What applies to printing products. Printed products. How is the work of the printing house

Surely many, who at least once in their life had to order printing products, wondered how the two concepts differ - polygraphy and typography.

Under the concept "Polygraphy" understand the industry that deals with the reproduction of printed matter.

There are several types of printing:

• Deep;
• Flat;
• Stencil;
• High.

In addition, distinguish different ways seals, which are divided into:

• Digital printing;
• Offset printing;
• Digital offset printing;
• Silk-screen printing;
• Embossing;
• Sublimation;
• Flexography.

If speak about typography, then we are talking about printing manufacturing enterprise... As a rule, it prepares everything necessary for sending an order for printing, applying an image to a medium, printing a circulation, as well as processing printed products.

Today, all over the world, both large printing houses and small organizations carry out their services for the creation of printing products. Regardless of their size, they can specialize both in all printing methods and types of printed products, that is, they can be universal, or in one thing.

How is the work of the printing house

It's very complicated technological process, therefore, errors in work can be irreparable or unprofitable for the enterprise. Fortunately, since the advent of computers and their firm fixation in human life, the workflow has become much easier, especially with regard to the safety of information and images. After all, now all electronic versions of products can always be found in the data storage system.

Today there are many companies that are engaged in the production or supply of server systems, computer equipment and integrated IT solutions for corporate enterprises, government agencies, government agencies. Among them, a special place and recognition of customers was awarded to ASKOD company.

Why is it so difficult to organize the process of creating printed products, and what is important to consider at each stage of work?

As a rule, all printing houses carry out their activities according to the same principle. Work on an order is divided into several stages, for each of which one or another employee is responsible, or a group of specialists, if necessary.

Purchase and delivery of all necessary Supplies, their processing, organization of printing processes - all this requires a lot of time and effort. In addition, in order to start the workflow itself, it is necessary to pay close attention to synchronizing the actions of all employees of the printing house.
Like many other organizations, the printing house begins its work by looking for clients who want to order printing products, with whom you still need to agree on the type of service, cost and terms.

After all the nuances of the future cooperation of the two parties have been agreed, the order is sent to the prepress of the printing house. Very often the client has no idea what exactly he would like to receive and how it will look like. It all depends on the typography designer, who will come up with or select a design that meets the customer's requirements and make a layout. After approval of the layout by the customer, the files are processed, after which printed forms are output from them.

Next, the order goes to the printing house, where paper is already cut for it, a technical specification has been drawn up, which will accompany this order until it is completely manufactured. Only at this stage can the printer of the printing house start work. As practice shows, it is not so easy to find a true specialist in this field.

The last stage of order preparation takes place in the finishing shop , where the finished form goes.

As you can see, printing and typography are two closely related concepts, the meaning of which is quite easy to understand.

These are products manufactured by printing houses as a result of the production technological chain of the printing process: product design, prepress, post-printing and finishing works.

To get quality printing products, requires high qualifications and experience of many people, high-quality materials, modern equipment, as well as the well-coordinated work of all departments whose purpose is to promptly manufacture printing products high quality.

Modern printing houses are divided into two large groups. As a rule, large printing houses print products of large circulation (newspapers, magazines, etc.), while operative printing salons offer urgent printing of small quantities of printed products, as a rule, of an advertising nature.

3. Promotional Products ... This group of products, perhaps, is the most numerous in terms of the types of offered advertising printed products: these are both, and, leaflets with and without, and posters, etc. can also be attributed to advertising printed products that work directly at the point of sale, and stimulate the buyer to buy a product. Advertising products are the most diverse products in their embodiment, because they have a very difficult task - to attract the attention of a potential client, to interest him, to convey information about the offered goods and services. Therefore, advertising specialists are forced to constantly come up with new types of advertising products that can interest and surprise potential clients companies to get their attention. Printing houses, on the other hand, in order to produce competitive advertising products, have to look for ways and possibilities to bring to life the most unusual design ideas.

4. Calendar products... - the most versatile. There are many functions that calendars do not perform: it is time control and business planning, it is a wonderful decoration of the office, a wonderful gift and an effective advertising medium. No wonder the calendar is a very popular printing products. For 16 years, both by individual order and wholesale, it has been one of the leading activities of our company. We know the intricacies of the process, therefore we offer you the production of all types of calendars:, and desk-top calendars, the most popular office calendars, convenient and attractive pyramid calendars, and, of course, our faithful little assistants. We release timesheets-calendars necessary for accountants, calendars for gardeners and gardeners, indicating all posts and holidays. We also produce non-standard "image" calendars using cut-out forms and exclusive finishing.

POLYGRAPHY
the technique of multiple obtaining of the same images (prints) by transferring the ink layer from the printing plate to paper or other material. The actual process of transferring an image from a printing plate to paper is called printing. But this is only one of the processes of making printed products; the main printing processes are typesetting, making a printing plate, printing and bookbinding. In printing, three main methods of reproduction of text and illustrations are used: high, gravure and flat printing. Letterpress is the oldest of them. As the name itself indicates, with this method, the printers are embossed elements of the printing plate that rise above the non-printing (blank) elements. Printing takes place when the inked printing surface is pressed against the paper. In intaglio printing, the printing elements of the printing plate, on the contrary, are recessed. The paint is applied to the entire surface of the mold, and then erased so that it remains only in the depressions corresponding to the image. When the paper is pressed against the intaglio plate, ink flows from the indentations onto the paper like moisture absorbed by a towel. The printing and space elements of the flatbed form are located at the same level. This method, which includes offset printing and lithography, is based on differences in the wettability of different areas of the surface. The surface of the form is chemically treated so that the printing elements are wetted with ink, and the blanks are not accepted.
HIGH PRINT
The production of any printed matter begins with a set. The letterpress set can be made manually or by machine.
Manual set. This is the oldest type of set. A separate typographic letter is used for each letter of the alphabet. The letter is a metal bar, on the upper end of which there is a relief image of the letter. From such letters, words, phrases, paragraphs, etc. are made by hand. The typographic font is made in the form of separate letters different sizes and headsets and are supplied in kits containing all upper and lower case letters, numbers and punctuation marks of the same size and one typeface. The height (size) of a font is measured in non-metric units - typographic points. In Russia standard size point is equal to 0.376 mm. With a monotype set in Russia, they use an Anglo-American point equal to 0.3528 mm (1/72 inch).
Machine set. Machine typing is, of course, faster than manual typing. There are three main types of typesetting machines for letterpress printing: line-casting, letter-casting and large-sized line-casting. All of them do not actually produce a typesetting type, but rather cast the type from molten metal. Strokotlivny typesetting machines (linotypes and intertypes) type the text in the form of monolithic metal lines with a relief printing surface. Each such machine consists of a keyboard, a magazine and an ejection and disassembly apparatus. When you press the key with the designation of the letter from the store, the metal matrix, which serves as the injection mold of the corresponding letter. Whole lines are composed of matrices, which are then mechanically transferred to the casting apparatus. Here, the matrices are filled with molten metal, and it cools quickly. The cast string is pushed out of the machine, after which the disassembly mechanism returns the dies to the magazine. Before casting the string, it is mechanically justified, i.e. reduction to a given length using blank plates - spacing. The letter-casting typesetting machine (monotype) consists of a keyboard and casting apparatus. When a key is pressed, a code combination of holes corresponding to a given letter is punched on the paper tape. In the casting machine, where there are matrices for all letters, a set is automatically cast on a paper tape. In large-sized string-casting machines, the machine set is combined with the manual one. The hand-picked strings from the dies are introduced into the casting apparatus, in which the set is cast. Speed ​​of execution is not the only advantage of a machine set over a manual one. It is also simpler in many ways. For example, a set made by machine and disassembled mechanically, not by hand. In addition, since the typeface is re-cast each time with machine typing, the difficulties associated with the gradual wear of the type disappear.

