Foreign experience of small business. Foreign experience in the development of entrepreneurship. South Korea: hitech-style small business

After we have examined in detail the characteristics and features of small business in Russia, the experience of foreign countries will be of great interest to us. Against the background of the problems associated with small business in Russia, we have a lot to learn from our Western colleagues.

Small business in Europe is the backbone of the EU's socio-economic development. There are over 20 million small and medium-sized enterprises in the European Union, which account for more than half of the total turnover and added value. The number of employed people in small business in Europe is about 70%. The largest number of small businesses have been established in trade, construction and the food industry. Small business in Europe stimulates the development of competition, "forces" large companies to introduce new technologies and improve production efficiency, the efficiency of the entire EU economy directly depends on successful activities small and medium business. Therefore, within the framework of the European Union, a policy of supporting small businesses is being implemented, the main goal of which is balancing the interests of the state and business, ensuring optimal conditions for entrepreneurial activity, increasing the competitiveness of small businesses. State regulation of small business in Europe is carried out through legislation, development and implementation of targeted programs of financial, technological, informational and personnel assistance to the development of small and medium-sized businesses. To stimulate the development of small businesses, new legal models have been developed (European Joint Stock Company, European Pool of Economic Interests), which allow small enterprises from different countries entering into business relations to effectively solve the problems of disagreements between the legal systems of different states. Small business support policy in Europe is carried out through the activities of states and through special programs that are implemented under the auspices of the European Union. Financing of measures to support small business is carried out from the Structural Funds of the European Union, such as the Regional Development Fund, the Social Fund. Small business in Europe has adapted to the crisis conditions most effectively, being able to maneuver in the market. Small enterprises quickly began to occupy niches that were not interesting to large enterprises, which largely helps European countries to overcome stagnation in the economic sphere.

Small business is a unique mechanism for revitalizing the socio-economic life of American society. The country's small business employs more than 62 million people (50% of all workers in the private sector), which create over 50% of the country's GDP and produce more than 30% of export products. Moreover, over the past 15 years, 64% of all new jobs have been created in the small business sector. The above facts confirm the high importance of small business for ensuring sustainable development of countries. Due to the well-known features of small businesses (limited resources, high adaptability, focus on local markets, etc.), the needs of small businesses are constantly changing depending on their level of development, type of activity, market conditions and the emerging economic situation. To ensure sustainable and harmonious development of small business in the context of constantly changing market conditions, the state continuously provides comprehensive support to this sector of the economy. In accordance with the current procedure in the country, providing for medium-term strategic planning for the further development and improvement of the activities of all government departments, the SBA (Small Independent federal agency government of the United States), has developed another five-year plan for the development of small business in the country for 2008-2013 fiscal years. This document lists the main strategic goals for the further development of small business and the most important directions for improving state support measures to ensure the achievement of these goals. This is due to both the constantly expanding scale of the SBA agency's activities and the special socio-economic importance of the small business sector. For example, over the past 5 years, the agency's loan portfolio has grown by 50%, which has made it possible to significantly expand the volume of assistance to small businesses and more effectively contribute to its all-round development. In this regard, the need arose for significant organizational and technological changes in the work of most structural units agencies. Along with this, the constant improvement of information technologies has led to an increase in the dynamism of economic processes, which, in turn, required an accelerated reaction of the agency to the changes taking place, both in market relations and in the field of small business.

The considered strategic plan for the development of small business for 2008-13. reflects the agency's desire to timely prepare for new challenges initiated by the processes of economic globalization, using the accumulated experience and expanded resource opportunities. The strategic goals of this plan largely inherited the features of previously implemented plans. However, at the current stage, new ways and methods of achieving the set goals are envisaged, which is caused both by changes in the economy and market conditions, and by the desire to develop small businesses in depressed regions of the country. The considered strategic plan for the development of small business is a fundamental document that determines the activities of the SBA agency and provides for the implementation of a set of measures that contribute to the achievement of the following major strategic goals:

1. An increase in the number of small businesses in the country and, especially in depressed areas and underdeveloped markets;
2. Providing timely and effective financial assistance to homeowners, tenants, non-profit organizations and small businesses affected by natural disasters;
3. Improving the business environment for small businesses;
4. Ensuring a high level of management organization in the SBA agency with the aim of effective interaction of all divisions with partner organizations to improve work with clients and to optimize business processes based on raising the professional level of agency employees, improving performance discipline and monitoring the results achieved.

In its plans of work for the period up to 2013, the SBA agency is based on the analysis of the results of the activities of all structural divisions in the implementation of the current programs of entrepreneurship support. Particular attention will be paid to expanding the access of small businesses and numerous partner organizations to all programs of the agency, while increasing the efficiency of procedural and technological operations management in the provision of complex services. An important place in the activities of the SBA agency for the coming period will be occupied by the issues of revitalizing underdeveloped markets and depressed areas through the comprehensive improvement of local small entrepreneurs' access to financial resources and necessary services. Along with this, it is planned to continue work to mitigate excess norms legal regulation business activities that hinder the further development of small businesses and the growth of the number of new enterprises The most important condition for the continued prosperity of small businesses and the increase in employment in this sector of the economy is to reduce the costs of government regulation, help victims of natural disasters, rational spending of taxpayers' funds and expanding business opportunities within the country and abroad. Based on the strategic plan for the development of small business and improving the activities of the SBA agency, a tree of goals is built with an indication of long-term tasks and tactical goals, as well as with the establishment of specific parameters for their implementation for each structural unit and for all implemented activities. Based on this, methods and ways of achieving them are determined, as well as the necessary resource requirements for their implementation for each strategic goal... For example, in the SBA budget for fiscal 2008, a total of $ 703.2 billion was allocated to ensure the implementation of the strategic plan for the development of small businesses.

As part of the implementation of each long-term task, a list of tactical goals is determined to be achieved by various structural divisions of the SBA. At the same time, responsible performers and co-performers are established to ensure the fulfillment of long-term tasks and the achievement of the outlined strategic goals. It should be noted that the achievement of all the set goals and objectives is possible only by ensuring close interaction of various structural divisions of the agency, which is provided for in the work plans of each division. In the course of the implementation of the strategic plan for the development of small business, a report is prepared annually on the performance of long-term tasks in order to make the necessary adjustments to ensure the achievement of the set strategic goals (Appendix 4). So, in connection with the crisis at the end of 2008, which significantly reduced the financial stability of many small businesses, the SBA agency adopted a special program to promote the recovery of business activities for the period up to 2010. Let's take a closer look at the ways and main ways to achieve the set strategic goals. Strategic goal No. 1. "Expanding the number of small businesses in depressed regions of the country and in underdeveloped markets." In accordance with established practice, financial and technical support for small businesses is provided by the SBA in the form of a set of programs, including loan guarantees and investment financing. SBA does not provide direct financial assistance to small businesses. Such assistance is provided through a network of partner and intermediary financial institutions, which, thanks to the loan guarantees provided by the SBA, provide direct financing to small businesses. However, as part of the national disaster relief program, SBA provides direct financial assistance to victims upon request. The role of the SBA is to develop national programs for the provision of government guarantees to authorized organizations that provide direct small business lending and financing investment projects... The availability of state guarantees for these organizations allows them to minimize the risks when lending to small businesses, facilitating their access to financial resources. Along with this, the SBA also provides surety for bonded loans to small businesses. An important place in the activities of the SBA agency is the provision of management and consulting support for small businesses at all stages life cycle enterprises. This includes assistance in drawing up business plans and organizing a business "from scratch", accompanied by constant consultations on improving enterprise management at all stages of its further development. In the event of the termination of the company's activities, complex consultations are offered on the sequence of operations and the procedure for exiting the business when it is assigned, sold or liquidated. In addition, SBA is also helping small businesses to win $ 90 billion in government contracts annually. To achieve this goal, SBA needs to ensure that three long-term goals are met:

1.1. Improve the mechanism of access for small businesses to a range of programs and services implemented by the SBA to accelerate the formation of new businesses, which will increase their business activity and increase the number of jobs.
1.2. Provide support for entrepreneurship in markets located in depressed areas with low incomes and high unemployment. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the development of small business in military camps, as well as among reservists and veterans of the armed forces.
1.3. To create an effective system for managing financial resources and activities in the securities market, based on full reporting of the expenditure of budgetary funds, accompanied by constant monitoring of the results achieved.

