Basic erp modules. ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. Customer Relationship and Interaction Management

When financial resources were added to the resources taken into account in planning, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) appeared - enterprise resource planning. The difference between MRP II and ERP concepts is that the former is production-oriented and the latter is business-oriented. For example, the terms of the customer's credit for shipment finished products come to the attention of ERP, but not MRP II. OLAP toolkit, decision support tools - ERP accessories, but not MRP / MRP II-systems.

ERP is an accounting-centric information system for identifying and planning across the enterprise the resources needed to accept, manufacture, ship, and post customer orders. An ERP system differs from a typical MRP II system in technical requirements such as a graphical user interface, a relational database, the use of fourth-generation language and advanced computer-aided design software, client / server architecture, and open system mobility. ERP-systems automate the internal activities of the enterprise (back-office).

Since the second half of the 90s, there has been a need for the development of ERP systems, including tools for automating functions facing outward (front-office). As a result, CRM (Customer Relations Management) and SCM (Supply Chain Management) systems appeared - management of relations with customers and suppliers, respectively.

CRM (customer relationship management) is an enterprise resource management methodology focused on sales and customer relationship. In a more general sense, it is the management of individual functions of the sales forces and technologies for automating these functions (for example, HelpDesk).

The CSRP (Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) concept is aimed at expanding the functionality in organizing the sphere of interaction between the enterprise and its customers. Corporate resources covered by the CSRP system serve such stages of production activities as designing a future product taking into account specific customer requirements, warranty and service.

ERP II-systems (Enterprise Resource and Relationship Processing) is the development of ERP systems, management of internal resources and external relations of the enterprise. The interconnection of all subsystems is shown in Figure 10.2.

Figure 10.2. The relationship between the planning and resource management subsystems of the enterprise

6. Classification of erp systems

There are quite a lot of classification features by which both domestic and Western ERP systems can be divided. These include:

functionality (first of all, the difference is manifested in the presence or absence of a production control module);

the scale of the enterprise to which the solution is oriented;

the cost of the system implementation project (licenses and services);

terms of implementation;

used software and hardware platform (technical platform, operating system, DBMS server);

Availability industry solutions(it is advisable to use it for ERP systems with a production module) and a number of others.

In this regard, the most interesting is the classification of systems based on integral indicators. In accordance with this classification, all systems can be conditionally divided into 3 groups.

1)Local systems... As a rule, they are designed to automate activities in one or two areas. Often they can be a so-called "boxed" product. The cost of such solutions ranges from several thousand to several tens of thousands of dollars.

2)Financial and management systems... Such systems have much greater functionality, but their distinguishing feature is the absence of production modules. And if in the first category only Russian systems are represented, then here the ratio of Russian and Western is approximately equal. The timing of the introduction of such systems can fluctuate around the year, and the cost can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars.

3)Medium and large integrated systems... The difference between these systems is rather arbitrary and consists in the presence or absence of sectoral solutions, depending on the scale of the enterprise, including its territorial distribution. The terms of implementation of such systems can be several years, and the cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several tens of millions of dollars. It should be noted that these systems are designed primarily to improve the efficiency of management of large enterprises and corporations. In this case, the requirements of accounting or personnel accounting fade into the background.

Table 10.1 lists some of those available on domestic market Russian and Western systems, which to one degree or another can be attributed to ERP systems.

Table 10.1. Characteristics of ERP systems

Product name	Manufacturer	Short description
		SAP is the undisputed leader in terms of sales of this class of software in Russia. The company holds about 40% of the entire Russian market for ERP systems. The R / 3 system belongs to the class of large integrated systems and includes modules that significantly expand the scope of a traditional ERP system. The cost of a solution for 50 workplaces is approximately $ 350 thousand. The cost of implementation is at least equal to the cost of licenses, and most often several times higher. The implementation time depends on the required functionality... For Russian enterprises it averages a year or two. One of the most comprehensive projects for the implementation of the R / 3 system was carried out at the Omsk oil refinery
Oracle Applications		The position of Oracle in Russia is significantly weaker than that of its main competitor. However, in the 2000 Manufacturing Systems' Rambler's Top100 rating, Oracle Applications surpassed financial performance R / 3 and took first place. The lag in Russia can be partly explained by the fact that this decision entered the domestic market much later. The cost of the solution based on Oracle Applications is slightly lower than on the basis of R / 3 (no specific figures were given in the open press). The lead time for Oracle Applications and R / 3 is roughly the same. Among the most well-known Oracle Applications implementation projects, one can note the project implemented at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works.