Cliche. Besides text, printing deals with illustrations. For letterpress printing, illustrations are reproduced using special forms letterpress is a cliché. These are solid printing plates that can be made by hand, but are more often done by photomechanical and electromechanical methods. Depending on the nature of the image, clichés can be dashed, halftone and combined. Line clichés, as their name indicates, are used to reproduce pen drawings, handwritten text, drawings, graphs, and other similar originals. In the photomechanical manufacturing method, the reproduced illustration is photographed and the resulting negative is placed on a metal plate coated with a water-soluble photosensitive material. The light from a powerful lamp, passing through the transparent areas of the negative, causes the coating to harden (harden). The coating underneath the opaque areas of the negative remains soluble in water and washes out, leaving a clean metal surface. After that, the entire surface of the plate is exposed to acid, but etching occurs only in areas not protected by a hardened coating, as a result of which the necessary relief appears. Line clichés are simpler and cheaper than others, but they are only suitable for reproducing illustrations consisting of lines and solid dark areas. For the transfer of photographs, drawings and other images containing different levels of gray, grayscale clichés are used. Since the printing press can only apply an even layer of ink, the image in the illustration is photographed into separate dots to reproduce halftones. To do this, at the photographic stage of the process, a raster is superimposed on the original illustration - optical instrument with a mesh of opaque black lines. The raster divides the image into points, the size of which changes depending on the intensity of the reproduced tone in one place or another. In the dark area of ​​the image, the raster gives large dark points, and in the light area - small, more distant from each other. On the basis of the resulting negative, a cliche is made in the same way as a line cliche. Combined clichés are necessary to reproduce illustrations, such as, for example, a pen with shadows. In such cases, elements of both of the above cliche production methods are used.
Layout, imposition and closing. After the text and headings are typed and the cliches are made, all this should be arranged in the form of a page. This operation, called imposition, consists in placing the individual elements of the set in the position in which they should be on the print. The entire plate is then "enclosed" (secured) in a massive steel frame that will hold it in position during printing. The dimensions of the frame for the enclosure are determined by the number and size of the printing plates that will be fixed in it. If, for example, one notebook requires eight strips (pages), then the printer will enclose four of the eight single-sheet printing plates in one frame, and the remaining four in another. Each of the two 4-lane printing plates will be printed on different sides of a single sheet of paper. After folding (folding) the printed sheet once horizontally and vertically, eight stripes will be produced. In multi-lane printing, it is necessary to arrange the individual printing plates of the strips so that after printing and folding, the prints of the strips go in the notebook in the correct order. This arrangement is called an imposition pattern.
Stereotypy. In the manufacture of large-circulation products, letterpress forms wear out and have to be restored. In addition, if the same order was printed at the same time on several presses, the same set would have to be performed several times. Therefore, copies of printed forms, the so-called stereotypes, are widely used. They are cheaper, easier and faster to manufacture, last longer, and can be bent to fit onto rotary press cylinders. Copies of letterpress forms are made by methods of electroplating, casting and pressing. In the manufacture of electroplating under the press, an imprint of the original shape is made on a sheet of wax, plastic or lead. Then, a silver compound is sprayed onto the print by spraying the solution and placed in an electrolytic bath, where a copper layer is built up on the surface of the print. This copper layer, adhered to a thick lead substrate, forms a durable printing surface. The foundry method gives the cheapest stereotypes. A thin (1 mm) sheet of multilayer cardboard is applied to the original printing plate and a matrix is ​​obtained from it on a press. Then the matrix is ​​metallized from the surface by spraying with molten metal, which, upon cooling, forms a copy of the printing surface. Plastic stereotypes can be made photographically or by pressing. In the first case, the technique is the same as in the photomechanical production of cliches, and the photoreproduction original is a print of the original form. In the second, a stereotype is obtained from a matrix (made of polymer-impregnated material) of the original shape by pressing thermoplastic plastic or rubber.
Printing machines. Letterpress machines are divided into three categories: crucible, flatbed and rotary.