Strategic Objective 2: "Provide timely financial support to homeowners, tenants, non-profit organizations and businesses affected by natural disasters."

To support victims of natural disasters and repair the damage caused, the SBA agency implements a special lending program for enterprises, non-profit organizations and individuals, which provides for the provision of concessional loans for long periods at low rates.

Moreover, within the framework of this program, the SBA agency provides direct financial assistance to the victims on the basis of the applications submitted by them. The program is a critical source of economic support for disaster-affected areas to minimize damage and resume business. Achievement of strategic goal No. 2 is ensured by solving a long-term task of ensuring a quick, timely and effective response to the appeal of small businesses affected by natural disasters. Annually, within the framework of this program, from $ 350 million to $ 1.8 billion are allocated from the country's budget, depending on the scale of the damage caused. So for the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters, incl. and from Hurricane Katrina (2005), $ 1.795 billion was disbursed in 2006. SBA offers two types of loans to victims of natural disasters: - Loans to restore or replace insured or uninsured movable and immovable property owned by homeowners, tenants, businesses of all sizes and non-profit organizations; - Loans to small businesses for the purchase of working capital necessary to overcome the economic consequences of natural disasters for a period sufficient for a full recovery of business activity.

Strategic Objective 3: "Improving the Business Environment for Small Businesses." Despite the huge role of small business in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the country, it suffers significant losses due to excessive government regulation of entrepreneurial activity and large volumes of bureaucratic procedures related to the preparation of reports and the implementation of various regulations. Studies have shown that in order to comply with all government regulations, small enterprises with less than 20 employees annually incur labor costs per 1 person 45% more than large companies.

In this regard, the SBA agency, representing the interests of small businesses in the government, seeks to improve the system of state regulation of business activities in order to reduce unproductive costs imposed on small businesses by federal agencies. Reducing and simplifying the system of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity will allow many enterprises to increase their business activity, invest more in creating new jobs, modernizing equipment and developing innovative projects. To achieve this strategic goal, SBA intends to implement the following 2 long-term objectives:

3.1. Ensure representation of the interests of small business in all government bodies, while taking measures to reduce the negative impact of excessive government regulation of entrepreneurial activity;
3.2. To accelerate the creation of a favorable and friendly environment for the development of small businesses in the country.

Strategic Objective 4: "Ensuring a high level of organizational management in the structural units of the SBA." Improving the efficiency of supporting small businesses is directly related to improving the management system in all structural divisions of the agency. To a large extent, this depends on the level of qualifications of the agency's staff and their motivation to work. In the context of tougher competition in domestic and international markets, the timeliness and adequacy of measures taken to support small business, which meets the dynamic changes in the socio-economic life of the country, is becoming increasingly important. This dictates high requirements for ensuring reliable information, technological and financial security interaction of all structural divisions of the agency in the implementation of the entire range of programs to support entrepreneurship. This requires a focus on the following long-term objectives:

4.1. Improvement of the personnel recruitment policy and comprehensive assistance to improve the qualifications of specialists and executives to ensure effective and high-quality implementation of small business support programs.
4.2. Ensuring the security of the information environment for the implementation of operational activities of the entire infrastructure of the SBA agency.
4.3. Application of progressive methods of financing and management, guaranteeing the efficient and effective implementation of entrepreneurship support programs.

Thus, despite the economic crisis, the US Government, by providing targeted financial support to the activities of the SBA, intends to ensure the implementation of the plan for the strategic development of small businesses until 2013.

Small business is the backbone of the economy for many developed countries. Domestic analysts are actively studying the foreign experience of small business for the implementation of programs to help private businessmen in our country.

In the United States, the development of small business assistance programs began during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. In 1953, the US government created a specialized agency that provides technical and financial support to aspiring businessmen.

Also interesting is the foreign experience of small business, which began to actively develop in Spain in the seventies of the last century. Any citizen of the country can open a private enterprise within one day, providing the minimum number of documents. In this country, many programs have been created to help private business, the government of this country pays special attention to the development of science-intensive and innovative technologies. Also, the Spanish government encourages the emergence of various funds that provide comprehensive support to private entrepreneurship.

The powerful scientific and technological breakthrough that Japan made after the end of World War II is also associated with the development of small business. Currently, small business produces about 40% of the industrial products of this country. The Japanese government adopted whole line laws that stimulate the development of private enterprises operating in the scientific and technical field and actively cooperating with large industrial corporations. Also, the Japanese authorities have organized training and consulting centers in which a novice entrepreneur can get all the necessary legal information.

The foreign experience of small business is interesting, which can be adopted in China. According to government forecasts, a complete modernization of the country's economy should be completed by 2030, small business is one of the key areas of the country's development. According to statistics, in 2005, there were over 3 million private enterprises and about 30 million individual entrepreneurs in China, most of whom were in manufacturing. Products from China that are produced in small businesses can be found almost anywhere in the world.

Small business in Europe stimulates the development of competition, "forces" large companies to introduce new technologies and improve production efficiency, the efficiency of the entire EU economy directly depends on the success of small and medium-sized businesses. Therefore, within the framework of the European Union, a policy of supporting small businesses is being implemented, the main goal of which is balancing the interests of the state and business, ensuring optimal conditions for entrepreneurial activity, and increasing the competitiveness of small businesses.

The main goals of regulation and support of small businesses in Europe:

Strengthening the EU's single internal market;

Elimination of administrative barriers;

Unification legislative framework, strengthening the interaction of the EU countries for deeper economic cooperation.

Unique system regulation and support of small business in Europe began to take shape in the 70s of the last century. In order to maximize the stimulation of small and medium-sized enterprises, measures have been taken in Europe to remove administrative obstacles to small businesses. First of all, changes were made regarding value added tax, adjustments to financing conditions and changes in the social policy of states.

In addition, a European Small Business Charter for Europe was developed. V this document European governments have recognized the significant potential of small businesses and stressed the importance of creating an enabling environment for repeated attempts to start their own business, even if previous entrepreneurial attempts were not very successful. The provisions of the European Charter were taken into account in the Multi-Year Program, and in the first year 11 projects were launched to implement them.

State regulation of small business in Europe is carried out through legislation, development and implementation of targeted programs of financial, technological, informational and personnel assistance to the development of small and medium-sized businesses. To stimulate the development of small businesses, new legal models have been developed (European Joint Stock Company, European Pool of Economic Interests), which allow small enterprises from different countries entering into business relations to effectively solve the problems of disagreements between the legal systems of different states.

Small business support policy in Europe is carried out through the activities of states and through special programs that are implemented under the auspices of the European Union. Financing of measures to support small business is carried out from the Structural Funds of the European Union, such as the Regional Development Fund, the Social Fund.

Small business in Europe has adapted to the crisis conditions most effectively, being able to maneuver in the market. Small enterprises quickly began to occupy niches that were not interesting to large enterprises, which largely helps European countries to overcome stagnation in the economic sphere.

Conclusion.

Based on the above, I would like to summarize. In the process of considering the development of small business, the following was clarified. Small business provides the necessary mobility in market conditions, creates deep specialization and cooperation, without which its high efficiency is inconceivable. He is able not only to quickly fill the niches formed in the consumer sector, but also to pay off relatively quickly. And also to create an atmosphere of competition and the environment of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible.

The following results were obtained in the work:

Small business is the economy of the state, small enterprises play a significant role in employment, production of certain goods, research and scientific-industrial development.

The small-scale sector is capable of creating new jobs, and, therefore, can provide a decrease in the unemployment rate and social tension in the country. - Small business leads to the improvement of the economy as a whole and, therefore, the best way out for Russia is to create a state policy that would be aimed at expanding and developing small businesses in our country.

Small business development in the West is progressing at a faster pace, as national authorities attach great importance to small businesses and support them at the federal level. Small business in developed countries is currently the middle class, which serves as the basis for the stable development of the economy. Even the former developing countries, with the development of small and medium-sized businesses, made a big economic breakthrough.

