Innovative activity of the enterprise (5) - Abstract. Organization of innovation activities Innovative activities as

Introduction

IN modern conditions innovative activity is inherent to one degree or another in any manufacturing enterprise. Even if an enterprise is not a leader in the innovation market, sooner or later it will certainly face the need to replace obsolete technologies and products.

Market conditions for the development of the economy at the present time constantly put forward the requirements of not only quantitative, but also qualitative transformations. These transformations can be carried out using the most advanced technology, technology, continuously developing the research base.

The success of any firm is determined not so much by the scale of production as by the ability to update the product range in accordance with the market conditions and the behavior of competitors. Firms can win the buyer and stay on the market only by offering new or improved quality products.

1. general characteristics innovation and innovation

The term innovation is used in two senses. First, to describe the first use of a new product, process, or system. Second, to describe a process, including activities such as research, design, development and organization of production of a new product, process or system.

INNOVATION (eng, innovation) - innovation, innovation, innovation. In its most general form, this concept means: 1) investment in the economy, ensuring the change of generations of technology and technology; 2) new equipment, technology, products (goods) and services that are the result of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

The meaning of the term "innovation" depends on the specific purpose of research, measurement or analysis of an object.

Modern economic theory distinguishes between the following types of innovation:

introduction of a new product (product innovation);

introduction of a new production method (technological innovation);

creation of a new market for goods or services (market innovation);

development of a new source of supply of raw materials or semi-finished products (marketing innovation);

reorganization of the management structure (management innovation).

Innovation as a result of the creative process is the creation (or introduction) of new use values, the use of which requires the persons or organizations using them to change the usual stereotypes of activity, their skills. In this case, the most important sign of innovation in a market economy should be the novelty of its consumer properties.

Innovation is the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production activities, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education in other spheres of society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, their choice depends on the specific purpose of the measurement or analysis.

Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product, sold on the market, new or improved. technological process used in practice.

Methodology for the systematic description of innovations in conditions market economy based on international standards, recommendations on which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and received the name "Oslo Guidelines". They are designed for technological innovation only and cover new products and processes as well as significant technological changes. An innovation is considered to have been implemented if it is introduced in the market or in the production process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process innovations.

Product innovation encompasses the introduction of new or improved products.

Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, the organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or manufacturing methods.

All existing definitions can be attributed to five main approaches to the definition of innovation: 1) objective (in Russian literature, in this case, the word "innovation" is often used as the term being defined); 2) to process; 3) object-utilitarian; 4) process-utilitarian; 5) process and financial.

The main properties (criteria) of innovation are:

scientific and technical novelty;

practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use, for example, in industry, agriculture, health care, education or other areas of activity;

commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is “accepted” by the market; marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.

Since the new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, in so far as it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people. Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical embodiment of a new idea is closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance on the market of new (innovative) products or services.

Innovation activities are activities aimed at using and commercializing the results of research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology, followed by implementation and effective implementation in the domestic and foreign markets. Innovation activity associated with capital investments in innovation is called innovation - investment activity.

Innovation activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

Varieties of the main types of innovation activities can be:

a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;

b) pre-production developments, including product and technological process modifications, personnel retraining for the application of new technologies and equipment;

c) marketing of new products, which involves activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, adaptation of the product to different markets, advertising campaign;

d) acquisition of non-material technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trade marks, designs, models and services of technological content;

e) the acquisition of materialized technology - machines and equipment, in terms of their technological content, associated with the introduction of product or process innovations on IP;

f) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings to determine production procedures, technical specifications.

Scientific and technical activity (STD) is the cornerstone of innovation activity. In the implementation of scientific and technical documentation, the concept of "scale of scientific work" is important, which covers the following:

scientific (scientific and technical) direction - the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem of the development of this branch of science and technology. The solution of this or that scientific direction is possible through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;

scientific (scientific and technical) problem - a part of the scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways to solve it;

scientific theme- a part of the problem that is solved, as a rule, within a scientific organization and acts as the main unit of the thematic plan in financing, planning and accounting for work.

In the implementation of innovative activities, its objects and subjects differ.

The objects of innovation are the development of equipment and technology by enterprises located regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership on the territory of the country.

Subjects of innovation activity - legal entities regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership, individuals Russian Federation, foreign organizations and citizens, as well as stateless persons participating in innovative activities. The rights of the subjects are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. There may be innovators among the subjects. An innovator is the author of an innovation (discovery, invention, utility model, design solution, rationalization proposal, know-how, industrial design or other type of innovation).

The need for the formation of innovative activities is due to:

strengthening of intensive factors of production development, which contribute to the application of scientific and technological progress in all areas economic activity;

the decisive role of science in increasing the efficiency of the development and implementation of new technology;

the need for a significant reduction in the time required for the creation and development of new technology: an increase in the technical level of production;

the need to develop the mass creativity of inventors and rationalizers;

the specifics of the process of scientific and technical production: uncertainty of costs and results, pronounced multivariate research, risk and the possibility of negative results;

an increase in costs and a deterioration in the economic performance of enterprises in the development of new products;

rapid obsolescence of technology and technology;

the objective need for the accelerated introduction of new equipment and technology, etc.

2. Forms of organizing innovative activities

The forms of innovation activity can be: business partnerships, various societies, state and municipal unitary enterprises and organizations, and directly in innovation activities can be engaged in research, design, design and engineering, design and design and survey organizations, pilot plants, scientific departments as part of industrial enterprises as well as higher schools.

Innovative activity has the following main forms of organization:

scientific centers and laboratories corporate structures... They are called upon to carry out research and development work, organize the development and production of new products and services;

temporary creative research teams or centers that are created to solve certain large and original scientific and technical problems;

state scientific centers are a special type of state scientific organizations, the mechanism of activity of which is designed to ensure coordination, on the one hand, of the strategically long-term priorities of the state in the development of the most important areas of science and technology, and on the other, the economic and social interests of specific subjects of scientific and technical activity;

various forms of technopark structures (scientific technological and research parks, innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers, business incubators, technopolises).

Technoparks are scientific and production territorial complexes, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium science-intensive innovative client firms.

A business incubator is an organization where aspiring entrepreneurs acquire skills in running their own business, where they are provided with legal, economic and advisory assistance.

Technopolises are large modern scientific and industrial complexes, which also include a university or other higher educational institutions, research institutes, as well as residential areas. Favorable conditions are created here for the development of new scientific directions and high-tech industries.

One of the forms of technological innovation is the venture business, which is treated as a risky business. Venture business is typical for the commercialization of scientific research results in science-intensive and primarily in high-tech areas, where the effect is not guaranteed and there is a significant share of risk. A venture capital firm is usually understood as a commercial scientific and technical firm engaged in the development and implementation of new and newest technologies and products with no predetermined income, i.e. with a risky capital investment.

3. Mechanisms for organizing innovative activities at the enterprise

The mechanism for organizing innovative activities at the enterprise is focused on the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are creation, absorption, market innovation integration, selection.

Creation is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. The most essential elements of the new organizational forms are matrix structures, scientific and technical departments, scientific and technical organizations operating on market principles, internal ventures.

Matrix structures represent such organizational formations that are created temporarily - for the period of development and implementation of innovations, include specialists of various profiles, administratively subordinate to the heads of the corresponding permanent divisions, but temporarily assigned to work in a temporary implementation structure to carry out work in a certain specialization. Such temporary divisions allow you to unite various specialists for the period of development and implementation of an innovation.

Scientific and technical divisions are created on a permanent basis, they do not have economic independence, and their activities are carried out at the expense of the company's budget as a whole.

Independent scientific and technical organizations, on the contrary, have their own budget, they sell their developments production units companies. This increases responsibility for the results of activities, their compliance with the company's goals and market requirements.

Internal ventures, or so-called intrapreneurship structures, are usually engaged in the direct implementation of innovations focused on a new market niche.