Crucible machine. The crucible machine has two cheeks: a taler, on which the printing plate is fixed, and a crucible, which holds the paper. When the cheeks are apart, colorful rollers roll the paint over the entire open surface of the mold. Then the cheeks move and the crucible is fed so that the paper is pressed tightly against the mold. With this "onslaught", the paint is transferred from the form to the paper. Next, the cheeks move apart and everything is repeated with a new sheet of paper. At the grab crucible machine, both the crucible and the taler move, but such a device is used only on small machines. In large crucible machines, the taler is motionless.
Flatbed printing machine. The flat-bed press (invented before the crucible) is so named because the printing plate in it is installed on a flat bed. The crucible, on which the paper is applied, is an impression cylinder. During the printing process, the taler moves in its plane under the action of the rotating impression cylinder, and the paper is clamped between the taler and the cylinder. When printing is complete, the impression cylinder is lifted, the printed sheet is peeled off and the ink rollers re-ink the printing plate. A flat-bed press can be not only one-color (described above), but also two-color or two-sided. A two-color flatbed press works the same as a one-color one, with the difference that it is aggregated from two separate printing units, each with its own impression cylinder and inking unit. After one plate has been printed, the paper is transferred by a transfer cylinder to a second impression cylinder for printing from the second plate. Thus, the paper is sealed twice on one side. A double-sided flatbed press, unlike those described above, prints both sides of the paper in one pass. Structurally, it is similar to a two-color flatbed printing machine, but does not have a transfer cylinder. After the first printing, the paper is released from the grips of the impression cylinder, flipped and gripped by the second impression cylinder to print the second form on the other side.
Rotary engine. On a rotary printing press the paper to be printed passes between a cylindrical printing plate (plate cylinder) and an impression cylinder. Such a machine requires a stereotype that can be shaped to match the surface of the impression cylinder. Rotary printing presses are divided into sectional and planetary (with one common impression cylinder), as well as sheet-fed and web-fed. Roll-fed machines are printed on a continuously fed paper web, which is cut into separate sheets after printing. The productivity of rotary presses is generally higher than that of flat-bed presses. In a sectional rotary machine, each color to be printed has its own inking unit, a plate cylinder and an impression cylinder. If, for example, the machine has four colors, then it includes four such printing units. The paper runs through all four sections in sequence. In a planetary rotary machine, around one common impression cylinder, there are up to five (according to the number of printed colors) inking units and the same number of printing cylinders. The paper web, pulled by the rotating impression cylinder, passes from one plate cylinder to another, and each of them gives its own impression until the printing cycle is complete.
OFFSET PRINTING
Offset printing processes differ significantly from the letterpress processes described above. If in letterpress printing, printing is carried out directly from the typographic font and cliche, then in offset printing, a photographic transformation of the image of the typed material into transparent image on film. The completed font set is first photographed. Then the obtained film negative is used as a transparency for transferring the image of the set onto a printing material covered with a photosensitive layer. There are three main types of offset printing kits: metal typesetting, typewriter typesetting, and phototypesetting. The set is metal and on typewriters. After the metal typing has been made by the machine method, a reproduced imprint of the set is most often used to obtain a photo-reproducible original layout. The set, after page imposition, is placed on the taler of the sample flatbed press. The resulting print can be photographed as a photo-reproduced original layout. Typewriters are the most common (among those developed in previous years) technique for obtaining a photo-reproducible original without a metal typeset. Electric typewriters with a typographic design, in which ink from a ribbon is transferred by type to paper, produce originals for reproduction in reflected light. Typesetting can be combined with phototypesetting.
Photocomposition. Plants for phototypesetting have gone from the simplest hand-held devices for typing print-quality texts to automatically controlled devices that provide very fast processing of text arrays. Phototypesetting is based on a photographic process (with a very short exposure time) in which characters are exposed one at a time on film or stabilized photographic paper. It can be computerized and requires two kinds of equipment: a belt puncher with a keyboard and a phototypesetter controlled by a punched tape. One phototypesetter can work with several punches. When the key is pressed, the punch punches the pattern of holes of the corresponding typographic mark on the paper tape. On phototypesetters with manual maintenance, line alignment, i.e. fitting them to a given length is performed by the operator. To do this, he monitors the counter readings, which registers the occupied and free parts of the string length. Computerized installations do not require such line-by-line justification. The operator completely concentrates his attention on the continuously typed text, and the information from the punched tape is entered into the computer with the automatic shutdown program installed in it to the standard format. Modern photosetters are high-speed devices, the design of which allows the use of several operators at once, working in parallel on the keyboard of tape punchers. It is customary to divide them into cars of three "generations". The first generation machines are simple photomechanical devices. The inserted punched tape sets the position of the matrix frame, which is structurally similar to the matrix frame of the shop of a letter-casting machine. The main difference is that here the matrix frame does not contain matrices for casting metal letters, but photographic negatives of typographic signs. When the punched tape calls up one letter or another, the matrix frame is mechanically set to a position in which this letter can be exposed in the right place on the photographic paper or film. The size of the font is changed by moving the optical magnifying system. The machines of the second generation, the most common at present, have a disk or drum type carrier, around which transparent letters of the alphabet are printed. When the type carrier rotates, the inserted punched tape triggers the exposure device, which gives a light flash at the moment when the desired letter is in the path of light. During exposure, the light that carries the image of the letter passes through a magnifying system, the position of which determines the size of the font. During exposure, the stepping mechanism detects the width of the letter and moves the film or photo paper to the position for the next letter to be exposed. The productivity of the second generation phototypesetting machines is much higher than the first, and ranges from 20 to 600 characters per second or more.

The third generation machines are high-speed cathode ray tube installations that do not have parts that would move mechanically during dialing. In such installations, all characters are stored in the form of font sets in the computer memory. When triggered by injected punched tape or magnetic tape, the computer displays them on the monitor screen. With the help of an optical system, the marks are instantly registered on the photographic material. The size of the font is electronically regulated, the productivity can be from 100 to 10,000 characters per second, depending on the required print quality.