Based on the above, we can conclude that the goal of the course work has been achieved. It can be considered that this topic is very relevant. Since small business plays in the economy of any country quite big role... It is an integral part of the country's socio-economic system, ensuring the stability of market relations, drawing most of the country's citizens into this system of relations by opening their own business, ensuring high production efficiency through deep specialization and cooperation of production, which has a beneficial effect on the economic growth of the national economy.

Bibliography

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Annex 1.

Table 1. Number of small enterprises by type of economic activity


	Thousand.	As a percentage of the total	Thousand.	As a percentage of the total	Thousand.	As a percentage of the total
Total	979,3		1032,8		1137,4
of which by type of economic activity:
agriculture, hunting and forestry	26,8	2,7	28,9	2,8	29,4	2,6
fishing, fish farming	2,2	0,2	2,4	0,2	2,5	0,2
mining	3,6	0,4	4,1	0,4	4,5	0,4
manufacturing industries	120,0	12,3	123,4	12,0	128,6	11,3
production and distribution of electricity, gas and water	2,9	0,3	4,1	0,4	4,9	0,4
construction	109,3	11,2	117,1	11,3	130,7	11,5
wholesale and retail; repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household goods and personal items	448,8	45,8	464,6	45,0	510,6	44,9
hotels and restaurants	19,9	2,0	20,8	2,0	29,7	2,6
transport and communication	44,3	4,5	50,3	4,9	57,3	5,0
of which communication	6,3	0,6	7,1	0,7	7,8	0,7
financial activities	12,5	1,3	14,7	1,4	16,1	1,4
real estate transactions, rental and service provision	151,9	15,5	163,3	15,8	181,3	15,9
education	2,7	0,3	2,7	0,3	2,7	0,2
healthcare and provision social services	10,5	1,1	10,8	1,0	11,6	1,0
provision of other communal, social and personal services	23,6	2,4	25,3	2,4	27,2	2,4

Appendix 2.

Table 2. The number of registered small businesses by federal districts Russian Federation

Federal districts	The number of registered small businesses as of April 1, 2009 per 100 thousand people. population1	Increase / decrease (-) in the number of registered small businesses per 100 thousand people. population1 for the period 01.04.2008 - 01.04.2009	Number of registered SMEs per 100 thousand people population1 in% of the average for the Russian Federation
RF	160,4	-41,7	100,0
Central	196,9	-24,9	122,8
Northwestern	231,0	0,7	144,0
Southern	119,6	-53,3	74,6
Privolzhsky	156,2	-47,2	97,4
Ural	112,6	21,1	70,2
Siberian	131,0	-100,2	81,7
Far Eastern	147,1	-102,7	91,7

Appendix 3.

Table 3. Average number of employees in small businesses by federal districts of the Russian Federation in January-March 2009

Federal districts	Average headcount of MP1 employees	The share of people employed in small businesses in the total average number of people employed
thousand people	in% to January-March 2008	%	Change relative to January-March 2008, p.p.
RF	5 741,7	94,6	12,0	-0,3
Central	1 674,5	107,7	12,2	1,3
Northwestern	668,8	82,2	12,9	-2,4
Southern	707,7	83,2	12,5	-2,5
Privolzhsky	1 295,3	91,0	12,6	-0,8
Ural	402,1	111,5	8,8	1,2
Siberian	736,3	87,0	11,8	-1,4
Far Eastern	256,9	117,1	11,4	1,8

analysis of foreign experience in supporting small

entrepreneurship

Kunin Vladimir Alexandrovich

Cand. tech. Sci., Associate Professor, Professor [email protected]

Elena Alexandrova

graduate student [email protected]

St. Petersburg Academy of Management and Economics

annotation

The article analyzes the foreign experience of state support and development of small business. The main tools for supporting small businesses have been identified, which are actively used in developed countries and can be used in Russia.

Keywords: small business support, foreign experience, business support infrastructure, national support system, entrepreneurial risk, lobbying interests, information support

In Russia, the small business sector employs less than an eighth of the economically active population and produces about a quarter of GDP, which, respectively, is 4 and 2 times less than in foreign countries with developed economies. Our comparison shows the relative high level development of small business in developed foreign countries in an unstable economy characterized by the presence of various risks. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze foreign experience in supporting small business (SME) and study the possibility of its practical application in Russia. The scientific elaboration of the problems of formation, development and state PMP is not sufficient. A significant part of the research, as a rule, is devoted to individual (legal, financial, organizational, economic, social, etc.) aspects of the functioning of small business. In studies, there are practically no elements

you have a systematic approach to the analysis of measures of state support for small business. In this article, the authors set the task of analyzing the foreign experience of state support for small business and identifying the possibilities of its use in Russia.

Small business support bodies abroad

The experience of developed foreign countries shows that the most effective state support for small business can be carried out through a specialized government body that is endowed with broad powers and has significant influence and great resource opportunities. The most effective solution was found in the United States in the form of the Small Business Administration (SBA), created back in 1953. The SBA's experience is widely used in European countries, Japan and a number of other countries when improving systems to support small businesses. Specialized state bodies of PMP in different foreign countries are shown in Fig. 1 (see on page 38).

One of the main tasks of the PHC system in developed countries is to represent and protect the interests and needs of small businesses at various levels. Actively lobbying the interests of small businesses in the legislative and executive bodies power is carried out within the framework of certain legislative procedures and creates a favorable climate for the development of small business. A feature of this process is the leading role of the main government agencies PMP (see Fig. 1) and their active interaction with professional, public and other associations of entrepreneurs.

Unfortunately, Russian small business does not yet have sufficient opportunities and resources to effectively lobby their interests in the structures of state power. And public authorities practically do not contribute to the effective functioning of the existing organizations of the PMP. It seems especially relevant

In Russia in the sector

Small business

less than an eighth of the economically active population is employed

And produced

About a quarter

Respectively

4 and 2 times less,

Than in foreign

Advanced economies

mental creation state structures focused not only on the development of small business in general, but also on the issues of support and development of public organizations that support small businesses.

Small Business Support Infrastructure

In developed countries, the PHC government bodies work closely with public organizations of the PHC infrastructure in order to improve the efficiency of the implementation of government PHC programs. The infrastructure of PHC in developed countries is shown in Fig. 2 (see on page 39).

The development of various public organizations of the PMP is another important area. According to a study carried out on the initiative of UNIDO, it was noted that the most actively defending the interests of small business are chambers of commerce, industry and artisans, associations and associations of entrepreneurs, which have a strong influence on legislative,

Small Business Administration

Lobbying for SMEs: Advocacy

United Kingdom:

Ministry of Entrepreneurship, Industry and Management Reforms: Directorate of Entrepreneurship

Lobbying: Directorate of Entrepreneurship; Public Council

Germany:

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology:

General Directorate of Small and Medium Enterprises, Handicrafts, Services and Liberal Professions X N

Lobbying: Commission on Economics and Technology

Ministry of Economy, Industry and Employment: Directorate for Competition and SME Development

Lobbying: Council for Social and Economic Development

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI):

SME Policy Council; SME Agency

Lobbying: METI SME Support Department

Rice. 1. Specialized government bodies to support small and medium-sized businesses in developed countries and structures representing and protecting the interests of small and medium-sized businesses

Rice. 2. Infrastructure to support small businesses in developed countries _

law enforcement and economic processes in the country.

These organizations not only promote entrepreneurial ideas and lobby the interests of small businesses at various levels of government, but also pay special attention to solving many problems of entrepreneurship development, provide enterprises with information and consulting support.

Support for small business in Japan

Particularly interesting in the field of building the PMP infrastructure is the study of Japan's experience in creating a nationwide business support system (see Figure 3 on p. 40) All structures of the PMP in Japan with coordinating interaction independent organization support of small business and innovative development of the regions of Japan (Organization for SME and Regional Innovation of Japan) form the state infrastructure for supporting entrepreneurship.

one of the main tasks of the small business support system in developed countries is to represent and protect the interests and needs of small businesses at various levels

State system PMP

Rice. 3. Nationwide small business support system

active

lobbying

interests of small

enterprises

in government

held within

certain

legislative

procedures and creates

favorable

climate for small business development

The state PMP system, together with private financial institutions and public business organizations, form a national system for supporting entrepreneurship. Particular attention is paid to strengthening the coordination of interaction of all elements of the multifunctional infrastructure of the primary care sector in order to create more favorable conditions for the development of small business with increasing risks external environment.