In some cases, absorption can be a very effective organizational mechanism. a large company small innovative firms whose activities are within the range of interests of this company. This mechanism assumes the implementation of large one-time costs, but leads to a significant reduction in the time required to enter the market with a new product.

The mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms, which are based on long-term contractual relationships and the aggregate of which is called market innovation integration. In this case, innovative firms retain their independence, but fall into the sphere of market production relations of a large company.

The combination of absorption processes and market innovation integration gives grounds to propose the use of the so-called rolling organization of the innovation process. Its meaning is to create an innovative environment of a manufacturing company, consisting of firms in relation to which the takeover (IFP), as well as market-integrated firms (RIF).

Allocation is an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral industrial formations.

It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new direction of activity is formed, not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself.

Currently, the organizational and legal forms of organizing innovative activities in the country correspond to Civil Code Of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy".

4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activities at the enterprise

Implementation of innovative, like any other, activity is always associated with various internal and external costs. Therefore, in order to determine the economic efficiency of innovation, it is necessary to assess the cost-effectiveness of it.

It is necessary to distinguish between the cost-effectiveness of innovation activities for producers (sellers) and buyers. The main criterion for justifying the economic efficiency of innovation activity among manufacturers (sellers) is its result: net present value, which is determined by comparing the costs incurred and the results obtained and is taken as the basis for all subsequent justifications of the economic efficiency of a specific innovation project. The cost-effectiveness of innovation among buyers needs to be viewed from a different perspective. The buyer, acquiring innovations, improves his material and technical base, production technology and management. It bears the costs associated with the purchase of an innovation, its transportation, development, etc. The cost effectiveness of the buyer for the use of innovation can be determined and managed by comparing the following indicators:

costs of production and sales of products before and after the introduction of innovations;

proceeds from sales of products before and after the introduction of innovations;

the cost of consumed resources before and after the introduction of innovations;

average headcount staff, etc.

The sustainability of the project is understood as the limiting negative value of the analyzed indicator, at which the economic feasibility of the project is preserved. The project's resistance to changes in the analyzed indicator is calculated based on equating to 0 the equation for calculating NPV (net present value (net present value, net present value)).

A project is considered stable if, with a deviation of the project indicators (capital investments, sales, operating costs and macroeconomic factors) by 10% for the worse, the condition NPV = 0 remains.

The sensitivity to the change in the indicator is also determined using the analysis, when the analyzed indicator changes by 10% towards the negative deviation. If after this NPV remains positive, then innovation activity is considered insensitive to changes in this factor. If NPV takes a negative value, then the activity has a sensitivity of less than 10% and is considered risky for this factor.

Summing up the results in this chapter, I would like to note that in the market conditions of management, such an indicator as attractiveness is very important. innovative projects determined by the strategy of the company-innovator, the conditions for attracting financial resources and their sources, the dividend policy of the innovator. This factor is very important when assessing the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activities at any enterprise.

5. Analysis external environment enterprises

The external environment is characterized as a set of variables that are outside the boundaries of the organization and are not the area of direct impact. The external environment of direct influence is the organizations and people that are associated with this enterprise by virtue of their goals and objectives: suppliers, consumers, creditors, competitors, trade unions, trade organizations, government agencies, etc. The external environment of indirect impact includes: political, economic, demographic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, geographical, climatic factors. These factors do not directly affect the operational activities of the organization, they predetermine the strategically important decisions made by its management.

An analysis of the external environment in the firm is carried out in order to determine those potential opportunities and threats that the firm must take into account when setting goals and objectives, when achieving them, as well as when planning innovative projects.

When analyzing the external environment of direct impact, the main attention is paid to the study of consumers (buyers). Consumer analysis sets as its main task the study of those who purchase the products of a given company. This method allows the company to find out which product is more in demand among certain segments of the population, what sales volume the company can expect in a given month, how the sales range can be expanded, what the future expects for this product, whether there will be demand for it in six months, etc. .d. The following criteria are used to create a big picture of the customer's image:

territorial location;

demographic factors (age, gender);

social affiliation of buyers;

the buyer's attitude to the product.

When analyzing the external environment of the enterprise, great attention should also be paid to the study of competitors. Competition (from the Latin concurrere - "to collide") is a struggle of independent from each other economic subjects of the market for the right to possess limited resources.

In other words, it is such a process of interaction of companies acting in the market in order to achieve the best marketing opportunities for their goods by satisfying the diverse needs of buyers. Competition is constantly present in the market between manufacturers. And in order for a firm to be successful, it needs to be constantly on the enterprise should research the labor market. To analyze the macroenvironment, you need to consider economic, political, social, etc. Components.

6. Methods for improving the organization of innovative activities

Everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, obsolete, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. For this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. Practice shows: nothing forces a manager to focus on an innovative idea more than the realization that the product being produced will become outdated in the near future.

To determine the ways to improve the organization of innovative activities in the company, it is necessary to clearly know what innovation requires:

Thorough analysis of all necessary factors;

A clear understanding of the pursued goal, i.e. a clear strategic orientation is needed;

Entrepreneurial management organizations, as they require financial and managerial flexibility and market orientation.

The innovation must be created and accepted by the society. Only in this case will it bring success.

The principles that the firm's technologists should take into account when creating an effective innovative product:

purposeful systematic innovation activity requires a continuous analysis of the possibilities of the above sources of innovation;

innovation must correspond to the needs, desires, habits of the people who will use it;

innovation should be simple and consistent with the firm's goals.

But it is necessary to take into account the principles, the use of which has a negative effect when creating an innovative product:

the complexity of the design of an innovative product - problems arise during operation;

incorrectly planned stage of creating an innovative product.

Innovation - changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, manufacturers, workers. Therefore, it should always be market-oriented, guided by its needs.

For a firm to innovate, it must have a structure and mindset that fosters an entrepreneurial atmosphere and perceives the new as an opportunity.

The main organizing principle for innovation is to build a team of the best workers, freed from the current job.

To improve innovation in a firm, the following steps are required:

implementation of a system of continuous improvement;

improvement of the incentive and motivation system in order to encourage innovation (innovation);

creation of the company's website;

overcoming the resistance of employees to innovations (innovations);

modification of the system for collecting internal and external marketing information;

improvement strategic management at the firm, regulation of procedures for the development, consideration, approval, implementation and monitoring of innovative projects.

At the same time, it is advisable to carry out a comparative analysis of the profitability of each of the areas of innovation, that is, it is necessary to determine the likely increase in profit for each area of innovation and choose the one that will provide the highest indicators. Carrying out this work is especially important, since during a crisis on the all-Russian market, a company may be limited in finances, which should be aimed at improving innovative activities.

Conclusion

innovation environment enterprise

Despite the difficult economic situation of many commercial organizations, in modern conditions there is a tendency to strengthen their innovative activity especially in the area of product and technological innovation. This requires appropriate financial, human and material and technical resources, as well as special training, retraining and advanced training of managers in the field of economics, organization and management of innovation processes.

Innovation activities should create the necessary conditions for expanding, accelerating and increasing the efficiency of creating and implementing various innovations: product, technological, economic, social, etc., aimed at the development and implementation of competitive products and technologies at the level of world standards. This will create highly profitable industrial production, including export-oriented ones, and numerous commercial organizations in the service sector (trade firms, enterprises mass food, transport organizations, communications enterprises, banks, insurance companies, etc.).

Bibliography

1.Surin A.V., Molchanova O.P. M .: Infra-M, 2008 .-- 368 p.

.Goldstein G. "Strategic innovation management".

.Egorova M.M., Loginova E.Yu., Shvaiko E.G. Marketing. Lecture notes. - M .: Eksmo, 2008 .-- 160 p.

.Titov V.I. Enterprise economics: textbook. - M., 2008 .-- 416 p.

5.Innovation management. Ed. Ilyenkova S.D. 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Unity-Dana, 2007 .-- 335 p.

.V.G. Medynsky Innovation Management: INFRA, 295-p.

.Rumyantseva Z.P. General management organization. Theory and Practice: Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2007.- 304s.