At the end of the set, the exposed photographic material (film or paper) remains in the opaque cassette. The film is chemically treated in a dark room, and the resulting negative is directly used to make a printing plate. On photographic paper, after processing, galleys of the text are obtained, similar to a proof print.
Reproduction installations. The originals for copying in the manufacture of offset printing plates are transparent photographic images (on film) of the text typed by the methods discussed above, reproduced prints, photographs, illustrations and all other materials that are required to be submitted to printed form... To obtain such intermediate originals, reproduction cameras are used. In the manufacture of printing plates, three types of reproduction originals are used: line, half-tone and color. Line originals, like letterpress line clichés, contain only lines and dark areas without grayscale gradations. They are used to reproduce reproduced prints, photosetting galleys on paper, graphs, pen drawings, etc. Halftone offset originals, like letterpress halftone clichés, contain up to 30-45 tone transitions from saturated to zero density. When making a line or grayscale reproduced original layout, a photomontage is usually performed. All line originals are glued to thick paper in the position in which they should be on the final printed sheet. The result of such an operation, similar to page-by-page typesetting in the case of a metal typeset, is a mounted layout of the entire typographic order. This mock-up is photographed as a whole. After exposure in a reproduction camera of a line layout original, a half-tone original is placed in the camera, and the camera is set to size. To reproduce a halftone original, it must be converted to a halftone image. This is done using a halftone screen as described above. Then line and halftone negatives are aligned according to the appropriate imposition scheme so that they are subsequently in the correct position on the printed sheet of paper. After that, the negatives are transferred to an assembly sheet, which becomes the carrier of all negatives used in the manufacture of offset printing plates.
Multicolor printing. Color originals are more difficult to reproduce than line and grayscale originals. this requires color separation. Subtractive blending colors blue, green, and red are produced when cyan and magenta, cyan and yellow, magenta and yellow are superimposed on each other, respectively. To accurately reproduce the desired color, for example, green or orange, you need to accurately reproduce the ratio of the three color components - yellow, cyan and magenta. This is achieved using three color-separation filters, each of which transmits only light corresponding to its color onto the black-and-white photographic film. Then it is already easy to reproduce the same mixture of colors on paper by sequentially overlaying yellow, blue and red paints from three different printing plates. As a rule, a fourth shape is also added - for black, which allows you to increase the density range and improve clarity in areas of the shadow. Color separation is carried out in a reproduction camera, but there are more modern method electronic color separation, which will be discussed in more detail below.

Separation photography requires exposing the original four times on separate films. The first exposure is made through a red filter, which allows only cyan, or blue, light from the original to pass through. A second exposure is taken through a green filter and only red, or magenta, light is recorded. At the third exposure, only yellow light is recorded through a blue filter. The fourth exposure, for black, consists of three partial exposures: one through the red filter, the other through the green, and the third through the blue. For four color separation negatives, offset forms are made, one for each ink. When printed sequentially, these forms faithfully reproduce the color composition of the original.
Manufacturing of printed forms. Offset printing plates are usually made of metal foil with a thickness of 0.01-0.05 mm. There are two main types of such forms - surface and "deep offset", and the latter include bimetallic ones. Surface forms are actual forms of flat printing: their printable areas are flush with non-printable ones. The protective light-sensitive coating can be applied by pouring in the center of the mold followed by rotation for alignment or rolling. Also available are printing materials with a pre-applied photosensitive protective layer. Surface forms are usually used in cases where the circulation does not exceed 45,000. Deep offset forms are processed in the same way as surface forms, but their non-printing areas are deepened chemical etching... Due to this, such forms are more durable than superficial ones, and can withstand up to 500,000 impressions. Bimetallic molds consist of two layers of different metals, one that is very well wetted with ink (for example, copper) and forms printable areas, and the other that is poorly wetted with ink (for example, unpolished chrome) and forms gaps. Bimetallic forms clearly reproduce high-quality images and withstand up to 3-5 million prints.
Offset machines. Flat bed offset printing machines are divided into flat bed and rotary. Rotary machines are subdivided into sheet and roll machines according to the type of the printed material (paper). By the design of many units, inking machines, etc., offset machines are similar to letterpress machines. Their main distinctive feature is the presence of offset transfer cylinders and dampening devices.