When coordinating the work of the national PMP system, the capabilities of the J-Net21 information system are actively used. In addition, with the help of this system, the state of development of small business is monitored, comprehensive research is carried out, analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of government regulation measures, etc.

Thus, there is a constant improvement of the feedback system of the state

with the entrepreneurial community. According to the authors, the practical experience of Japan in the development and implementation of complex information systems to improve the efficiency of PMP measures can be successfully used in Russia.

Information support small business in China

Another positive example leveraging the capabilities of national integrated information systems is the state non-profit information service China SME Online (CSMEO). It was opened in China in 2001 by a government decision. The CSMEO information network is supported by The National Development and Reform Commission and serves all regions of the country, covering cities and most rural settlements... The site of this service presents 58 main headings and 180 thematic sections containing up to 1000 different messages, which attracts more than 200 thousand visits every day.

The CSMEO information network provides operational information on changes to existing ones and the introduction of new ones. normative documents, on the supply and needs of local and foreign markets. The network publishes general information about the state of the small business market, characterizes the highest quality products manufactured by enterprises.

CSMEO reports on labor requirements for small businesses in various regions and cities of the country. The network provides information about specialists, job seekers, provides online consultations for entrepreneurs, provides a wide range of educational and technical services, etc.

The analysis of the foreign experience of PMP shows the presence in developed countries of a comprehensive state policy of PMP and

Russian small business does not yet have sufficient opportunities and resources to effectively lobby their interests in government structures

Practical

Japan experience

By development

And implementation

Integrated

Information

stem for raising

Efficiency

Support for small entrepreneurship can be quickly used in Russia

the need for systemic support for PHC in many areas. Thus, according to the authors of this article, the main directions of PMP, which are actively used abroad and have not yet found proper application in Russia, are the following.

1. Creation of a specialized state body PMP in order to increase the efficiency of the implementation of state programs.

2. Mandatory inclusion in the functions of this body of activities aimed at the creation and development of PMP organizations.

3. Creation and development of the legal framework and economic conditions for the improvement of the national infrastructure of primary care.

4. Strengthening the coordination of interaction of all elements of the multifunctional infrastructure of the PMP.

5. Creation of a national system information service entrepreneurship in order to monitor and analyze the effectiveness of measures of state regulation of PMP.

6. Ensuring representation of the interests and needs of small businesses at all levels of government, for example, by introducing representatives of various public business associations to the Public Councils under the heads of federal and regional authorities.

7. Advocacy among the population of the importance and necessity of small business development for solving the socio-economic problems of the country, strengthening the responsibility of government officials for ineffective solutions to the problems of small business development.

Literature

1. Analytics of small business. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http: // www. giac.ru.

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Vladimir A. Kunin _

Cand. of Tech. Sci, Professor, Saint Petersburg Academy of Management

Elena A. Aleksandrova _

Postgraduate Student, Saint PetersburgAcademy of Management and Economics _

Analysis of International Experience of Supporting Small Business _

The article analyzes the international experience of government support and _

development of small business. The author defines the main tools for supporting _

small business, which are used extensively in developed countries and can be _

used in Russia. _

Keywords: support for small business, foreign experience, infrastructure _ to support business, national support system, entrepreneurial risk, lobbying,

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET educational institution higher professional education

Ulyanovsk State Technical University

Faculty of Economics and Mathematics

Department of Economic Theory

in the discipline "Economics"

Small business development paths: experience of Russia and foreign countries

Ivanov I.I.

Scientific adviser: Alexandrov A.A.

Ulyanovsk

Introduction

Chapter 1. The essence and role of small business in the economy

1 The concept of small business

2 Foreign experience of small business development

Chapter 2. The current state of small business in the Russian Federation

1 Problems and prospects of small business development in Russia

2 State and non-state methods of increasing the competitiveness of small business

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

Small business is the youngest and fastest growing sector of the regional economy.

Thus, small business today plays an increasingly important role in the economic development of the region.

The development of small business at all times was considered the basis of the economic development of the state. But the development of small and medium-sized businesses is, first of all, a training base that takes into account all the problems of small business development. Continuous improvement of such a base will determine and predetermine the prospects for business development. It is on this basis that a business development strategy is developed, and in particular the development of Russian business. However, there are also problems of small business development in Russia. The priority tasks for the development of this sector of the economy are to achieve the sustainability and efficiency of small enterprises, to build new economic ties with their participation, to intensify their production and innovation activities, to maximize the benefits of small businesses - flexibility and adequacy of market behavior, a lower level of production and sales costs, a relatively higher level of knowledge-intensive products, self-employment of the population.

Thus, the purpose of this course work is to develop ways of small business development.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

to study the essence and role of small business in the economy;

consider the current state of small business in the Russian Federation;

identify problems and prospects for the development of small business in Russia.

The object of the research is small business in the Russian Federation.

The subject of the research is the prospects for the development of small business in the Russian Federation.

Structurally, the course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter 1. The essence and role of small business in the economy

.1 Concept of small business

Small business has become an integral part of the economy of most industrialized countries. It performs a number of important socio-economic tasks, namely: providing employment, creating a competitive environment, maintaining innovative activity, mitigating social inequality.

For banks, this sector bears a high level of risks, in addition, the banking system is faced with an uncontrolled increase in interest costs. The average non-interest cost of raising funds for small businesses is about 3% per annum. Small businesses do not require commission banking services with high added value (support of operations in foreign markets, financial consulting, etc.).

Despite the obvious difficulties, small businesses are increasingly able to penetrate into big business through cooperation. It manifested itself in various forms of integration of small businesses into the production networks of large structures and cooperation based on the specialization of small businesses. First of all, these are:

subcontracting;

franchising;

venture business;

foreign economic activity.

Small enterprises, as subcontractors of large companies, specialize in the production of individual parts, assemblies, modules, can perform one or more complex operations technological process, which is generally carried out by a large company.

With the help of leasing, small businesses without large one-time costs get access to modern expensive equipment, technologies, technical documentation, working drawings, production resources of large enterprises and, on the basis of this, carry out effective business activities.

On the basis of a franchise agreement, small businesses have the opportunity to enjoy exclusive rights to a well-known trade mark, new technologies, know-how, receive loans on favorable terms and rent equipment.

Thanks to the narrow specialization, the presence of a highly qualified and intelligent workforce, small business has penetrated the initial stages of R&D, into the area basic research and in recent times increasingly works independently in R&D.

The innovative potential of small enterprises is often realized through cooperation with large companies, through the creation of venture capital firms that search for new ideas, products, processes, implement inventions, refine and master scientific and technical innovations.

In connection with the transition from inter-sectoral to intra-sectoral international specialization, the role of small enterprises in the foreign economic activity of developed countries has significantly increased. On this moment there are almost 4 thousand small multinational enterprises, a third of which are located in Japan and a fifth in the United States.

A small business has the least financial capacity. And if in the EU this problem is solved by close mutually beneficial cooperation of small business with the banking sector, in Russia this problem is most acute.

Overcoming the barrier of imperfect legislation, difficulties in the field of taxation and bureaucracy, in the medium term, small business will again acquire a priority start in the national economy.

Competent formation and successful development of small business is considered one of the important problems of modern economic policy. Small business is a leading sector that accurately determines the rate of possible economic growth, a serious structure and high quality of the required gross national product; in all the leading developed countries of the world, successful small businesses account for an impressive 60 to 70 percent of GNP.

Therefore, the vast majority of leading countries do their utmost to encourage those who start their own small business.

In many countries of the world with well-developed market economies, there is really strong government support for those who decide to start their own business in small business. For example, in Germany, financial assistance to small businesses reaches 3 billion marks annually.

In the Congress of America, two committees are engaged in the pressing problems of small business. In small Japan, where the number of small enterprises is too high, those of them that cannot develop without the help of the state are clearly distinguished.

A smart tax policy of a particular state is rightfully an impressive stimulating factor in the development of small business.

