually worked man-hours;

The standard working time is the amount of time that an employee must work during a calendar period of time (for a month, quarter, year). Working hours for a specific period are calculated based on the working hours per week.

So, according to the estimated schedule of a 5-day 40-hour work week with two days off on Saturday and Sunday, the norm is calculated based on the duration of daily work (shift), which is 8 hours. And if the working time is less than 40 hours per week, then the duration of daily work is determined by dividing the number of hours per week by 5 (clause 1 of the Procedure, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of 13.08.2009 N 588n).

In addition, when calculating, it is taken into account that the duration of the working day (shift) immediately preceding the non-working holiday is reduced by 1 hour (Article 95 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, the formula for calculating the norm of working hours for the month of 2017 with a 5-day working week looks like this:

The working time norm for 2017 is calculated in the same way.

Normal working hours and time norms for 2017

What is the normal working hours per week? In accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week (Article 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). This is the maximum value. But since the regulation of working hours should take into account the working conditions of workers, their age and other factors, then work time in a week it can be less than 40 hours. For example, 36 hours a week (Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). With such a working week, the standard working time, for example, in August 2017 is:

• with a 40-hour working week - 184 hours (8 hours x 23 working days);
• with a 36-hour working week - 165.6 hours (7.2 hours x 23 working days).

In 2017, there are only 3 days when working hours should be reduced by an hour, as they immediately precede holidays: February 23rd, March 8th and November 4th. That is, the total decrease in time is 3 hours. BUT total amount working days per year - 247. As a result, the norm of working hours for 2017 is equal to.

Production rate. Technical time standard. Auxiliary time. Basic (technological) time.

Technical regulation establishes the rate of time, that is, the time required to perform a given operation in a certain production environment.

According to the rate of time per operation, the time spent on the entire program for the production of parts is calculated, the required number of workers, machine tools, the amount of electricity is determined, the requirements for grinding wheels are established, etc.

In accordance with the time norms, a production plan for the site, workshop, plant as a whole is drawn up. Depending on the time spent, workers are paid. The time spent on an operation characterizes labor productivity. The less time is spent on one operation, the more parts will be processed per hour or shift, that is, the higher labor productivity.

The production rate is understood as the number of operations (volume of work) that a worker can perform per unit of time (per shift, per hour). Knowing the duration of the shift (420 minutes, with a 7-hour working day or 480 minutes, with an 8-hour working day) and the time rate for one operation (T), the production rate is determined (420: T or 480: T).

The rate of time is not a constant value, since with an increase in labor productivity, the rate of time decreases and the rate of production increases.

When determining the norm, the best organization of labor and maintenance of the workplace is provided, that is, the norm should not include the loss of time due to organizational problems in the maintenance of the workplace.

The worker's qualifications must be appropriate for the work to be performed; the machine operator should not perform such work that auxiliary workers are obliged to perform.

The norm should not also include the loss of time to correct the marriage or parts manufacturing, instead of the rejected ones.

When calculating the time rate, the actual cutting conditions for a given operation, normal machining allowances, the use of a specific tool and fixture must be taken into account.

The technical norm of time for an operation consists of two main parts: the norm of the piece time and the norm of the preparatory and final time.

The standard of piece time is understood as the time spent on processing a part on a machine.

The norm of the preparatory and final time is understood as the time spent on familiarization with the drawing or operational sketch and technological process performing an operation, setting up a machine, installing and removing tools (grinding wheels) and accessories, as well as performing all techniques related to the end of a given work - delivery finished products the controller, handing over the tool to the tool store, etc.

Preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch of simultaneously processed parts. In mass production, the same operations are performed on machine tools. Therefore, the worker should not change the device, tools, get acquainted with the drawings and technological maps for the manufacture of a part many times. He does this once before performing this operation.

Consequently, in mass production, the preparatory and final time is not included in the technical standard. The processing time for a batch of parts in serial production is determined by the formula

T part = T pc n + T pz,

where T part is the time per batch, min; T pcs - piece time, min;

n is the number of parts in the batch, pcs; T pz - preparatory and final time, min. From this formula, you can determine the time to manufacture one part, if you divide the right and left sides by the number of parts in the batch

where T pc is the norm of piece-calculation time, that is, the time for an operation, taking into account the preparatory and final time. The value of T pz can be taken in the reference books of the normalizer.

It can be seen from the formula that the larger the batch of parts is processed on the machine, the smaller the fraction and, therefore, less T pc.

The unit time rate includes the following values:

T pc = T about + T in + T obsl + T from,

where T about - the main (technological) time, min; T in - auxiliary time, min; T obsl - time of service of the workplace, min; T from - time of breaks for rest and natural needs, min.