Sheet-fed offset machines. In a sheet-fed rotary offset press, the printed image is transferred from the form to the paper using three cylinders - plate, transfer and printing. The flat print form is fixed on the plate cylinder. The dampening device applies a thin layer of dampening solution to its blank elements, after which the inking device rolls paint onto it. By rotating the printing cylinder, the ink image is transferred to a smooth rubber-fabric plate fixed to the transfer cylinder. This plate transfers the image onto a paper sheet held by grippers on the impression cylinder. Sheet-fed offset machine can be monochromatic and multicolor. Multicolor machines are aggregated from separate printing units (containing plate, transfer and impression cylinders) with separate inking and dampening devices - according to the number of printed inks. The paper moves from one section to another, and a complete print is obtained by successive overprinting of colors. The order of application of paints is determined by a specific order specification. Most often they are superimposed in this order: yellow, red, blue, black. One of the typical varieties of a rotary offset press is a double-sided sheetfed press. It has two forme and two transfer cylinders. On both plate cylinders, it is fixed on the printing plate, and the ink images are transferred from the plates to the corresponding transfer cylinders. The paper is clamped between transfer cylinders, and the ink images are transferred from them to different sides of the paper sheet. In this case, one transfer cylinder acts as an impression cylinder for the other. Another type of sheetfed offset press is a flatbed press. Here the flat print form and paper are positioned on the machine taler. Above the taler moves a carriage with a transfer cylinder, dampening and inking devices, which in one pass moistens the surface of the mold, rolls paint onto it and transfers the ink image to the transfer cylinder, and from it to paper.
Roll offset machines. Web offset presses, like web letterpress rotary presses, print on a continuous paper web. The printed web is either rewound, or cut into sheets, folded, stitched and bound according to the order specification. Roll offset presses are divided into sectional, double-sided and planetary. Sectional, like a multi-color sheet machine, consist of several sections (according to the number of printed inks), each printing its own ink on one side of the paper web. In a double-sided machine, the transfer cylinder of one section serves as an impression cylinder for the transfer cylinder of the other, so that in one pass the paper web is sealed on both sides. In a planetary machine, ink sections are grouped around a common impression cylinder. Printing is carried out by passing the paper web between it and the transfer cylinders of the individual sections.
DEEP PRINT
Intaglio printing is the process of printing from honeycomb inking cells chemically etched inward from the surface of a copper, cast iron, steel or aluminum cylinder. There are thousands of such cells per square centimeter of the cylindrical surface area of ​​a metal printing plate. The process begins in a reproduction camera with transferring to a photographic film the image of the reproduction print, galleys of typed text material, line and half-tone photographic illustrations. The transfer of a photographic image from a photographic film to a plate cylinder is carried out using a photosensitive intermediate layer of the so-called resist. One of the most common resists is sensitized gelatinous "pigment paper". The light of a powerful lamp is directed through photographic film onto acid-resistant pigment paper. Under the influence of light, the gelatinous coating is hardened. Where there is less light, i.e. in dark areas, gelatin is hardened to a lesser extent than in light areas. After exposure, the pigment paper is placed on the plate cylinder and the unhardened resist is washed out. The cylinder is placed in an acid bath, in which the printing areas are etched to a depth depending on the amount of hardened resist remaining on the cylinder. The result is a cylindrical shape of gravure printing with etched cells of different depths. The depth of the cell determines the amount of ink filling it, and, consequently, the tone (grayscale) in a given area of ​​the printed image.
Electronic engraving. Electronic engraving, in contrast to the preparation of a gravure plate cylinder, consists of only two stages: photographing and engraving. The original is photographed, and the image obtained on photographic film is scanned with a photoelectric device. Electronic pulses generated during scanning drive the cutter, which creates cells of different depths on the surface of the cylinder.
Intaglio printing machine. After etching or engraving, the surface of the gravure gravure cylinder is chrome-plated to increase its service life. The cylinder is then mounted on the printing press. The rotogravure printing machine does not have ink feeding, rolling and rolling systems. When rotating, its plate cylinder is partially immersed in a reservoir of liquid paint. Excess ink is removed from its surface by a squeegee mechanism, so that ink remains only in the recessed areas of the image. The cylinder is then brought into contact with the printing paper.
SPECIAL PRINTING METHODS
Along with the three main methods (letterpress, offset and gravure printing), a number of other types of printing are used in the printing industry. Almost all of them are of a special nature. Some of them are discussed below.
Screen printing. Screen printing is widely known not only in the printing industry. A hand-made or photomechanical stencil is applied to a dense mesh of silk, nylon or of stainless steel stretched on a wooden frame. Place paper or other material for printing on a flat surface, and a wooden frame with a mesh is placed on top so that the mesh and stencil adhere closely to the material to be printed. Then a thick paint is rolled over the stencil with a rubber roller. Where, according to the printed image, ink passes through the stencil, it seeps through the mesh onto the printed material. Screen printing is versatile. It is suitable for printing on a wide variety of materials, from glass and metals to wood and fabrics. In addition, this process allows for the application of thick layers of paint. The manual process described above screen printing can be mechanized using flat-sheet or web-fed machines that produce from 200 to 6000 prints per hour.
Phototype. Phototyping provides a high fidelity reproduction of the original, but it is suitable mainly for low-volume production. There are two options for phototyping: one with a very dense grid for exceptional clarity and tonal gradation, and the other with smooth gradations, no halftone screen and no halftone dots. In the first version, a negative is exposed on a printing plate covered with gelatin through a grid-raster. In bright places, gelatin hardens under the influence of light and becomes water-repellent, but is easily wetted with paint. The produced form is dried, bent and fixed on the plate cylinder of the printing machine. Here it is moistened by the rollers of the dampening apparatus, and the ink image is transferred to the transfer cylinder, and from there to the paper fixed in the grippers of the impression cylinder. In the second version of phototyping, there is no need for grayscale gradations created by a raster. A glass plate is coated with a binder and a solution of gelatin with dichromate, and then exposed through a film negative. In the illuminated areas, gelatin is hardened in proportion to the intensity of the light passing through the negative. After exposure, the plate is washed in an aqueous solution of glycerin; in this case, the uncut areas swell more strongly than the hardened ones, as a result of which there is a change in the surface of the phototype layer and the formation of blank and printing elements, which create a complete illusion of a tone image on the print.
Relief colorful embossing. This is a special printing method in which areas of the paper covered with ink are raised. It is applicable for printing high quality invitation cards, letterheads, business cards... Reproducible printed material must be engraved. Paint is applied to the engraved mold and the excess is removed so that the paint remains only in the recesses of the mold. Then the printed paper is applied to the form, and on top - another form, the bulges of which exactly correspond to the indentations of the first. Under the onslaught, the paper is simultaneously sealed and embossed.
Convex print. This method also gives relief printing, but it is technically simpler. As the printed sheet leaves the letterpress machine, resin powder is applied to the fresh ink and the paper sheet is introduced into a heating device. The polymer, when heated, causes the ink to swell, causing the printed surface to be raised. Although the quality of the resulting product is lower than with the embossing method, this is more than offset by the versatility, simplicity and low cost of the embossing method.
BOOKLING AND BINDING PROCESSES
Bookbinding is an important part of book printing. These include slitting, folding, and saddle stitching.