The main essence of a flexible tax policy lies in the gradual, phased reduction of a number of marginal tax rates and a tangible decrease in the progressiveness of compulsory taxation with a relatively narrow tax base and the broadest scope of application of the necessary tax benefits. A real reduction in the rate of mandatory taxes depending on the size of a particular enterprise is one of the most effective methods of taxing those who started their own business in a small business. For example, in America, various preferential tax rates on real incomes up to $ 16,000 are successfully operating, a fifteen percent tax on the first 50 thousand dollars and a 25 percent tax on the next 25 thousand. But already in excess of this amount, a maximum rate has been introduced - 34%.

Existing small businesses react as quickly as possible to any external conditions and often modify the final product, constantly following the changing demand, trying to competently master new products.

.2 Foreign experience of small business development

It is well known that small business is developing abroad much more rapidly than in Russia, since they pay great attention there: the economic level of foreign countries directly depends on the welfare of SMEs. At the moment, among the most prosperous countries abroad, the share of SMEs in the total number can reach up to 90%. For example, in Japan, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized businesses is more than 2/3 of the population. According to statistics, the number of medium-sized businesses in the EU states does not exceed 1%, but they employ slightly less than 1/5 of the total population, which is a good indicator.

Having carefully analyzed the history of promoting small businesses in Europe, one can understand how important they are for the economies of states.

The main reason for this is an increase in competitiveness, which encourages large enterprises to use high-quality technological equipment and increase the rate of production growth.

Consequently, the higher the productivity of small business, the higher will be the growth rate of the state's economy. Based on this, the EU program, which declares support for small businesses, contains specific points that indicate the sequence of actions related to helping small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, as well as increasing the level of competition among small businesses.

A specific control system for small business in Europe emerged in the 70s of the XX century and is still developing today. Special programs are constantly emerging aimed at the development of small businesses. At the moment, the principal directions of the EU's activities to support small businesses are: good funding, assistance in the field of various innovations, increasing the level of competition. It is important to understand that if SMEs are in decline, then the entire economy of the European Union will also be in it, therefore all countries participating in the Eurozone provide small businesses with maximum assistance and assistance. The EU promotes and maintains good relations between small businesses in every possible way and tries to limit tax pressures.

It should be emphasized about the excellent organization of efforts aimed at the development of small business. There are a large number of different types of firms that carefully monitor all activities. In each EU member state, the government develops action plans related to small business activities. The goal of most state-controlled institutions is to train high-quality specialists for small businesses, provide valuable information to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, licensing enterprises, etc. Commercial banks do not refuse small business financial support, provide services related to consulting on issues the latest technologies, marketing, etc.

It should be noted that the main directions for organizing assistance to small businesses in European countries are:

Removing obstacles to small business organization.

Creation of a unified code of laws.

Improving relations between the EU states, which creates the basis for economic interactions with other states.

Small businesses in the United States account for about half of the jobs in the entire private sector of the economy. Small companies include companies with up to 500 employees. However, very often the classification standards vary from industry to industry. So, for each state, field of activity, ownership and financial indicators there are methods for optimization tax regime... For example, you can start a business by purchasing a license for a certain type of activity that replaces many local taxes and fees (for example, in one of the cities of California, it is only $ 15 per year with sales of less than $ 15 thousand). Among other things, in the first year, the so-called “first year bonus” works, when tax breaks reach 50%, and the state independently repays about 90% of loans received by small businesses in commercial banks.

All conditions have been created in France for the development of small business. Unlike the United States, in the first 2 years, entrepreneurs are generally exempted from paying taxes to the local budget and from taxes on joint stock companies, and income tax is also considered at a reduced rate. By the way, very small enterprises in France are companies with less than 10 employees and an annual turnover of less than 2 million euros, small businesses can employ from 10 to 49 people, and their turnover should not exceed 10 million euros. The cost of registering a new business is on average 84 euros.

In Germany, this type of small business as a family business is especially popular. Now the number of such companies has already exceeded 1 million. The state is also trying to help young initiators. For example, you can get a long-term loan (for about 15 years) at 5-8% per annum, and for those who develop their enterprise in the social sphere, there are additional benefits.

There are over 6 million small businesses in Japan. The state provides them with all kinds of support: it provides a soft loan, creates various centers for legal and technical support, etc.

It is known that Singaporean small and medium enterprises are among the most competitive in international market... And this is largely due to the local government. To support small and medium-sized enterprises in Singapore, a special agency Spring has been established, which implements approximately 100 different programs. Spring works in 5 directions: the first is engaged in the development of the potential of the enterprise, as well as its branding and management improvement; the second provides various services: consulting, accounting, monitoring, etc .; the third helps, taking into account the industry specifics; the fourth solves the issues of quality and standardization; finally, the fifth prepares personnel and solves other issues of corporate development.

Another exemplary example for small businesses abroad. In Australia, the state itself offers the entrepreneur several premises to choose from. As a rule, they are already equipped with everything in advance. necessary equipment and meet all the standards required by law, that is, all that remains is to recruit staff and go to work.

small business competitiveness

Chapter 2. The current state of small business in the Russian Federation

2.1 Problems and prospects of small business development in Russia

In 2013, there was a quantitative growth of small businesses. As of January 1, 2012, 1,602.4 thousand were registered against 1,335 thousand a year earlier. At the same time, the small business sector was deflated. While the number of enterprises increased by 20%, the total number of employed decreased by 1.1%. There was also a decrease in the volume of turnover of small enterprises according to the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation (Table 1).

Table 1. Dynamics of changes in the volume of turnover at small enterprises (in%)

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 Increase in the volume of turnover compared to the previous year 115 114,3106,683

The main problem of small industrial business is the lack of financial resources, which was especially clearly demonstrated by the economic crisis. Loan rates rose sharply.

If at the beginning of 2008. they were 13%, then by the end of the year they reached 20%, and in 2009 - 27%, being at the 2002 level. ...

This trend began to change in better side only by the end of 2012, according to the All-Russian public organization"Support of Russia", in November 2012 for 15% of entrepreneurs to attract borrowed funds became a little easier (in January 2009 the same share was only 8%). The number of entrepreneurs for whom it was difficult or impossible to raise funds decreased (56% in November versus 75% in January 2012), but the situation still remains difficult. Further steps are important to create a legislative environment for the development of small businesses.

We believe that the refusal in the new Federal Law on entrepreneurship to differentiate small businesses by spheres of activity is wrong.

Table 2. Number of registered small enterprises (excluding micro-enterprises) by federal districts of Russia

Federal districts The number of registered small businesses per 100 thousand people As of 1 July 2011 As of 01/01/2012 As of 01/07/2013 RF 154.7154.8161.8 Central Federal District 184.0184.1184.7 North-Western Federal District 230.5230.5263.3 South Federal District 129, 9130.2 125.4 North Caucasian Federal District 62.562.564.6 Volga Federal District 157.6 157.6 158.3 Ural Federal Federal District 116.5 116.5 136.8 Siberian Federal District 128.0 128.1142.0 Far Eastern Federal District 154.2 154.5 153.6

A qualitative analysis of the development leads to not the most comforting conclusions. One can speak of such a phenomenon as “half-dead souls”. A group of experts (V. Buev et al.) Writes that about a third of the increase in the number of SMEs was provided by budgetary (federal and partly regional) funds (excluding what else was allocated local authorities). What real economic return did these "entrepreneurial shells" stamped on state funds give and did they actually work as business units in real markets (and did not remain dead weight on the shelves with packages of paper constituent documents)?

In the context of the instability of the global and domestic economies, small enterprises are the optimal form of production in conditions of increased risk. In addition, it is obvious that one of the constituent functions of small business is the involvement of the population in the production of material and financial savings and the generation of new jobs.

Big business, with the assistance of officials, squeezes small business out of attractive market segments, especially from the service sector. Khandrikov claims that in St. Petersburg "Matvienko" cleaned up "the entire small retail business." Obviously, the big business lobby dominates the domestic economy.

The level of administrative pressure on small businesses is only increasing. Now it is impossible to solve more than one significant problem without the participation of an official.

World experience shows that the basis of the country's economy is small business, this may be due to a number of reasons, such as: ease of registration of a company, a special tax regime, support for small businesses in most countries, the mobility of this sector. Small business is essential for the stable development of the country's economy.