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Innovation activity is a process aimed at the implementation of the results of completed research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practice, as well as related research and development. Innovation begins with the emergence of a scientific and technical idea and ends with the distribution of the product.

The essence of innovation lies in its directions:

Management of the processes of creating new knowledge;

Managing the creativity of those who create new knowledge;

Management of assimilation and diffusion (diffusion) of innovations;

Management of social and psychological aspects of innovation.

The innovation cycle in a rather detailed interpretation is shown in Fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1. Characteristics of the stages of the innovation cycle

Innovation activity as a system has the following properties: interconnection and interaction of all elements, integrity, consistency and synchronicity in time, consistency with the objectives and goals of the organization, adaptability, flexibility to environmental changes, autonomy of the management structure, management functions, multifunctionality and multidimensionality, renewability.

An innovation process is a purposeful activity to transform scientific knowledge into innovation and diffusion of the latter, that is, a conscious sequential chain of events aimed at obtaining a certain type of effect by an innovator by satisfying existing or new needs. This is not just a reproduction of new products, but a conscious, systematic activity for the effective implementation of knowledge.

The innovation process can be thought of in different ways. In a broad context, the initial stage of the implementation of the innovation process can be considered the period of time from the definition (awareness) of the need to implement the innovation to the creation of a working version of the innovation project. The middle stage lasts from the development of the final version of the technical justification and the business plan of the innovative project to its practical implementation at the enterprise as experimental sample... The final stage is the implementation of the transfer of innovations and their further dissemination in the country's economy and beyond. In fig. 2.2 10 stages are presented - from making decisions on a new means of satisfying social needs in the implementation of an innovative project.

In a simplified version, the investment process consists of the following main stages:

The origin of the idea of innovation;

Justification of the need for innovative change;

Evaluation of the effectiveness of innovation;

Development and technical implementation of an innovative idea;

Implementation of innovation in the system;

Promotion of innovation in the market.

The organizational and material basis of the investment process with organizational and production, research and development structures aimed at the implementation of innovative activities.

Applied research and development

From the standpoint of the enterprise, the mechanism for managing innovation is always specific, since it is aimed at achieving certain innovative goals by influencing specific factors that ensure the achievement of certain goals, and this influence is carried out through the use of certain resources of the enterprise.

Innovation can be driven by manufacturers or buyers. In modern conditions, large organizations in developed countries have developed stable mechanisms for the management of innovation processes, reflecting the peculiarities of the integration of science and production, an increasing focus of research and development on market needs. New tasks introduce changes in the system of connections both vertically between management levels and horizontally between scientific and design and technological departments. In highly developed countries, since the 80s of the XX century, the development and implementation of innovations has become a continuous controlled process, when innovative ideas (in the future, production plans and programs) cover all areas of enterprise activity.

In the process of preparing and mastering technical and product innovations, the enterprise implements the types of activities to which all departments are involved:

1. Research work is carried out to the greatest extent at the first stage of generation, selection of ideas and marketing research... At the stage of technological preparation of production and the development of serial production of new products, research and development work contributes to the improvement of technological processes, the introduction of advanced equipment, technological equipment and control means, an increase in the level of mechanization and automation of work, and the like.

2. Design and technological work they are performed at all stages of the creation and development of new products, but they are most developed at the stage of design and technological preparation of production.

3. Organizational and planning work - a set of interrelated processes of planning, organization, accounting and control at all stages and stages of production preparation, ensuring the readiness of enterprises to create and manufacture new products. Bonds aimed at more complete observance of such principles as specialization, parallelism, continuity, proportionality, straightforwardness, automaticity and rhythm at all stages of production preparation.

Organizational and planning works include: the development of perspective and operational schedules for the preparation of production of new products in general, as well as its individual stages and stages; planning marketing research of consumer needs, research on the positioning of a new product, which will determine the possible competitive strategy; organization of work to create regulatory framework for different stages of production preparation; establishment of standard structures and functions of divisions of enterprises that create new products; operational management preparation of production; organization of work to ensure the readiness of enterprises and their subdivisions for the release of a new product, the development of organizational projects that simulate the process of preparation of production - from research work to the use of products by consumers, determination of the predicted level of competitiveness of new products, planning of product withdrawal from the market.

4. Work of a material and technical nature provides for ensuring the material and technical readiness of enterprises for the creation and release of new products. At the level of an industrial enterprise, this is the provision of timely and complete supplies of basic and auxiliary materials, equipment, spare parts, etc., necessary for the release of new products.

5. Work of an economic nature - a set of interrelated processes that provide an economic justification for the creation, production and operation of new products. They include: determining the economic feasibility of creating, producing and operating a new product; calculation price caps pa soob products; establishment of terms and sources of financing for the creation and development of new products; implementation of a number of economic calculations related to the creation, development of serial production and operation of new products. At the level of an industrial enterprise, the economic aspects of preparing new products also include viewing planning and economic information, standards, forms of documentation, the current planning system, accounting and evaluating the activities of enterprise divisions, taking into account the specifics of new products; development of standards for labor costs for the periods of mastering the product.

6. Work of a socio-psychological nature - a set of interrelated processes that ensure the socio-psychological readiness of enterprises to create and manufacture new products. They consist in explanatory work about the need to create and master new products of a certain level of quality at deadlines, production volumes and minimum costs; informing the team about the need for professional, qualification and organizational changes during the creation and development of new products; in the mobilization of the management of the enterprise of the creative potential of the personnel for the creation and release of products in the shortest possible time at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor.

The main types of innovations at the enterprise include innovations in products, technological processes, personnel and management activities.

Product innovation can be viewed in terms of:

New use of an already known product;

Changes in the appearance of an already known product;

Fundamental change of an already known product (improvement of certain characteristics, quality improvement, reduction of production costs due to the use of new materials or new technological means);

Inventions of a radically new product.

Therefore each New Product can be characterized by:

The presence of new technical solutions, their significance (scientific and technical aspect);

Impact on the market, that is, market novelty (marketing aspect).

If a new product model is better than the existing one in terms of technical and economic characteristics (due to the use of new scientific recommendations, inventions and technical solutions) and the costs of its development are small, and there is no market novelty in the product, then its implementation is unlikely to provide profit to the manufacturer. At the same time, the market novelty of the product can be achieved without scientific and technical solutions - due to changes in appearance, size, shape.

Management should be oriented in market conditions to improve technology. Technology (Greek Techpe - art, craftsmanship, skill, and logic - a set of techniques and methods of obtaining, processing, processing raw materials, materials or products that are carried out in various industries). It is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves these methods and techniques.

The technology includes a technological process, technical control, instructions for performing the technical process, rules, requirements, maps, schedules, etc.

From the point of view of innovation management, it is said about the technology of production, trade, establishing sources of supply, sales, counting and accounting, drafting documents, information support, personnel selection, acceptance and implementation management decisions etc.

The technology must be cost effective and competitive. Technology management would be much easier if costs could be ignored.

The basis of innovation policy at manufacturing enterprises of various industries is precisely product innovation. They are decisive from the point of view of the purpose of the enterprise - to meet the specific needs of society. But it is necessary to take into account the connection with other types of innovation activity, because product innovation contributes to technological innovation, personnel and management activities. The latter, therefore, ensure the successful and efficient implementation of product innovations.

The intra-organizational path of technical innovations is presented in table. 2.1.

Table 2.1. Intraorganizational way of innovation in the enterprise

Stages of innovation implementation	The essence of the activity
Updating innovation	Identifying the problem, deciding on the feasibility of changes, recognizing the need for innovation
Obtaining and analyzing information about innovation	Active search for information about innovation from various sources, abstracting
Evaluation of options and selection of innovation	Analysis of information on acceptable innovations, selection better option innovation
Making a decision to introduce an innovation	Adoption and approval by the management of a decision on the implementation of innovation in production
Implementation	Trial implementation, if necessary - adjustments, final implementation and use
Anchoring	Diffusion, internal and external

Based on the analysis of the essential properties of the new technology, its preliminary selection is carried out, and the main criterion is the economic efficiency of the innovation, which ensures the survival, effectiveness, competitiveness and profitability of the enterprise. The most important indicators characterizing the efficiency of the technological process are:

Unit costs of raw materials, energy per unit of production;

Finished product quality;

The number of finished products;

The intensity of the process;

Production costs;

Production cost;

Labor productivity.