Cutting and folding. Printed sheets of book and magazine publications are cut to the right size on single-knife paper cutting machines. Such a machine consists of a horizontal table-taler, on which stacks of cut sheets are laid, and a steel knife with an electric drive. Using the feeder (back), the stack of sheets is set on preset size cut, and the knife lowers, precisely and evenly cutting the foot into two parts. Folding (the operation of folding printed sheets in a notebook of a given size) can be done manually and on automatic machines. In high-capacity cassette machines, the sheet is fed by rotating rollers. When it reaches the stop, the leading edge of the sheet stops, but the feed rollers continue to move the rest of the sheet. The sheet bends and forms a loop, which is captured by the folding rollers and compressed into a fold. Folding machines can be set to fold multiple times, or fold, punch, slit, glue and cut to the final format in a single operation.
Bookbinding processes. The most complex binding and binding processes in the manufacture of book products. The three main types of bookbinding are as follows: the production of books in binding covers, the production of book and magazine editions in paperbacks and the mechanical binding of notebooks (spiral, rings, staples, etc.).
Books in hardcover covers. Hard covers are used where durability is required. The process of making books in bound covers consists of eight basic operations: 1) cutting sheets, 2) folding and pressing, 3) stitching sheets in a notebook, 4) assembling blocks, 5) binding blocks, 6) processing blocks, 7) preparing blocks for binding with binder covers and 8) connecting blocks with covers. As a result of cutting and folding sheets, notebooks are obtained - parts of a book, each of which was printed on one sheet. Notebooks are stitched into blocks. Block sewing with a wire is carried out in two ways: saddle stitch and set-in. Editions complete with a tab are saddle stitched. In this case, the wire brackets pass through the fold of the block spine from the outside and bend inside. Blocks, completed with a selection, are sewn with a set-in: the block is stitched with wire staples at a certain distance (4-5 mm) from the edge of the spine. The most common way of stitching blocks together is sewing with threads, and the threads can be sewn block by block - saddle stitch and set-in. When sewing with thread, the block notebook is stitched stitched through the spine fold and fastened to the previous notebook with the same threads. It is more economical and provides a more durable fastening of the stitching stitching of the block, completed with a collection, with an indent of 4-5 mm along the entire spine. After stitching the book blocks, press crimping and gluing of the spine are performed. When crimping, the spine thickness (increased due to stitching) is reduced, which improves the conditions for subsequent cutting. In addition, when crimping, the strength of the connection of the notebooks increases and the solidity of the block spine increases. The compressed blocks are cut from three sides to the desired format on three-knife cutting machines. For medium and medium editions large volumes the spines of the book blocks are round. At the same time, it improves appearance books, as well as its disclosure. The processing of the block is completed by gluing a block of reinforcing elements (fabric tape and paper strip) to the spine. The last operation is to connect the blocks with the binding covers. A glue solution is applied to the endpapers and gauze valves, and then the block is inserted into the lid. In order to avoid warping of bound books, they are kept (with heating) under a press until the glue dries.
Paperback editions. The blocks made as described above are bonded to covers made of printed or cover paper (or polymer coated paper and nonwovens) with glue applied to the spine.
Detachable fastening. Holes are punched along the edge of the pages to be fastened, into which plastic or wire spirals, split rings, etc. are then inserted.
NEW TECHNOLOGY
Advances in modern technology, especially in automation, electronics and computers, have revolutionized printing. The transformation began in the 1950s with the introduction of phototypesetting and electronic color separation. But the full potential of these innovations was revealed only in the 1970s, when video terminals were created that provide the ability to view and correct typed text, and electronic raster dot generators that allow you to create halftones directly in electronic color separators. These changes, as well as the emergence of micro-computers, gradually led to the fact that printing from a craft turned into a high-tech production.
Kit. Phototypesetting, introduced in 1950, has evolved over time. The first phototypesetters were purely mechanical devices for typing photographic type. Later, electromechanical devices appeared that gave images of typographic signs on photographic paper. These images could be enlarged or reduced by optical means. Finally, fully electronic typesetting systems were created. Such systems are capable of converting images into digital form at a speed of up to 500 characters per second and displaying them on a monitor screen or, using a laser beam, onto photographic paper.
Input. The printed material can be introduced into the typesetting device in different ways. Direct input is carried out directly from the keyboard connected to the dialer. In this case, the speed of the latter is limited by the speed of the operator, but the text for input can be pre-recorded on the information carrier. Stand-alone keyboard devices record text for input on a variety of media. Optical input devices scan the typewritten original, convert the image into electronic signals and register it. Universal optical scanners can read texts in any typewritten or typographic font. The text is displayed on the monitor, which makes it possible to make edits and perform page layout directly on the screen. A text processor is software for a personal computer, which allows you to enter, store, view, edit, format, typeset and print texts in the same way as it is done with a specialized typesetting device. Expressways laser printers give a print quality that is not inferior to that made by traditional printing tools.
Page layout. Electronic typesetting systems provide for pre-typing text processing systems that compose text and graphic material into pages that can serve as reproducible originals in the manufacture of printed forms. In this case, graphic material is introduced by digital image converters, such as conventional optical scanners. Raster image scanners and bitmap recorders are capable of producing high-resolution text and graphic illustrations.
Data transfer. In computer technology, information is represented by a digital signal consisting of the numbers 0 and 1. The digital signal can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines, over coaxial microwave cable, over satellite radio and over an optical cable (laser beam). Thus, information can now be transmitted over long distances at the speed of light. An example of this technique is Newsweek, Time and US News and World Report, which are typed weekly at their headquarters and then sent by satellite to printers around the world. Transferring huge amounts of digital data can be time-consuming. Therefore, the data compression (compaction) method is applied. The data compression ratio can be 8: 1, 10: 1 and 20: 1 depending on the required image clarity.
Electronic color separation. Electronic color separation machines, introduced in the 1950s, made separation and color correction easier and faster. Such a machine consists of four main units: 1) an input rotating drum on which the original is fixed, 2) a scanning head with photocells and light filters that give electronic signals of the intensity of red, green and blue, 3) a color separator-color corrector that converts color signals into four print colors (yellow, magenta, cyan and black), corrected according to a set program, and 4) an output rotating drum on which the output film is mounted for exposure to color corrected images, which produces yellow, magenta, cyan and black photographic forms. An electronic color separation machine reduces the time spent on color separations from 4 hours or more to 10 minutes or less, while eliminating the need for manual color correction in most cases.
Electronic color prepress systems. Electronic typing and electronic color separation have significantly reduced the time spent on these two important operations, and the bottleneck has become the operation of dividing photographic film into text and illustration layouts. Electronic systems (containing pre-typed word processing systems, image processors and typesetting machines) have been developed that allow you to compose text layouts with some black and white illustrations. Digital electronic systems have also been created (with scanners, image processing stations, editing tables and output scanners) for editing text with color illustrations.
Electronic prototyping. Method computer-aided design film editing systems have been developed that determine the format of the set and the size of the layout and margins, the position of registration marks, page numbers, the location of headers and footers, etc., as well as the processing of image elements, the layout of originals by color, the placement of illustrations printed on a spread, and the definition other positional data. After the prototyping is done on film or, as appropriate, on mask sheets, the elements of the images of the film are fixed on the mounting sheets. An editing machine has been created, which automatically applies the elements of the images of the film to the editing sheets in accordance with the digital data of the layout.
Sample color images. When the films are mounted in a model for making a photographic form, a test image is needed to check the correct arrangement of elements, including colors. In addition, a test image is needed to evaluate how the publication will look after the press. Registration marks, color layouts and illustrations on spreads are checked. A proof print to check the final corrected image has always been done on the press before. Impressions for internal proofreading during the printing process were made on a separate color test printing unit. Impressions on the press itself are costly. If, however, to make printing plates and make prints on other machines similar to production, then this takes a lot of time. In addition, a print made on one machine may look different from an impression made on another and even on the same one, but under different conditions. In addition, the volume of color printing is increasing so rapidly that a very different pace of proof printing is required. Most color proofing systems are not expected to closely match machine prints. Some use dyes, others use dry pigments, also use plastic bases, coated plates, multilayer images on thin films, pigment toners with transfer to a special substrate. The main difficulties remain poor reproducibility of test images, insufficient research of printing processes and their low controllability. But there are a number of systems that make it possible to obtain highly reproducible proof color images five times faster than on printing presses, and moreover, not lower, but even higher quality. Systems are being developed with inks such as printing inks for obtaining test images on a printing substrate. Everywhere, except for magazine advertisements, the proofs of which are presented to the customer for approval, the usual machine proofs have been largely replaced by proofs obtained on special installations.
Printing methods. Due to the simplicity of preparatory operations and the manufacture of printing plates, offset printing has become the most common method of printing today. But deep offset forms and even some bimetallic forms have been supplanted by photoforms. Positive photopolymer forms can withstand over a million impressions on web offset presses for magazine and catalog printing. The difficulties of maintaining a balance between ink and water have been eliminated by the development of wet-free printing plates. In the printing systems "computer - printing plate" electrostatic forms, exposed by laser radiation, are used. Photo scanners control the ink nozzles on the press. Modern web presses are equipped with automatic register, waste control and microprocessor control systems. Gravure printing has always been a large-run printing process. At present, the development of this printing method is moving towards ensuring its efficiency in the field of small circulation and short production cycle times, in which offset printing previously dominated. Gravure printing cylinders were most often made from multi-tone images, which are difficult to correct and control. The most common method for making these cylinders is electromechanical engraving. With this method, multi-tone images on a rotating drum are scanned by optical heads, the signals of which are fed to a computer for conversion into digital form. Digital signals control a diamond tipped cutter that cuts cells of different widths and depths into the copper coating of a rotating plate cylinder blank at a speed of about 4,000 cells per second. Cylinders are usually sampled on special printing machines and either manually corrected by chemical etching or reworked. The process has been significantly accelerated and improved through the use of halftone engraving, which uses full-scale halftone images in electromechanical engravers (as in offset printing), and color proofing installations that mimic the print of a press. Following these improvements, gravure printing can now compete with offset printing in the small circulation market. Other methods of manufacturing gravure plate cylinders include: 1) laser engraving, in which cells of variable width and depth are burned into the plastic coating of the blank of the gravure cylinder by a laser beam controlled in accordance with the digital data of an electronic scanner, electronic system color prepress or computer; 2) the use of a photopolymer, which becomes extremely hard after lighting and processing; 3) electron-beam engraving, in which 100,000-150,000 cells per second are engraved on the surface of a copper-coated plate cylinder blank, which makes it possible to reduce the production time of a plate cylinder by 3 times compared to electromechanical engraving.
Other ways of printing. Many new printing methods differ from traditional ones in that they do not use printing plates and are contactless. Such methods are based on photographic, electrographic, magnetographic processes, inkjet printing technology, thermography, mechanical plotting, and electrical erosion.
PRINTING HISTORY