Before talking about the development of small business in Russia, it is necessary to give a clear definition of small business for targeted assistance to the entire sector of the economy.

I would like to draw your attention to the problem of small business orientation. Prominent scientists and economists “shout” about the deterioration of fixed assets, about the lack of professionalism of personnel, and this is one of the main problems for the development of the Russian economy. Let's pay attention to the data shown in Table 1, namely, the share of small businesses engaged in trade and the population employed in this area. Let's find the ratio between trade enterprises and the total number of small businesses, it is equal to 41 to 44% during the period under review. It follows from this that the economic orientation of Russia is primitive trade relations, in which the following sequence of actions is carried out: bought - resold, and not a full production cycle, i.e. prepared inventories- manufactured products - sold finished goods... This model of the economy, let's call it "resale", is a degrading path, and leads the economy back to the primitive communal system.

Citizens of the country (owners of companies) are not interested in the further fate of business, due to the absence of any guarantees in the stability of the planned course, as a result of which it is easier and more efficient for entrepreneurs to engage in trade than to create new production, labor-intensive, energy-consuming, innovative enterprises.

Many problems in the development of small businesses are generated precisely by the shortcomings of the state economic policy, which generally determines the main parameters of the external environment in which the development of small businesses takes place, namely:

limited internal market, including demand for products of small businesses, low purchasing power of the population;

orientation of economic policy towards ensuring the interests of large economic and financial structures;

rigidity of fiscal and monetary policy;

excessive growth in the costs of small businesses for the products and services of natural monopolies.

There are three groups of problems that hinder the development of small business to the greatest extent, the creation of new small enterprises:

organizational problems (registration, legal registration of an enterprise, opening a bank account, etc.);

material and financial problems (capital formation for registration of an enterprise, formation start-up capital to ensure the functioning of the enterprise, to establish relations with suppliers of raw materials and sales of products);

factors of the external environment and market conditions (low solvency, reduced demand for products, tax pressure, lack of funds and instability of legislation).

A serious obstacle in the formation and development of entrepreneurial activity is the difficulty in obtaining loans, the unwillingness of commercial banks to lend to small businesses. In addition, there is a problem of lack of production and office space, which hinders the development of small business in the region.

Stimulating the economic initiative of citizens has not yet become the most important direction of state economic policy, the activities of all local authorities. The interests of supporting small businesses often come into conflict with the tasks of forced filling the budget with the help of fiscal mechanisms, costly methods of solving social problems, etc.

It is possible to completely eliminate or significantly limit the effect of all negative factors only with the help of measures of state support for small businesses within the framework of specialized programs.

The main direction of the state policy in the field of small business support can be the creation of a favorable investment and financial climate, organizational and legal conditions for increasing the stability and dynamic development of small business at the regional and municipal levels in priority areas that meet the objectives of structural restructuring and economic growth.

This is achieved by solving the following tasks:

regulatory and legal support of conditions for sustainable activities of small businesses;

accelerated development of new credit and investment mechanisms that facilitate the access of small businesses to resources;

improvement of the regional guarantee system;

increasing the efficiency of existing and new infrastructure facilities to support small business;

development of the retraining system and vocational training employed in small business;

improving the conditions of taxation, accounting, reporting, financial and credit support;

improvement of rental and property relations;

attracting small businesses to fulfill government orders for regional and municipal needs;

organization of production and technological cooperation of small enterprises with large-scale production;

In most developed countries, small business is given a special role and attention in the country's economy, but not in Russia. There is a feeling that all measures aimed at simplifying accounting, the taxation system for small businesses, registering a commercial entity, reducing the corruption component, were created not to stimulate the development of small businesses, but to create more confusion for representatives of small businesses and the entire population of the country.

For the development of small business in Russia, it is necessary to develop a number of measures aimed not only at simplifying the creation of an enterprise, stimulating part of this problem, but also at punitive measures. An entrepreneur should be provided with comfortable conditions for working in the country, intimidation, intimidation of an entrepreneur with an administrative resource on the part of employees of regulatory bodies is unacceptable, but a business representative should also know that in case of violation of the law, punishment is inevitable. Only then will small business, and along with it the country's economy, develop successfully when all these three components are fulfilled. The economy is a living organism, if one organ fails, it will be disrupted normal work the whole organism. It is necessary to mobilize and direct all efforts towards the "reconstruction" of small businesses.

It is necessary to exempt newly created enterprises from paying income tax for the period when the enterprise is unprofitable, while it is necessary to develop a system of tax rebates after the enterprise has reached a profitable level. I would like to note that these measures must be accompanied by the adoption and implementation of the anti-corruption measures described above, without being accompanied by these measures, corruption will prevail in the country, and as a result, the development of small business will be called into question.

It is necessary to develop a system in which the business will be forced to invest money in the renovation of basic production assets, for example, to revive the lost depreciation fund, the funds that enter it should be spent only on updating the production assets of the enterprise, this can also be done in the form of stimulating the enterprise in particular, and small business in general, by the way, this measure is useful not only for small business, but also for medium and large businesses.

2.2 State and non-state methods of increasing the competitiveness of small businesses

In developed countries government regulation small business is given great importance, since the creation of new jobs and ensuring a minimum level of unemployment largely depends on the successful functioning of small business.

In addition, the development of small business is a condition for the formation of competitive civilized market relations that contribute to better satisfaction of the needs of the population and society in goods (works, services), expanding the range and improving the quality of goods, works, services.

Small business is the most flexible sphere in production, technological and managerial relations, which helps it to react sensitively to changes in market conditions and rebuild for them with the least losses. It is no coincidence that in the economies of most countries, small business provides jobs for almost 50-70% of the working population, while the volume of production in this area ranges from 33 to 66% of GNP.

World practice also shows a strong dependence of the competitiveness of the country's economy on the degree of development of small and medium-sized businesses. In the sphere of small business in developed countries, most of all innovations are carried out, which is a key factor in increasing the competitiveness of the economy The Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation has prepared a concept for the long-term socio-economic development of Russia until 2020. The main priority of which is the innovative scenario of development The document states that its goal is “to transform Russia into one of the leaders of the global economy, to reach the level of developed post-industrial countries” This is possible only with an innovative scenario of the country's development.

Against the background of the growth in the number of small businesses observed in the Russian Federation, the issues of the correct addressing of financial resources allocated at different levels of the state, the underdevelopment of the system of lending to small businesses, the lack of a coherent state policy in the field of small innovative entrepreneurship and etc. .

In a crisis-ridden economy, government assistance should lead to the restoration of the long-term viability of enterprises and industries by solving problems, and not just by maintaining the legal status quo. The state, which is still the largest shareholder in a number of key enterprises, should play a more significant role in their fate.

In sectoral and regional programs of demonopolization, it is planned to focus on the development and implementation of targeted projects to regulate barriers to entry into commodity markets, i.e., on economic, technical, organizational and legal conditions that impede or hinder the creation and conduct of business in the analyzed market. Moreover, we are talking about those markets and in relation to those barriers that most of all affect the development of competition.

At the same time, the transition from a monopoly state of the economy is possible only with the most powerful state support and tutelage of new businesses, especially small and medium-sized ones. The state should carry out these functions in the following areas:

allocation of budgetary funds and attraction of private investments in the sphere of small and medium-sized businesses, including in the development of its infrastructure;

maintaining the current system of preferential taxation for small businesses;

reduction of administrative barriers to entry, especially from the local administration;

informing and educating entrepreneurs, including legal ones, in order to form their skills of competent behavior in market conditions;

protection of entrepreneurs from criminal encroachments.

And it consists in the following:

) development of legislation creating conditions, guarantees and incentives for entrepreneurship, competition and structural adjustment;

) strict control over the implementation of legislation;

) formation and redistribution of financial flows;

) distribution on a competitive basis of the state order provided with resources;

) address social guarantees certain categories of the population;

) investment activity (as a guarantor) at the level required to attract private investment.

Today, these functions are performed too weakly to speak about the achievement of the corresponding goals. Therefore, modern Russian enterprises, when developing their own competition strategies, have to take into account the imperfection of the legal framework for entrepreneurship, illogical and contradictory actions of state bodies and, with a high degree of caution, rely on government assistance and support.