Continuation of table. 10.1

Product name	Manufacturer	Short description
		This is a Western ERP system present on the Russian market. The class of the system is the same as that of the previous two. The cost of a named license (for one specific user) is $ 3000, the cost of a concurrent license (regardless of the number of employees, it only indicates restrictions on concurrent connection to the database) is $ 6000. Implementation in Russia is 1-3 times more expensive than the cost of licenses. An example of implementation - "Nizhpharm"
		ERP-class system for enterprises with a process (continuous) type of production. Fully localized, successfully implemented in Russia since 1998. In the world - 3500 completed implementations, there are implementations in Russia (Mary Kay, Alcoa CSI Vostok, etc.). Low cost and implementation time
		This system belongs to the class of medium-sized integrated systems. Has quite a lot of implementations at food industry enterprises in Russia. Among them is the Voronezh Confectionery Factory
	Damgaard Data Int.	An ERP class system designed for the automation of medium and large industrial and commercial enterprises. It is the first ERP system to be fully web-based. An example of system implementation is RUSSO (Russian Shirts) holding. The total number of jobs installed is 30. The cost of implementation can be estimated at several hundred thousand dollars
		ERP-system for large and medium-sized enterprises with a discrete type of production. 5200 completed implementations in the world, 8 - in Russia. Fully localized. According to various experts, the system is one of the strongest solutions for discrete industries (mechanical engineering, light industry, automotive, electronics, etc.) *
	Corporation "Parus"	Belongs to the class of financial and management systems. From the point of view of production, it has the ability to account and the simplest planning. Traditionally, the position of the corporation in budgetary organizations is very strong

The end of the table. 10.1

Product name	Manufacturer	Short description
"GALAXY"	Corporation "Galaxy"	This system is the leader among Russian systems enterprise management. According to some estimates, its share is about 40% of all Russian suppliers. In terms of sales, the system is second only to R / 3. The implementation period strongly depends on the selected functionality and the scale of the enterprise. For example, the implementation of 100 jobs at Russian Product OJSC took about one and a half years.
BOSS-Corporation	IT Co.	Integration of accounting functions with the production system will allow this product to accelerate the transition to the class of medium-sized integrated systems. Of the most successful projects a project to create a financial management system at the Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter is noted
"1C: Production"	Company 1C	Although the products of the 1C company belong to the class local systems, this system cannot be ignored. In its class, 1C occupies a leading position, far ahead of competitors. As part of 1C products, there is also the 1C: Production system, which allows solving problems to a certain extent production accounting and planning

As you can see from this table, the range of possible solutions is quite large. It should be noted that modern ERP systems are characterized by the development of new functionalities associated with going beyond the traditional framework of optimization and automation of transactional processes within the enterprise. This mainly concerns the automation of supply chains (the so-called Supply Chain Management procedures, SCM - supply chain management) and customer relationships (Customer Relationship Management, CRM - customer relationship management). At the same time, the traditional control loop inherent in an ERP system is now called back-office applications (or internal system), and extensions directed "outward" of the enterprise are called front-office applications.

Control questions and tasks for topic 10

What tasks are assigned to corporate IP?

What are the requirements for the development and implementation of corporate information systems?

List the main tasks of MRP systems.

What are the functions of MRP II systems?

Describe the MRP II processes.

What tasks does the ERP system perform?

What is the difference between MRP II and ERP systems?

What subsystems provide support for working with customers and suppliers?

Give the classification of ERP systems.

What ERP systems do you know? Give them a brief description.

In English, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) means "enterprise resource management." The ERP system is designed to plan the company resources required for production, procurement and sales.

The principle of operation of the ERP system is based on the creation, filling and use of a single database, which includes information necessary for all departments of the enterprise: accounting, supply departments, personnel, etc.

The functionality of ERP systems differs, however, there are functions that are common for all software products:

1. Development of production and sales plans.
2. Maintaining technological specifications that provide operations and resources required for the production of a particular product.
3. Determination and planning of requirements for the production of components and materials, costs and timing for the implementation of the plan.
4. Management of purchases and stocks.
5. Management of production resources at various scales: from an enterprise or a separate workshop to a specific machine.
6. Financial management of the enterprise, management, accounting and tax accounting.
7. Project management.

In comparison with other software solutions, the ERP system has a number of advantages:

Creation of a unified information environment that greatly facilitates and optimizes the work of departments and management.
The ability to distribute access rights among employees of any departments, from the head to the junior manager of the sales department.
A wide range of solutions for organizations of various types and sizes.
The ability to manage several departments, enterprises, concerns, corporations.
Compatibility with various software products and platforms, high reliability, flexibility, scalability.
The ability to integrate with systems and applications already in use at the enterprise, in particular, with design automation systems, technological process management, sales, and document management.