The history of letterpress printing begins with the invention of I. Gutenberg in Strasbourg of the collapsible type. In 1440, Gutenberg introduced cast metal letters from which words could be typed. True, in China, clay letters with embossed signs - hieroglyphs - were used 400 years before Gutenberg, and the Koreans cast bronze letters 300 years before him. But such a technique was not common in Europe until Gutenberg, whose contribution gained worldwide recognition after he printed the famous Mazarin Bible. Originally, the type was cast by hand by the type founders, each of whom measured it in their own way. But as an entire branch of the printing industry grew, the need for uniformity arose, and in 1764 a typographic point measurement system was introduced. It was developed by the French typographer P. Fournier, and later improved by F. Didot, after which it was widely used in industry. This system is used in many countries (including Russia), except for England, the USA and some others, where a somewhat modified system has been adopted. The invention of the first typesetting machine in 1823 is attributed to W. Church, an American who lived in England. Later his car was improved by D. Bruce. But it was only in 1885 that O. Mergenthaler, an inventor of German origin who worked in the United States, patented the linotype, the first practically suitable line casting machine (see MERGENTHALER, OTMAR). The monotype lettering machine was invented by T. Lanston in 1888. In 1905 W. Ludlow created a large-sized string-casting machine, and in 1911 G. Ridder built the first intertype string-casting machine.

The first printing presses were hand-held wooden presses. In North America, the first such press began operating in 1638 by S. Day in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1790, W. Nicholson in Great Britain invented a flatbed printing press; Around 1800, Stenhope built the first hand-fed cast iron printing press; in 1810, F. Koenig put into operation the first steam-driven flat-bed press; in 1827 I. Adams invented a steam-driven crucible printing machine; in 1865 V. Ballock created the first web-fed printing machine.

A ROTARY PRINTING MACHINE, which prints text on 10 cylinders as workers manually feed sheets of paper into it, was built in 1846 by the New York firm R. Howe and Company.

Offset printing. Around 1796 in Munich (Germany) A. Senefelder began to apply the method of lithography. The process was based on the use of porous Kelheim stone, which can be easily polished to a silky smooth surface. Senefelder applied his drawings to such a stone with bold pencils made of wax, lamp soot, oil and soap. When moistened, the stone absorbed water only where its surface was not oiled with a pencil. Thanks to the success of Senefelder, who produced high-quality lithographs, the lithographic method of printing spread widely throughout the world. But the technique remained primitive until in the second half of the 19th century. an improved flatbed press was not invented. However, the images had to be painted or etched onto the stone mold in a mirrored manner so that they would look correct after being transferred to paper. In 1905, A. Rubel in the USA invented offset printing and built a printing press with the transfer of an image from a printing plate, first to an intermediate transfer cylinder, and then to paper. In 1906, F. Harris developed and began to produce a similar machine. Although offset printing has taken the lead in the printing world, Senefelder's original stone-shaped lithographic technique is still used for highly artistic reproductions.
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Among the various services that are offered to the population is printing - the production of a variety of printed products. But not everyone understands the meaning of this type of activity.

The rather widespread word "printing" in different people causes an association with colorful posters or posters, in extreme cases with a publishing house that is releasing a book. It is far from indifferent to those who are directly connected with the printing industry - this is one of the main whales on which the fame of the enterprise rests. Because maintaining not only your name, but also the image of the company as a whole depends on the advertising products of the printing industry. And therefore for them this term has a slightly different meaning. According to its capabilities, it can satisfy the demand of any client: not only a private person, but also large enterprise and organizations that need printing products.

Printing and its importance for advertisers

Modern printing is one of the industries of industrial importance, which is engaged in the reproduction of printed material, as well as the release of books and magazines, newspapers, label and packaging products. And the services offered in the form of a variety of products are in demand among advertisers. Therefore, today the printing industry is an opportunity to meet the demand of any client.

For many companies, paper business cards, various posters, various advertising products that are in demand are a way to attract the attention of consumers. Therefore, for them, printing is an opportunity to get the right product according to requests and needs, it becomes an integral part of their professional activities.