Business development is regulated by the Federal Law FZ-209. In addition, there are other federal laws and standards of constituent entities of Russia and local governments.

Any of the programs has certain period actions, an approved budget, and most importantly - clear directions for business support. For example, with the help of state business support programs, you can get a certain amount of compensation for updating technologies and materials, spend advertising campaign or take part in a thematic exhibition.

Municipal and state funds are currently active in more than 70 Russian regions. Their goal is to conduct an examination of entrepreneurial projects, their financial support, and financing of regional support programs.

Credit assistance is provided by surety funds and guarantee funds. In this case, a guarantee is provided for a bank loan, and a surety is also carried out (which can be requested directly from the bank). In addition, the funds provide guarantees for leasing contracts.

Business incubators offer small businesses accommodation on their territory, while the organization enjoys certain benefits (office and consulting services available for rent). Today, there are 50 such business incubators in the country. They can act independently or as part of technology centers and technology parks (created on the basis of universities).

Business schools are responsible for raising the qualifications of managers and directly the personnel of small businesses, their training and retraining. The category of trainees includes not only the management and employees of companies, but also high school students, the unemployed, as well as citizens who want to start their own business. Most often, training takes place in the form of trainings, courses and seminars.

More than 30 cities of the country today offer agencies organized on their territory that support small businesses. These are non-state structures, although they carry out their activities with the support and participation of the local administration. These are consulting companies offering services for obtaining investment by small businesses and staff training.

Regional venture capital funds represent commercial organizations, at their expense, small businesses invest in agriculture, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, healthcare and other substances related to scientific and technological progress. The funds are financed by the Ministry of Economy and Development, local and regional administrations, sometimes by private (interested) investors. Currently, there are about 20 such venture funds operating in the country, funds for the development of which are allocated from the budget. But there are far more private venture capital funds present.

At the employment centers, there are social and business centers that create new jobs through the development of small businesses. Most often, such centers are a state-owned enterprise, the sole founder of which is the employment center. At the moment, a little more than 20 such centers are registered on the territory of Russia.

The existing system of microloans is represented by commercial enterprises providing loans for business development, the amount of which is up to 1 million rubles. There are just under 3,000 such organizations in the country.

In recent years, various non-governmental structures to support small businesses have been created, which are increasingly influencing the development of small businesses.

Non-state infrastructure of small businesses includes: banks, insurance and leasing companies, factoring companies, consulting firms, venture funds, holding companies, audit firms, arbitration courts, small business associations, technology parks, business incubators, production and technology centers, training centers ...

Small business infrastructure should provide a variety of assistance and support to small businesses in organizing, obtaining subsidies, contracts, training and consulting in order to maintain and strengthen free competition. It allows you to implement public policy in the field of small business, to promote the development of small businesses in certain administrative districts, territorial entities, introduce appropriate programs, carry out expertise of entrepreneurial projects, promote direct business contacts and investments.

There are the following forms of financing for small businesses:

Lending.

At the same time, in terms of the development of small business lending, there are a number of problems, including:

firstly, as in the field of lending to large businesses, it is necessary to improve the legislation to protect the rights of creditors;

secondly, it is difficult for small businesses to obtain a bank loan due to the fact that it is difficult for entrepreneurs to provide the bank with adequate collateral;

thirdly, lending to small businesses requires significant labor costs, the specific operating costs of banks per unit of credit investments when lending to small businesses are higher than similar costs when lending to large businesses, etc.

One of the most important mechanisms for supporting entrepreneurship is leasing lending. Leasing as a specific transaction is regulated by a number of legislative and by-laws, some of which are based on Civil Code RF.

Leasing is an investment on a returnable basis in fixed assets. In the practice of leasing, a distinction is made between operational and financial leasing.

Operational leasing implies the transfer of reusable property for use for a period shorter than it economic term service. It is characterized by a short contract duration - up to 3-5 years and incomplete depreciation of equipment during the lease.

Financial leasing is characterized by a long contract term - from 5 to 10 years and amortization of all or most of the equipment cost. In essence, it is a lease with the right to purchase, while the cost of this equipment is repaid during the term of the lease agreement and the equipment can become the property of the lessee.

Financial leasing provides a number of advantages for an enterprise, which are of particular relevance and importance in relation to solving the problems of financing fixed assets of small enterprises:

Payment for equipment in installments. The initial acquisition costs are very high and often beyond the reach of small businesses.

Payment from the proceeds received from the operation of the equipment. For small businesses, their own activities are often the only source of savings.

Allocation of the lease payment in full to the prime cost.

Application of the accelerated depreciation mechanism.

Factoring.

In investment practice, in most cases, factoring is used, which regulates the relationship between loan and credit in a special way.

This form is used in business relations when a participant in such relations, acquiring a claim to another person, does not wait for its execution and concedes this requirement bank or other business entity (factor).

Factoring is beneficial for a small business for several reasons:

It is exempted from the need to recover money from debtors;

It receives a loan against a guarantee (assignment) of its clients' debts, replenishing its working capital in a timely manner. In this case, the monetary claim can be assigned to the bank both in exchange for the transferred monetary funds in the form of an object or loan, and in order to secure its obligations to it for a previously received loan or loan.

The third merit of such an agreement is a guarantee for loans or borrowings not by the company's own property or assets, but by the debts of its customers.

Franchising.

Has not yet found widespread use and such a promising financial mechanism like franchising. Franchising involves the use of brand, technology, know-how of a large firm for the development of a small enterprise within the agreed market.

At the moment, franchising as a special form (technology) of formation, development and expansion of all types of business in Russia does not have an appropriate legal form.

Venture funding.

One of the promising sources of funds for the development of entrepreneurship can be the attraction of venture (risk) capital.

One of the goals of venture capital funds is to support small businesses, implement risky projects in the scientific and technical sphere and attract domestic and foreign investors, as well as insurance of innovative projects.

Typically, such support from venture capital funds is provided for newly organized enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere, the payback period of which exceeds 7-8 years. Such enterprises, as a rule, find it difficult to obtain loans from a bank and venture funds for them are the only form of investment.

Preferential insurance

Small businesses are insured on preferential terms. At the same time, insurance organizations that insure small businesses enjoy benefits in the manner prescribed by the current legislation.

Summing up, it should be noted that at the moment the financial and credit mechanisms considered in this part of the work still do not have a clear regulatory framework at the federal level. And until it is created, the regions will not be able to fundamentally change the situation in this direction.

Conclusion

Small business development is one of the ways of significant economic growth and solving a number of social problems in various regions of our country. Small business condition in many regions of our country inspires concern among specialists, since the number of small businesses has significantly decreased.

One of the reasons for the formal decrease in the number of small businesses is a change in tax policy, which led to an increase in social tax payments, which, in turn, led to the closure of non-working small businesses. According to statistics, the number of closed entrepreneurs in some regions reached 30% of the total number of registered entrepreneurs.

Another problem affecting the state of small business today is the low entrepreneurial activity of the population. Many people still choose to work in large companies rather than small businesses in the hope of earning higher income and greater social security. In addition, a number of people, having ideas for starting their own business, do not have the required amount of knowledge to run a business.

So, over the year, the number of registered small enterprises (SEs) decreased in our country by 3.5% (data as of April 1, 2012). The volume of investments decreased by as much as 16.8%. The number of SE workers also fell, and, moreover, by 4.3% (in the I quarter of 2012 compared to the same period in 2011).

Now the share of people employed in small businesses in the total average number of employed is 11.8%. The only positive trend could be observed in the turnover, the volume of which increased by 3.5%.

The reasons for such failures, experts say, are as follows. During the crisis, in order to cut costs, many entrepreneurs laid off unnecessary employees and tried not to invest. In addition, businessmen actively worked on business efficiency, which led to this result. However, according to experts, there may be another explanation: during the crisis, the consumption of basic services and goods, as well as food products, that is, what constitutes the basis of small business, dropped least of all.

There are a number of positive trends in small business. In particular, it was noted that financial resources(17% voted), the growth of competition among companies increased as well - 47.9%, it became easier for businessmen to attract funds.