Along with other systems that automate production, ERP greatly simplifies the process of enterprise management, resource allocation and sales planning.

When you need an ERP system

At the first stages of the company's existence, there are no special needs for automation: all documents are developed using conventional office programs, and in order to get this or that information, the manager only needs to call the employee. Gradually, the number of documents, the number of employees, the volume of operations is growing, and there is a need to create repositories and organize data.

In an enterprise operating without ERP, all documents are often stored haphazardly, which significantly complicates management. It is also common for some systems to be installed, but they work exclusively for a specific department.

In the accounting department, the personnel department, procurement and other departments, their own databases appear, the workflow between which is difficult. This directly affects the efficiency of work: in order to find out this or that information in the HR department, the accountant has to make a request for e-mail or call up with a personnel officer.

Effective management, optimization of the resources of the entire enterprise and, finally, increasing the productivity of various departments in such conditions is impossible to achieve.

ERP system - optimal choice for enterprises of any size, groups of companies, firms with geographically distributed branches.
ERP system:

significantly speeds up document flow between departments
allows an employee with certain rights to get instant access to information
makes it possible to effectively manage the work of remote branches and employees.

Also, various accounting programs are often offered as alternatives, created exclusively for the formation of financial and tax reporting.

It is quite easy to distinguish ERP from other systems. ERP system:

integrates databases and tasks of ALL departments of the enterprise: from accounting and work with clients to production and logistics;
can help in performing any tasks of the enterprise;
allows you to create a unified information environment.

The main task of the ERP system is to optimize the management of ALL enterprise resources, regardless of the form in which they are presented. This is a unified system that includes solutions for accounting, engineering department, supply department, personnel, warehouse, etc.

Such different ERPs

At the moment, there are two main concepts of ERP systems. These are ERP and ERP II.

The first is understood as software that allows organizing the work of an enterprise of any type and covering all production processes.

ERP II is a specialized management system that takes into account the key features of an enterprise. It is developed taking into account the tasks that need to be solved by a company of a certain size, type of activity, form.

There is a huge number of ready-made software developments specializing in small firms, manufacturing enterprises, companies operating in the service sector, trade organizations, etc. There are ERP systems designed for one standard enterprise, firms with geographically remote branches, and even a multinational company.

ERP systems can have different structures. In particular, in recent times The most popular is cloud ERP - more convenient, scalable and easy to use for small and medium businesses.

How to Avoid Unnecessary ERP Costs with Class365 Online Program

The implementation of a full-featured ERP system in small and medium-sized organizations may not be cost-effective, both due to the high cost and long period implementation.

To automate the processes of a small company and avoid high costs, you can use the online program Klass365. The online service allows you to automate the work of a warehouse, retail outlets, and customer relationships. In the program, you will also be able to manage all financial flows. This solution is optimal for wholesale and retail trade enterprises, companies providing services, engaged in online sales.

The online solution is beneficial for the manager, since he does not need to train additional staff. The program, despite its wide functionality, is surprisingly simple and employees will be able to master it on their own in no more than 15 minutes. In addition, the company does not have to squeeze into a tight budget to purchase a standard licensed application.

More and more enterprises of various sizes around the world are striving to implement a powerful management tool known as an ERP system in their work. Its use is intended to establish effective control and planning of all strategically important for the organization of business processes, to optimize the functioning of the main production and auxiliary facilities.

ERP and ERP systems

Business strategy ERP (EntERPrise Resource Planning) is the integration of all divisions and processes of the organization: production facilities, financial, HR and customer profile and many others. Such a combination is primarily aimed at optimizing the distribution of various resources within the enterprise.

If earlier it was a purely marketing concept, today an ERP system is most often understood as a class of specialized software. In a broad sense, it is a methodology for planning and managing all the resources of an enterprise. Historically, the ERP strategy was formed on the basis of its predecessors:

MRP - Material Requirements Planning.
MRP II - Production Resource Planning.

In contrast, an ERP system can be used for very large enterprises, often geographically distributed. In this case, we are talking about planning corporate resources, since she pays attention not only to production, but also to comprehensive financial planning. An essential feature of the ERP-system is also the possibility of its application in absolutely any enterprise, regardless of the specifics of the work, including those who are not engaged in production activities. Considering it as it should be noted the equipment with a more powerful complex technical means facilitating or replacing the decision-making process.