Typical mistakes of technology implementation managers:

Attempts to simultaneously implement several innovations. In the event of failure as a result, it is difficult to detect and quickly eliminate its causes. At the same time, the future of innovation depends on early trials.

Comparison of the new technology with the current level of production, not with the level that will be achieved after the introduction of the innovation.

The use of quantitative indicators to assess new technology, which is aimed at improving the quality of production. Before starting implementation, managers must develop a specification for a new technology, criteria for its assessment, create the necessary infrastructure ( Information Support, accounting, calculation methodology).

In fact, one must proceed from the extent to which the technology meets the requirements of consumers. For example, it is impossible to achieve the desired market success by offering an overly expensive sports car when the market needs a cheap compact car for a small family.

New technology can introduce economically and technologically efficient enterprise... At high rates of scientific and technological progress, it changes equipment, technology, and introduces new products to the market.

The choice of a specific technology is carried out using an assessment system based on a qualitative professional analysis of intermediate and final results. The main purpose of the assessment is to identify the need for changes in resource provision, management practices, and organization of project implementation. The findings of the people who make this assessment influence the following aspects:

Funding volume;

Balance between different measures (directions)

Implementation plans.

The prolongation, change or termination of technological innovations, as well as the formation of new ones, depend on these estimates. The stages of implementation and the evaluation criteria are inextricably linked. At the first stage, it is decided whether the company can afford to introduce a new technology by assessing the technical advantages and the innovation's relevance to the specialization of production.

The assessment is carried out by technical experts and managers. There is a natural phenomenon: the more innovations correspond to the direction of the production activity of the enterprise, the less severe is the assessment of its technical advantages. Conversely, in order to dig up the leadership in the feasibility of the project, it is quite consistent with the previous specialization, it is necessary to select strong arguments to prove the benefits of the project.

The assessment system can include internal and external expertise. The internal one provides for the compilation of an evaluation commission from among the employees. This is an economic, but too subjective composition of experts. The involvement of an independent external commission completely solves this problem.

In the second step, managers decide if they should implement a particular technology. For this, the payback period and other indicators are calculated.

With such a formalized assessment method, various forms of rating are used, as a rule, according to the financial criteria “cost-benefit”. In addition, it provides for the assessment of non-financial indicators: compliance with specialization, completion date of the implementation program, market size, demand growth rate, competitiveness, and the like.

Each company chooses its own assessment methodology according to the selected criteria. An example of an expert assessment of the criteria for a new technology is given in table. 2.2.

Table 2.2. Criteria for evaluating a new technology at an enterprise

	Conditions, designation		Criteria	Option value criterion

Prospects for another technology
		Forecasted sales volume, rubles		High; Average;
		Market expansion rate		Significantly higher than the average rate of market expansion for this enterprise; Equal to the average; Below the average
		Market share		Become a leader; Will become one of two or three leaders; Play an unimportant role
		Enterprise readiness to embrace new technology		new technology perceived as a factor for future success One of several important factors; There are more important factors.
				Probability of success of a new technology prospect = M G K S

Continuation tab. 2.2.

Probability of success
	Technical problems	There are no technical problems, it is only necessary to direct resources to the introduction of new technology; There are some technical problems, but they are not difficult to eliminate; Significant technical problems
	Technological competition	The company is a technology leader; one of two or three leading enterprises; One of many, it has no technology advantage
	Availability of resources	The enterprise has sufficient capacity and a mass of qualified personnel; There are certain difficulties with resources, but can be avoided; The attraction of external additional resources cannot be avoided.
	Availability of a mechanism and introduction of new technology	Production units are ready for implementation; It is not clear who should implement the production; Manufacturing units are opposed to implementation
		Probability of success = B C F T

A rating is calculated for each innovative project. The method takes into account various characteristics the latest technology, so the manager can comprehensively assess the effectiveness. In addition, this method makes it possible to identify points on which discrepancies between experts have been identified. So, the discussion is directed to the weak points.

Allows you to evaluate a project with financial and non-financial criteria;

Allows you to combine estimates and accurate information about the company into a single whole;

The criteria are formed on the basis of the specifics of a particular enterprise.

With the advancement of the project to the implementation stage, the assessment should be specific, for which specialists from various industries are involved in the decision-making process. The challenge for the innovative manager is to skillfully manage the diversified opinion of the professionals.

The process of technological innovation in an enterprise as an activity depends on how much they will ensure the creation of a commercially profitable product. Therefore, an innovation manager must:

Investigate the relevance of existing and new technologies to the mission and strategic goals enterprises;

Determine the possibilities of technology for created products that have or may have high demand in the future;

Conduct research in order to realize these opportunities, develop a new product (product);

Design production facilities for the release of a trial batch of products;

Carry out tests prototype to the riiku;

Implement technology for batch production.

Such a scheme for organizing the innovation process and managing it within the enterprise provides for close interaction of the functional divisions of the management

systems, especially those that are involved in the development, production and sale of new products and customer service.

Technological innovations, like product innovations, are based on the concept of a life cycle, that is, technologies also have their own life cycle... The sequence of implementation of technological innovations is shown in Fig. 2.3.

With such a model for introducing innovations at the enterprise, the focus is on the constant search for new ideas, which is carried out by special research units (laboratories), creating automated data banks.

"Disadvantages" at the enterprise are revealed through certification of workplaces. A passport is a document that makes it possible to characterize the possibilities of effective use of production facilities, equipment, the use of specialists, to assess the economic and social efficiency of innovations, to rank their selection taking into account costs. Experience has shown that the rapid diffusion of innovations is facilitated by:

The advantage of the new technology over the previous ones;

Compatibility with existing systems, procedures, infrastructure, etc .;

Ease of use;

Easy to test and test, copy without excessive cost.

Rice.2.3. Consistency of technological innovation

The new technology is not only different production characteristics, but also consumer (a new product must necessarily be better than its predecessors). The most important characteristics of a new technology: expected benefits, requirements for product characteristics, etc. create the basis for a quantitative justification of the project, most often in the form of financial analysis. At this stage, the planned sales volumes of the new product are estimated, which will determine their sufficiency to obtain the planned income. After preparing the sales plan, the management of the company evaluates the possible costs and incomes. Cost assessment is carried out by the IIDR department, production, marketing and financial divisions. They calculate forecasts of sales, costs and revenues associated with the introduction of new technology and the release of new products on the market.

The effectiveness of technological innovation is also calculated on the basis of average annual indicators excluding or taking into account discounting based on an assessment comparative effectiveness... The integral effect of technical innovation (E) can be calculated by the formula (2.1) * 3:

* 3: (Orlov P.A. Determination of the effectiveness of real investments // Finance of Ukraine. - No. 1. - 2006. - P. 57.)

(2.1)

where WITH- savings in running costs per year t; A - depreciation of the pairing, due to investments; K - capital costs per year and; H - tax on profit from the amount of savings in current expenses; E is the cost of associated economic, social, environmental results; T is the life cycle of an innovation; α - discount factor.

Characteristics of the innovation infrastructure

The defining feature of the modern innovation process is the industrial use of the results of applied scientific research, that is, the integration of science and industry. This creates conditions for the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the development of economic organizations. At the same time, the competitive potential of enterprises is increasing, new consumer needs are being met, and the demand for innovative developments is growing.