The role of design in printing products

In printing products, the main place is occupied by the design of printing, because the future of organizations in the field of sales of goods depends on this. For people, for example, this is just a colorfully designed invitation that is pleasant to hold in your hands, which lifts your spirits. Specialists working in this area provide a full range of services designed for any audience of consumers. Because the design of the printing industry of any execution project carries a semantic load and plays the role of an incentive to purchase a product or service.

The value of printing in people's lives

The term "printing" itself is a concept of generalized meaning, it can be attributed both to a separate area of ​​production of printed materials, and to goods produced by a typographic method. But the meaning does not change from this. And it all depends on the different directions of the printing industry, as well as on the number of printing products that are used for various purposes.

The concept of "operational printing" is the release and production of various products in a printed version. It implies a small circulation of products in a very short time with the transfer of different colors of the media inks and includes several technology processes associated with the concept of "online printing".

Printing from a ready-made product layout is operational printing. And it can be offset and digital. The need for prompt printing arises in a variety of situations, for example, when additional runs are required already finished product, or there is a need to create a new one. also refer to online printing.

Advertising printing - the engine of progress

We inevitably see advertising products every day and everywhere: in everyday life, squares and parks, street avenues, offices. Accordingly, and promotional items, produced by the printing house, are very wide in the number of assortments. Its basis is the idea, the level of design skill and quality printing... Therefore, the production of brochures, catalogs and posters requires careful preparation with the development of unique ideas, slogans and uniform styles.

What do printing services include?

Products of this type of printing include:

• Various in format and quality of the material used, which are the cheapest media from this area.
• Calendars and posters differ only in size, but they carry a lot of information about the products.
• Catalogs, brochures are designed mainly for target audience with many color illustrations.
• stickers are the expression on the face of the company, protection against counterfeiting and carrying information about them.
• Notepads and various types of kubariks, postcards, serve as reminders and are excellent advertising material.

Printing: what is hiding behind it nice word? They can designate both a process and a separate book, notebook or calendar. The pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov stood at its origins. Probably, he can be called the founder of an entire branch of the modern industry. We come across printed media on a daily basis: newspapers, books, menus of cafes and restaurants, and even personal passports belong to printing products.

Printed products

Everything printed and replicated by help technical means- polygraphy. What are printing methods? on offset or digital machines.

The cycle of creating a printed printing industry consists of technological stages:

Layout creation;
... prepress preparation;
... seal;
... post-printing processing.

Both types of printing have prepress preparation of the original layout, which is fundamentally different in its criteria. for both productions is the same.

Typographic offset cycle

Offset printing technology involves prepress preparation, which consists in the output of a matrix, on the basis of which the entire circulation is subsequently made. To obtain high-quality prints, it is necessary to do color correction, color proofs, output films, which affects the total cost of the order, lengthens the production time and makes it impossible to correct the source when the printing process has already started. These are the disadvantages of the offset printing method, but there are much more advantages.

Offset printing allows you to make the largest number of printed sheets using one original layout. As the circulation increases, the unit cost of the final product decreases. The quality of the offset depends on the class of machines on which the printing is performed, the paper on which the image is transferred, and the inks used in production. The highest quality and brightest products are obtained on photo-offset machines. For the offset method, roll paper or cut sheets are used, according to technological requirements.

Full cycle printing technology includes a multi-stage process - from creating a layout to packaging the finished product. Most of the books, magazines, newspapers, with a circulation of more than 3,000, are printed with an offset method, since this option is much more profitable than ordering digital printing.

Types of printing products:

Books;
. different types packaging;
... newspapers;
... directories;
... magazines;
... notebooks;
... folders;
... posters;
... posters;
... leaflets;
... brochures;
... forms;
... postcards;
... calendars;
... smaller products.

Digital printing

What does this phrase mean? The most affordable way to quickly get a small number of business cards or flyers is to print in numbers! Most quick way get the image you want. Digital printing requires a minimum preparatory work and Additional materials... The output of the image to the machine (plotter, printer, copier, risograph) occurs directly from the monitor screen.

With high-quality calibration of the colors set by the printing press and on the monitor screen, color proofs are almost never needed, since the color on the screen fully matches the color of the resulting image. It is always possible to make corrections to the text, change the color, shape of the layout, enlarge or reduce the image, set the number of copies from one to a thousand.

Digital express

Digital replication is also called online printing - you can get a copy of an image within one minute. The advantage of this type of printing is its clarity, control over each copy of the circulation, the ability to get exclusive products, correction in the printing process, the minimum number of copies for a low fee.

Digital printing is performed on different types of media: fabric, paper and cardboard, self-adhesive film, glass, plastic, ceramic tiles... There is no one-size-fits-all machine, but the transfer to these materials is digital.

Types of digital printing:

Business cards;
... leaflets;
... brochures;
... postcards;
... folders;
... calendars;
... posters;
... posters;
... labels.

Post-printing processing

The final technological cycle, which includes the process of formatting the final product. Consists of several steps required to give final product a given shape and size. That is, the book must be assembled, bound and placed in the cover, and the business card must acquire its size.

The main types of post-printing processing:

Cutting;
... creasing;
... folding;
... stitching;
... die cutting;
... perforation;
... varnishing;
... selective UV varnishing;
... lamination.

Printing formats

For the best production efficiency, the industry has introduced standards. Printing was no exception. What is Standardization in the Printing Industry? First of all, we have streamlined the approach to the paper sizes on which the material is printed. When ordering printed products, they determine the size of the original layout in millimeters and adapt it to the available standard paper sizes on which the circulation will be printed.

Paper size classification table

series A	size, mm	series B	size, mm	series C	size, mm
A0	1189 x 841	B0	1000 x 1414	C0	1297 x 917
A1	841 x 594	IN 1	707 x 1000	C1	917 x 648
A2	594 x 420	AT 2	500 x 707	C2	648 x 458
A3	420 x297	AT 3	353 x500	C3	458 x 324
A4	297 x 210	AT 4	250 x 353	C4	324 x 2259
A5	210 x 148	AT 5	176 x 250	C5	229 x 162
A6	148 x 105	AT 6	125 x 176	C6	162 x 114
A7	105 x 74	AT 7	88 x 125	C7	114 x 81
A8	74 x 52	AT 8	88 x 62	C8	81 x 57

Each sheet size has its own name and corresponding size. For example, a sheet of standard printer paper is 297 x 210 millimeters in size and A4 series.