Purpose of the ERP system in the enterprise

In order to decide on radical changes in the activities of their company, associated with the introduction of an information management system and the implementation of a new business strategy, management must clearly understand the need for this step, which should be expressed in the following key points:

unwillingness to accept the current state of affairs;
existence of a need to use modern technologies to strengthen the position of a business entity in the market in a competitive environment;
expecting to receive significant benefits from the implementation.

First of all, the use of an ERP system is designed to facilitate successful implementation a similar business strategy, the execution of which should ensure effective planning and management of enterprise resources. To do this, it is necessary to optimize the work of its departments, namely to achieve maximum consistency between them and reduce administrative costs... This can be achieved through the benefits provided by the information system. It:

Increasing the transparency of business processes.
Solving problems with organizing and finding the information you need.
Improving the reliability and relevance of data.
Increase the speed of document flow between departments.
Organization of a single information space between the head office and remote branches.
Reducing the time for filling out documentation and getting rid of possible mistakes.
Increasing the speed of decision making at all levels.

The ERP system provides an increase in the competitiveness of an object not only by introducing more efficient business processes into its work. Its use should also lead to a reduction in the overall costs of the enterprise. Advanced planning, modeling and analysis tools help optimize production resources, financial sphere, as well as the work of warehouse, transport and other departments.

Main features of work

In different companies, even dealing with the same business, all business processes can proceed in completely different ways. The standardized scheme of work offered by an enterprise management information system can differ significantly from the one used here before. For this reason, it is fundamentally incorrect to consider it only as a software product, since its implementation requires large-scale internal changes in the form of reorganization of existing business processes.

The conceptual features of these systems are directly related to their essence. Recall that the ERP methodology involves the consolidation of all vital divisions of the enterprise for the organization. effective management its resources. Such a combination is implemented within the information system through the presence of a single publicly available database. Information is entered into the warehouse only once, and subsequently can be repeatedly processed and used by various internal and external consumers. Compared with real life, in this case, there is a reduction in the time and effort of employees of the enterprise for decision-making. It should also be noted that the ERP system is not an automated management system. technological processes, but an integrated informational one, based on their abstract model, information into which is entered by living people.

Database structure, like work software package in general, it should be arranged in such a way as to reflect the activities of all departments, without exception. This approach makes it possible to monitor the total set of resources and business processes of the enterprise in almost real time, and therefore to carry out operational and strategic management by them.

One of the main tasks of ERP systems is to optimize the planning process and control over the implementation of the plan. Built-in intelligent algorithms greatly simplify its solution for its users. For example, planning and management manufacturing enterprise has many specific features associated with the heterogeneity of its constituent parts. So, at one plant there can be workshops that work both continuously and discretely. From this point of view, the implemented ERP-class system should be universal and contain a wide range of specialized modules.

Since modern enterprises today are often geographically distributed, it is very important that branches remote from the main office are provided with full access to common information.This is implemented by the most advanced network technologies involved in the development of ERP systems, which also provide for the differentiation of user access rights to their information.

Functionality of ERP-class systems

Speaking about functions, we must not forget that any ERP-class product is an enterprise management system as a whole. The range of its capabilities will primarily depend on the scale and characteristics of the facility for the needs of which it is used. Consider the classic feature set:

Production

Maintaining design and technological specifications of manufactured goods or services performed in order to determine the amount of required materials and labor costs.
Drawing up production plans.
Planning and management of the technical capacities of the enterprise in various approximations: from individual units to workshop and production associations.

Finance

Operational accounting, financial, management, tax accounting and controlling.
Management of enterprise assets, including fixed assets, securities, bank accounts, etc.
Comprehensive planning of the enterprise and control of its results.

Logistics

Formation of planned indicators of the required volumes of materials, raw materials, parts, components in accordance with production plans.
Supply and sales management: accounting of contractors, maintaining a register of contracts, supply chain management, implementation of warehouse planning and accounting.

Personnel

Managing the recruitment process.
Operational personnel and time records, maintenance staffing table, salary calculation.
Workforce planning.

Maintaining sales plans.
Management of pricing in various types of markets in order to form an adequate general strategy of the enterprise, a transparent policy for calculating the cost of goods: taking into account discounts and special conditions of sale.
Planning and control of ongoing advertising and marketing activities.

Projects. Reporting

Providing a wide selection of standardized accounting, financial and management reporting forms, as well as a flexible mechanism for creating custom.
Drawing up an overall strategy: step-by-step planning necessary for the successful implementation of the deadlines, material, financial and human resources.
Monitoring of the main indicators of the project implementation.