Such conditions facilitate scientific and technical cooperation, new organizational forms of such interaction are emerging, and a modern infrastructure is being created. The content of the concept of "infrastructure" is extremely wide, the main types and organizational forms depend on the purpose. Increase in market supply innovative products puts forward quite important tasks for the innovation infrastructure - the commercialization of the results of innovation activities, giving them the form of a product, ensuring entry into the market and promoting successful implementation, that is, implementation. How important this is can be seen from the assessment provided by the surveyed enterprises: 18.3% of them note the lack of information about sales markets, 16% - the lack of demand for innovative products, and 14.5% - the insensitivity of enterprises to innovations. The presence of these problems is a direct consequence of insufficient attention to such forms of infrastructural support for innovation activities as development trading network, marketing support, advertising, exhibition complexes, service of innovative products. However, we must not forget that these services are important not only at the final stage of innovation. The problem of commercialization of an intellectual product arises at the initial stage of developing an innovative idea, and in many respects it depends on its solution at all stages of the innovation process whether this idea will turn into an innovative product.

The features of the material and technical, resource and system-wide support of innovative activity are considered, which make it possible to submit the composition of the innovative infrastructure according to the classification given in Table. 2.3.

Table 2.3. Composition and classification of innovation infrastructure

Appointment		Organizational form
Material and technical support of innovative activity	Organizational and economic infrastructure	Technoparks; technopolises; business incubators; science city; individual innovative enterprises; firms and centers for the provision and infrastructure services
	Experimental infrastructure	Science parks, centers, institutes, laboratories; technology centers; scientific and technological centers; experience in experimental sites, centers, laboratories, sites
	Design and engineering infrastructure	Design institutes, firms; design firms, bureaus, laboratories, sites
Resource support for innovation	Financial and economic infrastructure	Specialized state or communal innovative banking institutions, funds, firms, venture investment banks
Resource support for innovation	Information and communication infrastructure	Global information networks Internet; scientific and technical funds; libraries; information databases; depository system
	Human resources infrastructure	Institutions of higher and secondary education for the training of specialists of the relevant knowledge profile; centers, schools, colleges with special vocational training; centers and educational institutions for the training and retraining of specialists in the field of innovation
System-wide support of innovation activity	Regulatory infrastructure	Laws of Ukraine on innovation activity; tax legislation on innovative enterprises; system of regulation of export-import relations in the field of innovation; state and local regulations regarding the functioning of innovative enterprises; legal and consulting firms

Innovation activity is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organize production.

Innovation activities include:

Identification of enterprise problems;

Implementation of the innovation process;

Organization of innovative activities.

The main premise of an enterprise's innovation activity is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, obsolete, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. For this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of X-ray of all aspects of the enterprise's activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of an enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) morally obsolete, and not wait until competitors do it. This, in turn, will encourage businesses to innovate. Practice shows: nothing forces a manager to focus on an innovative idea more than the realization that the product being produced will become outdated in the near future.

The main organizing principle for innovation is to build a team of the best workers, freed from the current job.

Experience shows that all attempts to turn an existing department into a carrier of an innovative project end in failure. Moreover, this conclusion applies to both large and small businesses. The fact is that maintaining production in working order is already a big task for people who are engaged in this. Therefore, they practically do not have time to create a new one. The existing subdivisions, in whatever area they function, are basically only capable of expanding and modernizing production.

Entrepreneurial and innovative activities do not have to be carried out on a permanent basis, especially in small enterprises, where such a setting of the case is often impossible. However, it is necessary to appoint an employee who is personally responsible for the success of the innovation. He should be responsible for the timely identification and replacement of obsolete products, equipment, technology, for a comprehensive analysis of production and economic activities (business X-ray), for the development of innovative activities. The employee responsible for innovative activities must be a person with sufficient authority in the enterprise.

It is necessary to protect the innovative division from unbearable loads. Investments in the development of innovations should not be included in the regularly conducted analysis of the return on investment until the new products (services) are established in the market. Otherwise, the case will be ruined.

Innovation activities can be carried out both within the framework of enterprises by specially created divisions (the so-called internal ventures), and by independent venture (risky) firms.

Internal ventures are small divisions organized to develop and manufacture new types of knowledge-intensive products and are endowed with significant autonomy within enterprises. Selection and financing of proposals received from employees of the enterprise or independent inventors are carried out specialized services... If the project is approved, the author of the idea leads the internal venture. This subdivision operates with minimal administrative and economic interference from the side of the enterprise management.

Within a specified timeframe, the internal venture capitalist must develop the innovation and prepare the new product or product for mass production. As a rule, this is the production of a product that is unconventional for a given company.

In the Russian Federation, internal ventures have been established at a number of large industrial enterprises, primarily the military-industrial complex (MIC).

A venture capital firm is a small business that specializes in the research and development of innovative ideas that involve significant risk. For development promising idea Venture capital of large firms interested in innovation is attracted. A large firm is usually reluctant to develop an innovative idea on its own with significant risk. The consequences of a possible failure are much more difficult for her than for a small firm. Therefore, the main direction of participation of a large firm in probable research related to the development of innovative ideas is the implementation of risk financing of small innovative firms specializing in such developments.

Small firms are characterized by ease of management, a wide scope of personal initiative, the ability to pursue a flexible scientific and technical policy, and the active involvement of inventors in their activities. This determines the high efficiency of venture capital firms. Many of them make a significant contribution to innovative progress, development of new products, progressive technologies.

The effectiveness of small firms in the innovation process is evidenced by the following data: according to estimates by the US National Science Foundation, for every dollar invested in R&D, firms with less than 100 people introduced four times more innovations than firms with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than companies employing over 1000 people. Their pace of innovation is one third higher than that of large ones, in addition, small firms it takes an average of 2.22 years to enter the market with its innovations, while a large one takes 3.05 years.

The participation of large firms in risk financing in comparison with traditional forms of R&D is due not only to increased returns, but also to their direct economic interest. The fact is that independent small firms enjoy tax and other benefits, receive direct financial support within the framework of government programs to stimulate scientific and technological progress. As a result, venture financing is currently actively developing in many countries. Venture capital forms are also developing to a certain extent in Russia.

Answer option 2

The organization of innovative activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, as well as their implementation. The organization mechanism is focused on the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are creation, absorption, market innovation integration, selection.

CREATION- This is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. The most essential elements of the new organizational forms are matrix structures, scientific and technical units, scientific and technical organizations operating on market principles, internal ventures.

Processes for creating new innovative organizations especially important for large enterprises... These enterprises have a complex innovation management system, often focus on large projects, the implementation of which should almost immediately (or in a short period) provide high income. Largely for this reason, the number of innovations in these structures is not as great as in small enterprises. According to the authors, the efficiency of innovative activity could be significantly increased if new innovative subdivisions and structural units were created, designed to create new directions in the activities of large enterprises. These innovation units can be created on a permanent or temporary basis.

MATRIX STRUCTURES represent such organizational formations that are created temporarily - for the period of development and implementation of innovations, include specialists of various profiles, administratively subordinate to the heads of the corresponding permanent divisions, but temporarily assigned to work in a temporary implementation structure to carry out work in a certain specialization.

Such temporary divisions allow you to unite various specialists for the period of development and implementation of an innovation. At the end of this process, the matrix association is disbanded and its members return to the divisions in which they work on a permanent basis. Such an organizational innovative mechanism allows, firstly, to ensure the performance of work in short time, secondly, to concentrate specialists of various profiles under a single leadership, and thirdly, to significantly reduce the cost of the development and implementation process (Fig. 7.1).

Scientific and technical divisions are created on a permanent basis, they do not have economic independence, and their activities are carried out at the expense of the company's budget as a whole. These divisions can be either decentralized and focused on specific production units, or centralized and report directly to the management of the company.

Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they transfer their developments to production directly, without establishing internal market mechanisms.

Independent scientific and technical organizations on the contrary, they have their own budget, they sell their developments to the production units of the company. This increases responsibility for the results of activities, their compliance with the company's goals and market requirements.

Internal Ventures, or the so-called intrapreneur structures are engaged, as a rule, in the direct introduction of innovations focused on a new market niche.