To improve the situation related to private entrepreneurship in various regions of our country, a number of measures are being taken, ranging from the creation of associations to help small businesses and ending with a proposal different types subsidies that can be used to create or develop a business.

In some regions of our country, targeted programs aimed at stimulating the development of private entrepreneurship. These programs are a set of measures that allow you to receive not only material assistance to entrepreneurs, but, for example, are associated with the construction of "business incubators", where all the necessary conditions for the work of private entrepreneurs have been created.

According to many experts, the state of small business can significantly improve if private entrepreneurs can receive tax holidays or other benefits that allow them to spend large sums. Money for business development.

Statistical summaries of the state of small business in different regions can be found on specialized sites on the Internet. In addition, on the basis of this information, an entrepreneur can make a decision which direction of business is currently more profitable to develop in a particular locality.

List of sources

1. Baldorzhiev, D.D. Economic theory: Textbook. manual / D.D. Baldorzhiev. - Smolensk, 2012 .-- 396 p.

Borisov, EF Fundamentals of Economics: Textbook / EF Borisov. - M .: Yurayt - Publishing, 2009 .-- 316 p.

Burov V.Yu. Small business in the Trans-Baikal Territory / V.Yu. Burov, N.A. Kruchinina - Irkutsk, 2011 .-- 201 p.

Kulikov, L.M. Economic theory: Textbook / L.M. Kulikov. - M .: TK Welby, Prospect Publishing House, 2010. - 432p.

Small and medium business in Russia. 2009: Stat. Sat / Rosstat. - M., 2009 .-- 151 p.

Economics: Textbook / Ed. R.P. Kolosova. - M .: Norma, 2011 .-- 345 p.

Economics: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Bulatov. - M .: Jurist, 2009 .-- 896 p.

9.Nabatnikov V.M. Organization of business activities. Study guide / V.M. Nabatnikov. - Rostov-on D .: Phoenix, 2011 - 256 p.

10.Site of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation www.gsk.ru .

Foreign countries have accumulated extensive experience in state and public support for small and medium-sized businesses at the national, regional and municipal levels. In the leading industrial countries - the USA, Canada, Japan - the state supports family, youth, women, and computerized businesses. In Japan, Sweden, Austria, which are the most successful in coping with unemployment, effective mechanisms of social partnership have been created between the government, small business and trade unions to protect employees and encourage employers to create new jobs.

In Canada, special programs have been developed for information, financial, scientific and technical support for small and medium-sized enterprises in the provinces, especially in the northern ones, with the participation of government bodies, banks, universities, chambers of commerce, and business unions. Their goal is the intensive development of family, women and youth businesses that do not use hired labor. These programs promote the creation of innovation parks, business information centers and business incubators with a focus on new jobs.

A diversified and effective small business support system exists in the UK. The state actively uses the instruments of budgetary, tax and credit policy to stimulate this sector of the economy. In the Asia-Pacific region, the focus is on small and medium-sized enterprises. China, along with investing in capital-intensive industries, carries out massive financing of small enterprises that require a large number of workers, especially in the agricultural sector.

Of considerable interest is the policy of supporting small businesses in countries with economies in transition, which are distinguished by a large population and a wide variety of geographic conditions and levels of development (India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and a number of others). Their a common feature is the recognition at the state level of the need for the development of small-scale production, the introduction of intermediate techniques and technologies that would facilitate the use of huge masses of unskilled and low-skilled labor. Business: the basis market economy... Textbook. allowance. N.V. Berezin Kazan. 2001 g.

Support for small and medium-sized businesses in foreign countries is also carried out by local authorities.

Abroad, municipal authorities take an active part in the socio-economic development of their territories. They carry out and coordinate a variety of measures to stimulate the creation of new enterprises and industries, regulate the activities of individual industries, organize and develop urban infrastructure. For example, in Germany, in order to attract additional funds and develop various forms of entrepreneurial activity, local authorities are actively promoting the location of production in their territories through special subsidies, preferential loans and electricity tariffs, additional payments to cover transportation and construction and installation costs, to form a market work force. They bear the costs of regulating the distribution of productive forces, regional development and planning, preferential taxation, acquisition of land and their engineering training to subsequent placement production facilities... In France, direct and indirect types of assistance to entrepreneurs are used. Direct assistance is provided at the regional level. It includes:

1) "bonus for employment", i.e. for any operation to create and expand economic activity (within the amount of the cost of creating 30 jobs);
2) a premium for the creation of enterprises;
3) credit discounts and loans on favorable terms.

In addition, the regions are empowered to distribute loans from the central government or a bonus for the development and improvement of the territory. Indirect economic assistance is provided by communes, departments and regions that have the same prerogatives in this area (provided that any direct participation in the capital of the enterprise is prohibited and the limit of guaranteeing a loan is observed). They can provide services for renting premises or buying a building plot, provide technical assistance, guarantee loans, and exempt from paying professional tax. Various forms and directions of economic assistance to enterprises from the side of local self-government bodies contributes to the improvement of the situation of both entrepreneurs and workers.

In the United States, the practice of creating entrepreneurial zones has become widespread. As a rule, they form in areas where a decline in economic activity has been observed for a long time. Entrepreneurship zones first appeared in the early 1980s and began to enjoy significant support from the presidential administration. In the late 1980s, 37 states passed laws on the organization of such zones, which became one of the main tools for the revival of old industrial centers. Today, all states have similar zones. In these zones: enterprises are created and local residents are hired, taxes are reduced, loans and subsidies are provided. In a number of municipalities, private firms wishing to place their capital in the area are exempted from state corporate income tax, property taxes, machinery and equipment taxes, inventions and raw materials used in production, certain types of products, turnover, and land. and investment. They are granted the right to accelerate depreciation of production and transport equipment, which allows them to write off part of the profit as a cost. Stimulation of business activity in entrepreneurial zones is also achieved, firstly, through the sale of state and municipal property (land, buildings, structures) located on their territory to private hands; secondly, by abolishing some types of state and local regulation of entrepreneurial activity (requirements for the construction of buildings and landscaping, annual payments for the right to entrepreneurship, etc.). At the same time, it is not overlooked social factor... Those corporations that establish their enterprises in these zones, as well as expand and renovate old ones, while hiring at least a third of the local staff, receive significant benefits in paying taxes on profits and property. Entrepreneurship zones in the UK are widespread. They vary in area - from 50 to 450 hectares - and can consist of several territories bordering each other. Most of them are located in areas where there has been no investment in industry for a long time or where traditional industries have fallen into disrepair. The administration of these zones was entrusted to the local governments (with the exception of Northern Ireland). Losses associated with the provision of tax incentives to companies are compensated to local authorities by the state. This allowed 89,500 people to be employed in the business zones in England, Wales and Scotland already at the end of the 1980s.

One of the sources of funding priority directions"local economy", widely used abroad, is the issue of securities. For example, in the United States, to finance the construction of new enterprises or the expansion of existing municipalities, special bonds of industrial development are issued. In order to stimulate economic activity, profitable or general bonds have become widespread, which are used as an effective form of attracting private capital. Municipal bond profits are not subject to income tax and tax on financial assets in banks. As a rule, a significant part of the funds received from the issuance of these bonds is directed to the construction of facilities, the characteristics of which are previously agreed with the firms interested in construction. Subsequently, the company leases this object with the prospect of getting it into ownership at a reduced price. At the same time, the cost of the object itself is much lower than the average, since initially, being state enterprise, it was not subject to local taxation Local government... Grinev S.N. Minsk. 2004 - p. 35-36, 38.

Thus, the most effective instruments of the economic policy of local authorities in the field of supporting small business are:

1) exemption of companies from paying income tax or its significant reduction;
2) the introduction of preferential rates of income, property taxes in the event of expansion of activities in the territory under the jurisdiction of local authorities;
3) organization of business zones;
4) creation special companies and developmental organs;
5) provision of bonuses, subsidies, accelerated depreciation rights;
6) limiting direct interference in the affairs of private sector companies, etc.

All of the above illustrates quite well how foreign countries approach the construction of local economic policy.

In all foreign countries, there is support for small and medium-sized businesses, based on legislative and legal, financial base, organizational and methodological system.

The above mechanisms in the field of small business support, used in foreign countries, can be used in Russia as well.