Which enterprises can use their ERP systems

At first glance, it may seem that systems of this class are intended exclusively for large industries, since they are more characterized by the high complexity of the structure of resource flows and processes. different types... However, there are situations where a small enterprise may not be enough to use MRP classes or MRP II. Today on the market you can buy software products with various capabilities. Depending on the scale of the enterprise, where they can be effectively used, heavy, medium and light solutions are distinguished.

As for non-production organizations, ERP class systems are applicable for them as well. For such enterprises, there will be enough and not too broad functionality. At the moment, there are small integrated or local varieties of systems that can meet the needs of trading companies or organizations working in the service sector. It should also be noted that many developers offer their customers and industry products.

About classification methods

The most obvious criterion by which all ERP enterprise management systems can be classified is the scale of the organization where they can be applied. From this point of view, depending on the number of jobs, it is customary to allocate solutions for:

Large corporations (over 10 thousand people).
Medium corporations (from 1,000 to 10,000 people).
Medium enterprises (from 100 to 1,000 people).
Small businesses (less than 100 people).

An important feature of the systematization of such information products is functionality. Depending on the scope of tasks performed, there is the following generally accepted division into:

Large integrated.
Medium integrated.
Financial and management.
Local.

The on-premises option is usually a unified, narrow-focused, boxed information product with a relatively low total cost. Most often, it covers one or more blocks in the field of finance of an organization or its accounting activities. Such systems are suitable for small manufacturing or trading companies.

Integrated information systems, depending on the scale of the target, can be medium or large. They cover all business processes corporate structures, namely interaction with suppliers and consumers, production final product, material and financial flows, personnel relations, procurement, storage and distribution, project implementation and many others.

Modern ERP systems market

All software products presented on the domestic market today can be divided into two main categories: Russian and imported. The differences between them lie not only in the place of creation, but also in functionality.

Powerful Western developments serve as benchmarks for what is commonly called ERP systems. The clearest examples of such are the products of SAP, Oracle, PeopleSof, SAGE, Baan, Microsoft Business Solution. All of them can be applied to target objects of any level, including very large ones. However, their use by Russian companies can often be difficult due to the possible occurrence of the following problems:

Unreadiness of enterprises for a serious reorganization of existing business processes. The scale of such changes is difficult to exaggerate. The business processes of foreign enterprise management systems are fundamentally different from those that are commonly used in our country.
Insufficient number of specialists capable of implementing an import ERP system implementation project in Russia with the proper level of quality.
The high cost of using such solutions.

Despite the general lag behind Western counterparts, modern Russian developments are gradually increasing their functionality. They are fully adapted to the work of domestic enterprises. And they can be successfully implemented if in a particular case a wide coverage of business processes is not required, but it is enough just to establish accounting for some areas of activity using an ERP system. Examples of advanced domestic developments are the products of 1C and Galaktika.

Looking Ahead - ERP II

The ERP II concept, which appeared some time ago, is the result of an improvement in the ERP methodology. Enterprise resource planning and management remain a major challenge here. However, the rapid development of the Internet, which initiated the emergence of a new methodology, left its mark, making traditional business partly electronic. ERP II is a combination of the classic enterprise management system with specific solutions for network commerce.

It has now become extremely important to interact with your counterparties over the network. For this, there are two important areas: and customer relations. Intrafirm information ceases to be just such, goes out into the external environment and becomes the basis for cooperation with other business entities. The new concept in this case is formulated as the management of resources and external relations of the enterprise. In addition to the conceptual reorientation, ERP II systems received their own technological features.

Solution to the issue of choosing a system

Choice software this level is an extremely responsible process. An incorrectly made decision on this issue, especially for large-scale projects, can entail impressive time and money in the absence of the expected result.

Effective implementation of a large-scale system, which, for example, must ensure effective management of a manufacturing enterprise, will necessarily require it to reengineer its business processes. It is important not to allow a situation in which, upon completion of the program implementation procedure, it would collect unused data or would not solve the necessary tasks. For this reason, it is better to invite a team of experts who have proven themselves in this matter for cooperation.

There is a list of criteria on the basis of which the project team, in agreement with the administration of the target company, can make an optimal, cost-effective decision on the choice of a software product:

Compliance of the technical and functional capabilities of the system with the main goals of the enterprise.
The total cost of ownership must fit within the budget allocated for this purpose. In addition to the costs of purchasing the system, this includes operating and other indirect costs.
The implemented ERP-class information system must comply with all generally accepted technical requirements, which means it must be scalable, reliable, resistant to possible failures, and have anti-virus and anti-hacker protection means.
The vendor must ensure that the software installed is maintained and supported.