These structures are quasi-independent, i.e. they have the attributes of independence, have their own current account (or subaccount), but are structural divisions of the company, use the production areas, equipment, etc. belonging to it. Further, if the intrapreneurship structure successfully implements the innovation, it can be transformed into an independent company.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be takeover by a large company small innovative firms whose activities are within the range of interests of this company. This mechanism involves the implementation of large one-time costs, but leads to a significant reduction in the time required to enter the market with a new product, and, in addition, allows you to obtain a synergistic effect from the combination of innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in acquisitions, since they do not always have sufficient funds to operate.

The mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms, which are based on long-term contractual relations and the aggregate of which the authors call MARKET INNOVATIVE INTEGRATION... In this case, innovative firms retain their independence, but fall into the sphere of market production ties of a large company.

The combination of absorption processes and market innovation integration gives grounds to propose the use of the so-called rolling organization of the innovation process (Fig. 7.2). Its meaning is to create an innovative environment of a manufacturing company, consisting of firms in relation to which the takeover (IFP), as well as market-integrated firms (RIF).

Such an organization will be most effective for manufacturing companies having an offensive strategy of innovative development. It allows you to develop and commercialize innovations high level, create technological breaks, innovations, in some cases not available to competing companies at the moment.

ISOLATION- an organizational mechanism involving the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral industrial formations.

It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new direction of activity is formed, not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself.

The teacher is an integral part of the process of his professional development. For those who work in the traditional system, it is enough to master the technique, which is a complex of teaching skills. This alone will allow it to be carried out in full and to achieve certain successes at the same time. However, for the implementation of the innovative activity of a teacher, his professional training is not enough. At the same time, the readiness of the teacher himself to become on the path of improvement is also important.

Definition of the concept

What do we mean by the innovative activity of a teacher? This is something new, if we compare it with the previous one, aimed at improving the quality of education. In general, the term "innovation" in its modern sense means the manifestation of new elements or forms. The synonym for this word is "innovation".

The modern teacher is considered somewhat deeper, while having a broader semantic designation. It is understood as the purposeful work of a teacher, based on understanding his own professional experience by studying and comparing the educational process in order to change it and at the same time receive a better education.

We can say that the innovative activity of a teacher is a phenomenon that reflects creative potential teachers. If we consider this term from the point of view of its application to the general educational process, then we can talk about its relative youth. And this explains the existence of various approaches to explaining this concept.

On the one hand, pedagogical innovations are understood as various innovations aimed at changing the technology of education and training to increase their effectiveness. But sometimes another meaning is attached to this concept. Innovation includes not only the creation and dissemination of innovations, but also changes and transformations in the style of thinking and in the way of activity that are associated with these innovations. In any case, it is something progressive, useful, cutting edge, modern and positive.

Currently, Russia is undergoing the processes of standardization of all levels of education without exception. This led to the creation of the Federal State Educational Standard. The purpose of this work is a certain unification and availability for widespread practical use of scientifically secured experimental work in education and training. The innovative activity of a teacher in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is designed to bring about positive changes in the existing education system. This is necessary for Russia to enter the international market that offers such services, and to bring the curricula of schools and preschool educational institutions in line with those that are generally accepted throughout the world.

Signs of innovation

The process of introducing various innovations into the education process largely depends on the potential of the teacher himself. How to determine the teacher's readiness for innovative activities? Personality potential in this case is associated with such parameters as:

Having a creative ability to generate and produce new ideas and ideas, as well as to design and model them in practice;

Willingness to be different from existing ideas, new, the basis of which is panoramic and flexible thinking, as well as tolerance of character;

Education and development in cultural and aesthetic terms;

The desire to improve their activities, as well as the presence of internal methods and means that will ensure it.

The teacher's readiness for innovation is also understood as having a great capacity for work, the ability to restrain strong irritants, a high emotional status and a desire to approach his work creatively. But besides personal teachers, a teacher must also have some special qualities. These include knowledge of new technologies, the ability to develop projects, mastery of the latest teaching methods, as well as the ability to analyze and identify the causes of existing shortcomings.

Specificity of innovation

The participation of teachers in innovative activities has its own characteristics. It presupposes the presence of the necessary degree of freedom in the respective subjects. Indeed, due to its specificity, the innovative activity of a teacher in preschool educational institutions and in schools is most often carried out by touch. The fact is that such solutions are beyond the scope of existing experience. It is also worth noting that today the innovative activity of the teacher in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is regulated and controlled only partially. In this regard, one has to trust the innovator, the researcher, assuming that everything that he undertakes in the process of searching for new solutions and truth will not harm the interests of society.

This approach leads to the realization that freedom of creativity should go alongside the high personal responsibility of a teacher engaged in innovative activities.

Importance of innovation

Is the organization of the teacher's innovative activity so necessary? Importance this direction is caused by the fact that in modern conditions the development of education, culture and society is impossible without:

Socio-economic changes, implying the need to update the entire training system, as well as technologies and methods of organizing the cognitive process in educational institutions of various types;

Strengthening the humanitarization of the content of curricula, which is expressed in a continuous change in the volume and composition of disciplines, the introduction of new subjects that involve a constant search for improved learning technologies and organizational forms;

Changes in the attitude of the teacher himself to the application and development of innovations;

Entry of educational institutions into the system of market relations, which will make it possible to form their real degree of competitiveness.

What, ultimately, caused the need for the development of the teacher's innovative activity? The main reason for this direction is the fierce competition with which every collective that offers services in the field of education faces almost everywhere.

Today, all educational institutions must independently improve their level of work, monitor and be able to predict the situation in the relevant market, and be slightly ahead of everyone, using the latest scientific and technological achievements.

Signs of innovation

What can be said about the participation of teachers in innovative activities? This question is both complex and simple. On the one hand, you can easily identify the latest approaches and techniques that the teacher uses. After all, they differ from those that were used before their introduction. On the other hand, it is very difficult to describe and justify innovative activity. After all, innovation is not just a fixation of a certain fact. Each of the forms of the teacher's innovative activity is a whole system.

Its description must necessarily contain the purpose and content, implementation timeframes, existing problems and their solution. That is, everything that innovation is aimed at. The methods of analyzing the results obtained should also be explained. It is necessary to give an indication of the forms of innovative activities of the teacher.

Classification of innovation

According to their purpose, all the latest implementations in the training system are conventionally divided into:

General... These are global concepts found in modern education... They find their manifestation in the optimization of the UVP, the development of humanistic provisions, practical and information technologies, as well as in the organization and management of pedagogical processes.
Private... They take place in cases where the innovative experimental activity of teachers is in the form of copyright innovations, developed in accordance with the modern directions of the educational process, and is implemented in a separate educational institution.

By belonging to the educational process, innovative activities are associated with:

With the introduction of an integrated approach into the education system. After all, the traditional system of acquiring knowledge is guided by the already achieved level of technologies and sciences and is not able to meet the requirements of a society in its dynamic development.
With the organization of the entire educational process and the introduction of the latest pedagogical technologies, which are the main factor in the development of innovative methods and means of obtaining knowledge.
With specialization and specialization in general education. Such directions presuppose the formation of the necessary conditions for the innovative activity of the teacher with its transition to a system of flexible and open continuous individualized teaching of the individual throughout his life.
With the professionalization of the existing management activities. This is one of the conditions for the effectiveness and success of innovative directions in educational institutions.

Based on the concept of updating and the content of educational processes, the teacher's innovative activity is divided into method-oriented and problem-oriented. Let's consider them in more detail.

Method-oriented activity

When applying it, it is assumed that one or another education technology will be implemented. This could be:

Use of the latest information technologies;

Application of the principle of integration to the content of education.

In addition, based on the experience of the teacher's innovative activity within the framework of methodological-oriented work, he can use the training:

Developing;

Differentiated;

Design;

Problematic;

Programmed;

Modular.