The main (technological) time T about is called the time during which the shape and dimensions of the workpiece change. The main time can be:

a) machine, if the change in shape and size is carried out on a machine without direct physical action of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with an automatic feed of the grinding head;

b) machine-manual, if the change in shape and size is carried out on the equipment with the direct participation of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with manual feed of the grinding headstock;

c) manual, if the change in the shape and size of the part is done manually by the worker, for example, locksmith work - scraping, filing the surface, etc.

The main machine time for grinding by the method of multiple passes is calculated by the formula

The main machine time when grinding by the plunge method is determined by the formula

In these formulas, the following designations are adopted: l is the length of the stroke of the working table when grinding this part, mm; q - side allowance, mm; n is the number of revolutions of the part per minute; s pr - longitudinal feed per one revolution of the part, mm / rev; s pp - transverse feed per one stroke of the table (cutting depth), mm / stroke or mm / min, with plunge-cut grinding;

K - the coefficient taking into account the time for the spark output is taken from 1.1 to 1.5. The length of the working stroke l when grinding with a longitudinal feed is determined by the formula l = l d - (1-2m) * B, where l d is the length of the grinding surface in the direction of the longitudinal feed, mm; m - overrun of the circle beyond the limits of the ground surface in fractions of the height of the circle; B - circle height, mm. If it is necessary to determine the number of double table strokes in min n dx, then it is necessary to find the minute longitudinal feed and the length of the working stroke, and then use the formula

where s pr - longitudinal feed for one revolution of the part; n d is the number of revolutions of the part. In turn, between the reverse feed s pr mm / rev and the feed in fractions of the height of the circle s d for one revolution of the part, there is a dependence s pr = s d B.

Substituting the indicated values ​​into the formula, for s m we get:

s m = s pr * n d = s d * B * n d mm / min.

When determining the number of revolutions of a part, when its diameter and rotation speed are known, use the formula

where v d is the rotation speed of the part, m / min;

d d - part diameter, mm.

Auxiliary time T at is the time spent on various techniques used in performing the main work and repeated with each workpiece, that is, for feeding the workpiece to the machine, for installing, aligning and clamping the workpiece, unclamping and removing the part, controlling the machine, control measurements of the part.

Auxiliary time is determined by timing. There are guides that indicate auxiliary times for various cases of parts processing.

According to the experimental research institute of metal-cutting machine tools (ENIMS), the auxiliary time is distributed approximately as follows:

For the supply of workpieces to the machine 5-10%

For installation, fastening, unfastening and removal of the part 15-25%

For machine control, including manual feed (retract) of the grinding head 35-50%

On the measurement of the part on the machine 20-40%

The auxiliary time should be reduced through the use of high-speed devices, mechanization and automation of monitoring and control of the machine. The shorter the off time, the better the machine will be used.

Workplace maintenance time T obsl is the time that a worker spends on caring for a workplace throughout the shift. It includes the time for changing the tool (grinding wheel), which, according to ENIMS data, is 5-7% of the total amount of time spent on adjusting and adjusting the machine during operation, for dressing the grinding wheel with diamond or diamond substitutes, amounting to 5-10% of the total cost of working time, for removing chips during work, for laying out and cleaning the cutting and auxiliary tools at the beginning and at the end of the shift, for lubricating and cleaning the machine.

To reduce the time for maintenance, it is essential to reduce the time for dressing, achieved by using diamond mandrels, pencils, plates, rollers, disks, automatic devices for giving commands for dressing and automation of dressing (auto-adjusting machines).

Time for rest and breaks from work for natural needs is determined for the entire shift. The time for servicing the workplace and for natural needs is set as a percentage of the operational time, that is, to the sum of T o + T in.

Based on the study of the experience of grinders, it was found that the main time spent from 30 to 75% of the total working time. The rest is auxiliary time, time for servicing the workplace, natural needs and preparatory and final time.

With a decrease in T in, T obsl, T from, T pz, T pc and T pc decreases, labor productivity increases.

Having calculated all the components of the time norm T about, T in, T obsl, T from, T pz and knowing the batch of simultaneously processed parts, determine T pc.

Knowing T pcs and the number of hours of work per shift, you can set the production rate per shift:

where 480 is the number of minutes in a shift with an 8-hour working day.

From these formulas it can be seen that the less the time rate T pcs, the greater the output per hour and shift. With well-organized work, the workers fulfill and overfulfill the output standards, which leads to the fulfillment and overfulfillment of the production plan and to an increase in labor productivity.

In addition to the calculation and technical norms of time, in the unit production they use experimental and statistical norms of time. Such norms are obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the actual time spent on the entire operation. These time norms do not take into account all the possibilities for increasing labor productivity, and therefore it is not recommended to use them.