ERP systems implementation process

The implementation of ERP systems at enterprises accompanies the implementation of strategies of the same name on them. This procedure, depending on the size of the target, usually lasts from several weeks to several years. An organization can implement the implementation on its own or use the help of companies specializing in this. The main stages of this process can be distinguished:

Primary organization. Here it is necessary to define strategic goals, objectives and outline the expected effect of implementation for a specific organization. Based on this data, it will be possible to draw up a technical project plan.
Project development. At this stage, an analysis of the current activities of the organization takes place: strategies for its promotion, business processes. Based on its results, a model of the system is built, and the corresponding refinements are made to the work plan.
Project execution. Since the rules for conducting business processes are dictated by the ERP system being implemented, here they are transformed according to unified requirements. If necessary, the development of reporting forms and algorithms for transferring data from previously used accounting programs is carried out. If at the previous stages the lack of functions of the system for the object is revealed, its revision is carried out. In conclusion, user training and preliminary testing are carried out.
Start-up. In the process of use, possible errors and malfunctions are identified and eliminated.

An ERP-class management system today is not just a copy of expensive software installed on all computers in an organization, but also the main driving force of a promising business strategy. Its choice should be based on the existing needs and capabilities of the target object. The further success of the entire business as a whole depends on the correctness of the decision made and the implementation of the steps of subsequent implementation.

In the early 90s. analytical company Gartner Group has introduced a new concept. Systems class MRPII in integration with the module financial planning FRP (Finance Requirements Planning) were named ERP enterprise resource planning systems (EnterpriseResourcePlanning). It is an enterprise resource planning system that assumes:

forecasting;
project and program management;
maintaining information about products and technologies;
management of costs, finances, personnel, etc.

An ERP system project is a whole business reorganization project.

ERP systems are based on the principle of creating a single repository (repository) of data containing all corporate business information:

financial information;
production data;
personnel data
and etc.

ERP system Is a set of integrated applications that allow you to create an integrated information space to automate planning, accounting, control and analysis of all major business operations of an enterprise.

The following main functional blocks are implemented in ERP systems.

Sales and production planning. The result of the block is the development of a production plan for the main types of products.
Demand management. This block is designed to predict future demand for products, determine the volume of orders that can be offered to the client at a specific point in time, determine the demand of distributors, demand within the enterprise, etc.
Aggregated capacity planning. It is used to concretize production plans and determine the degree of their feasibility.
Basic production plan (production schedule). Products are defined in final units (products) with production times and quantities.
Material requirements planning. The types of material resources (prefabricated units, finished units, purchased products, raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.) and specific delivery times for the fulfillment of the plan are determined.
Product specification. Determines the composition of the final product, the material resources required for its manufacture, etc. In fact, the specification is the link between the main production plan and the plan for material requirements.
Planning capacity requirements. At this stage of planning, production capacity is determined in more detail than at the previous levels.
Routing / work centers. With the help of this block, both the production capacities of various levels and the routes according to which the products are manufactured are concretized.
Checking and adjusting shop capacity plans.
Management of purchases, stocks, sales.
Financial management (general ledger, accounts receivable and payable, fixed asset accounting, cash management, planning financial activities and etc.).
Cost management (accounting for all costs of the enterprise and calculating the cost of finished products or services).
Project / program management.

The most common ERP systems in Russia:

SAP R / 3
Oracle Applications
Galaxy
Sail
1C: Enterprise 8
Dynamics Ax
Cognos
Navision Attain and Navision Axapta

The main differences between ERP systems and MRPII are as follows.

Support for various types of production (assembly, processing, etc.) and types of activities of enterprises and organizations (for example, ERP systems can be installed not only on industrial enterprises, but also in service organizations - banks, insurance and trading companies, etc.).
Resource planning support for different directions the activities of the enterprise (and not just the production of products).
ERP-systems are focused on managing a "virtual enterprise" (reflecting the interaction of production, suppliers, partners and consumers) within the IP.
In ERP systems, more attention is paid to financial subsystems.
Added mechanisms for managing transnational corporations.
Increased requirements for infrastructure (Internet / intranet), scalability (up to several thousand users), flexibility, reliability and performance of software and various platforms.
Requirements for the integration of ERP systems with applications already used by the enterprise have been increased
More attention is paid to software decision support and tools for integrating with data warehouses (sometimes included in the ERP system as a new module).
A number of ERP systems have developed advanced customization (configuration) tools, integration with other applications and adaptation (including those used dynamically during the operation of systems).