Within the framework of the use of such technologies, a prerequisite is the preparedness and competence of the teacher, who is able to use such approaches as:

Personality-oriented. It can be achieved through the implementation of a strategy of support and respect, understanding, assistance and cooperation of the administration of the preschool educational institution in the field of choosing the means and methods of the teacher's work.
Essential. It is reflected in the interaction of teachers with students to develop their abilities in order to form essential systemic knowledge and establish intersubject connections.
Operational and activity. This approach is based on the positions of the Federal State Educational Standard. Students form the ability to act during the educational process, assimilating knowledge through their practical application.
Professionally oriented. This is a competency-based approach. It allows students to develop professional attitudes.
Acmeological. This approach is closely related to the essential. It is used in the organization of innovative education with the development of new, as well as updating existing methods and teaching aids. This approach allows students to form creative thinking and contributes to their self-development, self-improvement, self-education and self-control.
Creative development. This approach is designed to shape productive thinking. It develops students' creative attitude to their activities, as well as the abilities and qualities of a creative personality, skills and abilities of a scientific and creative nature.
Contextual. This approach allows you to bring the content of the curriculum subjects into line with that developed in the country. state standard education.

Problem-oriented activity

Such innovative processes provide for the solution of a certain type of tasks that are associated with the formation of a high degree of competitiveness in the individual.

At the same time, the activities of the teacher are aimed at developing in students:

Awareness of their personal and social significance;

Ability to set goals for self-complication of problems and tasks, as well as self-actualization, which is a prerequisite for the creative development of a competitive personality;

An adequate sense of freedom and justified risk, which contributes to the formation of responsibility in the decisions made;

The maximum concentration of their abilities in order to realize them at the most suitable moment, which is called "delayed victory".

One of the most pressing problems that the modern education system is trying to solve is the upbringing of a socially competitive person. This concept includes professional stability, social mobility personality and its ability to carry out the process of professional development. In doing so, learners must be educated to be receptive to innovation. This will make it easier for them to change their field of activity in the future, and to be always ready to move to a new area of work, which is more prestigious.

It is possible to form a competitive personality at this stage of the development of society only through the introduction and inclusion of methodological and problem-oriented innovations in the learning process.

Additional classification

The following types of innovations are also distinguished in the education system:

In terms of scale - federal and regional, national-regional and at the level of educational institutions.
Separate (local, private, individual, that is, not connected with each other), modular (a chain of private innovations, interconnected), systemic.
By origin - improved (modified), combined (attached to a previously known component), fundamentally new.

Problems of introducing innovations

Often, the conduct of innovative activities is difficult for teachers. This is what affects the need for scientific and methodological support of their work. The formal nature of the pioneering work being carried out, which can often be seen in the OA, is due to:

Low level of basic teacher training;

Formation of the environment of activity in the classical, traditional mode;

A low degree of readiness for innovative activities;

Lack of motivation due to overload;

Failure to identify the most priority, which causes dispersion of activity and does not give a tangible result.

At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the work of a modern educational institution without innovative methods. But in order to achieve the intended goals, teachers need certain types of support. For some, psychological support is important, for others - individual consultation methodologist or teacher-practitioner. One of the prerequisites for innovative work is the availability of a sufficient amount of special educational and methodological literature, as well as the latest material and technical base.

The innovative activity of teachers in the modern education system should become a personal category, a kind of creative process and the result of creative activity. It also assumes the presence of some degree of freedom in the actions of the relevant subjects.

The main value of the innovative activity carried out by the teacher lies in the fact that it allows the formation of a personality capable of self-expression and the use of his abilities simultaneously with creativity. The difficulties that arise in the process of such work, according to many practitioners, can be resolved on their own.

The main result will be:

The creation of which will ensure the study, sustainable development and further implementation of best practices;

Taking a leadership position of educational institution in the field of educational services;

Creation of a positive image of the staff of the educational institution.

Innovative activity can be organized at different levels of management - directly at the enterprise, within the framework of the association of enterprises, at the regional and state level. At each level, its own ways and methods of organizing innovation are applied.

Innovation strategy at the micro level, i.e. at the enterprise or organization level (Figure 19.1), it is determined basic strategies development of the enterprise, the nature of the innovative tasks arising in this case, the presence of the innovative potential of the enterprise.

An innovation strategy determines the type of innovation activity, its forms, as well as specific methods of its organization. The organization of innovative activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, introducing them into production and company management, and commercializing innovations.

Rice. 19.1.

Organization of innovation activities includes the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are creation, absorption, selection.

Creation - it is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. These can be design and scientific and technical units and independent organizations created both inside and outside the parent organization.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be absorption a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are within the range of interests of this company. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction in the time it takes to enter the market with a new product, and in addition, it allows you to obtain a synergistic effect from the combination of innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in takeovers, since they do not always have sufficient funds to continue innovative activities.

The mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms based on long-term contractual relationships. This partnership creates an innovative environment for a manufacturing company.

Selection - an organizational mechanism involving the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral entities. It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new direction of activity is formed, not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself. A dedicated structure can be created as a subsidiary of the parent company, as a separate small enterprise under the founding of a large parent company, in order to then be transformed into an outsourcing firm serving the innovation process of the client firm.

A firm's innovation strategies can be divided into two groups: R&D strategies and innovation implementation and adaptation strategies. In the first group of strategies, the following can be distinguished:

1) licensing strategy. Unfinished or completed developments are acquired for the purpose of their further development and use;
2) parallel development strategy. This strategy involves the simultaneous acquisition of a technological license for a finished product and the implementation and development of its own developments;
3) a research leadership strategy aimed at achieving advanced positions in the field of certain R&D.

The second group of strategies is associated with the introduction of innovations. Among them:

1) product line support strategy. Its meaning is to improve the consumer properties of manufactured traditional goods that are not subject to strong obsolescence;
2) strategy of product and process simulation, in which the company borrows technology from outside;
3) a strategy of radical technological and product advancement. This is a rather expensive and risky strategy, but in some cases it leads to success;
4) the strategy of waiting for the leader. It is accepted by large enterprises-leaders during periods of new products entering the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined. Initially, a small firm enters the market, and then, if successful, the leader seizes the initiative.

An important factor in the success of an enterprise's innovative activities is to stimulate the creative activity of its employees. How to get each specialist involved in the search for new technologies, products and management solutions? How to form everyone's creative attitude to their work? How to motivate employees of an entrepreneurial structure to change? The answers to these questions lie not only in management theory, but also in the practice of the firm. In order for the author or authors of an idea to take up its implementation with enthusiasm, they need support. That is why organizations need to develop special programs to support and encourage experimentation and experimenters. To everyone who expressed new idea or has developed this or that innovative project, under certain conditions, support from management is guaranteed, which may relate to finance, and consultation, and supply, and production space, and the working time of other employees, and equipment, and raw materials, and components.

People are always the main source of change in every business structure. Many specialists have the ability to generate new ideas and implement them. However, this ability is used for the good of the firm only if the following conditions and prerequisites are met:

- people are committed to the goals of their organization;
- employees have a consistent vision of problem solving;
- each member of the team has a real opportunity to do something in practice, using his ability to innovate.

One of the elements of the innovation climate is the formation of a motivating vision among employees. Vision - it is a complex of ideas of employees of an organization (enterprise) about what this organization (enterprise) should become in the future. Creating a vision is more important than forming traditional plans. Not only mind, but also emotion is involved in creating a vision. In this regard, the elements of the organization's culture are primarily involved in the formation of the vision.

Organizations often use external sources of innovation, in particular through the creation or participation in the creation of venture capital firms. Venture capital firms, being subject to increased risk, force almost every employee with renewed energy to generate new ideas and work on their implementation. The result of the activities of most venture capital firms is known: either they fail financially, thereby "closing" an unpromising search direction, or they achieve success, and then, as a rule, a strong venture capital company is bought by a large firm that participated in its creation, and the founders of the venture capital firm in as a reward for risk, successful search and results achieved, they receive a very significant amount, equivalent to the value of their company. Thus, any large innovation firm can not only conduct research and development within its walls, helping in the formation of a number of venture capital companies, it can expand the field of its research and experiments, and conduct them "by the wrong hands", acquiring researchers and experimenters are a team of highly motivated enthusiasts.