The advantages of ERP systems also include:

Integration of various activities of the company
Enterprise resource planning processes are cross-functional, forcing the firm to move beyond traditional, functional and local boundaries.
Data previously stored on various heterogeneous systems are now integrated into a single system .

By 2010, the EU countries should become the most dynamically developing, competitive region, which is part of the global information community. It - strategic goal program "Electronic Europe" (e-Europe), which should provide:

cheap, safe and fast Internet;
sufficient investment in IT education for the population;
massive use of the Internet in all spheres of human life.

Integration of ERP systems and systems ecommerce allows you to implement the B4B concept:

The opportunity for the buyer to complete the products he needs through the e-commerce system himself.

Those. the issue is not in the organization of the production itself - it is easily solved with the help of ERP-systems.

Under class systemsERPII is understood as a WEB application integrated with the main ERP application of the enterprise and implements a kind of front-office to the traditional ERP system.

The system can belong to the ERPII class if the front-office and back-office are a single whole.

ERP-2 = ERP + CRM + SCM + PLM

CRM class systems:

Explanation of the abbreviation CRM (Customer Relationships Management) speaks for itself, customer relationship management is a task that a CRM system solves.

Functional composition of CRM class systems:

sales functionality (contact management, customers);
sales management functionality (forecasting, cycle analysis, fixed and custom reporting);
telephone sales functionality;
time management (individual \ group);
customer service support (HelpDesk);
(management of marketing companies);
reports for senior management;
integration with ERP;
synchronization with various devices and systems;
e-commerce functionality;
mobile sales (work with the system outside the office).

Advantages of using CRM class systems:

increase in sales;
increase in the percentage of "successful" transactions;
increase in margin;
increasing customer satisfaction;
reduced administrative costs for sales and marketing.

Other advantages of using systems of this class:

Customer requirements are not forgotten.
Data on failed and former clients and the reasons for refusals are not lost.

Example: 3 months ago, a client canceled a loan due to a high interest rate. But the rate was lowered a week ago. Now the conditions may suit him.

Duplication of actions by employees of each other is excluded

Example: today there is no manager dealing with the client. Another picks up the phone. There is no need to tell everything from the beginning.

Customer communication data is retained.

Example: a client is a member of an association ... If the service suits him, why not offer it to the rest of the association.

The sales plan can be easily drawn up and adjusted by the management according to the data of the managers' reports.
The individual work plan of managers can be drawn up "from the achieved".
Monitoring reports allows you to analyze the work of managers, eliminating the problem of the "black box" and assess the effectiveness of their work (the amount of contracts concluded for the period)
Bottlenecks are reduced

SCM class systems:

SCM (supplychainmanagement) — automated systems supply chain management.

The main task is to improve the efficiency of logistics. It allows

estimate delivery costs,
effectively manage the transportation of goods and choose the most optimal route and the most suitable contractor for order execution.
assess the need for forecasting costs for each delivery of goods and in the system for its execution.
optimize supply processes, as there are usually many shipping and sorting points (warehouses, branches) and they are spread out in space.
ensure the quality of delivery, speed and predictability.

Other tasks solved by systems of the SCM class:

The most profitable partners and conditions are selected, which in general gives the necessary savings.
The opportunities for abuse are reduced due to the greater transparency of the relationship with the customer.
Guaranteed quality attracts new dealers.
The turnover of inventory increases, while the need for own funds, vendor credits and bank cash credits.

An SCM class system can be used:

for production;
for distribution companies;
for the store;
for logistics organizations;
for transport organizations.

With the help of SCM, it is possible to change the situation when an analysis of all delivery costs by a contractor or by any route shows that it is unprofitable, and the company continues to use it.

Other classes of support systems for the production and commercial cycle:

PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) - product lifecycle management;
PDM (Product Data Management) - production data management systems.
APS (Advanced Planning / Scheduling) - planning system development; advanced scheduling of production orders.

The total sales of heavy software (ERP and ERP-like systems) and related consulting at the implementation stage exceeded USD 90 million-USD 100 million (according to various estimates). 1/3 of this volume comes from the sale of licenses

In recent years, ERP systems have become the standard in all areas of business. Today there is no unambiguous generally accepted definition of ERP. You can find different definitions of this class of solutions, as well as many synonyms: integrated enterprise management systems (ISMS), automated enterprise management systems (AMS).

Let's try to answer the question: "ERP - what is it and what is it for?"

What is an ERP system

ERP stands for Enterprise Resources Planning, that is, “ enterprise resource planning". The Russian translation of the abbreviation does not help to immediately understand the essence of the term, so let's turn to history.

The spread of personal computers in the 80-90s of the last century opened up wide opportunities for business for automation. Software solutions have replaced manual labor and on paper in accounting tasks, warehouse accounting, document flow, monitoring of the operation of technological equipment.

Important features of the new approach are not only the translation of data into digital, new opportunities for the transmission and analysis of information, but also the integration of data streams of different nature. Now top management and heads of areas have received a complete picture of the enterprise's work, the ability to analyze the production load, warehouse stocks and financial flows. Based on these data, more balanced decisions were made, and it became possible to efficiently plan resources.

This approach to organization information systems at the enterprise received the name ERP, and applied solutions for its implementation began to be called EPR-systems. Perhaps this is the simplest and most comprehensive answer to the frequently asked question: “CRM, ERP - what is it?”.

You will be surprised, but accounting automation programs, project management, HR applications - all these are components of an ERP system, its basic functions. Customer relationship management systems, or CRMs, are also part of ERP.

However, today listed functional systems refer to ERP infrequently. This is because accounting, project management, CRM and some other functions have become popular as independent software modules. Indeed, many companies use only electronic accounting, and the rest of the data is simply entered into Excel.

Arguing about whether accounting and CRM should be classified as ERP or treated as separate solutions is a thankless task. Let's leave it to market analysts. Obviously, the trend towards automation is increasing every year. The listed systems will only gain popularity: license sales and implementation services will increase.

Why Implement ERP?

ERP systems help solve monitoring and planning tasks... In addition, they speed up the work of each department and specific employees. Here are the results of some ERP implementations:

top management can at any time get an idea of the current situation or analyze the company's activities for a selected period;
the time spent on routine operations has been reduced by an order of magnitude, as well as the risks associated with the human factor;
the company received a logical and transparent document flow;
each employee and manager owns information (and only really necessary information).

ERP systems immediately reduce the cost of maintaining production and business processes... In the long term, the positive effect is achieved due to the fact that strategic decisions are made more carefully. A business without an ERP system can be compared to a driver who drives a car with his eyes closed.

The enterprise resource management system is not only the driver's vision, but also the summary data of all devices recorded and accounted for in unified system... ERP is the control of the interaction of engine mechanisms and systems in time, thanks to which the driver can easily determine when to slow down and where to accelerate to achieve maximum results.

Feasibility of implementing ERP systems

If ERP systems are so good, then the question is natural: why today not all enterprises have carried out total informatization, and many are generally limited only to electronic accounting?

The reason is as follows. For an ERP system to be effective, it must take into account the business processes of the enterprise as clearly as possible. Some companies simply cannot formalize their business processes due to a low business culture. Others find it difficult to decide on any changes in their activities, especially if "everything works anyway."

In any case, the process of implementing individual ERPs is slow and expensive. In addition to money, it also requires the time of key managers. And if the wrong logic is embedded in the system, then automation can negatively affect both the company's performance and the morale of employees. That is, when implementing it, it is important to attract experienced and competent specialists. It may be that some companies do better to continue working in Excel.

Types and components of the ERP system

ERP systems as large integrated systems can be classified according to the following criteria:

Universal platforms and industry systems. Industry systems are focused on specific business processes. This means that they either have special modules (for example, for calculating an order in printing houses), or the standard functions in them have their own characteristics (for example, distilleries maintain a parallel inventory of products in terms of alcohol). Universal platforms are rarely sold "as is" because there is no such thing as typical businesses... And they, as a rule, are also being finalized for a specific client and his business processes.
Systems for managing the holding and individual enterprises. Everything is simple here. There are solutions for one business entity and complex systems that integrate and transmit data over a network of enterprises. Regardless of the type of ERP, typical delivery components include software modules that implement the functions of financial management, accounting, customer relationship management (CRM), human resources (HR), sales, supply chain, production and production assets, planning. Frequent ERP functionality is project management. At the top level, modules are created for the top management of the company that aggregate information from the lower levels and from individual departments. This is where management reporting is formed, which helps to make the right decisions. In conclusion, we note that the optimization and control of business processes are an urgent need for any commercial activities... The best proof of the necessity and effectiveness of ERP systems is the positive dynamics that companies that have gone through the path of successful implementation are beginning to demonstrate.