Many firms successfully use the motivation mechanism, creating internal risky projects... Internal ventures create additional motives for creative work, form within themselves a favorable innovation climate, a true passion for change, and contribute to changes in the entire company as a whole.

It is impossible to create an innovative climate at an enterprise by order, say, by administratively assigning this responsibility to any structural unit of the enterprise.

The most effective factor in the formation of an innovative climate at an enterprise is the creation of autonomous groups (teams) to carry out activities and manage any work. Groups (teams) become the main building block of the company. The team can include representatives from all functional services and are provided with the necessary resources.

Leaders of innovative organizations strive to develop the ability to innovate in management personnel, cultivating and rewarding the qualities of people that meet the following requirements:

openness, receptivity, readiness for new experiences;
independence, non-conformism;
flexibility, willingness to abandon previous ideas and models;
tolerance for others and for other ideas and worldviews.

One of the most effective forms of enhancing the innovative activity of employees is the so-called retreats.

Retreat - it is a form of employee training through regular staff meetings with a fixed agenda. Often, retreats are held outside working hours, for example on Saturday, and are accompanied by informal communication between employees, which contributes to the establishment of productive communications between team members. This form of increasing the efficiency of the work of teams has become a kind of form of professional development and training. It also allows you to liberate the innovative potential of employees, to involve them in creativity, in the search for new, better approaches to their work. Retreats take the form of informal discussions, during which employees in a relaxed atmosphere put forward their own solutions to the problems of the development of the department or the company as a whole.

The functions of the state in the field of innovation management include the following:

the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere;
financing of fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country, the development of fundamental science;
the development of education, the formation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel;
regulation of activities in special economic and technology-innovative zones;
development of venture funds;
formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovation climate (Fig. 19.2).

The state develops a strategy and priorities for the development of science, technology and technology. The state places orders for research, development and production of priority products for state needs, and also forms guidelines for national economic needs in certain types and groups of goods, which are advisory in nature.

Rice. 19.2.

The essential role of state authorities is to ensure the conditions and ability of enterprises to develop innovatively. The ability for innovative development is a property of a market economic system that allows one to generate on its own basis innovations that ensure the competitiveness of the system in interaction with external forces. For purposeful actions to stimulate and regulate the innovative activity of enterprises, the state has the following levers and tools:

stimulating credit and financial, tax and depreciation policies;
a system of economic benefits for innovation entities and investors;
support for the production of new products.

The state can act directly as an economic entity (investor) in the implementation of socially significant innovative projects: modern technologies, products and services in the fields of transport, communications, energy, housing and communal services. At the same time, favorable interest and tax rates, the scale of credit resources are fundamental for the implementation of the innovative strategy of enterprises.

The state creates conditions for positive changes in innovation sphere... It provides support and incentives to investors who invest in knowledge-intensive, high-tech production by establishing tax incentives, government guarantees and subsidizing loans. One of the essential functions of the state in the innovation sphere is the improvement of the tax system in order to create favorable conditions for the conduct of innovative activities by all subjects, regardless of the form of ownership and types of financing. In modern economic conditions, this is, first of all, the clarification of the tax base, the formation of a depreciation policy that stimulates investments in high-tech equipment.

The state creates conditions for the formation of joint organizations with foreign partners for the production of domestic products and their sale on the foreign market. Also, the state can contribute to the promotion of domestic innovations abroad, support exhibition and fair activities, information exchange in innovation spheres, create forms of interaction with EU member states, the CIS, and other states in the scientific and technical sphere.

In implementing its innovation policy, the state uses tools such as public-private partnership in the scientific and technical sphere, the fund for promoting the development of small enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere, the Russian Fund for Technological Development (RFTR), the Development Bank (VEB), the Russian Venture Company, technoparks, science cities, special economic and technology-innovative zones. The state's innovation policy is also aimed at increasing the level of intellectual property protection. The implementation of innovation policy involves increasing the degree of implementation of laws, strengthening civil liberties and political rights of citizens. Other areas of government activity to improve the innovative nature of the country's economy include strengthening political stability, strengthening anti-corruption measures, and expanding freedom of the press. One of the most important objects of government activity in the innovation sphere is education. Improving the quality of both secondary and higher education, developing business education, increasing the intensity of personnel training in public and private organizations - all these are important areas of the state's innovation policy.

Modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level are being transformed and modified under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet. IN recent times they were supplemented by a relatively new crowdsourcing technology based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants.

The term "crowdsourcing" is a neologism, it combines two English terms: crowd - crowd and source - source. Crowdsourcing refers to the handover of an assignment, usually performed by the organization's staff or an external contractor, to an undefined, usually large group of people in the form of an open proposal. This proposal aims to create new knowledge. It can be either the creation of a new technology, a new product in the form operating system, or the creation of an encyclopedia ("Wikipedia"), or the processing of large amounts of data. In other words, crowdsourcing is a technology of using the resources (usually intellectual) of a large number of people within the framework of one project.

A striking example of the use of crowdsourcing in the development of innovative activity is the activity of the company "InnoCcntivc", which carries out the so-called open innovation. This company widely uses crowdsourcing to conduct research in different areas- from engineering to management. InnoCentive proposes a number of problems for open discussion on the Internet, and also makes proposed solutions. Having existed since 2002, this open innovation center has brought together a large number of firms and organizations conducting scientific research interested in attracting intellectual resources, as well as more than 125 thousand researchers offering their solutions for specific companies. The company provides rewards for the most interesting solutions, but a significant part of ideas goes to drink on a free basis. Anyone who has access to the Internet can become a member of this community.

The results of the use of crowdsourcing by IBM are impressive. Within the framework of the program that bore the name Innovation Jam, attracted over 150,000 people from 104 countries who participated in the virtual brainstorming dedicated to new ideas in the field of transport, environmental protection, finance, commerce. IBM subsequently selected the most interesting ideas from the point of view of commercial use, of which it formed 10 large-scale projects with an initial investment of $ 100 million, which made it possible to obtain a significant commercial effect in the first year after their implementation. A similar procedure for the concentration of innovative activity using modern information technologies was applied for innovations in the non-profit sphere - during the preparation and holding of the UN Conference on Cities in 2006. It was carried out by IBM and received the name Value Jam. As part of this procedure, it was possible to achieve massive participation in the development of new ideas regarding the organization of life in cities using the achievements of new technologies.

Thus, crowdsourcing has recently become a powerful vehicle for innovation. Currently, companies can design and manufacture own products directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people. The use of crowdsourcing in domestic innovation can yield significant results in many areas.

conclusions

1. Innovation is an innovation in engineering, technology, work organization, or management that increases efficiency.
2. Innovation management aims to study incentive mechanisms and effective management innovative processes at the macro and micro levels in order to ensure the development and strengthening of the competitive positions of organizations, countries and regions through the creation, development and commercialization of innovations in various sectors of the economy.
3. Innovative activity includes, in addition to the development and production of new products, a wide range of works but effective promotion innovations to the market, sale and acquisition of patents and licenses, knowledge management, etc.
4. Organization of innovative activity at the enterprise includes the formation of an innovative strategy, stimulation of creative activity, the activities of small creative groups, the use of knowledge management methods, the organization of internal and external ventures.
5. The functions of the state in the field of innovation management are: in the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere; financing fundamental research that determines the future level of the country's development; in the development of fundamental science; in the development of education, the formation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of training scientific and engineering personnel; in the regulation of activities in special economic and technical innovation zones; in the development of venture funds; in the formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovative climate.
6. Among the modern means of implementing innovative activities both at the state and at the enterprise level, under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet, a relatively new technology of crowdsourcing has emerged, based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants. Thanks to this technology, companies and authorities can develop and manufacture products or services directly with the participation of consumers, using the intellectual resources of a large number of people.